本发明涉及药用植物栽培技术领域，特别是一种毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法。The invention relates to the technical field of medicinal plant cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method for interplanting Aesculus chinensis under a Phyllostachys pubescens forest.
背景技术Background technique
七叶一枝花中药名重楼，为百合科重楼属多年生草本植物，是一种重要的中药材，也是多种中成药的主要原料。野生七叶一枝花由于长期过度采挖，逐年减少，已面临枯竭。因此，研究七叶一枝花的人工栽培技术，加速拓展其繁殖途径和生产规模，迫在眉睫。近年来，由于人工成本上升，竹材价格下降，竹林经营效益明显减少，为此各地在竹林下种植各类经济作物，开展多目标经营。竹林下种植中药材七叶一枝花有利于增加农民收入，开拓中药基地、促进地方经济发展，保护竹区生态环境和资源等优点，但存在种子育苗繁殖难度大，竹林密度控制困难，水肥不足导致生长缓慢，遮阴不足生长期缩短等难题。Aesculus chinensis is a famous traditional Chinese medicine. It is a perennial herb of the Liliaceae family, and it is an important Chinese medicinal material and the main raw material of various Chinese patent medicines. Due to long-term over-excavation, the wild Aesculus esculenta has been decreasing year by year and is facing depletion. Therefore, it is imminent to study the artificial cultivation technology of Aesculus chinensis and accelerate the expansion of its reproduction route and production scale. In recent years, due to rising labor costs and falling prices of bamboo materials, the operating benefits of bamboo forests have been significantly reduced. Planting Chinese herbal medicine Aesculus elegans under bamboo forests is beneficial to increase farmers' income, develop Chinese medicine bases, promote local economic development, and protect the ecological environment and resources of bamboo areas. Slow growth, insufficient shading, shortened growth period and other problems.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
本发明的目的在于，提供一种毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法。本发明方法简单，套种七叶一枝花不仅能将竹林地资源充分利用，而且节约用工成本，生产成本降低，产出增高；此外，本发明可以有效减少了病虫害危害，种植出的七叶一枝花重金属含量低、无农药残留，符合国家绿色中药材标准，可大量满足中药制造业的需求，经济效益显著。The object of the present invention is to provide a cultivation method for interplanting Aesculus edulis under a bamboo forest. The method of the invention is simple, and the interplanting of Aesculus edulis can not only fully utilize the bamboo forest land resources, but also save labor costs, reduce production costs and increase output; in addition, the invention can effectively reduce the damage of diseases and insect pests, and the planted Aesculus edulis can With low heavy metal content and no pesticide residues, it meets the national standard for green Chinese medicinal materials, and can meet the needs of the traditional Chinese medicine manufacturing industry in large quantities, with significant economic benefits.
本发明的技术方案：一种毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，按下述步骤进行：Technical scheme of the present invention: a kind of cultivation method of interplanting Aesculus chinensis under a Phyllostachys pubescens forest, carry out according to the following steps:
a.竹林地的选择与清理：选择海拔400-1000m的山区坡地作为栽培林地，并清除竹林地杂草和杂灌木；a. Selection and cleaning of bamboo forest land: choose the mountain slope with an altitude of 400-1000m as the cultivated forest land, and remove the weeds and weeds in the bamboo forest land;
b、套种七叶一枝花：3月到4月间，开春土壤解冻后，将七叶一枝花苗移栽到竹林下，种植密度为0.3-0.8 m×0.3-0.8 m，种植后浇透定根水；b. Interplanting Aesculus aesculus: From March to April, after the soil is thawed in the spring, transplant the Aesculus seedlings under the bamboo forest, and the planting density is 0.3-0.8 m × 0.3-0.8 m. After planting, water the roots thoroughly. water;
c、移栽后定期调整竹林结构，并进行田间管理和病虫害防治；c. Regularly adjust the bamboo forest structure after transplanting, and carry out field management and pest control;
d、七叶一枝花收获：七叶一枝花块茎成熟后，在10-11月倒苗且地上茎枯萎时进行挖掘收获。d. Harvesting of Aesculus aesculus: After the tubers of Aesculus are mature, dig and harvest when the seedlings are poured and the stems on the ground are withered from October to November.
上述的毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，所述步骤a中，栽培林地的坡度为15-30度，排水良好和肥沃粘性的微酸性土壤，土壤层的厚度为50-90cm。In the above-mentioned cultivation method of interplanting Aesculus edulis under the Phyllostachys pubescens forest, in the step a, the slope of the cultivated woodland is 15-30 degrees, the slightly acidic soil with good drainage and fertile viscosity, and the thickness of the soil layer is 50-90cm.
前述的毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，所述步骤a中，根据砍弱留强、砍密留疏和砍小留大的原则对竹林结构调整。For the cultivation method of interplanting Aesculus edulis under the aforementioned Phyllostachys pubescens forest, in the step a, the bamboo forest structure is adjusted according to the principles of cutting the weak and leaving the strong, cutting the dense and leaving the sparse, and cutting the small and leaving the large.
