技术领域technical field
本发明属于热交换技术领域，涉及多通道多流体热交换，具体涉及一种紧凑型多通道多流体热交换装置的设计和制造方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of heat exchange and relates to multi-channel multi-fluid heat exchange, in particular to a design and manufacturing method of a compact multi-channel multi-fluid heat exchange device.
背景技术Background technique
现有的热交换器通常是冷热流体被间壁隔开，通过间壁换热，一般有管式和板式两种结构形式，用作冷凝器、蒸发器、冷却器、加热器等，它们多采用焊接、装配的方式进行制造，工艺流程复杂，易出现焊接缺陷、装配误差等，造成液体渗漏、性能不稳定，难以承受动态冲击等。另外，由于热交换器的内部结构复杂，受限于传统加工工艺，这些热交换器难以实现多种流体在一个紧凑空间的换热，并难以根据热力场的分布，成形具有梯度变化的内腔复杂结构，换热效率不能得到更大提高。近年来，随着增材制造的快速发展，以选区激光熔化(SLM)为代表的金属制造工艺，在成形结构功能一体化的构件方面，表现出极大的优势。基于层层叠加的工艺方法，SLM极大地释放了设计自由度，为成形具有结构和功能多重属性的复杂金属构件，提供了技术支撑，具有广阔的发展前景。借助该先进的制造工艺，国内外许多学者制备了多孔点阵结构，研究其动力学和传热性能，并将其应用于热交换领域。点阵多孔结构具有轻质高强度、高孔隙率、高比表面积的优点，提供高效热交换的同时产生较低的压降，特别适用于对传热效率和压降约束有严苛条件的场合，是一种具有多功能性的理想热交换器。Existing heat exchangers usually have hot and cold fluids separated by a partition, and exchange heat through the partition. Generally, there are two structural forms: tube type and plate type, used as condensers, evaporators, coolers, heaters, etc. They are mostly manufactured by welding and assembling. In addition, due to the complex internal structure of the heat exchanger, limited by traditional processing techniques, it is difficult for these heat exchangers to realize the heat exchange of multiple fluids in a compact space, and it is difficult to form a complex inner cavity structure with gradient changes according to the distribution of the thermal field, and the heat exchange efficiency cannot be greatly improved. In recent years, with the rapid development of additive manufacturing, the metal manufacturing process represented by selective laser melting (SLM) has shown great advantages in forming components with structural and functional integration. Based on the layer-by-layer process method, SLM greatly releases the degree of design freedom, provides technical support for forming complex metal components with multiple attributes of structure and function, and has broad development prospects. With the help of this advanced manufacturing process, many scholars at home and abroad have prepared porous lattice structures, studied their kinetics and heat transfer properties, and applied them in the field of heat exchange. The lattice porous structure has the advantages of light weight, high strength, high porosity, and high specific surface area. It provides high-efficiency heat exchange and produces low pressure drop. It is especially suitable for occasions with strict conditions for heat transfer efficiency and pressure drop constraints. It is an ideal heat exchanger with versatility.
为了提高热交换效率，实现多种流体介质在紧凑空间的热交换，提高结构的稳定，实现热交换器的轻量化与高效换热多功能集成，本发明借助增材制造在自由成形发明的技术优势，采用三周期极小曲面设计具有多孔点阵结构的热交换模型，调节多种介质流在其中的空间分配，最终采用选区激光熔化一体化成形热交换装置。In order to improve the heat exchange efficiency, realize the heat exchange of various fluid media in a compact space, improve the stability of the structure, and realize the multifunctional integration of light weight and high-efficiency heat exchange of the heat exchanger, this invention takes advantage of the technical advantages of additive manufacturing in the invention of free forming, and adopts a three-period minimal curved surface to design a heat exchange model with a porous lattice structure, adjusts the spatial distribution of various media flows in it, and finally uses selective laser melting to form an integrated heat exchange device.
