技术领域technical field
本发明属于高硬度耐磨铸铁领域，涉及一种钇变质的微细硬质相和过饱和固溶体、马氏体基体相的耐磨耐蚀铸铁的合金及其构件制备方法，可广泛用于电力、冶金、机械、化工等行业中机械耐磨件制造。The invention belongs to the field of high-hardness wear-resistant cast iron, and relates to an alloy of yttrium-modified fine hard phase, supersaturated solid solution, and martensite matrix phase, an alloy of wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant cast iron and a preparation method for its components, which can be widely used in electric power, Manufacturing of mechanical wear-resistant parts in metallurgy, machinery, chemical and other industries.
技术背景technical background
Fe-Cr-B-C耐磨铸造合金主要以Fe2B或M2B为硬质相，具有良好的韧性和高硬度、高耐蚀性，熔炼-铸造工艺性好。变质处理是改善Fe-Cr-B-C合金组织和力学性能有效方法之一。变质剂按照作用可分为强碳、氮、硫化物形成元素，比如Ti、V等元素，和强成分过冷元素，比如表面活性元素稀土(RE)、Mg等。Fe-Cr-BC wear-resistant casting alloys mainly use Fe2 B or M2 B as the hard phase, and have good toughness, high hardness, high corrosion resistance, and good smelting-casting processability. Modification treatment is one of the effective methods to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Cr-BC alloys. Modifiers can be divided into strong carbon, nitrogen, sulfide forming elements, such as Ti, V and other elements, and strong supercooling elements, such as surface active elements rare earth (RE), Mg, etc.
稀土元素聚集在液固的生长界面上，限制晶粒长大，以提高合金的硬度、强度和耐磨性；并细化组织，使硼化物出现断网状和颗粒状分布，提高冲击韧性。研究表明：在Fe-Cr-B-C合金中添加0.6％的铈(Ce)可使冲击韧性提高86.4％。添加1.0％(Ce+La)的混合变质剂到Fe-Cr-B合金中，合金的硬度由52HRC增大到70.2HRC，冲击韧性由3.36J/cm2提高到6.38J/cm2。The rare earth elements gather on the liquid-solid growth interface to limit the grain growth, so as to improve the hardness, strength and wear resistance of the alloy; and refine the structure, so that the borides appear broken network and granular distribution, and improve the impact toughness. Studies have shown that adding 0.6% cerium (Ce) to Fe-Cr-BC alloy can increase the impact toughness by 86.4%. Adding 1.0% (Ce+La) mixed modifier to Fe-Cr-B alloy, the hardness of the alloy increases from 52HRC to 70.2HRC, and the impact toughness increases from 3.36J/cm2 to 6.38J/cm2 .
稀土变质可稀土合金或稀土丝的单一变质方法，也可采取复合变质处理，即以N、Ti、V、Mg、Si等元素和稀土的混合物作为变质剂。硅镁混合稀土变质剂最常见的是复合变质方法，有研究表明：Fe-Cr-B-C合金经RE-Si-Mg变质后冲击韧度比未变质前提高了72.2％；经RE-Ti变质并热处理后，冲击韧性提高了1.8倍；经RE-Mg变质冲击韧性提高34.6％；经RE-Ti-N变质后网状组织全部消失，韧性提高了133.3％；经RE-Mg-V-Ti变质处理后，冲击韧性达到15.6J/cm2；经RE-Ti-Si-V变质处理后，冲击韧性达到12J/cm2以上。Rare earth modification can be a single modification method of rare earth alloy or rare earth wire, or a composite modification treatment, that is, a mixture of elements such as N, Ti, V, Mg, Si and rare earth is used as a modifier. The most common modification of silicon-magnesium mixed rare earth modifier is the composite modification method. Studies have shown that the impact toughness of Fe-Cr-BC alloy modified by RE-Si-Mg is 72.2% higher than that before modification; After heat treatment, the impact toughness increased by 1.8 times; the impact toughness increased by 34.6% after RE-Mg modification; the reticular structure disappeared after RE-Ti-N modification, and the toughness increased by 133.3%; after RE-Mg-V-Ti modification After treatment, the impact toughness reaches 15.6J/cm2 ; after RE-Ti-Si-V modification treatment, the impact toughness reaches more than 12 J/cm2 .
