CN110866616A - A kind of substation secondary equipment fault early warning method and device - Google Patents
A kind of substation secondary equipment fault early warning method and deviceDownload PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
Translated fromChinese技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种变电站二次设备故障预警方法及装置，属于智能变电站技术领域。The invention relates to a fault warning method and device for secondary equipment in a substation, and belongs to the technical field of intelligent substations.
背景技术Background technique
智能变电站大量使用保护装置、测控装置、合并单元、智能终端等智能二次设备(IED)，这些二次设备具备很强的自检能力和通信能力，监控系统在运行过程中积累了大量的二次设备运行状态信息，包括：设备内部温度、工作电压、装置差流、光口光强、网络流量等，这些数据被存储在监控系统的实时库中。Intelligent substations use a large number of intelligent secondary devices (IEDs) such as protection devices, measurement and control devices, merging units, and intelligent terminals. These secondary devices have strong self-checking capabilities and communication capabilities. The operating status information of the secondary equipment, including: equipment internal temperature, working voltage, device differential current, optical port light intensity, network traffic, etc. These data are stored in the real-time database of the monitoring system.
二次设备长期工作后，硬件和软件不可避免的会逐渐老化和劣化，导致其运行可靠性降低。由于设备出现故障前某些异常信号会逐渐增强，例如内部温度升高、工作电压不稳、频繁通信中断等等，因此有人提出通过存储在监控系统的实时库中的数据对二次设备故障进行分析，例如：申请公布号为CN106959400A的中国发明专利申请文件，该申请文件公开了一种基于异常点监测和大数据分析的二次设备隐患故障诊断方法，述方法通过对电力二次设备特征提取、主成份分析、可靠概率统计分布、距离计算来进行异常样本识到，综合分析二次设备监测的历史大数据，采用相关性分析的方法，完成对二次设备的软件、程件、通信系统等隐性故器进有诊断。然而该方法对数据的处理过程较为复杂，不能及时诊断出二次设备的隐患故障，进而无法及时进行检修，导致诊断效率低下，增加故障的发生几率。After the secondary equipment works for a long time, the hardware and software will inevitably gradually age and deteriorate, which will reduce its operational reliability. Because some abnormal signals will gradually increase before the equipment fails, such as internal temperature rise, unstable working voltage, frequent communication interruption, etc., some people propose to use the data stored in the real-time database of the monitoring system to conduct secondary equipment failures. Analysis, for example: the Chinese invention patent application document with the application publication number CN106959400A, which discloses a fault diagnosis method for secondary equipment hidden dangers based on abnormal point monitoring and big data analysis. , principal component analysis, reliable probability statistical distribution, distance calculation to identify abnormal samples, comprehensively analyze the historical big data of secondary equipment monitoring, and use the method of correlation analysis to complete the software, process components, and communication systems of secondary equipment. Wait for a diagnosis of hidden faults. However, the data processing process of this method is relatively complicated, and the hidden faults of the secondary equipment cannot be diagnosed in time, so that the maintenance cannot be carried out in time, resulting in low diagnosis efficiency and increasing the probability of failure.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
本申请的目的在于提供一种变电站二次设备故障预警方法，用以解决现有预警方法预警效率低的问题；同时还提出一种变电站二次设备故障预警装置，用以解决现有预警装置预警效率低的问题。The purpose of this application is to provide a fault early warning method for secondary equipment in a substation to solve the problem of low early warning efficiency of the existing early warning methods; and also propose a fault early warning device for secondary equipment in a substation to solve the problem of early warning of the existing early warning device problem of inefficiency.
为实现上述目的，本发明提出一种变电站二次设备故障预警方法，包括以下步骤：In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention proposes a fault early warning method for secondary equipment in a substation, which includes the following steps:
建立设备故障预警规则库；所述设备故障预警规则库包括各设备的数据类型以及对应的告警阈值；establishing an equipment fault early warning rule base; the equipment fault early warning rule base includes the data type of each equipment and the corresponding alarm threshold;
根据设备正常运行的历史数据生成各数据类型的基准曲线；根据设备运行的实时数据生成各数据类型的实时曲线；Generate benchmark curves of various data types according to the historical data of normal operation of the equipment; generate real-time curves of various data types according to the real-time data of equipment operation;
将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，根据得到的差值的变化和对应的告警阈值得到预警结果；Make the difference between the benchmark curve of the same data type and the real-time curve, and obtain the warning result according to the change of the obtained difference and the corresponding alarm threshold;
根据预警结果进行预警。Alert based on alert result.