经检索，以下两个专利和本发明最接近，本发明与专利“201680055618.5热交换器”相比，本发明的优势为：After searching, the following two patents are the closest to the present invention. Compared with the patent "201680055618.5 heat exchanger", the advantages of the present invention are:
1.在专利“201680055618.5热交换器”中也采用了增材制造的工艺方法成形热交换器，但是该专利所设计的结构没有充分考虑增材制造自支撑的要求，热交换器模型中存在悬臂结构，在成形时，易发生曲翘或支撑不良等缺陷。而本发明所设计的结构，是充分考虑了自支撑性的，十分利于采用增材制造工艺，减小了制造缺陷的风险。1. In the patent "201680055618.5 Heat Exchanger", the additive manufacturing process was also used to form the heat exchanger, but the structure designed in this patent did not fully consider the self-supporting requirements of additive manufacturing. There is a cantilever structure in the heat exchanger model, which is prone to defects such as warping or poor support during forming. However, the structure designed in the present invention fully considers the self-supporting property, which is very beneficial to adopt the additive manufacturing process and reduces the risk of manufacturing defects.
2.另外，本发明采用三周期极小曲面设计热交换器结构，能够实现多种流体在内部的换热，且两两通道之间由一个壁面分隔，具有更高效的热交换性能，结构更加紧凑。2. In addition, the present invention adopts a three-period minimum curved surface design heat exchanger structure, which can realize heat exchange of various fluids inside, and two channels are separated by a wall, which has more efficient heat exchange performance and a more compact structure.
3.三周期极小曲面具有处处光滑连续的特点，相较于专利“201680055618.5热交换器”，对液体产生的压降更低。3. The three-period minimal curved surface has the characteristics of being smooth and continuous everywhere. Compared with the patented "201680055618.5 heat exchanger", the pressure drop on the liquid is lower.
与专利“201810795444.7增材制造的换热器”相比，本发明的优势：Compared with the patent "201810795444.7 Additive Manufacturing Heat Exchanger", the advantages of the present invention:
1.专利“201810795444.7增材制造的换热器”也采用了增材制造的方法成形热交换器。相比之下，本发明更加强调：创新热交换器结构，使热交换器更加紧凑、轻量化，并且这些结构具有自支撑性，十分易于通过增材制造方法成形。1. The patent "201810795444.7 Additive Manufacturing Heat Exchanger" also uses the method of additive manufacturing to form the heat exchanger. In contrast, the present invention puts more emphasis on: innovating the structure of the heat exchanger, making the heat exchanger more compact and lightweight, and these structures are self-supporting and very easy to form through additive manufacturing methods.
2.本发明还强调了多种流体在热交换器中实现换热，而专利“201810795444.7增材制造的换热器”只能实现两种流体换热。2. The present invention also emphasizes the heat exchange of multiple fluids in the heat exchanger, while the patent "201810795444.7 Additive Manufacturing Heat Exchanger" can only realize heat exchange of two fluids.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明旨在解决以上现有技术的问题。提出了一种紧凑型多通道多流体热交换装置的设计及制造方法。本发明的技术方案如下：The present invention aims to solve the above problems of the prior art. A design and manufacturing method of a compact multi-channel multi-fluid heat exchange device is proposed. Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
一种紧凑型多通道多流体热交换装置的设计方法，其包括以下步骤：A design method for a compact multi-channel multi-fluid heat exchange device, comprising the following steps:
S1：首先针对四种常用的三周期极小曲面TPMS多孔单元，它们分别是Gyroid，Diamond，Primitive，I-WP多孔单元；采用实验方法进行热交换性能和压降性能的测试，建立不同多孔单元、不同体积分数、不同单元尺寸的多孔结构与换热性能之间的映射关系；S1: First of all, for the four commonly used three-period minimal surface TPMS porous units, they are Gyroid, Diamond, Primitive, and I-WP porous units; the heat exchange performance and pressure drop performance are tested by experimental methods, and the mapping relationship between the porous structure and heat transfer performance of different porous units, different volume fractions, and different unit sizes is established;
S2：根据流体流的换热量需求，对热交换装置中的各通道进行空间分配，确定各通道占总换热空间的体积分数；S2: According to the heat exchange heat demand of the fluid flow, space allocation is carried out for each channel in the heat exchange device, and the volume fraction of each channel in the total heat exchange space is determined;
S3：由步骤S1中的映射关系和时步骤中的体积分数，选取多孔单元，采用TPMS三周期极小曲面算法，完成多孔结构的建模，即完成了紧凑型多通道多流体热交换装置的设计，通过实验方法，测试不同多孔单元、不同体积分数、不同单元尺寸的多孔结构对换热性能的影响，建立数据库和它们的映射关系。S3: Based on the mapping relationship in step S1 and the volume fraction in the time step, the porous unit is selected, and the TPMS three-period minimal surface algorithm is used to complete the modeling of the porous structure, that is, the design of the compact multi-channel multi-fluid heat exchange device is completed. Through the experimental method, the influence of different porous units, different volume fractions, and different unit sizes of the porous structure on the heat transfer performance is tested, and the database and their mapping relationship are established.
