技术领域technical field
本发明涉及光储联合系统控制策略领域，特别涉及一种可运行于调频/调峰两种模式的光储联合系统控制策略。The present invention relates to the field of control strategies for a combined optical storage system, in particular to a control strategy for a combined optical storage system that can operate in two modes of frequency regulation and peak regulation.
背景技术Background technique
传统电网的调频任务主要由火电机组承担，随着电网中新能源比例的快速增长，火电机组逐渐退出，系统中的调频容量迅速减小，电网的调频能力下降。因此要求电网中的可再生能源具有调频能力，来弥补随着火电机组退出而减小的调频机组容量。The frequency regulation task of the traditional power grid is mainly undertaken by the thermal power unit. With the rapid growth of the proportion of new energy in the power grid, the thermal power unit gradually withdraws, the frequency regulation capacity in the system decreases rapidly, and the frequency regulation capability of the power grid decreases. Therefore, the renewable energy in the power grid is required to have frequency modulation capability to make up for the reduced capacity of frequency modulation units as thermal power units withdraw.
在光伏参与电网调频方面，目前的研究主要分为光伏电站单独参与电网调频和新能源与储能联合系统参与电网调频两种方式。In terms of photovoltaic participation in grid frequency regulation, the current research is mainly divided into two methods: photovoltaic power station alone participating in grid frequency regulation and new energy and energy storage combined system participating in grid frequency regulation.
在光伏电站单独参与电网调频的控制策略方面，并网光伏电站采用功率差值控制模式，针对不同的光照参数或者电网频率，改变光伏电站的减载率，使光伏电站在浮动的减载水平下运行，具备向上/向下调节电网频率的能力。然而，这种光伏单独参与调频的方式，其效果与光伏出力情况密切相关，预留光伏出力的调频方式会导致弃光、系统经济性变差，且考虑到光伏出力的波动性和随机性，此方式不宜作为电力系统的主要调频方式。所以，当前光伏调频尚未得到实际的推广和应用。In terms of control strategies for photovoltaic power plants to participate in grid frequency regulation alone, grid-connected photovoltaic power plants adopt power difference control mode to change the load shedding rate of photovoltaic power plants for different lighting parameters or grid frequencies, so that photovoltaic power plants can operate under floating load shedding levels. operation with the ability to adjust the grid frequency up/down. However, the effect of this way of PV alone participating in frequency regulation is closely related to the situation of PV output. The frequency regulation method of reserving PV output will lead to light abandonment and poor system economy. Considering the fluctuation and randomness of PV output, This method is not suitable as the main frequency regulation method of the power system. Therefore, the current photovoltaic frequency modulation has not been practically promoted and applied.
目前，大规模储能技术今已具备电网调频能力，且该应用是储能在电力领域最接近商业运营的典型应用。因此，在新能源与储能联合系统参与电网调频方面，主要依靠储能电池调节联合系统的出力来参与电网调频，新能源系统采用最大功率跟踪控制，储能电池通过平抑新能源的输出功率波动，来减轻新能源对电网频率产生的影响。在光伏电站中加入储能电池，使储能电池与光伏协调配合参与电网的调频，可以避免光伏单独参与电网调频时需要预留光伏出力的不经济问题，且由于储能电池充放电的可控性和稳定性，光储系统参与电网调频相较于光伏单独参与电网调频可靠性更高。At present, large-scale energy storage technology has the ability to regulate frequency of the power grid, and this application is a typical application of energy storage in the power field that is closest to commercial operation. Therefore, in terms of the new energy and energy storage joint system participating in grid frequency regulation, it mainly relies on the output of the energy storage battery to regulate the joint system to participate in grid frequency regulation. The new energy system adopts maximum power tracking control, and the energy storage battery stabilizes the output power fluctuation of the new energy. , to reduce the impact of new energy sources on the grid frequency. Adding energy storage batteries to photovoltaic power plants, so that energy storage batteries and photovoltaics can coordinate and participate in the frequency regulation of the grid, can avoid the uneconomical problem of reserving photovoltaic output when photovoltaics alone participate in grid frequency regulation, and because the charge and discharge of energy storage batteries are controllable Compared with photovoltaics alone participating in grid frequency regulation, the reliability of photovoltaic storage system participating in grid frequency regulation is higher.
但是现有的光储系统，并网逆变器均按照新能源与储能电池最大出力之和配置，光伏只有在中午光照强度最强时才能达到满发，除此以外逆变器容量都有空闲，造成浪费。另外根据实测数据，24小时中99％以上的时间，系统频率处于光储系统调频死区，承担调频功能的储能电池不动作，处于闲置状态。However, in the existing photovoltaic storage system, grid-connected inverters are configured according to the maximum output of new energy and energy storage batteries. Photovoltaics can only reach full power when the light intensity is strongest at noon. In addition, the capacity of the inverter has all Idle, causing waste. In addition, according to the measured data, more than 99% of the time in 24 hours, the system frequency is in the frequency modulation dead zone of the optical storage system, and the energy storage battery that undertakes the frequency modulation function does not operate and is in an idle state.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明为克服现有技术存在的不足之处，提供一种光储联合系统中调频或调峰模式的控制方法，以期能充分利用逆变器空闲容量以及调频死区内储能电池的闲置容量，使光伏电站具有调频/调峰的能力，从而减轻电网调频机组和调峰机组的压力。In order to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a control method for frequency modulation or peak regulation mode in an optical-storage combined system, in order to make full use of the idle capacity of the inverter and the idle capacity of the energy storage battery in the frequency modulation dead zone , so that the photovoltaic power station has the ability of frequency regulation/peak regulation, thereby reducing the pressure on the power grid frequency regulation unit and peak regulation unit.