另外，本发明还提出一种变电站二次设备故障预警装置，包括存储器，处理器以及存储在所述存储器中并可在处理器上运行的计算机程序，所述处理器在执行所述计算机程序时实现上述的变电站二次设备故障预警方法。In addition, the present invention also proposes a fault warning device for secondary equipment in a substation, comprising a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and running on the processor, when the processor executes the computer program The above-mentioned method for early warning of secondary equipment failure in a substation is realized.
有益效果是：本发明通过预先建立的预警规则库，利用基准曲线和实时曲线的差值与规则库中的告警阈值进行比对，就可以得到预警结果，该方法可以简单、高效对二次设备的故障预警进行分析，帮助运维人员及早发现设备缺陷，对设备进行维修，避免故障发生影响设备的正常运行。The beneficial effects are: the present invention uses the pre-established early warning rule base to compare the difference between the reference curve and the real-time curve with the warning threshold in the rule base to obtain early warning results, and the method can be simple and efficient for secondary equipment. The fault early warning is analyzed to help the operation and maintenance personnel to find equipment defects early, repair the equipment, and avoid the occurrence of faults that affect the normal operation of the equipment.
进一步的，上述变电站二次设备故障预警方法及装置中，为了提高故障预警的准确性，将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，若得到的差值在偏离时间阈值内连续单向的超出设定偏离阈值，则得到的预警结果为故障趋势告警。Further, in the above-mentioned method and device for fault early warning of secondary equipment in substations, in order to improve the accuracy of fault early warning, the reference curve of the same data type is compared with the real-time curve. If the set deviation threshold is exceeded, the warning result obtained is a fault trend alarm.
进一步的，上述变电站二次设备故障预警方法及装置中，为了提高故障预警的准确性，将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，若得到的差值在跳变时间阈值内超出设定跳变阈值，则得到的预警结果为跳变告警。Further, in the above-mentioned method and device for fault early warning of secondary equipment in substations, in order to improve the accuracy of fault early warning, the reference curve and the real-time curve of the same data type are made difference, if the obtained difference exceeds the set value within the jump time threshold. If the jump threshold is set, the warning result obtained is a jump alarm.
进一步的，上述变电站二次设备故障预警方法及装置中，为了提高故障预警的准确性，将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，若得到的差值超出设定越限阈值，则得到的预警结果为越限告警。Further, in the above-mentioned method and device for fault early warning of secondary equipment in substations, in order to improve the accuracy of fault early warning, the reference curve of the same data type is compared with the real-time curve, and if the obtained difference exceeds the set over-limit threshold, then The warning result is a limit violation warning.
进一步的，上述变电站二次设备故障预警方法及装置中，为了提高故障预警的准确性，将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，若得到的差值在抖动时间阈值内，超出设定抖动阈值后又恢复的频率超出设定频率，则得到的预警结果为抖动告警。Further, in the above-mentioned method and device for fault early warning of secondary equipment in substations, in order to improve the accuracy of fault early warning, the reference curve and the real-time curve of the same data type are made difference. If the frequency recovered after the jitter threshold exceeds the set frequency, the early warning result obtained is a jitter alarm.
进一步的，上述变电站二次设备故障预警方法及装置中，为了提高越限告警的精准度，所述设定越限阈值包括第一上限阈值、第二上限阈值、第一下限阈值以及第二下限阈值，超出不同的设定越限阈值以不同的预警方式进行预警；其中，第二上限阈值＞第一上限阈值＞0；第二下限阈值＜第一下限阈值＜0。Further, in the above-mentioned method and device for early warning of secondary equipment in a substation, in order to improve the accuracy of the over-limit alarm, the set over-limit threshold includes a first upper threshold, a second upper threshold, a first lower threshold and a second lower threshold. Threshold, different pre-warning methods are used for warnings beyond different set thresholds; wherein, the second upper threshold > the first upper threshold > 0; the second lower threshold < the first lower threshold < 0.