前述的毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，大小年竹林在出笋大年后11-3月间对所述竹林结构进行调整，保留竹子220-250株亩，毛竹林郁闭度0.75-0.85之间，整齐度在0.8以上，1-3度竹各占30%，4度竹占10%。The cultivation method of interplanting Aesculus chinensis under the aforementioned Phyllostachys pubescens, the bamboo forest of large and small years adjusts the structure of the bamboo forest between 11-3 months after the bamboo shoots emerge, retains 220-250 mu of bamboo, and the canopy density of the Phyllostachys pubescens is 0.75 Between -0.85, the uniformity is above 0.8, 1-3 degrees of bamboo each account for 30%, and 4-degree bamboo accounts for 10%.
前述的毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，花年竹林在每年冬季对所述竹林机构进行调整，保留竹子196-230株亩，毛竹林郁闭度0.70-0.80之间，整齐度在0.8以上，1-4度竹各占25%。The cultivation method of interplanting Aesculus chinensis under the aforementioned moso bamboo forest, the bamboo forest in the flowering year adjusts the bamboo forest mechanism every winter, retains 196-230 mu of bamboo, the canopy density of the moso bamboo forest is between 0.70-0.80, and the uniformity is between 0.70 and 0.80. Above 0.8, 1-4 degrees of bamboo each account for 25%.
前述的毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，所述步骤b中，用于移栽的七叶一枝花苗获取方法是通过挖取当地健康、无病虫害的七叶一枝花根茎，将根茎切成0.5～1cm长小段，在通风处摊开放置12～24小时，晾干切块表面水份后，将草木灰撒在切口表面；2～3月份，选择坡度为10～20度的平缓的竹林地，除去杂草杂木，平整育苗地，作苗床宽1-1.4m，深0.3-0.5m，在苗床内沿长度方向开深度为1-5cm的种植沟；将切好的七叶一枝花根茎小块放置在繁殖床中，再覆盖1～4cm的腐殖质土，覆盖薄膜；4～5月份后去掉薄膜，加盖稻草、竹枝或树叶20-30cm厚，出苗后，加强管理，次年用于移栽种植。The cultivation method of interplanting Aesculus edulis under the aforementioned Phyllostachys pubescens forest, in the described step b, the method for obtaining the Aesculus aesculus seedlings for transplanting is by digging the local healthy, disease- and insect-free Aesculus edulis rhizomes, cutting the rhizomes Cut into 0.5-1cm long sections, spread out in a ventilated place for 12-24 hours, dry the surface of the cut pieces, and sprinkle the ash on the cut surface; from February to March, choose a gentle bamboo forest with a slope of 10-20 degrees Ground, remove weeds and trees, level the nursery ground, make a seedbed with a width of 1-1.4m and a depth of 0.3-0.5m, and open a planting ditch with a depth of 1-5cm along the length direction in the seedbed; Small pieces of rhizomes are placed in the breeding bed, and then covered with 1-4 cm of humus soil and covered with film; after April to May, the film is removed and covered with straw, bamboo branches or leaves with a thickness of 20-30 cm. After emergence, strengthen management and use it in the following year. For transplanting.
前述的毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，所述步骤b中，种植密度为0.5 m×0.5m。In the aforementioned cultivation method for interplanting Aesculus chinensis under the Phyllostachys pubescens forest, in the step b, the planting density is 0.5 m×0.5 m.
前述的毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，所述步骤c中，七叶一枝花的田间管理要求土壤疏松,每年进行中耕除草，除草以除早除小除了为原则，在5月到7下旬结合除草进浅松土，同时加强水份管理，雨季要及时排水，防涝；追肥2次，3-4月间，穴施生物炭肥，施入量为0.5-1t/亩，其中肥料 N 含量大于 6%，P2O5 和 K2O 含量各大于 3.0%，有机质含量大于 65%，pH 值在5.8-6.0 之间；第2次在七叶一枝花快速生长期，6月上旬，在坡上方开沟施农家肥，施入量1-2t/亩；在8-9月间，砍伐新鲜竹枝条对七叶一枝花进行遮阴处理或搭建遮阳网，同时在19:00到第2天早7:00前进行浇水或喷灌，降低林地温度，增加湿度，避免七叶一枝花在阳光直射或干旱条件下易发生倒苗，延长生长期1-2个月。The cultivation method of interplanting Aesculus edulis under the aforementioned Phyllostachys pubescens, in the described step c, the field management of Aesculus edulis requires soil to be loosened, and intertillage and weeding is carried out every year, and weeding is based on the principle of removing early and removing small ones. 7 Combined with weeding and loosening the soil at the end of the last ten days, and at the same time, strengthen water management. In the rainy season, water should be drained in time to prevent waterlogging; topdressing should be done twice. From March to April, biochar fertilizer should be applied in the holes, and the application rate should be 0.5-1t/mu, of which Fertilizer with N content greater than 6%, P2O5 and K2O content greater than 3.0%, organic matter content greater than 65%, pH value between 5.8-6.0; the second time in the rapid growth period of Aesculus edulis, in early June, on the top of the slope Ditch and apply farmyard manure, and the amount of application is 1-2t/mu; from August to September, cut down fresh bamboo branches to shade Aesculus chinensis or build a shade net, and at the same time, from 19:00 to the morning of the second day Water or sprinkler irrigation before 7:00, lower the temperature of the woodland, increase the humidity, prevent the Aesculus esculenta from falling seedlings easily under direct sunlight or drought conditions, and prolong the growth period for 1-2 months.