本发明解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案如下：The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the problems of the technologies described above is as follows:
本发明一种光储联合系统中调频或调峰模式的控制方法，所述光储联合系统是在光伏并网逆变器的直流侧通过直流母线并联连接有光伏电池和储能换流器，所述储能换流器与储能电池相连；所述光伏并网逆变器的交流侧通过变压器升压后接入电网；其特点是，所述控制方法是如下步骤进行：The present invention relates to a control method for frequency modulation or peak regulation mode in a combined solar-storage system. The combined solar-storage system is connected in parallel with a photovoltaic cell and an energy storage converter on the DC side of a photovoltaic grid-connected inverter through a DC bus. The energy storage converter is connected to the energy storage battery; the AC side of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter is boosted by a transformer and then connected to the grid; the feature is that the control method is carried out in the following steps:
步骤1、根据当地负荷峰谷时段，结合光伏出力情况，设置调峰充放电时间段；Step 1. According to the local load peak and valley period, combined with the photovoltaic output, set the peak charging and discharging time period;
步骤2、设置储能电池的荷电状态SOC分区，使得所述储能电池运行于调峰模式时仍然为调频模式留有容量裕度；Step 2, setting the state of charge SOC partition of the energy storage battery, so that when the energy storage battery operates in the peak regulation mode, there is still a capacity margin for the frequency regulation mode;
步骤2.1、设置荷电状态SOC在调频模式下的上限为SOCmax，下限为SOCmin；Step 2.1. Set the upper limit of the state of charge SOC in the frequency modulation mode to SOCmax and the lower limit to SOCmin ;
步骤2.2、设置荷电状态SOC在调峰模式下的充电上限为SOChigh，放电下限为SOClow，且SOCmax>SOChigh>SOClow>SOCmin；Step 2.2. Set the charging upper limit of the state of charge SOC in the peak shaving mode to SOChigh , and the lower discharge limit to SOClow , and SOCmax >SOChigh >SOClow >SOCmin ;
步骤3、所述光储联合系统检测电网频率f，令频率偏差Δf＝f-50，判定频率偏差Δf是否超出调频死区[Δfmin,Δfmax]；若超出，则令所述储能电池运行于调频模式；否则，令所述储能电池运行于调峰模式；其中，Δfmin表示电网频率f允许向下偏移的最大值，Δfmax电网频率f允许向上偏移的最大值；Step 3. The combined optical-storage system detects the grid frequency f, sets the frequency deviation Δf=f-50, and determines whether the frequency deviation Δf exceeds the frequency modulation dead zone [Δfmin , Δfmax ]; if it exceeds, set the energy storage battery Operate in the frequency modulation mode; otherwise, make the energy storage battery operate in the peak regulation mode; wherein, Δfmin represents the maximum value of the grid frequency f allowed to shift downward, and Δfmax is the maximum value of the grid frequency f allowed to shift upward;
步骤3.1、若Δf＞Δfmax，且荷电状态SOC∈[SOCmin,SOCmax]，则所述储能电池以额定功率Pe充电来参与调频，令所述储能电池的初级参考功率为P′ess＝-Pe；Step 3.1. If Δf>Δfmax , and the state of charge SOC∈[SOCmin ,SOCmax ], then the energy storage battery is charged with the rated power Pe to participate in frequency regulation, so that the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is P'ess = -Pe ;
步骤3.2、若Δf＜Δfmin，且荷电状态SOC∈[SOCmin,SOCmax]，则所述储能电池以额定功率Pe放电来参与调频，令所述储能电池的初级参考功率为P′ess＝Pe；Step 3.2. If Δf<Δfmin , and the state of charge SOC∈[SOCmin ,SOCmax ], then the energy storage battery is discharged at the rated power Pe to participate in frequency regulation, so that the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is P'ess = Pe ;
步骤3.3、若Δf∈[Δfmin,Δfmax]，则所述储能电池根据所述调峰充放电时间段进行动作：Step 3.3. If Δf∈[Δfmin ,Δfmax ], the energy storage battery operates according to the peak shaving charging and discharging time period:
若处于调峰放电时间段，且荷电状态SOC∈[SOClow,SOCmax]，则所述储能电池以α×Pe放电来参与调峰，令所述储能电池的初级参考功率为P′ess＝αPe；If it is in the peak shaving discharge time period, and the state of charge SOC∈[SOClow , SOCmax ], then the energy storage battery is discharged at α×Pe to participate in peak shaving, so that the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is P'ess = αPe ;
若处于调峰充电时间段，且荷电状态SOC∈[SOCmin,SOChigh]，则所述储能电池以α×Pe充电来参与调峰，令所述储能电池的的初级参考功率为Pe′ss＝-αPe；其中，α表示所述储能电池在调峰模式下的充放电功率系数；If it is in the peak shaving charging time period, and the state of charge SOC∈[SOCmin , SOChigh ], then the energy storage battery is charged at α×Pe to participate in peak shaving, so that the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is Pe ′ss =-αPe ; where, α represents the charge and discharge power coefficient of the energy storage battery in the peak-shaving mode;
步骤4、在保证光伏出力Ppv全部并网的情况下，光伏并网逆变器的空闲容量P′vsc供储能电池使用，其中，P′vsc＝Pvsc-Ppv，Pvsc为逆变器最大容量，P′vsc≥0；Step 4. Under the condition that the photovoltaic output Ppv is fully connected to the grid, the spare capacity P′vsc of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter is used by the energy storage battery, where P′vsc =Pvsc -Ppv , and Pvsc is the inverse The maximum capacity of the transformer, P′vsc ≥0;
步骤4.1、当所述储能电池充电时，所述初级参考功率P′ess＜0，所述光伏并网逆变器对所述储能电池的充电能量无容量限制；Step 4.1. When the energy storage battery is charging, the primary reference power P'ess <0, and the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter has no capacity limit on the charging energy of the energy storage battery;
步骤4.2、当所述储能电池放电时，所述初级参考功率P′ess＞0，所述储能电池的充电能量经过光伏并网逆变器输送到电网，则储能电池的次级参考功率为P′ess＝min{P′ess,P′vsc}；Step 4.2. When the energy storage battery is discharged, the primary reference power P'ess >0, and the charging energy of the energy storage battery is delivered to the grid through the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, then the secondary reference power of the energy storage battery is The power is P′ess =min{P′ess ,P′vsc };
步骤5、设置所述储能电池最大出力约束系数λSOC；Step 5, setting the maximum output constraint coefficient λSOC of the energy storage battery;
步骤5.1、利用式(1)得到所述储能电池在放电阶段的最大出力约束系数λSOC：Step 5.1, using formula (1) to obtain the maximum output constraint coefficient λSOC of the energy storage battery in the discharge phase:
步骤5.2、利用式(2)得到所述储能电池在充电阶段的最大出力约束系数λSOC：Step 5.2, using formula (2) to obtain the maximum output constraint coefficient λSOC of the energy storage battery during the charging phase:
步骤6、所述储能电池按照最终参考功率Pess＝P″ess×λSOC进行充放电从而参与电网的调频或调峰。Step 6. The energy storage battery is charged and discharged according to the final reference power Pess =P″ess ×λSOC so as to participate in frequency regulation or peak regulation of the power grid.