进一步的，上述变电站二次设备故障预警方法及装置中，为了明显的提醒检测人员设备的异常趋势，还包括将基准曲线与实时曲线进行显示的步骤，且预警结果通过颜色进行显示。Further, in the above-mentioned method and device for early warning of secondary equipment in a substation, in order to clearly remind the detection personnel of the abnormal trend of the equipment, the step of displaying the reference curve and the real-time curve is also included, and the warning result is displayed by color.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明变电站二次设备故障预警方法的原理图；Fig. 1 is the principle diagram of the fault early warning method of secondary equipment in substation of the present invention;
图2是本发明设备故障预警规则定义图。FIG. 2 is a definition diagram of the equipment failure warning rule of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
变电站二次设备故障预警方法实施例：Example of a fault early warning method for secondary equipment in a substation:
本实施例提出的变电站二次设备故障预警方法如图1所示，包括以下步骤：The fault early warning method for secondary equipment in a substation proposed in this embodiment is shown in Figure 1, and includes the following steps:
1)建立设备故障预警规则库。1) Establish equipment fault early warning rule base.
规则库包括各二次设备(简称设备)的数据类型以及对应的告警阈值，每个数据类型对应有数据点ID，监测每个设备不同的数据类型的监测值。不同设备的不同数据类型对应不同的告警阈值，每个设备以及每个设备的数据类型(即监测范围)列举如表一所示：The rule base includes the data type of each secondary device (referred to as the device) and the corresponding alarm threshold. Each data type corresponds to a data point ID, and monitors the monitoring values of different data types of each device. Different data types of different devices correspond to different alarm thresholds. Each device and the data type (ie monitoring range) of each device are listed in Table 1:
表一监测范围Table 1 Monitoring Scope
对应的告警阈值是通过在监控系统的配置库中采集大量设备的测点数据(包括不同二次设备运行检修时，不同数据类型对应的历史数据)进行故障分析，通过设备故障预警规则库生成工具，确定出各数据类型的告警阈值，进而建立如图2所示的设备故障预警规则库，并将建立的设备故障预警规则库保存在mysql数据库中。The corresponding alarm threshold is to analyze the fault by collecting the measurement point data of a large number of equipment in the configuration library of the monitoring system (including the historical data corresponding to different data types during the operation and maintenance of different secondary equipment), and generate a tool through the equipment fault warning rule base. , determine the alarm threshold of each data type, and then establish the equipment fault early warning rule base as shown in Figure 2, and save the established equipment fault early warning rule base in the mysql database.
从表一中可以看出，设备故障预警规则库中数据类型的范围包括：CPU负载、内存使用率、磁盘存储空间、网络负载、内部温度、DC/DC工作电压、开关量输入电压、出口继电器工作电压、光口光强、装置差流、光口接收功率、光口发送功率等量测类数据，这些数据从监控配置库中挑选出来，且规则库中的数据点ID(也即监控点ID)与监控系统配置库中数据点ID一致；As can be seen from Table 1, the range of data types in the equipment fault early warning rule base includes: CPU load, memory usage, disk storage space, network load, internal temperature, DC/DC operating voltage, digital input voltage, outlet relay Measurement data such as working voltage, optical port light intensity, device differential current, optical port received power, and optical port transmit power are selected from the monitoring configuration library, and the data point IDs in the rule library (that is, the monitoring point ID) is consistent with the data point ID in the monitoring system configuration database;
故障预警规则库内容包括：监控点ID、各设备的数据类型(即数据描述)，以及各设备数据的设定偏离阈值、偏离时间阈值、第一上限阈值(即越上限告警阈值)、第二上限阈值(即越上上限告警阈值)、第一下限阈值(即越下限告警阈值)、第二下限阈值(即越下下限告警阈值)、跳变时间阈值(即跳变时间门槛值)、设定跳变阈值(跳变判门槛值)、抖动时间阈值(抖动时间门槛值)、设定抖动阈值以及设定频率。这些阈值都是根据分析得出的，因此可以根据需求进行修改。The content of the fault warning rule base includes: monitoring point ID, data type (ie data description) of each device, and the set deviation threshold, deviation time threshold, first upper limit threshold (ie, over-the-upper alarm threshold) of each device data, second The upper threshold (that is, the upper limit alarm threshold), the first lower threshold (that is, the lower alarm threshold), the second lower threshold (that is, the lower and lower alarm threshold), the transition time threshold (that is, the transition time threshold), set Set jump threshold (jitter judgment threshold), jitter time threshold (jitter time threshold), set jitter threshold and set frequency. These thresholds are derived from analysis and can therefore be modified as needed.