前述的毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，所述步骤c中，七叶一枝花的病虫害防治中，若发现七叶一枝花病毒病，拔除病株，在病穴用5％菌毒清水剂，或者将病株拔出；若发现金龟子危害，用90％结晶敌百虫800～1000倍液，每5～7天喷1次，连喷2 ～3次；若发现根腐病，在病穴用80％甲基托布津湿性粉剂1200倍液和50％的多菌灵每10天喷洒1次，连续喷洒3次。The cultivation method of interplanting Aesculus edulis under aforesaid Phyllostachys pubescens forest, in the step c, in the control of diseases and insect pests of Aesculus edulis, if discovering Aesculus edulis virus disease, remove the diseased plant, use 5% bacteria virus in the diseased hole clear water agent, or pull out the diseased plants; if the damage of scarabs is found, use 800 to 1000 times of 90% crystalline trichlorfon, spray once every 5 to 7 days, and spray 2 to 3 times in a row; if root rot is found, Spray 1200 times of 80% thiophanate-methyl wet powder and 50% carbendazim on the diseased points once every 10 days, 3 times continuously.
前述的毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花的栽培方法，所述步骤d中，挖掘时先割除茎叶，然后用锄头从侧面开挖，挖出块茎，切下有芽苞的块根培育种苗，其余部分洗净泥土，除去须根，切片晒干或烘干入药。The cultivation method of interplanting Aesculus edulis under the aforementioned Phyllostachys pubescens forest, in the described step d, first cut off stems and leaves during excavation, then excavate from the side with a hoe, dig out tubers, cut off the tuberous roots with buds and cultivate seedlings, The rest of the soil is washed, the fibrous roots are removed, sliced and sun-dried or dried for medicinal use.
与现有技术相比，本发明通过对竹林结构进行调整控制，控制竹林的密度，并通过田间管理和病虫害防治，实现在毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花高效培育。一方面本发明方法简单，套种七叶一枝花不仅能将竹林地资源充分利用节约用工成本，而且生产成本降低，产出增高；另一方面本发明可以有效减少了病虫害危害，种植出的七叶一枝花重金属含量低、无农药残留，符合国家绿色中药材标准，可大量满足中药制造业的需求，经济效益显著。此外，本发明还通过根茎切块进行快速繁殖，使得七叶一枝花的种子育苗繁殖难度大大的降低，并通过相应的田间管理和病虫害防治，种植出的七叶一枝花具有极高的经济价值。附图说明Compared with the prior art, the present invention controls the density of the bamboo forest by adjusting and controlling the structure of the bamboo forest, and realizes the high-efficiency cultivation of interplanting Aesculus edulis under the Phyllostachys pubescens through field management and pest control. On the one hand, the method of the invention is simple, and the interplanting of Aesculus edulis can not only fully utilize the bamboo forest land resources to save labor costs, but also reduce the production cost and increase the output; Yizhihua has low heavy metal content and no pesticide residues, and meets the national standard for green Chinese medicinal materials, which can meet the needs of the traditional Chinese medicine manufacturing industry in large quantities, and has significant economic benefits. In addition, the present invention also rapidly propagates by cutting the rhizomes, so that the difficulty of seedling propagation of Aesculus edulis is greatly reduced, and through corresponding field management and pest control, the planted Aesculus edulis has extremely high economic value . Description of drawings
图1是本发明实施例2中根茎繁殖的七叶一枝花种苗的茎块图；Fig. 1 is the stem block diagram of the Aesculus aesculus seedling of rhizome propagation in the embodiment of the present invention 2;
图2是本发明对照例中根茎繁殖的七叶一枝花种苗的茎块图。Fig. 2 is the stem block diagram of Aesculus aesculus seedlings propagated by rhizomes in the comparative example of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步的说明，但并不作为对本发明限制的依据。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments, but not as a basis for limiting the present invention.