与已有技术相比，本发明的有益效果体现在：Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are reflected in:
1、本发明控制方法中光储联合系统检测电网频率，储能电池运行于调频模式或者调峰模式，解决了现有光伏电站不具备调频或调峰能力的问题，使光伏电站能够参与电网调频或调峰，降低了电网中常规调频机组和调峰机组的装机容量，提高了电网的稳定性。1. In the control method of the present invention, the combined optical storage system detects the frequency of the power grid, and the energy storage battery operates in the frequency regulation mode or peak regulation mode, which solves the problem that the existing photovoltaic power station does not have the frequency regulation or peak regulation capability, and enables the photovoltaic power station to participate in the frequency regulation of the power grid Or peak shaving, which reduces the installed capacity of conventional frequency regulation units and peak shaving units in the power grid, and improves the stability of the power grid.
2、本发明控制方法中，储能电池释放的能量通过现有光伏并网逆变器输送到电网，不需要加装单独的储能并网逆变器，简化了实际光伏电站的改建步骤，节省改建费用，同时储能电池利用了光伏电站中光伏并网逆变器的空闲容量，提高了现有光伏并网逆变器的容量利用率。2. In the control method of the present invention, the energy released by the energy storage battery is transmitted to the power grid through the existing photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, and there is no need to install a separate energy storage grid-connected inverter, which simplifies the reconstruction steps of the actual photovoltaic power station. Reconstruction costs are saved, and at the same time, the energy storage battery utilizes the idle capacity of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter in the photovoltaic power station, which improves the capacity utilization rate of the existing photovoltaic grid-connected inverter.
3本发明控制方法设置了储能电池禁用区、调频区、调峰充电区、调峰放电区四类荷电状态分区，使得储能电池避免了过度充电和过度放电的问题，同时使得储能电池运行于调峰模式时始终为调频模式留有容量裕度，实现了储能电池调频/调峰两种模式的协调运行。3. The control method of the present invention sets four types of charging state divisions, namely energy storage battery disabled area, frequency modulation area, peak-shaving charging area, and peak-shaving discharge area, so that the energy storage battery can avoid the problems of over-charging and over-discharging, and at the same time make the energy storage battery When the battery is running in the peak regulation mode, there is always a capacity margin for the frequency regulation mode, which realizes the coordinated operation of the two modes of energy storage battery frequency regulation and peak regulation.
4本发明控制方法考虑了储能电池的充放电特性，构造了基于荷电状态约束的储能电池最大出力系数来约束其出力，使得储能电池在低荷电状态时能够以小电流放电，在高荷电状态时以小电流充电，解决了储能电池容量利用不充分的问题，同时延长了储能电池的使用寿命。4. The control method of the present invention considers the charging and discharging characteristics of the energy storage battery, and constructs the maximum output coefficient of the energy storage battery based on the constraint of the state of charge to constrain its output, so that the energy storage battery can be discharged with a small current when the state of charge is low, Charging with a small current at a high state of charge solves the problem of insufficient utilization of the capacity of the energy storage battery and prolongs the service life of the energy storage battery.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明中光储联合系统的综合控制方法流程图；Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the integrated control method of the integrated optical storage system in the present invention;
图2为本发明实施例中光储联合系统拓扑结构图；Fig. 2 is a topological structure diagram of an optical-storage combined system in an embodiment of the present invention;
图3为本发明中储能荷电状态分区图；Fig. 3 is a partition diagram of the state of charge of the energy storage in the present invention;
图4为本发明中储能电池最大出力约束系数曲线图；Fig. 4 is a curve diagram of the maximum output constraint coefficient of the energy storage battery in the present invention;
图5为本发明实施例中的日光照强度曲线图；Fig. 5 is the sunlight intensity curve figure in the embodiment of the present invention;
图6为本发明实施例中的电网频率波动曲线图；Fig. 6 is a graph of grid frequency fluctuation curves in an embodiment of the present invention;
图7a为本发明实施例中联合系统出力与光伏出力对比图；Fig. 7a is a comparison diagram of joint system output and photovoltaic output in the embodiment of the present invention;
图7b为本发明实施例中储能电池荷电状态曲线图。Fig. 7b is a graph showing the state of charge of the energy storage battery in the embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本实施例中，光储联合系统拓扑图如图2所示。在光伏并网逆变器的直流侧通过直流母线并联连接有光伏电池和储能换流器，储能换流器与储能电池相连；光伏并网逆变器的交流侧通过变压器升压后接入电网；光伏并网逆变器采用集成化设计，前级DC/DC Boost电路，实现最大功率跟踪控制，后级采用三相全桥式DC/AC变换器，实现功率并网；储能变流器采用DC/DC Boost电路。一种光储联合系统中调频或调峰模式的控制方法是如下步骤进行：In this embodiment, the topology diagram of the combined optical storage system is shown in FIG. 2 . On the DC side of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, a photovoltaic cell and an energy storage converter are connected in parallel through a DC bus, and the energy storage converter is connected to the energy storage battery; the AC side of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter is boosted by a transformer Connected to the power grid; the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter adopts an integrated design, the front-stage DC/DC Boost circuit realizes maximum power tracking control, and the rear stage adopts a three-phase full-bridge DC/AC converter to realize power grid-connected; energy storage The converter adopts DC/DC Boost circuit. A control method for frequency modulation or peak regulation mode in a combined optical-storage system is performed in the following steps:
步骤1、当地负荷峰谷时段如表2所示，负荷峰谷时段结合光伏出力情况，设置储能电池调峰充放电时间段如表3所示；Step 1. The local load peak and valley periods are shown in Table 2, and the load peak and valley periods are combined with the photovoltaic output, and the energy storage battery peak-shaving charge and discharge time period is set as shown in Table 3;
步骤2、设置储能电池的荷电状态SOC分区如图3所示，使得储能电池运行于调峰模式时仍然为调频模式留有容量裕度；Step 2. Set the state of charge SOC partition of the energy storage battery as shown in Figure 3, so that the energy storage battery still has a capacity margin for the frequency modulation mode when it is running in the peak shaving mode;
步骤2.1、储能电池过充/过放会损伤电池，为避免此情况，设置荷电状态SOC在调频模式下的上限为SOCmax，下限为SOCmin，充电达到上限SOCmax时不再充电，放电达到下限SOCmin时不再放电；Step 2.1. Overcharging/overdischarging of the energy storage battery will damage the battery. In order to avoid this situation, set the upper limit of the state of charge SOC in frequency modulation mode to SOCmax and the lower limit to SOCmin . When the charging reaches the upper limit of SOCmax , no longer charge. No more discharge when the discharge reaches the lower limit SOCmin ;
步骤2.2、电网的调频任务优先于调峰任务，因此要使储能电池在调峰模式下仍然为调频模式留有裕度，设置荷电状态SOC在调峰模式下的充电上限为SOChigh，放电下限为SOClow，且SOCmax>SOChigh>SOClow>SOCmin；Step 2.2. The frequency regulation task of the power grid takes priority over the peak regulation task. Therefore, to make the energy storage battery still have a margin for the frequency regulation mode in the peak regulation mode, set the charging upper limit of the state of charge SOC in the peak regulation mode to SOChigh . The lower discharge limit is SOClow , and SOCmax >SOChigh >SOClow >SOCmin ;
步骤3、光储联合系统检测电网频率f，令频率偏差Δf＝f-50，判定频率偏差Δf是否超出调频死区[Δfmin,Δfmax]；若超出，则令储能电池运行于调频模式；否则，令储能电池运行于调峰模式；其中，Δfmin表示电网频率f允许向下偏移的最大值，Δfmax表示电网频率f允许向上偏移的最大值；Step 3. The optical-storage combined system detects the frequency f of the power grid, sets the frequency deviation Δf=f-50, and determines whether the frequency deviation Δf exceeds the frequency modulation dead zone [Δfmin , Δfmax ]; if it exceeds, the energy storage battery is operated in the frequency modulation mode ;Otherwise, let the energy storage battery run in peak-shaving mode; where, Δfmin represents the maximum value of grid frequency f allowed to shift downward, and Δfmax represents the maximum value of grid frequency f allowed to shift upward;
步骤3.1、若Δf超出调频死区，则储能电池根据频率偏移方向进行动作，在调频模式下，储能电池要在短时间内尽可能多吸收或发出功率来支撑电网频率，因此，设置储能电池以额定功率进行充放电。在保证不过充/过放的前提下，设置储能电池在调频模式下的初级参考功率与荷电状态约束为：Step 3.1. If Δf exceeds the frequency modulation dead zone, the energy storage battery will act according to the frequency offset direction. In the frequency modulation mode, the energy storage battery must absorb or emit as much power as possible in a short time to support the grid frequency. Therefore, set The energy storage battery is charged and discharged at the rated power. Under the premise of ensuring no overcharge/overdischarge, set the primary reference power and state of charge constraints of the energy storage battery in frequency modulation mode as:
若Δf＞Δfmax，且荷电状态SOC∈[SOCmin,SOCmax]，则储能电池以额定功率Pe充电来参与调频，令储能电池的初级参考功率为P′ess＝-Pe；If Δf>Δfmax , and the state of charge SOC∈[SOCmin ,SOCmax ], the energy storage battery is charged with the rated power Pe to participate in frequency regulation, so that the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is P′ess ＝ -Pe ;
若Δf＜Δfmin，且荷电状态SOC∈[SOCmin,SOCmax]，则储能电池以额定功率Pe放电来参与调频，令储能电池的初级参考功率为P′ess＝Pe；If Δf<Δfmin , and the state of charge SOC∈[SOCmin ,SOCmax ], the energy storage battery is discharged at the rated power Pe to participate in frequency regulation, so that the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is P′ess ＝Pe ;
步骤3.2、若Δf∈[Δfmin,Δfmax]，则储能电池根据调峰充放电时间段进行动作，在调峰模式下，储能电池充放电的时长在小时级，因此储能电池可以根据自身容量大小，采取较小功率进行充放电，以此来延长储能电池的使用寿命。在实际工程中，未考虑荷电状态约束时，调峰模式下通常设置α倍储能电池额定功率为初级参考功率进行充放电，其中，α表示储能电池在调峰模式下的充放电功率系数。根据本地负荷峰谷时段，在保证储能电池不过充/过放的前提下，为储能电池的调频模式留有一定容量裕度。因此设置储能电池在调峰模式下的初级参考功率与荷电状态约束为：Step 3.2. If Δf∈[Δfmin ,Δfmax ], the energy storage battery will act according to the peak shaving charging and discharging time period. According to the size of its own capacity, use less power to charge and discharge, so as to prolong the service life of the energy storage battery. In actual engineering, when the state of charge constraint is not considered, the rated power of the energy storage battery is usually set as the primary reference power for charging and discharging in the peak shaving mode, where α represents the charging and discharging power of the energy storage battery in the peak shaving mode coefficient. According to the local load peak and valley periods, under the premise of ensuring that the energy storage battery is not overcharged/overdischarged, a certain capacity margin is reserved for the frequency modulation mode of the energy storage battery. Therefore, the primary reference power and state-of-charge constraints of the energy storage battery in the peak-shaving mode are set as:
若处于调峰放电时间段，且荷电状态SOC∈[SOClow,SOCmax]，则储能电池以α×Pe为初级参考功率放电来参与调峰，令储能电池的初级参考功率为P′ess＝αPe；If it is in the peak shaving discharge time period, and the state of charge SOC∈[SOClow , SOCmax ], the energy storage battery will discharge with α×Pe as the primary reference power to participate in peak shaving, so that the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is P'ess = αPe ;
若处于调峰充电时间段，且荷电状态SOC∈[SOCmin,SOChigh]，则储能电池以α×Pe为初级参考功率充电来参与调峰，令储能电池的初级参考功率为P′ess＝-αPe；If it is in the peak shaving charging time period, and the state of charge SOC∈[SOCmin ,SOChigh ], the energy storage battery is charged with α×Pe as the primary reference power to participate in peak shaving, so that the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is P'ess = -αPe ;
步骤4、在保证光伏出力Ppv全部并网的情况下，光伏并网逆变器的空闲容量P′vsc供储能电池使用，其中，P′vsc＝Pvsc-Ppv，Pvsc为逆变器过载情况下的最大容量，P′vsc≥0；Step 4. Under the condition that the photovoltaic output Ppv is fully connected to the grid, the spare capacity P′vsc of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter is used by the energy storage battery, where P′vsc =Pvsc -Ppv , and Pvsc is the inverse The maximum capacity of the transformer under overload conditions, P′vsc ≥0;
步骤4.1、当储能电池充电时，初级参考功率P′ess＜0，光伏并网逆变器对储能电池的充电能量无容量限制；Step 4.1. When the energy storage battery is being charged, the primary reference power P′ess <0, and the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter has no capacity limit on the charging energy of the energy storage battery;
步骤4.2、当储能电池放电时，初级参考功率P′ess＞0，储能电池的充电能量经过光伏并网逆变器输送到电网，则储能电池的次级参考功率为P″ess＝min{P′ess,P′vsc}；Step 4.2. When the energy storage battery is discharged, the primary reference power P′ess >0, and the charging energy of the energy storage battery is delivered to the grid through the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, then the secondary reference power of the energy storage battery is P″ess = min{P′ess ,P′vsc };
步骤5、储能电池响应电网调频/调峰需求时，如果以恒功率充放电，会导致储能电池无法完全充满或完全释放电能，从而浪费储能电池的容量，造成经济损失。因此，应设计合理的储能电池最大出力约束系数λSOC，使储能电池以变化的充放电功率参与电网的调频/调峰。设置储能电池最大出力约束系数λSOC，如图4所示；Step 5. When the energy storage battery responds to the frequency modulation/peak shaving demand of the grid, if it is charged and discharged at a constant power, the energy storage battery will not be fully charged or fully released, thereby wasting the capacity of the energy storage battery and causing economic losses. Therefore, a reasonable maximum output constraint coefficient λSOC of the energy storage battery should be designed so that the energy storage battery can participate in the frequency regulation/peak regulation of the power grid with changing charging and discharging power. Set the maximum output constraint coefficient λSOC of the energy storage battery, as shown in Figure 4;
步骤5.1、当储能电池荷电状态较高时(SOC∈(SOCβ,SOCmax])，储能电池以Pe′s′s进行放电；当放电到储能电池荷电状态较低时(SOC∈[SOCmin,SOCβ])，为充分利用储能电池容量以及避免过放，储能电池以P′ess乘以一个小于1的λSOC进行放电，且λSOC随荷电状态下降而越小。利用式(1)得到储能电池在放电阶段的最大出力约束系数λSOC：Step 5.1. When the state of charge of the energy storage battery is high (SOC∈(SOCβ ,SOCmax ]), the energy storage battery is discharged at Pe ′s ′s ; when the state of charge of the energy storage battery is low (SOC∈[SOCmin ,SOCβ ]), in order to make full use of the capacity of the energy storage battery and avoid over-discharge, the energy storage battery is discharged by multiplying P′ess by a λSOC less than 1, and the λSOC decreases with the state of charge And the smaller it is. Use formula (1) to get the maximum output constraint coefficient λSOC of the energy storage battery in the discharge phase:
步骤5.2、当储能电池荷电状态较低时(SOC∈[SOCmin,SOCβ])，储能电池按照P′ess进行充电，当充电到储能电池荷电状态较高时(SOC∈(SOCβ,SOCmax])，为充分利用储能电池容量以及避免过充，储能电池以P″ess乘以一个小于1的λSOC进行充电，且λSOC随荷电状态上升而减小。利用式(2)得到储能电池在充电阶段的最大出力约束系数λSOC：Step 5.2. When the state of charge of the energy storage battery is low (SOC∈[SOCmin ,SOCβ ]), the energy storage battery is charged according to P′ess . When the state of charge of the energy storage battery is high (SOC∈ (SOCβ ,SOCmax ]), in order to make full use of the capacity of the energy storage battery and avoid overcharging, the energy storage battery is charged by multiplying P″ess by a λSOC less than 1, and the λSOC decreases as the state of charge increases .Use formula (2) to obtain the maximum output constraint coefficient λSOC of the energy storage battery during the charging phase:
步骤6、储能电池按照最终参考功率Pess＝P″ess×λSOC进行充放电从而参与电网的调频或调峰。当储能电池出力以上述最大出力约束系数进行优化时，可以保证储能电池具有快速响应的能力，同时又能充分利用储能电池的容量并且避免储能电池过充/过放，延长储能电池的使用寿命。Step 6. The energy storage battery is charged and discharged according to the final reference power Pess = P″ess × λSOC to participate in the frequency regulation or peak regulation of the power grid. When the output of the energy storage battery is optimized with the above-mentioned maximum output constraint coefficient, the energy storage can be guaranteed The battery has the ability to respond quickly, and at the same time, it can make full use of the capacity of the energy storage battery and avoid overcharging/overdischarging of the energy storage battery, prolonging the service life of the energy storage battery.