2)生成基准曲线以及实时曲线。2) Generate benchmark curves and real-time curves.
通过设备状态数据采集模块，从监控系统的实时库获取过程层设备、间隔层设备、站控层设备的运行状态实时信息(即实时数据)，将设备状态实时数据传递给设备故障趋势分析模块；Through the equipment status data acquisition module, obtain the real-time information (ie real-time data) of the operation status of the process-level equipment, interval-level equipment, and station control-level equipment from the real-time database of the monitoring system, and transmit the equipment status real-time data to the equipment failure trend analysis module;
从监控系统的历史库获取过程层设备、间隔层设备、站控层设备的运行状态历史信息(即历史数据)，并将历史信息传递给设备故障趋势分析模块；Obtain the historical information (i.e. historical data) of the operation status of the process layer equipment, bay layer equipment and station control layer equipment from the historical database of the monitoring system, and transmit the historical information to the equipment failure trend analysis module;
设备故障趋势分析模块对接收的实时数据以及历史数据进行曲线拟合。The equipment failure trend analysis module performs curve fitting on the received real-time data and historical data.
曲线拟合的过程包括基准曲线以及实时曲线的拟合过程。The curve fitting process includes the fitting process of the reference curve and the real-time curve.
基准曲线的拟合过程为：以设备正常运行的某段时间内的历史数据为基础(时间段可根据需要进行设置，一般默认为最近一年)，基准曲线的横坐标为从0点到24点一天内的每个时刻，纵坐标为每个时刻数据类型对应的基准值，某个时刻的基准值为该时间段内每天该时刻采样数据的平均值(每个设备的各最种数据类型分别对应一条基准曲线)，基准曲线自动生成后可以手动调整；The fitting process of the benchmark curve is: based on the historical data within a certain period of time during the normal operation of the equipment (the time period can be set as required, generally the default is the latest year), and the abscissa of the benchmark curve is from 0 to 24 Point at each moment of the day, the ordinate is the reference value corresponding to the data type at each moment, and the reference value at a certain moment is the average value of the sampled data at that moment every day in this time period (the maximum data types of each device). Corresponding to a datum curve respectively), the datum curve can be manually adjusted after it is automatically generated;
实时曲线的拟合过程为：定期从监控系统实时库读取监测数据类型的当前值，形成实时曲线，实时值曲线的横坐标与基准曲线相同，为从0点到24点一天内的每个时刻，纵坐标为每个时刻读取的实时监测值，将每个时刻的实时监测值进行拟合，得到实时曲线；一般情况下，开机监测时在每天的时间不确定，因此实时曲线会显示当前时刻前一段时间内的监测值以及当前时刻以后的实时监测值，当前时刻的前一段时间可以设置，例如5分钟，15分钟，1个小时等，系统一般默认为1个小时。当然，与基准曲线对应，每个设备的各数据类型分别对应一条实时曲线。The fitting process of the real-time curve is: periodically read the current value of the monitoring data type from the real-time database of the monitoring system to form a real-time curve. time, the ordinate is the real-time monitoring value read at each time, and the real-time monitoring value at each time is fitted to obtain the real-time curve; under normal circumstances, the time of day is uncertain when the monitoring is started, so the real-time curve will display The monitoring value within a period of time before the current moment and the real-time monitoring value after the current moment, the period before the current moment can be set, such as 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 1 hour, etc. The system generally defaults to 1 hour. Of course, corresponding to the reference curve, each data type of each device corresponds to a real-time curve.