实施例1:选择浙江衢州市衢江区全旺镇毛家村作为实施地点，选择海拔500-550m的山区坡地作为栽培林地，栽培林地的坡度为18度，排水良好和肥沃粘性的微酸性土壤，土壤层的厚度为55-60cm，清除竹林地杂草和杂灌木。根据砍弱留强、砍密留疏和砍小留大的原则对竹林结构调整，此处的竹林为大小年竹林，在出笋大年后11-3月间对所述竹林结构进行调整，保留竹子220-250株亩，毛竹林郁闭度0.75-0.85之间，整齐度在0.8以上，1-3度竹各占30%，4度竹占10%。3月到4月间，开春土壤解冻后，将七叶一枝花苗移栽到竹林下，种植密度为0.4 m×0.4 m，由于苗茎脆弱，注意保护苗茎不被折断，种植后浇透定根水。移栽后进行田间管理和病虫害防治，七叶一枝花要求土壤疏松,每年进行中耕除草，除草以“除早除小除了”为原则，一般在5月到7下旬结合除草进浅松土，同时加强水份管理，雨季要及时排水，防涝；追肥2次，第一次在3-4月间，穴施新型生物炭肥，施入量为0.6t/亩，（肥料 N含量大于 6%，P2O5 和 K2O 含量各大于 3.0%，有机质含量大于 65%，pH 值在5.8-6.0 之间）。第2次在七叶一枝花快速生长期，6月上旬，在坡上方开沟施农家肥，施入量1.3t/亩；并在8-9月间，进行温度和湿度的控制，砍伐新鲜竹枝条对七叶一枝花进行遮阴处理，同时在19:00到第2天早7:00前进行浇水或喷灌，降低林地温度，增加湿度，避免七叶一枝花在阳光直射或干旱条件下易发生倒苗，可延长生长期1-2个月。七叶一枝花的病虫害防治中，若发现七叶一枝花病毒病，拔除病株，在病穴用5％菌毒清水剂，或者将病株拔出；若发现金龟子危害，用90％结晶敌百虫800～1000倍液，每5天喷1次，连喷3次；若发现根腐病，在病穴用80％甲基托布津湿性粉剂1200倍液和50％的多菌灵每10天喷洒1次，连续喷洒3次。经过5年左右栽培，七叶一枝花块茎成熟，在10月倒苗后，地上茎枯萎时挖掘，要注意保持块茎完整；先割除茎叶，然后用锄头从侧面开挖，挖出块茎，切下有芽苞的块根培育种苗，其余部分洗净泥土，除去须根，切片晒干或烘干入药。Embodiment 1: select Maojia Village, Quanwang Town, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province as implementation site, select the mountain slope of 500-550m above sea level as cultivated woodland, the slope of cultivated woodland is 18 degrees, well-drained and fertile and sticky slightly acidic soil, The thickness of the soil layer is 55-60cm, and weeds and weeds in the bamboo woodland are removed. The bamboo forest structure is adjusted according to the principles of cutting the weak and leaving the strong, cutting the small and leaving the large, and the bamboo forest here is the big and small bamboo forest. Retain 220-250 mu of bamboo, the moso bamboo forest canopy density is between 0.75-0.85, the uniformity is above 0.8, 1-3 degrees of bamboo each account for 30%, and 4-degree bamboo accounts for 10%. From March to April, after the soil is thawed in the beginning of spring, transplant the seedlings of horse chestnut and one branch under the bamboo forest at a planting density of 0.4 m × 0.4 m. Due to the fragile stems of the seedlings, pay attention to protect the stems from being broken, and water them thoroughly after planting. root water. After transplanting, field management and pest control should be carried out. Aesculus aesculus requires loose soil, and weeding should be carried out every year. Weeding is based on the principle of "early removal and small removal". Strengthen water management, drain water in time in the rainy season to prevent waterlogging; topdressing twice, the first time between March and April, the new type of biochar fertilizer is applied in the holes, the application rate is 0.6t/mu, (the N content of fertilizer is greater than 6%) , the content of P2O5 and K2O is greater than 3.0%, the content of organic matter is greater than 65%, and the pH value is between 5.8 and 6.0). For the second time, in the rapid growth period of Aesculus chinensis, in early June, ditch the top of the slope and apply farmyard manure, and the application rate is 1.3t/mu; and between August and September, the temperature and humidity are controlled, and fresh crops are cut down. Bamboo branches are used to shade Aesculus edulis, and at the same time, watering or sprinkling is carried out from 19:00 to 7:00 am on the second day to reduce the temperature of the woodland and increase the humidity to avoid direct sunlight or drought conditions. Falling seedlings are prone to occur, and the growth period can be extended for 1-2 months. In the control of diseases and insect pests of Aesculus edulis, if the virus disease of Aesculus edulis is found, the diseased plants should be pulled out, and 5% bacterial toxin water agent should be used in the diseased points, or the diseased plants should be pulled out; 800 to 1000 times of Baichong, spray once every 5 days, 3 times in a row; if root rot is found, use 1200 times of 80% thiophanate-methyl wet powder and 50% of carbendazim every 10 Spray once a day and spray 3 times in a row. After about 5 years of cultivation, the tubers of Aesculus aesculus are mature. After the seedlings are poured down in October, when the stems on the ground are withered, digging, pay attention to keep the tubers intact; first cut off the stems and leaves, then use a hoe to excavate from the side, dig out the tubers, and cut them off The tuberous roots with buds are cultivated for seedlings, the rest are washed with soil, fibrous roots are removed, sliced and dried or dried for medicinal use.