实施例：Example:
1、根据光伏电站的拓扑结构和模型参数，在MATLAB/Simulink软件中搭建光伏电站详细模型。光伏电站拓扑结构见图2，模型参数见表1。1. According to the topological structure and model parameters of the photovoltaic power station, build a detailed model of the photovoltaic power station in MATLAB/Simulink software. The topological structure of the photovoltaic power station is shown in Figure 2, and the model parameters are shown in Table 1.
表1模型参数Table 1 Model parameters
2、按照步骤1，储能电池运行在调峰模式时需要根据当地的负荷峰谷时段设置储能电池的充放电时段，某省的负荷峰谷时段如表2所示：2. According to step 1, when the energy storage battery is running in the peak-shaving mode, the charging and discharging period of the energy storage battery needs to be set according to the local load peak-valley period. The load peak-valley period of a certain province is shown in Table 2:
表2某省的负荷峰谷时段Table 2 Load peak and valley periods in a province
由于光伏电站中光伏并网逆变器只支持能量从光伏侧输送到电网侧，为单向逆变器，所以储能电池所吸收的能量来自于光伏，因此储能电池的充放电时段设置，除负荷变化规律外还要考虑光照强度变化规律。Since the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter in the photovoltaic power station only supports energy transmission from the photovoltaic side to the grid side, it is a unidirectional inverter, so the energy absorbed by the energy storage battery comes from photovoltaics, so the charging and discharging period of the energy storage battery is set. In addition to the law of load changes, the law of light intensity changes should also be considered.
首先，从早上光伏开始出力到第一个负荷峰时段之前，设置为储能电池充电时段。本文实施例中，6:00开始有光照强度，故6:00-9:00设置为储能电池充电时段。First of all, from the beginning of photovoltaic power output in the morning to the first load peak period, it is set as the energy storage battery charging period. In this embodiment, the light intensity starts at 6:00, so 6:00-9:00 is set as the charging period of the energy storage battery.
其次，12:00-17:00，此时段光照强度较强，是一天中光伏出力较多的时段，设置储能电池在此时段充电，这也是一天中储能电池充电的主要时段。Secondly, from 12:00 to 17:00, the light intensity is stronger during this period, which is the period of time when the photovoltaic output is more during the day. Set the energy storage battery to charge during this period, which is also the main period of time for the energy storage battery to charge during the day.
再次，在负荷高峰时段设置储能电池放电。Again, set the energy storage battery to discharge during peak load hours.
基于此，设置储能电池工作在调峰模式下，充放电时段如表3所示。Based on this, the energy storage battery is set to work in the peak-shaving mode, and the charging and discharging periods are shown in Table 3.
表3储能电池调峰模式下充放电时段Table 3 Charging and discharging period of energy storage battery in peak shaving mode
3、按照步骤2，设置储能电池的荷电状态分区。3. According to step 2, set the state of charge partition of the energy storage battery.
在本文所提出的控制策略中，调频模式的优先级高于调峰模式。为确保在调峰过程中储能电池为调频模式留有容量裕度，对储能电池的荷电状态进行分区时，考虑以下两种情况：In the control strategy proposed in this paper, the priority of the frequency modulation mode is higher than that of the peak regulation mode. In order to ensure that the energy storage battery has a capacity margin for the frequency regulation mode during the peak shaving process, the following two situations should be considered when partitioning the state of charge of the energy storage battery:
(1)储能电池过充/过放会损伤电池，为避免此情况，调频模式下储能电池充放电的荷电状态区间为[5％,95％]，充电达到上限95％时不再充电，放电达到下限5％时不再放电。(1) Overcharging/overdischarging of the energy storage battery will damage the battery. In order to avoid this situation, the charging and discharging state of charge range of the energy storage battery in frequency modulation mode is [5%, 95%], and when the charging reaches the upper limit of 95%, it will not Charging, no longer discharging when the discharge reaches the lower limit of 5%.
(2)为确保储能电池在调峰模式下为调频模式留有容量裕度，因此设定储能电池在调峰模式下，充电上限为85％，放电下限为15％。(2) In order to ensure that the energy storage battery has a capacity margin for the frequency modulation mode in the peak shaving mode, the upper limit of charging for the energy storage battery in the peak shaving mode is set to 85%, and the lower limit of discharge is 15%.