上述实施例中，基准曲线的拟合是通过取平均值得到基准值，作为其他实施方式，也可以根据其他算法进行基准值的选取。In the above embodiment, the fitting of the reference curve is to obtain the reference value by taking the average value. As another implementation manner, the reference value may also be selected according to other algorithms.
3)设备故障趋势分析模块将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，根据得到的差值的变化和对应的告警阈值(告警阈值在设备故障预警规则库内)得到预警结果。3) The equipment failure trend analysis module makes the difference between the reference curve of the same data type and the real-time curve, and obtains the warning result according to the change of the obtained difference and the corresponding alarm threshold (the alarm threshold is in the equipment failure warning rule base).
具体为：Specifically:
a.以基准曲线为参考，对监测值的实时曲线进行故障趋势分析，将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，若得到的差值在偏离时间阈值内连续单向的超出设定偏离阈值，也即从某一时刻起实时值曲线持续单向变化，逐渐偏离基准值曲线，则认为该数据类型处于故障发展趋势，得到的预警结果为故障趋势告警，发出故障趋势告警；a. Take the reference curve as a reference, analyze the fault trend of the real-time curve of the monitoring value, and make a difference between the reference curve of the same data type and the real-time curve. If the obtained difference continuously exceeds the set deviation within the deviation time threshold in one direction The threshold value, that is, the real-time value curve continues to change in one direction from a certain moment, and gradually deviates from the reference value curve, it is considered that the data type is in the fault development trend, and the obtained warning result is a fault trend alarm, and a fault trend alarm is issued;
由于基准曲线和实时曲线的横坐标相同，因此这里将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，是对相同时刻的基准数据和实时数据进行作差，得到差值，该差值可正可负，对应的设定偏离阈值也包括正偏离阈值和负偏离阈值；超出设定偏离阈值也即差值大于正偏离阈值或者小于负偏离阈值；连续单向是指差值连续大于正偏离阈值或者连续小于负偏离阈值。Since the abscissas of the reference curve and the real-time curve are the same, the difference between the reference curve and the real-time curve of the same data type is to make a difference between the reference data and the real-time data at the same time to obtain the difference, which can be positive or negative. Negative, the corresponding set deviation threshold also includes positive deviation threshold and negative deviation threshold; exceeding the set deviation threshold means that the difference is greater than the positive deviation threshold or less than the negative deviation threshold; continuous one-way means that the difference is continuously greater than the positive deviation threshold or Continuously less than the negative deviation threshold.
b.以基准曲线为参考，对监测值的实时曲线进行突变监测，将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，若得到的差值在跳变时间阈值内超出设定跳变阈值，也即在跳变时间阈值内，实时值曲线变化幅度超出设定跳变阈值，则认为该数据类型发生突变，得到的预警结果为跳变告警，发出跳变告警；b. Taking the reference curve as a reference, perform mutation monitoring on the real-time curve of the monitoring value, and make a difference between the reference curve of the same data type and the real-time curve. If the obtained difference exceeds the set jump threshold within the jump time threshold, the That is, within the transition time threshold, if the real-time value curve change range exceeds the set transition threshold, it is considered that the data type has changed abruptly, and the early warning result obtained is a transition alarm, and a transition alarm is issued;
这里作差的原理与故障趋势告警中作差的原理相同，因此设定跳变阈值也包括正跳变阈值和负跳变阈值，跳变时间阈值比较短，超出设定跳变阈值也即差值大于正跳变阈值或者小于负跳变阈值。The principle of making a difference here is the same as that of making a difference in the fault trend alarm. Therefore, the set jump threshold also includes a positive jump threshold and a negative jump threshold. The jump time threshold is relatively short, and if it exceeds the set jump threshold, the difference is The value is greater than the positive transition threshold or less than the negative transition threshold.