实施例2：选择浙江衢州市柯城区航埠镇黄泥山头村作为实施地点，选择海拔600-700m的山区坡地作为栽培林地，栽培林地的坡度为20度，排水良好和肥沃粘性的微酸性土壤，土壤层的厚度为65-75cm，清除竹林地杂草和杂灌木。根据砍弱留强、砍密留疏和砍小留大的原则对竹林结构调整，此处的竹林为花年竹林，花年竹林在每年冬季对所述竹林机构进行调整，保留竹子196-230株亩，毛竹林郁闭度0.70-0.80之间，整齐度在0.8以上，1-4度竹各占25%。3月到4月间，开春土壤解冻后，将七叶一枝花苗移栽到竹林下，种植密度为0.5m×0.5 m，由于苗茎脆弱，注意保护苗茎不被折断，种植后浇透定根水。其中用于移栽的七叶一枝花苗是通过挖取当地健康、无病虫害的七叶一枝花根茎，将根茎切成0.5～1cm长小段，在通风处摊开放置12～24小时，晾干切块表面水份后，将草木灰撒在切口表面；2～3月份，选择坡度为10～20度的平缓的竹林地，除去杂草杂木，平整育苗地，作苗床宽1-1.4m，深0.3-0.8m，在苗床内沿长度方向开深度为1-5cm的种植沟；将切好的七叶一枝花根茎小块放置在繁殖床中，再覆盖1～4cm的腐殖质土，覆盖薄膜；4～5月份后去掉薄膜，加盖稻草、竹枝或树叶20-30cm厚，出苗后，加强管理，次年用于移栽种植。移栽后进行田间管理和病虫害防治，七叶一枝花要求土壤疏松,每年进行中耕除草，除草以“除早除小除了”为原则，一般在5月到7下旬结合除草进浅松土，同时加强水份管理，雨季要及时排水，防涝；追肥2次，第一次在3-4月间，穴施新型生物炭肥，施入量为0.8t/亩，（肥料 N 含量大于 6%，P2O5 和 K2O 含量各大于 3.0%，有机质含量大于 65%，pH 值在5.8-6.0 之间）。第2次在七叶一枝花快速生长期，6月上旬，在坡上方开沟施农家肥，施入量1.5t/亩；并在8-9月间，进行温度和湿度的控制，搭建遮阳网进行遮阴处理，同时在19:00到第2天早7:00前进行浇水或喷灌，降低林地温度，增加湿度，避免七叶一枝花在阳光直射或干旱条件下易发生倒苗，可延长生长期1-2个月。七叶一枝花的病虫害防治中，若发现七叶一枝花病毒病，拔除病株，在病穴用5％菌毒清水剂，或者将病株拔出；若发现金龟子危害，用90％结晶敌百虫800～1000倍液，每5天喷1次，连喷3次；若发现根腐病，在病穴用80％甲基托布津湿性粉剂1200倍液和50％的多菌灵每10天喷洒1次，连续喷洒3次。经过5年左右栽培，七叶一枝花块茎成熟，在10月倒苗后，地上茎枯萎时挖掘，要注意保持块茎完整；先割除茎叶，然后用锄头从侧面开挖，挖出块茎，切下有芽苞的块根培育种苗，其余部分洗净泥土，除去须根，切片晒干或烘干入药。Example 2: Select Huangnishantou Village, Hangbu Town, Kecheng District, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province as the implementation site, select a mountain slope with an altitude of 600-700m as the cultivated woodland, the slope of the cultivated woodland is 20 degrees, and the slightly acidic soil with good drainage and fertile viscosity is selected , the thickness of the soil layer is 65-75cm, remove weeds and weeds in the bamboo woodland. The bamboo forest structure is adjusted according to the principles of cutting the weak and keeping the strong, cutting the small and keeping the sparse, and cutting the small and leaving the big. The bamboo forest here is the annual bamboo forest. Plant mu, bamboo forest canopy density is between 0.70-0.80, uniformity is above 0.8, and bamboo with 1-4 degrees each accounts for 25%. From March to April, after the soil is thawed in the beginning of spring, transplant the seedlings of horse chestnut and one branch under the bamboo forest, and the planting density is 0.5 m × 0.5 m. Because the seedling stems are fragile, pay attention to protect the seedling stems from being broken, and water them thoroughly after planting. root water. Among them, the Aesculus aesculus seedlings used for transplanting are obtained by digging the local healthy, disease- and pest-free rhizomes of Aesculus edulis, cutting the rhizomes into 0.5-1cm long pieces, spreading them out in a ventilated place for 12-24 hours, drying them and cutting them. After the surface moisture of the block, sprinkle the grass and tree ash on the surface of the incision; from February to March, choose a gentle bamboo forest with a slope of 10 to 20 degrees, remove weeds and trees, level the nursery ground, and make a seedbed with a width of 1-1.4m and a depth of 1.4m. 0.3-0.8m, open a planting ditch with a depth of 1-5cm along the length direction in the seedbed; place the cut rhizomes of Aesculus edulis in the breeding bed, and then cover with 1-4cm of humus soil and cover with film; After April to May, remove the film and cover with straw, bamboo branches or leaves with a thickness of 20-30cm. After emergence, strengthen management and use it for transplanting in the following year. After transplanting, field management and pest control should be carried out. Aesculus aesculus requires loose soil, and weeding should be carried out every year. Weeding is based on the principle of "early removal and small removal". Strengthen water management, drain water in time in the rainy season to prevent waterlogging; topdressing twice, the first time between March and April, the new type of biochar fertilizer is applied in the holes, the application rate is 0.8t/mu, (the N content of fertilizer is greater than 6%) , the content of P2O5 and K2O is greater than 3.0%, the content of organic matter is greater than 65%, and the pH value is between 5.8 and 6.0). For the second time, during the rapid growth period