这些采用稀土变质的方法都有一个共同难点，即高活性的纯稀土、稀土合金或复合稀土材料。由于稀土的高活性，使得变质剂本身或变质处理后合金的组织、性能难以控制，变质效果难以保证。These methods using rare earth modification all have a common difficulty, that is, highly active pure rare earth, rare earth alloy or composite rare earth material. Due to the high activity of rare earth, it is difficult to control the structure and properties of the modifier itself or the alloy after the modification treatment, and the modification effect is difficult to guarantee.
文献1：LM阴极研究-发射原理与研究现状[D].北京工业大学，2001：pp44-50。碳化La2O3-Mo合金的化学平衡：Document 1: LM Cathode Research - Emission Principle and Research Status [D]. Beijing University of Technology, 2001: pp44-50. Chemical equilibrium of carbide La2 O3 -Mo alloy:
3Mo2C(s)+La2O3(s)＝2La(s,l)+3CO(g)+6Mo3Mo2 C(s)+La2 O3 (s)=2La(s,l)+3CO(g)+6Mo
由于Mo2C的作用，生成单质La的还原反应自由焓变化小了很多，从而反应产物La和CO的平衡分压也高了10几个数量级。当温度高于1673K时，即1400℃，CO分压低于E-9atm时，反应式会自动向右进行，即还原生成单质La。Due to the effect of Mo2 C, the change of the free enthalpy of the reduction reaction to form simple La is much smaller, so the equilibrium partial pressure of the reaction products La and CO is also higher by more than 10 orders of magnitude. When the temperature is higher than 1673K, that is, 1400°C, and the partial pressure of CO is lower than E-9atm, the reaction formula will automatically go to the right, that is, the reduction will generate simple La.
专利文献2：授权公告号CN 105695884 B，制备的耐磨合金硬度为HRC66～70，冲击韧性4～9J/cm2。该类合金的硬度较高，但冲击韧性不足，强度指标较低，抗弯强度较低，在346～477MPa范围，限制了该合金应用于一些外部载荷大、需要耐冲击力作用的场合。Patent document 2: Authorized announcement number CN 105695884 B, the prepared wear-resistant alloy has a hardness of HRC66-70 and an impact toughness of 4-9J/cm2 . The hardness of this type of alloy is high, but the impact toughness is insufficient, the strength index is low, and the bending strength is low, ranging from 346 to 477 MPa, which limits the application of this alloy to some occasions where the external load is large and impact resistance is required.
文献3：共晶Fe-Cr-B-C合金的快冷组织与性能，铸造，2017，66(10):1053～1056。铸态Fe-Cr-B-C合金的快冷组织由马氏体+残余奥氏体基体和沿晶界连续网状分布的(Fe,Cr)2(B,C)+(Fe,Cr)23(B,C)6硬质相组成。快冷组织基体相的显微硬度为800～880HV,硬质相显微硬度为1150～1400HV,宏观硬度为HRC68，冲击韧性达到13.6J/cm2；而经960℃@2h退火后，基体组织转变为铁素体和粒状渗碳体，硬质相(Fe,Cr)2(B,C)和(Fe,Cr)23(B,C)6少量溶解，局部区域出现断网，出现新相(Fe,Cr)3(B,C)，退火后基体相显微硬度为330～400HV，硬质相为850～1250HV，宏观硬度降低为HRC46，冲击韧性减少到3.4J/cm2。文献3所得结果反映出基体相的硬度对该类材料的硬度和冲击韧性起重大作用；采用高温固溶淬火-低温回火处理，有提高基体相的固溶度和硬度的可能，参考专利文献2，该类合金经过热处理后，在冲击韧性等性能方面还有提升的可能。Document 3: Rapid cooling microstructure and properties of eutectic Fe-Cr-BC alloy, Casting, 2017, 66(10): 1053-1056. The rapidly cooled microstructure of as-cast Fe-Cr-BC alloy consists of martensite + retained austenite matrix and (Fe,Cr)2 (B,C)+(Fe,Cr)23 ( B,C) Composition of6 hard phases. The microhardness of the matrix phase of the fast-cooled structure is 800-880HV, the microhardness of the hard phase is 1150-1400HV, the macroscopic hardness is HRC68, and the impact toughness reaches 13.6J/cm2 ; It transforms into ferrite and granular cementite, the hard phases (Fe,Cr)2 (B,C) and (Fe,Cr)23 (B,C)6 are dissolved in a small amount, and the network is broken in some areas, and new phases appear (Fe,Cr)3 (B,C), the microhardness of the matrix phase after annealing is 330~400HV, the hard phase is 850~1250HV, the macrohardness is reduced to HRC46, and the impact toughness is reduced to 3.4J/cm2 . The results obtained in Document 3 reflect that the hardness of the matrix phase plays an important role in the hardness and impact toughness of this type of material; the use of high-temperature solution quenching-low temperature tempering treatment may increase the solid solubility and hardness of the matrix phase. Please refer to the patent document 2. After heat treatment of this type of alloy, it is possible to improve the impact toughness and other properties.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
本发明的目的是提供一种钇增韧耐磨合金及其铸造与热处理方法。该方法采用氧化钇(Y2O3)、硝酸钇或碳酸钇为变质剂，在高温熔化状态Fe-Cr-B-C合金中的碳化物、硼化物具有促使高活性Y元素形成的热力学条件，并于C、B形成含Y化合物，使得铸造合金组织细化，碳硼化物出现断网状和呈现颗粒状分布；经热处理后，基体为高硬度的多元过饱和固溶体、马氏体等非平衡相，使得合金具有良好的韧性、高硬度和较高的强度指标。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a yttrium toughened wear-resistant alloy and its casting and heat treatment method. The method uses yttrium oxide (Y2 O3 ), yttrium nitrate or yttrium carbonate as a modifier, and the carbides and borides in the high-temperature molten Fe-Cr-BC alloy have thermodynamic conditions to promote the formation of highly active Y elements, and Y-containing compounds are formed in C and B, which makes the structure of cast alloys finer, and the carborides appear in a broken network and granular distribution; after heat treatment, the matrix is a multi-component supersaturated solid solution with high hardness, martensite and other non-equilibrium phases , so that the alloy has good toughness, high hardness and high strength index.
由于Y2O3、或硝酸钇、或碳酸钇密度很低，直接加入到熔体会随炉渣上浮而造成Y元素流失，从而失去变质效果，因此本发明采用Y2O3、硝酸钇或碳酸钇粉末与铁粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块，再与Fe-Cr-B-C铸造合金一起熔化。Y2O3与铁粉的质量比为1:4～20，形成Fe-3.75～15.77wt.％Y的混合压块，或硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比为1:3～9，形成Fe-2.32～5.80％Y的混合压块，或碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比为1:3～13，形成Fe-3.09～10.8wt.％Y的混合压块。Since the density of Y2 O3 , or yttrium nitrate, or yttrium carbonate is very low, directly adding it to the melt will cause the loss of Y element with the slag floating up, thus losing the metamorphic effect. Therefore, the present invention uses Y2 O3 , yttrium nitrate or carbonate After the yttrium powder is evenly mixed with the iron powder, it is molded into a powder briquette, and then melted together with the Fe-Cr-BC casting alloy. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 to iron powder is 1:4~20 to form a mixed briquette of Fe-3.75~15.77wt.%Y, or the mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is 1:3~9 to form A mixed briquette of Fe-2.32-5.80%Y, or a mass ratio of yttrium carbonate powder to iron powder of 1:3-13, forms a mixed briquette of Fe-3.09-10.8wt.%Y.