c.以基准曲线为参考，对监测值实时曲线进行越限判断，将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，若得到的差值超出设定越限阈值(这里超出是指在某一时刻超出)，则认为该数据类型越限，得到的预警结果为越限告警，发出越限告警；c. Take the reference curve as a reference, judge the real-time curve of the monitoring value for exceeding the limit, and make a difference between the reference curve of the same data type and the real-time curve. time exceeds), it is considered that the data type exceeds the limit, and the obtained early warning result is an over-limit alarm, and an over-limit alarm is issued;
越限告警分四个级别，分别设定四个越限阈值，为第一上限阈值(为正数)、第二上限阈值(为正数)、第一下限阈值(为负数)以及第二下限阈值(为负数)，第二上限阈值大于第一上限阈值，第二下限阈值小于第一下限阈值，当某一时刻，实时曲线与基准曲线之间的差值分别超出这四个越限阈值时，以不同的越限告警模式进行告警。The over-limit alarm is divided into four levels, and four over-limit thresholds are set respectively, which are the first upper limit threshold (positive number), the second upper limit threshold (positive number), the first lower limit threshold (negative number) and the second lower limit Threshold (a negative number), the second upper threshold is greater than the first upper threshold, and the second lower threshold is less than the first lower threshold. At a certain moment, the difference between the real-time curve and the reference curve exceeds the four thresholds. , and alarm in different alarm modes for exceeding the limit.
上述“超出设定越限阈值”具体是指，差值大于第一上限阈值、或者第二上限阈值，差值小于第一下限阈值、或者第二下限阈值。The above-mentioned "exceeding the set over-limit threshold" specifically means that the difference is greater than the first upper threshold or the second upper threshold, and the difference is smaller than the first lower threshold or the second lower threshold.
d.以基准曲线为参考，对监测值实时曲线进行抖动分析，将相同数据类型的基准曲线与实时曲线作差，若得到的差值在抖动时间阈值内，超出设定抖动阈值后又恢复的频率超出设定频率，也即在抖动时间阈值内，频繁超出设定抖动阈值后又恢复，则认为数据类型抖动，得到的预警结果为抖动告警，发出抖动告警；d. Take the reference curve as a reference, conduct jitter analysis on the real-time curve of the monitoring value, and make a difference between the reference curve of the same data type and the real-time curve. If the obtained difference is within the jitter time threshold, it will recover after exceeding the set jitter threshold. If the frequency exceeds the set frequency, that is, within the jitter time threshold, if it frequently exceeds the set jitter threshold and then recovers, the data type is considered to be jittery, and the obtained early warning result is a jitter alarm, and a jitter alarm is issued;
这里“作差”和“超出”的含义、“设定抖动阈值”的设定情况与上述相同，这里不做过多限制。而且设定抖动阈值可以重新设定，也可以与越限告警中的越限阈值相同，这里不做限制。Here, the meanings of "mistake" and "exceeding", and the setting of "set jitter threshold" are the same as the above, and do not impose too many restrictions here. In addition, the set jitter threshold can be reset, and it can also be the same as the threshold value in the alarm of limit violation, which is not limited here.
4)将基准曲线与实时曲线的比对在设备故障趋势展示模块中进行显示，根据预警结果进行预警，通过不同的颜色展示监测数据的故障趋势、跳变、越限、抖动等故障；4) The comparison between the reference curve and the real-time curve is displayed in the equipment fault trend display module, and an early warning is carried out according to the warning result, and the fault trend, jump, limit violation, jitter and other faults of the monitoring data are displayed through different colors;
预警的手段包括主动弹出告警、主动推画面、光字闪烁等方式展示设备故障预警，提醒运维人员注意设备异常趋势。The means of early warning include active pop-up alarms, active push screens, and flashing light words to display equipment failure warnings, reminding operation and maintenance personnel to pay attention to equipment abnormal trends.
变电站二次设备故障预警装置实施例：Example of a fault early warning device for secondary equipment in a substation:
本实施例提出的变电站二次设备故障预警装置，包括存储器，处理器以及存储在所述存储器中并可在处理器上运行的计算机程序，所述处理器在执行所述计算机程序时实现变电站二次设备故障预警方法。The device for early warning of secondary equipment failure in a substation proposed in this embodiment includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and running on the processor. The processor implements the second substation when executing the computer program. Secondary equipment failure early warning method.
变电站二次设备故障预警方法的具体实施过程在上述变电站二次设备故障预警方法实施例中已经介绍，这里不做赘述。The specific implementation process of the method for early warning of secondary equipment failure in a substation has been introduced in the above embodiments of the method for early warning of secondary equipment in a substation, and will not be repeated here.
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