4、按照步骤3，光储协调控制系统检测电网频率f，令Δf＝f-50，判定Δf是否处于调频死区。若Δf超出调频死区，储能电池此时运行于调频模式；若Δf未超出调频死区，储能电池此时运行于调峰模式。当Δf＞0.06,且此时SOC∈[5％,95％]，则储能电池以额定功率10kW充电来参与调频，此时储能电池的初级参考功率为P′ess＝-10。若Δf＜-0.06,且此时SOC∈[5％,95％]，则储能电池以额定功率10kW放电来参与调频，此时储能电池的初级参考功率为P′ess＝10。若Δf∈[-0.06,0.06]，储能电池根据调峰时段进行动作。若此时处于调峰放电时段，且SOC∈[15％,95％]，储能电池以3kW放电来参与调峰，此时储能电池的初级参考功率P′ess＝3；若此时处于调峰充电时段，且SOC∈[5％,85％]，储能电池以3kW充电来参与调峰，此时储能电池的初级参考功率P′ess＝-3。4. According to step 3, the optical-storage coordinated control system detects the frequency f of the power grid, and sets Δf=f-50 to determine whether Δf is in the frequency modulation dead zone. If Δf exceeds the frequency modulation dead zone, the energy storage battery operates in the frequency modulation mode at this time; if Δf does not exceed the frequency modulation dead zone, the energy storage battery operates in the peak shaving mode at this time. When Δf>0.06, and SOC∈[5%, 95%] at this time, the energy storage battery is charged with a rated power of 10kW to participate in frequency regulation, and the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is P′ess =-10. If Δf<-0.06, and the SOC∈[5%, 95%] at this time, the energy storage battery is discharged with a rated power of 10kW to participate in frequency regulation, and the primary reference power of the energy storage battery is P′ess =10. If Δf∈[-0.06,0.06], the energy storage battery operates according to the peak shaving period. If it is in the peak shaving discharge period at this time, and SOC∈[15%, 95%], the energy storage battery will discharge at 3kW to participate in peak shaving, at this time the primary reference power of the energy storage battery P′ess = 3; During the peak shaving charging period, and SOC∈[5%, 85%], the energy storage battery is charged at 3kW to participate in peak shaving, and the primary reference power P′ess of the energy storage battery at this time =-3.
5、按照步骤4，逆变器容量为30kW,过载能力为10％，即逆变器过载情况下的最大容量Pvsc＝33kW，为保证光伏出力能够全部并网，储能电池参与调频/调峰时应利用逆变器空闲容量P′vsc，P′vsc＝33-Ppv，因为逆变器最大容量大于光伏满发功率，所以P′vsc＞0。当储能电池充电时P′ess＜0，功率不经过逆变器，不用考虑逆变器容量限制。当储能电池放电时P′ess＞0，功率经过逆变器输送到电网，需要考虑逆变器最大容量限制。因此，储能电池的次级参考功率P″ess为P″ess＝min{P′ess,P′vsc}。5. According to step 4, the inverter capacity is 30kW, and the overload capacity is 10%, that is, the maximum capacity Pvsc = 33kW when the inverter is overloaded. In order to ensure that the photovoltaic output can be fully connected to the grid, the energy storage battery participates in frequency regulation The idle capacity of the inverter should be used at peak time P′vsc , P′vsc =33-Ppv , because the maximum capacity of the inverter is greater than the full power of the photovoltaic, so P′vsc >0. When the energy storage battery is charged, P′ess <0, the power does not pass through the inverter, and the capacity limitation of the inverter is not considered. When the energy storage battery is discharged, P′ess >0, the power is transmitted to the grid through the inverter, and the maximum capacity limit of the inverter needs to be considered. Therefore, the secondary reference power P″ess of the energy storage battery is P″ess =min{P′ess , P′vsc }.
6、按照步骤5，为避免储能电池过充/过放，并且充分利用储能电池的容量，设置储能电池最大出力约束系数λSOC。当SOC∈(50％,95％]，按照P′ess进行放电；当放电到SOC∈[5％,50％]，为充分利用储能电池容量以及避免过放，储能电池以P′ess×λSOC进行放电，且λSOC随SOC下降而越小。即当SOC∈[5％,50％]，按照P′ess进行充电，当充电到SOC∈(50％,95％]，为充分利用储能电池容量以及避免过充，储能电池以P′ess×λSOC进行充电，且λSOC随SOC上升而减小。即即储能电池最大出力约束系数曲线如图4所示。6. According to step 5, in order to avoid overcharging/overdischarging of the energy storage battery and make full use of the capacity of the energy storage battery, set the maximum output constraint coefficient λSOC of the energy storage battery. When SOC∈(50%, 95%], discharge according to P′ess ; when discharged to SOC∈[5%, 50%], in order to make full use of the capacity of the energy storage battery and avoid over-discharge, the energy storage battery should be discharged at P′ess ×λSOC to discharge, and the λSOC becomes smaller as the SOC decreases. That is When SOC∈[5%, 50%], charge according to P′ess , when charging to SOC∈(50%, 95%), in order to make full use of the capacity of the energy storage battery and avoid overcharging, the energy storage battery is charged at P′ess ×λSOC for charging, and λSOC decreases with the increase of SOC. That is That is, the maximum output constraint coefficient curve of the energy storage battery is shown in Figure 4.
7、按照步骤6，储能电池的最终参考功率为Pess＝P″ess×λSOC。7. According to step 6, the final reference power of the energy storage battery is Pess =P″ess ×λSOC .
在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建模型，进行仿真运算得到光储联合系统出力与光伏出力对比图和储能电池SOC曲线，如图7a和图7b所示。The model was built in MATLAB/Simulink, and the simulation calculation was performed to obtain the comparison chart of the output of the combined optical storage system and photovoltaic output and the SOC curve of the energy storage battery, as shown in Figure 7a and Figure 7b.