Y含有量过低则Fe的含量过高，会影响配料计算；而Y含量过高则压坯成形困难。其中Y2O3粉为含量超过99.0％的白色无定形粉末、或硝酸钇为水合化合物，配料前经干燥和脱水处理后，其硝酸钇含量超过99.0％、或碳酸钇为水合化合物，配料前经干燥和脱水处理后，其硝酸钇含量超过99.0％。Fe粉为还原Fe粉或水雾化Fe粉，Fe粉中可以含有变质铸铁中的合金元素或杂质范围内的元素，如Ni、V、Cr等，以不影响压块成形和影响配料计算为准。If the content of Y is too low, the content of Fe is too high, which will affect the calculation of ingredients; if the content of Y is too high, it will be difficult to form the green compact. Wherein Y2 O3 powder is a white amorphous powder with a content of more than 99.0%, or yttrium nitrate is a hydrated compound, and after drying and dehydration treatment before batching, its yttrium nitrate content exceeds 99.0%, or yttrium carbonate is a hydrated compound, before batching After drying and dehydration, its yttrium nitrate content exceeds 99.0%. Fe powder is reduced Fe powder or water atomized Fe powder. Fe powder can contain alloying elements in modified cast iron or elements within the impurity range, such as Ni, V, Cr, etc., so as not to affect the forming of the compact and affect the ingredients, it is calculated as allow.
本发明选用的专利文献2的高耐磨性、高耐蚀性Fe-Cr-B-C合金为基础合金，再添加0.02～1.6％Y元素变质。形成含Fe、Cr、B、C、Nb、V、Y等元素的多元共晶合金，各元素的质量百分含量为Cr：9.0～13.0，B：2.6～2.9，C：0.7～0.9，Nb：0.4～0.8，V：0.4～0.8，Mn的含量小于0.3，Y：0.02～1.6，S、P：≤0.01，余量为Fe。其中C、B总和：3.3～3.6；C/Cr含量比：0.06～0.08；Nb、V的总和为0.5～1.0。The present invention selects the high wear resistance and high corrosion resistance Fe-Cr-B-C alloy of Patent Document 2 as the base alloy, and then adds 0.02-1.6% Y element for modification. Form a multi-element eutectic alloy containing Fe, Cr, B, C, Nb, V, Y and other elements, the mass percentage of each element is Cr: 9.0~13.0, B: 2.6~2.9, C: 0.7~0.9, Nb : 0.4~0.8, V: 0.4~0.8, Mn content is less than 0.3, Y: 0.02~1.6, S, P: ≤0.01, the balance is Fe. Among them, the sum of C and B: 3.3-3.6; the content ratio of C/Cr: 0.06-0.08; the sum of Nb and V is 0.5-1.0.
参照专利文献2，在具体制备合金时，可采用铬铁(高碳、中碳、微碳)、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、纯铁、等按照成分要求配料。表1中列举了原材料及其成份。Referring to Patent Document 2, when preparing alloys, ferrochrome (high carbon, medium carbon, micro carbon), ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, pure iron, etc. can be used to mix ingredients according to the composition requirements. Table 1 lists the raw materials and their components.
表1可应用于制备发明合金的原料及成份Table 1 can be used to prepare the raw materials and components of the alloy of the invention
表1的原料成分并非唯一的，具体成分由实际可获得的原材料来确定。其中铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁和钒铁提供发明合金的Cr、B、Nb和V的含量，高碳铬铁用来平衡C含量。纯铁包括电工纯铁、电磁纯铁或工业纯铁。The raw material composition in Table 1 is not unique, and the specific composition is determined by the actually available raw materials. Among them, ferrochrome, metal chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium and ferrovanadium provide the content of Cr, B, Nb and V of the invention alloy, and high carbon ferrochrome is used to balance the C content. Pure iron includes electrical pure iron, electromagnetic pure iron or industrial pure iron.
所述方法具体包括如下步骤：The method specifically includes the following steps:
(1)Y元素载体-粉末压块准备(1) Y element carrier - powder briquette preparation
Fe-Y2O3粉末压块：采用铁粉与Y2O3粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。Y2O3粉与铁粉的质量比为1:4～20，形成Fe-3.75～15.77wt.％Y的Fe-Y2O3混合压块、或Fe-硝酸钇粉末压块：采用铁粉与硝酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比为1:3～9，形成Fe-2.32～5.80％Y的Fe-硝酸钇混合压块。Fe-Y2 O3 powder briquettes: After mixing iron powder and Y2 O3 powder evenly, mold them into powder briquettes. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 powder to iron powder is 1:4~20, forming Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquettes with Fe-3.75~15.77wt.%Y, or Fe-yttrium nitrate powder briquettes: use iron After the powder and yttrium nitrate powder are evenly mixed, they are molded into powder briquettes. The mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is 1:3-9, forming Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquette with Fe-2.32-5.80%Y.
或Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块：采用铁粉与碳酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比为1:3～13，形成Fe-3.09～10.8wt.％Y的Fe-碳酸钇混合压块。Or Fe-yttrium carbonate powder briquette: use iron powder and yttrium carbonate powder to mix evenly, and mold it into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium carbonate powder to iron powder is 1:3-13, forming Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed compact with Fe-3.09-10.8wt.%Y.
(2)合金配料、熔炼与变质处理(2) Alloy batching, smelting and modification treatment
按照Fe-Cr-B-C合金的成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，再添加0.02～1.6％Y元素变质。首先将Fe-Y2O3、或Fe-硝酸钇、或Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。可采用感应炉、真空感应炉等来熔炼制备合金。After the corresponding raw materials are weighed according to the composition requirements of the Fe-Cr-BC alloy, 0.02-1.6% Y element is added for modification. First put Fe-Y2 O3 , or Fe-yttrium nitrate, or Fe-yttrium carbonate powder briquettes on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochrome, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. Induction furnace, vacuum induction furnace, etc. can be used to smelt and prepare the alloy.
熔化温度为1500～1660℃；完全熔化后降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1300～1380℃，再用配料总量0.1～0.15％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约5～10分钟。The melting temperature is 1500-1660 °C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace, reduce the melt temperature to 1300-1380 °C, and then deoxidize with pure aluminum with a total amount of 0.1-0.15%;
(3)浇铸(3) Casting
浇铸温度范围为1250～1320℃，为了避免发生热应力开裂，铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。The casting temperature ranges from 1250 to 1320 °C. In order to avoid thermal stress cracking, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200 °C after casting, and naturally cool to ambient temperature.
发明合金具有深度共晶成分，在普通砂模铸造条件下都能形成非平衡基体组织，如非晶、纳米晶或马氏体组织。合金熔体具有很好的流动性很很好，可通过各种方法铸造成型，如普通砂型模铸造或者熔模铸造、消失模铸造、金属型铸造、陶瓷型铸造、压铸、离心铸造等特殊铸造方法。The inventive alloy has a deep eutectic composition, and can form a non-equilibrium matrix structure, such as amorphous, nanocrystalline or martensite structure, under ordinary sand casting conditions. The alloy melt has very good fluidity and can be casted by various methods, such as ordinary sand mold casting or investment casting, lost foam casting, metal casting, ceramic casting, die casting, centrifugal casting and other special casting method.
(4)热处理(4) heat treatment
将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为950～1060℃，保温时间为1～4h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。Put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 950-1060°C, and the holding time is 1-4h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min.
保温结束后，快速将铸件入5～15％的盐水或碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。After the heat preservation is over, quickly put the casting into 5-15% brine or alkaline water for quenching and cooling. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min.
然后在200～250℃回火处理2～4h,自然冷却到环境温度。Then temper at 200-250°C for 2-4 hours, and cool naturally to ambient temperature.
步骤(1)所述铁粉为纯度≥98.5％，粒度-100目的还原铁粉或者纯度≥99.0％，粒度-100目的水雾化铁粉，或者相当粒度的含有少量不影响铸造合金成分的合金铁粉。也可以选择更小粒度的粉末，以能够压制成具有不影响后续配料和炉料准备的压坯强度为准。The iron powder in step (1) is reduced iron powder with a purity of ≥98.5% and a grain size of -100 mesh or water atomized iron powder with a purity of ≥99.0% and a grain size of -100 mesh, or an alloy with a small amount of equivalent grain size that does not affect the composition of the cast alloy Iron powder. Powders with smaller particle sizes can also be selected, as long as they can be pressed to have a compact strength that does not affect subsequent batching and charge preparation.
步骤(1)所述均匀混合为混筒式混料、V型混料或者搅拌混料，以实现大体上均匀即可。The homogeneous mixing in the step (1) is drum mixing, V-shape mixing or stirring mixing, so as to achieve substantially uniformity.