of Aesculus chinensis, in the first ten days of June, ditch the top of the slope to apply farmyard manure, and the application rate is 1.5t/mu; and from August to September, control the temperature and humidity, and build a sunshade. The net is shaded, and at the same time, watering or sprinkling is carried out from 19:00 to 7:00 in the morning of the second day to reduce the temperature of the woodland and increase the humidity, so as to avoid the fall of the seedlings of Aesculus chinensis in direct sunlight or drought conditions. The growth period can be extended by 1-2 months. In the control of diseases and insect pests of Aesculus edulis, if the virus disease of Aesculus edulis is found, the diseased plants should be pulled out, and 5% bacterial toxin water agent should be used in the diseased points, or the diseased plants should be pulled out; 800 to 1000 times of Baichong, spray once every 5 days, 3 times in a row; if root rot is found, use 1200 times of 80% thiophanate-methyl wet powder and 50% of carbendazim every 10 Spray once a day and spray 3 times in a row. After about 5 years of cultivation, the tubers of Aesculus aesculus are mature. After the seedlings are poured down in October, when the stems on the ground are withered, digging, pay attention to keep the tubers intact; first cut off the stems and leaves, then use a hoe to excavate from the side, dig out the tubers, and cut them off The tuberous roots with buds are cultivated for seedlings, the rest are washed with soil, fibrous roots are removed, sliced and dried or dried for medicinal use.
对照例：采用目前七叶一枝花常规的种植方法进行栽培，选择浙江衢州市柯城区航埠镇黄泥山头村作为实施地点，选择海拔600-700m的山区坡地作为栽培林地，选择日照较短的背荫缓坡地或平地和质地疏松，保水性、透水性都比较强的夜潮地、灰泡土、腐殖土地种植最为理想。根茎种植，秋、冬季采挖健壮、无病虫害根茎置于阴凉干燥处砂贮，于翌年4月上、中旬取出，按有萌发能力的芽残茎、芽痕特征，切成小段，每段保证带1个芽痕，切好后适当晾干并拌草木灰，像播种一样条栽于苗床，并盖薄膜，15-20天生根长芽后，于5月中下旬，按直播规格移栽大田。根状茎繁殖，是于采收时，切下芽尖部3-5节，开沟栽种，种植密度为0.5m×0.5 m，移栽后进行田间管理和病虫害防治，追肥可在第二年春季出苗后进行，以氮肥、磷肥为主。经过5年左右栽培，七叶一枝花块茎成熟，在10月倒苗后，地上茎枯萎时挖掘，要注意保持块茎完整；先割除茎叶，然后用锄头从侧面开挖，挖出块茎，切下有芽苞的块根培育种苗，其余部分洗净泥土，除去须根，切片晒干或烘干入药。Control example: The current conventional planting method of Aesculus chinensis was used for cultivation. Huangnishantou Village, Hangbu Town, Kecheng District, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province was selected as the implementation site, and the mountain slope with an altitude of 600-700m was selected as the cultivated forest land, and the short sunshine was selected. Gentle sloping land or flat land and loose texture, night-tidal land, gray foam soil and humus land with strong water retention and permeability are the most ideal for planting. Root and stem planting, excavate in autumn and winter with robust, disease- and pest-free rhizomes and store them in sand in a cool, dry place. Take them out in early and mid-April of the following year, and cut them into small sections according to the characteristics of bud residue and bud scars with germination ability. Each section is guaranteed. With 1 bud scar, after cutting it, dry it properly and mix with plant ash, plant it in the seedbed like sowing, and cover it with a film. After 15-20 days of roots and shoots, transplant the field according to the live broadcast specification in the middle and late May. For rhizome propagation, when harvesting, cut off 3-5 knots at the tip of the buds, and plant them in trenches at a planting density of 0.5m×0.5m. After transplanting, field management and pest control are carried out. Topdressing can be carried out in the second year. After emergence in spring, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers are the main treatments. After about 5 years of cultivation, the tubers of Aesculus aesculus are mature. After the seedlings are poured down in October, when the stems on the ground are withered, digging, pay attention to keep the tubers intact; first cut off the stems and leaves, then use a hoe to excavate from the side, dig out the tubers, and cut them off The tuberous roots with buds are cultivated for seedlings, the rest are washed with soil, fibrous roots are removed, sliced and dried or dried for medicinal use.