根据储能电池的充放电策略，在0:00-6:00之间，负荷处于平时段，储能电池不需要放电，且由于光伏没有出力，储能电池不充电。但是，在0:31:12和0:38:24，电网扰动导致频率分别下降到49.91Hz和上升到50.09Hz(图6)。由图7a和图7b可以看到，当频率为49.91Hz时，储能荷电状态为50％，储能电池以10kW的功率放电参与调频；但是当频率高于50.06Hz时，由于光伏没有出力，因此储能电池无法充电参与调频。According to the charging and discharging strategy of the energy storage battery, between 0:00 and 6:00, the load is in the normal period, the energy storage battery does not need to be discharged, and because the photovoltaic has no output, the energy storage battery does not charge. However, at 0:31:12 and 0:38:24, grid disturbances caused the frequency to drop to 49.91 Hz and rise to 50.09 Hz, respectively (Figure 6). It can be seen from Figure 7a and Figure 7b that when the frequency is 49.91Hz, the state of charge of the energy storage is 50%, and the energy storage battery is discharged at a power of 10kW to participate in frequency modulation; , so the energy storage battery cannot be charged to participate in frequency regulation.
6:00-9:00为充电时段，储能电池充电。由图7a和图7b可以看到，6:00-7:00光伏出力为0.72kW，小于储能电池参考功率3kW，因此，储能电池以0.72kW的功率充电，此时荷电状态上升较慢；7:00-9:00，光伏出力为4kW，7:00时储能电池荷电状态为51.5％，储能电池以2.91kW的功率充电，此期间荷电状态上升较快。受荷电状态约束，充电功率在7:00-9:00逐渐下降至2.56kW，光储系统出力逐渐增加。6:00-9:00 is the charging period, and the energy storage battery is charged. From Figure 7a and Figure 7b, it can be seen that the photovoltaic output from 6:00 to 7:00 is 0.72kW, which is less than the reference power of the energy storage battery by 3kW. Therefore, the energy storage battery is charged at a power of 0.72kW, and the state of charge at this time rises faster. Slow; 7:00-9:00, the photovoltaic output is 4kW, the state of charge of the energy storage battery is 51.5% at 7:00, and the energy storage battery is charged at a power of 2.91kW, and the state of charge rises rapidly during this period. Constrained by the state of charge, the charging power gradually drops to 2.56kW from 7:00 to 9:00, and the output of the solar storage system gradually increases.
9:00-12:00为放电时段，由图7a和图7b可以看到储能电池在此期间荷电状态在50％以上，储能电池以恒功率3kW放电参与调峰。9:00-12:00 is the discharge period. From Figure 7a and Figure 7b, it can be seen that the state of charge of the energy storage battery is above 50% during this period, and the energy storage battery is discharged at a constant power of 3kW to participate in peak regulation.
由图7a和图7b可以看到，9:31:30频率跌落至49.92Hz，超出调频死区，此时储能电池的荷电状态为61.5％，储能电池以10kW的功率放电参与调频；9:42:00频率上升到50.1Hz，此时储能电池荷电状态为59.3％，因此以8.14kW的功率充电参与调频；11:12:00频率上升到50.11Hz，此时储能电池的荷电状态为55％，因此以9kW的功率充电参与调频；11:43:11频率跌落至49.89Hz，但此时光储系统总出力已经达到逆变器最大功率33kW，储能电池无法放电参与调频。From Figure 7a and Figure 7b, it can be seen that the frequency drops to 49.92Hz at 9:31:30, which exceeds the frequency modulation dead zone. At this time, the state of charge of the energy storage battery is 61.5%, and the energy storage battery is discharged at a power of 10kW to participate in frequency modulation; At 9:42:00 the frequency rises to 50.1Hz, at this time the state of charge of the energy storage battery is 59.3%, so it is charged with a power of 8.14kW to participate in frequency modulation; at 11:12:00 the frequency rises to 50.11Hz, at this time the energy storage battery The state of charge is 55%, so charge at 9kW to participate in frequency regulation; at 11:43:11 the frequency drops to 49.89Hz, but at this time the total output of the optical storage system has reached the maximum power of the inverter 33kW, and the energy storage battery cannot be discharged to participate in frequency regulation .
12:00-17:00处于充电时段，由图7a和图7b可以看到，储能电池的荷电状态在此期间由52.3％升至73.5％，受荷电状态约束，储能电池充电功率由2.86kW降至1.59kW。12:00-17:00 is the charging period. It can be seen from Figure 7a and Figure 7b that the state of charge of the energy storage battery rises from 52.3% to 73.5% during this period. Subject to the state of charge constraints, the charging power of the energy storage battery From 2.86kW down to 1.59kW.
17:00-22:00处于调峰放电时段，由图7a和图7b可以看到储能电池在此期间荷电状态在50％以上，以恒功率3kW放电参与调峰。18:46:48频率跌落至49.89Hz，超出调频死区，此时，储能电池的荷电状态为65％，因此以10kW的功率放电参与调频；19:48:00频率上升到50.1Hz，由于此时没有光伏出力，储能电池无法充电，所以储能电池此时停止放电参与调频。17:00-22:00 is the peak shaving discharge period. From Figure 7a and 7b, it can be seen that the state of charge of the energy storage battery is above 50% during this period, and the constant power 3kW discharge participates in peak shaving. At 18:46:48, the frequency dropped to 49.89Hz, which exceeded the frequency modulation dead zone. At this time, the state of charge of the energy storage battery was 65%, so it was discharged at a power of 10kW to participate in frequency modulation; at 19:48:00, the frequency rose to 50.1Hz. Since there is no photovoltaic output at this time, the energy storage battery cannot be charged, so the energy storage battery stops discharging at this time and participates in frequency regulation.
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