进一步的，所述步骤S2根据流体流的换热量需求，对热交换装置中的各通道进行空间分配，确定各通道占总换热空间的体积分数，具体包括步骤：Further, the step S2 allocates space to each channel in the heat exchange device according to the demand for heat exchange capacity of the fluid flow, and determines the volume fraction of each channel in the total heat exchange space, which specifically includes steps:
假设3个通道的流速分别为v1,v2,v3，体积分数分别是通道中3种流体介质的比热容分别是C1，C2，C3，其中；通道1和通道3为被冷却液，经过热交换器后，设温度上升Δt1，Δt3,发生热量减少Q1，Q3；通道2为冷却液，经过热交换器后，设温度下降Δt2，发生热量增加Q2。则，根据热量守恒定律，可知：Assuming that the flow rates of the three channels are v1 , v2 , v3 respectively, the volume fractions are The specific heat capacities of the three fluid media in the channel are C1 , C2 , and C3 , among which; channel 1 and channel 3 are the cooled liquid, and after passing through the heat exchanger, set the temperature to rise by Δt1 and Δt 3 , and the generated heat decreases by Q1 and Q3 ; channel 2 is the cooling liquid, and after passing through the heat exchanger, set the temperature to drop byΔt 2, and the generated heat increases by Q2 . Then, according to the law of conservation of heat, we know that:
Q2＝Q1+Q3Q2 =Q1 +Q3
即：Right now:
由上式(5)来确定3个通道的体积分数。其中，还需满足基本条件：热交换前后，通道2的温度均不高于通道1和通道3。The volume fractions of the three channels are determined by the above formula (5). Among them, the basic condition needs to be satisfied: before and after heat exchange, the temperature of channel 2 is not higher than that of channel 1 and channel 3.
进一步的，所述步骤S3的TPMS算法具体为：Further, the TPMS algorithm in step S3 is specifically:
φD(x,y,z)＝sin(x)·sin(y)·sin(z)+cos(x)·sin(y)·cos(z)+cos(x)·cos(y)·sin(z) (2)φD (x,y,z)＝sin(x)·sin(y)·sin(z)+cos(x)·sin(y)·cos(z)+cos(x)·cos(y)·sin(z) (2)
+RD[cos(4x)+cos(4y)+cos(4z)]+CD＝0+RD [cos(4x)+cos(4y)+cos(4z)]+CD ＝0
其中：φG(x,y,z)、φD(x,y,z)、φP(x,y,z)、φW(x,y,z)分别为Gyroid，Diamond，Primitive，I-WP多孔单元，x、y、z分别为笛卡尔坐标系下的三个变量，RP/W/G/D为节点体积参数，用于调节多孔单元节点和杆的体积关系；CP/W/G/D为体积分数或相对密度的ρ*参数，ρ*表示体积分数，用于调节多孔结构的体积分数；体积分数定义为多孔结构实体体积与其表观体积的比值，它是多孔结构中最重要的参数之一，主要用于调节结构的力学性能；where: φG(x,y,z), φD.(x,y,z), φP(x,y,z), φW(x, y, z) are Gyroid, Diamond, Primitive, I-WP porous units respectively, x, y, z are three variables in the Cartesian coordinate system, RP/W/G/Dis the node volume parameter, which is used to adjust the volume relationship between the porous element node and the rod; CP/W/G/Dρ* parameter is the volume fraction or relative density, ρ* represents the volume fraction, which is used to adjust the volume fraction of the porous structure; the volume fraction is defined as the ratio of the solid volume of the porous structure to its apparent volume, which is one of the most important parameters in the porous structure, and is mainly used to adjust the mechanical properties of the structure;