申请人在第4年种植期间内对实施例1、实施例2和对照例中的七叶一枝花的形态形状进行分析，其统计的数据如表1所示：During the 4th year planting period, the applicant analyzes the morphological shape of the Aesculus aesculus flower in Example 1, Example 2 and the control example, and the statistical data are as shown in Table 1:
表1Table 1
从表1中的数据可以明的看出，本发明实施例1和实施例2中的七叶一枝花的形态形状均较对比例中的七叶一枝花的形态形状要好，其不管是株高、茎粗、叶长这样子反应生长状况的数据，还是花瓣数、花瓣宽、雄蕊或花药长这样子反应药用价值的数据，都有了比较好的提高，而且采用实施例2中的方法可以进一步地提高生长效果。It can be clearly seen from the data in Table 1 that the morphology and shape of Aesculus edulis in Examples 1 and 2 of the present invention are better than those of Aesculus aesculus in the comparative example, regardless of the plant height. , stem thickness, the data of the growth condition of the growth of the leaves, or the data of the number of petals, the width of the petals, the stamens or the length of the anthers, all have improved relatively well, and adopt the method in the embodiment 2 The growth effect can be further improved.
申请人在对实施例2和对照例中采用根茎繁殖的七叶一枝花种苗进行移植时，进行对其两者的茎块进行了比对，实施例2的茎块如图1所示，对照例中的茎块如图2所示，从图1-图2中可以明显的看出，本发明实施例2中七叶一枝花种苗的茎块比对比例中的茎块更为的粗壮，长势更为的优良，这说明本发明实施例2中采用的根据繁殖方法能使得七叶一枝花种苗能够更好的生长。When the applicant transplanted the Aesculus aesculus seedlings propagated by rhizomes in Example 2 and the control example, the stem pieces of the two were compared, and the stem pieces of Example 2 were as shown in Figure 1, The stem piece in the control example is shown in Figure 2, and it can be clearly seen from Figure 1 to Figure 2 that the stem piece of the Aesculus aesculus seedling in Example 2 of the present invention is more slender than the stem piece in the comparative example. It is sturdy and the growth is more excellent, which shows that the propagation method adopted in Example 2 of the present invention can make the Aesculus chinensis seedlings grow better.
经过5年繁殖，申请人收获七叶一枝花后对其经济效益分析：After 5 years of breeding, the applicant analyzes its economic benefits after harvesting aesculus flower:
实施例1中，繁育种苗每亩1万株15000元，农药化肥每亩每年700元，可部分采用农家肥，遮荫设施通过人工采取自家毛竹林材料进行搭建，其材料费用可粗略不计，主要人工环节为：每年中耕除草肥水管理50天，病虫害防治10天，按日工价100元，5年内合计人工成本工资30000元，种植七叶一枝花五年的成本合计=15000+700×5+30000=48500元，每亩地平均每年成本约每亩9700元。七叶一枝花种植五年左右，药株可带根茎、药籽一起成熟上市。药农的受益方式有根茎、幼苗、药籽三种。之前都是用野生七叶一枝花繁育，现在繁育出来的鲜货基本都卖做种苗用。不考虑市场价格进一步走高，目前来看，鲜货统货价格每公斤200-250元左右，七叶一枝花籽的价格为2000-2500元/公斤。本发明实施例1套种的七叶一枝花亩产量鲜货可达1000公斤左右甚至更多，药籽亩产量逐年增加，5年左右的药株亩产75公斤左右，按上述平均价格计算，一个种植户种植1亩七叶一枝花5年的毛收入=225×1000+2250×75=393750元，也就是平均每年有78750元的收入，除去成本9700元，平均每亩地每年平均纯收入可达69050元。In Example 1, the breeding seedlings cost 15,000 yuan per acre of 10,000 plants, and the pesticides and fertilizers cost 700 yuan per mu per year. Farmyard manure can be partially used. The shading facilities are constructed by artificially taking their own bamboo forest materials, and their material costs can be roughly ignored. The main labor links are: 50 days of cultivating, weeding, fertilizer and water management each year, 10 days of pest control, 100 yuan per day, 30,000 yuan in total labor costs within 5 years, and the total cost of planting aesculus and one flower for five years = 15000+700×5 +30000=48500 yuan, the average annual cost per mu of land is about 9700 yuan per mu. Aesculus aesculus has been planted for about five years, and the medicinal plants can be matured and marketed together with rhizomes and medicinal seeds. There are three types of benefits for medicinal farmers: rhizomes, seedlings and medicinal seeds. In the past, they were all bred with wild horse chestnuts and a single flower, but now the fresh products bred are basically sold for seedlings. Regardless of the further rise in market prices, at present, the price of fresh goods is about 200-250 yuan per kilogram, and the price of horse chestnut seeds is 2000-2500 yuan per kilogram. The per-mu yield of Aesculus edulis in the first embodiment of the present invention can reach about 1,000 kilograms or even more, the per-mu yield of medicinal seeds increases year by year, and the per-mu yield of medicinal plants in about 5 years is about 75 kilograms. According to the above-mentioned average price, one planting The gross income of a household planting 1 mu of seven leaves and one flower for 5 years = 225 × 1000 + 2250 × 75 = 393,750 yuan, that is, the average annual income is 78,750 yuan, after deducting the cost of 9,700 yuan, the average annual average net income per mu of land can reach 69050 yuan.