可采用以下三重积分公式计算多孔结构的体积分数：The volume fraction of porous structure can be calculated using the following triple integral formula:
p表示孔隙率，xmin,xmax分别表示x的最小值和最大值。Ω表示积分区域；p represents the porosity, xmin and xmax represent the minimum and maximum value of x respectively. Ω represents the integration area;
当RP＝0.51,RW＝-1.95,RG＝0.08,RD＝-0.07时,以上四种多孔结构的体积分数与参数之间的关系通过多项式拟合得到，满足：When RP ＝0.51, RW ＝-1.95, RG ＝0.08, RD ＝-0.07, the relationship between the volume fraction and parameters of the above four porous structures can be obtained by polynomial fitting, satisfying:
CG＝1.37ρ*3-1.46ρ*2+1.51 (6)CG ＝1.37ρ*3 -1.46ρ*2 +1.51 (6)
CD＝2.46ρ*3-2.45ρ*2-1.89ρ*+1.21 (7)CD ＝2.46ρ*3 -2.45ρ*2 -1.89ρ* +1.21 (7)
CP＝1.54ρ*3-3.52ρ*2-ρ*+1.5 (8)CP ＝1.54ρ*3 -3.52ρ*2 -ρ* +1.5 (8)
CW＝4.73ρ*3-8.38ρ*2-2.41ρ*+2.95 (9)CW ＝4.73ρ*3 -8.38ρ*2 -2.41ρ* +2.95 (9)
(6)—(9)的式中，ρ*表示体积分数或相对密度，ρ*由该通道中流体的热流量确定，即通过公式(5)确定In the formulas (6)-(9), ρ* represents the volume fraction or relative density, and ρ* is determined by the heat flow rate of the fluid in the channel, that is, determined by the formula (5)
一种制造方法，其包括以下步骤：A method of manufacture comprising the steps of:
S4：将步骤S3建立的多孔结构作为换热芯，置于多通道模型中，针对多孔结构，封闭通道1模型的所有端面，预留X轴向通道1的进出口，流体1在其中流动；封闭通道3模型的所有端面，预留Z轴向通道3的进出口，流体3在其中流动；流体2在通道2中流动；S4: The porous structure established in step S3 is used as the heat exchange core, and placed in a multi-channel model. For the porous structure, all end faces of the channel 1 model are closed, and the inlet and outlet of the X-axis channel 1 are reserved, and the fluid 1 flows in it; all the end faces of the channel 3 model are reserved, and the inlet and outlet of the Z-axis channel 3 are reserved, and the fluid 3 flows in it; the fluid 2 flows in the channel 2;
S5：加厚多孔曲面模型，使之成为实体，将多孔模型与多通道模型进行布尔运算，根据增材制造的工艺需求，进行自支撑检测，确保模型内部无需额外支撑；S5: Thicken the porous surface model to make it a solid, perform Boolean operations on the porous model and the multi-channel model, and perform self-support testing according to the process requirements of additive manufacturing to ensure that no additional support is required inside the model;
S6：采用SLM增材制造工艺一体化成形步骤4中的模型，得到具有三通道的紧凑型热交换装置。S6: The model in step 4 is integrally formed by using the SLM additive manufacturing process to obtain a compact heat exchange device with three channels.
本发明的优点及有益效果如下：Advantage of the present invention and beneficial effect are as follows:
本发明的创新点是：为了提高热交换效率，实现多种流体介质在紧凑空间的热交换，提高结构的稳定，实现热交换器的轻量化与高效换热多功能集成，本发明借助增材制造在自由成形发明的技术优势，采用三周期极小曲面设计具有多孔点阵结构的热交换模型，调节多种介质流在其中的空间分配，最终采用选区激光熔化一体化成形热交换装置。The innovation of the present invention is: in order to improve the heat exchange efficiency, realize the heat exchange of various fluid media in a compact space, improve the stability of the structure, and realize the lightweight and efficient heat exchange multifunctional integration of the heat exchanger, the present invention utilizes the technical advantages of additive manufacturing in the invention of free forming, adopts a three-period minimal curved surface to design a heat exchange model with a porous lattice structure, adjusts the space distribution of various medium flows in it, and finally adopts an integrated heat exchange device formed by selective laser melting.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明提供优选实施例多流体紧凑型热交换装置的设计和制造流程；Fig. 1 is that the present invention provides the design and manufacturing process of preferred embodiment multi-fluid compact heat exchange device;
图2：采用G多孔单元实现的多流体分流方式；(a)-(f)分别表示图2的子图。Figure 2: The multi-fluid splitting method realized by G porous unit; (a)-(f) represent the sub-graphs of Figure 2, respectively.
图3：多通道热交换一体化设计模型；Figure 3: Multi-channel heat exchange integrated design model;
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、详细地描述。所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明的一部分实施例。The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and in detail below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. The described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the invention.
本发明解决上述技术问题的技术方案是：The technical scheme that the present invention solves the problems of the technologies described above is:
本发明面向热交换器对高效、紧凑、轻量化的需求，提出了一种多流体紧凑型热交换装置的设计和制造方法，能够实现多种流体在紧凑空间的高效换热。Facing the heat exchanger's demand for high efficiency, compactness and light weight, the present invention proposes a design and manufacturing method of a multi-fluid compact heat exchange device, which can realize efficient heat exchange of various fluids in a compact space.
主要包括基于三周期极小曲面(Triply Periodic Minimal Surface，TPMS)的芯部设计方法和基于选区激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)成形工艺的一体化制造方法。采用本方法制造的热交换装置具有结构紧凑、轻质、热交换效率高等优点。It mainly includes a core design method based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) and an integrated manufacturing method based on Selective Laser Melting (SLM) forming process. The heat exchange device manufactured by the method has the advantages of compact structure, light weight, high heat exchange efficiency and the like.
实现途径如图1所示：The way to achieve it is shown in Figure 1:
S1：首先针对四种常用的TPMS多孔单元，开展热交换性能和压降性能的表征，建立不同多孔单元、不同体积分数、不同单元尺寸的多孔结构与换热性能(压降性能)之间的映射关系。S1: First, for four commonly used TPMS porous units, the heat exchange performance and pressure drop performance were characterized, and the mapping relationship between the porous structure of different porous units, different volume fractions, and different unit sizes and the heat transfer performance (pressure drop performance) was established.
S2：根据流体流的换热量需求，对热交换装置中的各通道进行空间分配，确定各通道占总换热空间的体积分数(即确定)。S2: According to the heat exchange heat demand of the fluid flow, space allocation is carried out for each channel in the heat exchange device, and the volume fraction of each channel in the total heat exchange space is determined (that is, determine ).
S3：由第1步骤中的映射关系和第2步骤中的体积分数，选取合适的多孔单元，采用TPMS算法，完成多孔结构的建模。S3: Based on the mapping relationship in the first step and the volume fraction in the second step, select a suitable porous unit, and use the TPMS algorithm to complete the modeling of the porous structure.
其中：RP/W/G/D为节点体积参数，用于调节多孔单元节点和杆的体积关系；CP/W/G/D为体积分数(或相对密度)ρ*参数，用于调节多孔结构的体积分数；体积分数定义为多孔结构实体体积与其表观体积的比值，它是多孔结构中最重要的参数之一，主要用于调节结构的力学性能。Among them: RP/W/G/D is the node volume parameter, which is used to adjust the volume relationship between the node and the rod of the porous unit; CP/W/G/D is the volume fraction (or relative density) ρ* parameter, which is used to adjust the volume fraction of the porous structure; the volume fraction is defined as the ratio of the solid volume of the porous structure to its apparent volume, which is one of the most important parameters in the porous structure and is mainly used to adjust the mechanical properties of the structure.