实施例2中，采用根茎繁育种苗，根茎繁育成本可以减少到1万株8000元，农药化肥每亩每年700元，可部分采用农家肥，遮荫设施通过人工采取自家毛竹林材料进行搭建，其材料费用可粗略不计，主要人工环节为：每年中耕除草肥水管理50天，病虫害防治10天，按日工价100元，5年内合计人工成本工资30000元，种植七叶一枝花五年的成本合计=8000+700×5+30000=41500元，每亩地平均每年成本约每亩8300元。七叶一枝花种植五年左右，药株可带根茎、药籽一起成熟上市。药农的受益方式有根茎、幼苗、药籽三种。之前都是用野生七叶一枝花繁育，现在繁育出来的鲜货基本都卖做种苗用。不考虑市场价格进一步走高，目前来看，鲜货统货价格每公斤200-250元左右，七叶一枝花籽的价格为2000-2500元/公斤。本发明实施例2中套种的七叶一枝花亩产量鲜货可达1200公斤左右甚至更多，药籽亩产量逐年增加，5年左右的药株亩产80公斤左右，按上述平均价格计算，一个种植户种植1亩七叶一枝花5年的毛收入=225×1200+2250×80=450000元，也就是平均每年有90000元的收入，除去成本8300元，平均每亩地每年平均纯收入可达81700元。In embodiment 2, using rhizomes to breed seedlings, the cost of rhizomes breeding can be reduced to 10,000 8,000 yuan, pesticides and fertilizers are 700 yuan per mu per year, and part of farmyard manure can be used, and shading facilities are constructed by artificially taking own bamboo forest materials, The material cost can be roughly ignored. The main labor links are: 50 days of cultivating, weeding, fertilizer and water management every year, 10 days of pest control, 100 yuan per day, 30,000 yuan in total labor cost in 5 years, and five years of planting aesculus and one flower. Total = 8000+700×5+30000=41500 yuan, the average annual cost per mu of land is about 8300 yuan per mu. Aesculus aesculus has been planted for about five years, and the medicinal plants can be matured and marketed together with rhizomes and medicinal seeds. There are three types of benefits for medicinal farmers: rhizomes, seedlings and medicinal seeds. In the past, they were all bred with wild horse chestnuts and a single flower, but now the fresh products bred are basically sold for seedlings. Regardless of the further rise in market prices, at present, the price of fresh goods is about 200-250 yuan per kilogram, and the price of horse chestnut seeds is 2000-2500 yuan per kilogram. In the embodiment 2 of the present invention, the yield per mu of interplanted Aesculus edulis can reach about 1,200 kilograms or even more, and the yield per mu of medicinal seeds increases year by year, and the yield per mu of medicinal plants in about 5 years is about 80 kilograms. According to the above-mentioned average price, one Gross income of planting households planting 1 mu of seven leaves and one flower for 5 years = 225×1200+2250×80=450,000 yuan, that is, an average annual income of 90,000 yuan, after deducting the cost of 8,300 yuan, the average annual average net income per mu of land can be Up to 81,700 yuan.
综上所述，本发明通过对竹林结构进行调整控制，控制竹林的密度，并通过田间管理和病虫害防治，实现在毛竹林下套种七叶一枝花高效培育。本发明方法简单，套种七叶一枝花不仅能将竹林地资源充分利用节约用工成本，而且生产成本降低，产出增高；另一方面本发明可以有效减少了病虫害危害，种植出的七叶一枝花重金属含量低、无农药残留，符合国家绿色中药材标准，可大量满足中药制造业的需求，经济效益显著。To sum up, the present invention controls the density of the bamboo forest by adjusting and controlling the structure of the bamboo forest, and realizes the high-efficiency cultivation of Aesculus edulis under the Phyllostachys pubescens through field management and pest control. The method of the invention is simple, and interplanting Aesculus edulis can not only fully utilize the bamboo forest land resources to save labor costs, but also reduce the production cost and increase the output; With low heavy metal content and no pesticide residues, it meets the national standard for green Chinese medicinal materials, and can meet the needs of the traditional Chinese medicine manufacturing industry in large quantities, with significant economic benefits.
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| CN201910429263.7ACN110012773B (en) | 2019-05-22 | 2019-05-22 | Cultivation method for interplanting paris polyphylla under moso bamboo forest |
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| CN201910429263.7ACN110012773B (en) | 2019-05-22 | 2019-05-22 | Cultivation method for interplanting paris polyphylla under moso bamboo forest |
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| CN111448951A (en)* | 2020-03-31 | 2020-07-28 | 浙江省林业科学研究院 | Near-wild cultivation method for paris polyphylla under camellia oleifera forest |
| CN113079977A (en)* | 2021-04-01 | 2021-07-09 | 宁夏大学 | Method for interplanting Russian fodder vegetable under forest in mountain area |
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