可采用以下三重积分公式计算多孔结构的体积分数：The volume fraction of porous structure can be calculated using the following triple integral formula:
当时RP＝0.51,RW＝-1.95,RG＝0.08,RD＝-0.07,以上四种多孔结构的体积分数与参数之间的关系通过多项式拟合得到，满足：At that time, RP ＝0.51, RW ＝-1.95, RG ＝0.08, RD ＝-0.07, the relationship between the volume fraction and parameters of the above four porous structures was obtained by polynomial fitting, satisfying:
CG＝1.37ρ*3-1.46ρ*2+1.51 (6)CG ＝1.37ρ*3 -1.46ρ*2 +1.51 (6)
CD＝2.46ρ*3-2.45ρ*2-1.89ρ*+1.21 (7)CD ＝2.46ρ*3 -2.45ρ*2 -1.89ρ* +1.21 (7)
CP＝1.54ρ*3-3.52ρ*2-ρ*+1.5 (8)CP ＝1.54ρ*3 -3.52ρ*2 -ρ* +1.5 (8)
CW＝4.73ρ*3-8.38ρ*2-2.41ρ*+2.95 (9)CW ＝4.73ρ*3 -8.38ρ*2 -2.41ρ* +2.95 (9)
(6)—(9)的式中，ρ*表示体积分数(或相对密度)。在本发明中，ρ*由该通道中流体的热流量确定。In the formulas (6)-(9), ρ* represents the volume fraction (or relative density). In the present invention, ρ* is determined by the heat flow of the fluid in the channel.
S4：将建立的多孔结构作为换热芯，置于如图2的多通道模型中。针对多孔结构，封闭通道1模型的所有端面，预留X轴向通道1的进出口(如图2 d)，流体1在其中流动；封闭通道3模型的所有端面，预留Z轴向通道3的进出口(如图2 e)，流体3在其中流动；流体2在通道2中流动(如图2 f)。S4: The established porous structure is used as a heat exchange core, and placed in a multi-channel model as shown in Figure 2 . For the porous structure, all end faces of the channel 1 model are closed, and the inlet and outlet of the X-axis channel 1 are reserved (as shown in Figure 2 d), and fluid 1 flows in it; all end faces of the model of channel 3 are closed, and the inlet and outlet of the Z-axis channel 3 are reserved (as shown in Figure 2 e), and the fluid 3 flows in it; fluid 2 flows in the channel 2 (as shown in Figure 2 f).
S5：加厚多孔曲面模型，使之成为实体。将多孔模型与多通道模型进行布尔运算，完成一体化设计(如图3)。根据增材制造的工艺需求，进行自支撑检测，确保模型内部无需额外支撑。S5: Thicken the porous surface model to make it a solid. Perform Boolean operations on the porous model and the multi-channel model to complete the integrated design (as shown in Figure 3). According to the process requirements of additive manufacturing, a self-supporting inspection is carried out to ensure that no additional support is required inside the model.
S6：采用SLM增材制造工艺一体化成形步骤4中的模型，得到具有三通道的紧凑型热交换装置。S6: The model in step 4 is integrally formed by using the SLM additive manufacturing process to obtain a compact heat exchange device with three channels.
以上这些实施例应理解为仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的保护范围。在阅读了本发明的记载的内容之后，技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改，这些等效变化和修饰同样落入本发明权利要求所限定的范围。The above embodiments should be understood as only for illustrating the present invention but not for limiting the protection scope of the present invention. After reading the contents of the present invention, skilled persons can make various changes or modifications to the present invention, and these equivalent changes and modifications also fall within the scope defined by the claims of the present invention.
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| CN201911407257.8ACN111159903B (en) | 2019-12-31 | 2019-12-31 | Design and manufacturing method of a compact multi-channel multi-fluid heat exchange device |
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