步骤(1)所述压坯为模压成形，压制压力为100～600MPa，压坯尺寸不限。也可以采取冷等静压方法。In step (1), the green compact is formed by molding, and the pressing pressure is 100-600 MPa, and the size of the green compact is not limited. Cold isostatic pressing can also be used.
步骤(2)将Fe-Y2O3、Fe-硝酸钇或Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底的目的在于：铬铁、硼铁等物质具有比纯铁低的熔化温度，因此会优先熔化而浸渗入底部的Fe-Y2O3粉末压块，使得纯铁粉逐步熔化，并释放出Y2O3粉末颗粒、或热解产生细小的Y2O3和氮氧化合物、或热解产生细小的Y2O3和CO2。。由于Y2O3的密度较低，约为5.01g/cm3，会逐渐上浮出熔体。在Y2O3粉上浮的过程，被Fe3C、Cr3C2等碳化物还原形成活性Y元素，并与C、B反应，形成类似于YCrB4和Y(B、C)4的化合物。通过Y的变质作用，沿晶分布的网状结构和针状硼化物消失，合金由初晶基体相和共晶组织组成，这种共晶组织由细小的基体相与硬质相穿插而成，使得合金的强度和冲击韧性得以提高。Step (2) The purpose of placing Fe-Y2 O3 , Fe-yttrium nitrate or Fe-yttrium carbonate powder briquettes on the bottom of the furnace is: materials such as ferrochrome and ferroboron have lower melting temperatures than pure iron, so they will The Fe-Y2 O3 powder briquettes are preferentially melted and infiltrated into the bottom, so that the pure iron powder gradually melts and releases Y2 O3 powder particles, or pyrolysis produces fine Y2 O3 and nitrogen oxides, or Pyrolysis produces fine Y2 O3 and CO2 . . Due to the low density of Y2 O3 , about 5.01g/cm3 , it will gradually float out of the melt. During the floating process of Y2 O3 powder, it is reduced by Fe3 C, Cr3 C2 and other carbides to form active Y elements, and reacts with C and B to form compounds similar to YCrB4 and Y(B, C)4 . Through the metamorphism of Y, the network structure and needle-like boride distributed along the crystal disappear, and the alloy is composed of primary crystal matrix phase and eutectic structure. This eutectic structure is interspersed with fine matrix phase and hard phase. The strength and impact toughness of the alloy can be improved.
Y2O3粉上浮、反应过程中形成的CO气体还有除气、除渣的作用，从而进一步净化熔体。氮氧化合物和CO2上浮过程有助于溶体除气除渣。The Y2 O3 powder floats, and the CO gas formed during the reaction also has the functions of degassing and slag removal, thereby further purifying the melt. The process of nitrogen oxides and CO2 floatation facilitates the degassing and slag removal of the solution.
如果Y2O3、硝酸钇或碳酸钇粉不预先制备成压块放置于炉底，则容易迅速上浮到熔体表面，熔体表面氧含量高，Y2O3不容易被还原形成活性Y，而失去变质效果。If Y2 O3 , yttrium nitrate or yttrium carbonate powder is not pre-prepared into a compact and placed on the bottom of the furnace, it is easy to quickly float to the surface of the melt. The oxygen content on the surface of the melt is high, and Y2 O3 is not easily reduced to form active Y , and lose the metamorphic effect.
所述Fe3C、Cr3C2等碳化物由高碳铬铁和熔化时C与Fe元素反应形成，由于Fe3C、Cr3C2等碳化物在高温下的稳定性不如Mo2C，并且熔化的温度超过文献1所述的1400℃反应温度，熔体中CO气体的分压也是极低的；而Y与La的性质很相似，因此与文献1相似，生成活性Y的还原反应可以进行。EDS能谱分析也表明铸造合金物相中含有Y元素。The carbides such as Fe3 C and Cr3 C2 are formed by the reaction of high-carbon ferrochromium and C and Fe element during melting, because the carbides such as Fe3 C and Cr3 C2 are less stable at high temperature than Mo2 C , and the melting temperature exceeds the 1400°C reaction temperature described in Document 1, and the partial pressure of CO gas in the melt is also extremely low; and the properties of Y and La are very similar, so similar to Document 1, the reduction reaction of active Y is generated can proceed. EDS energy spectrum analysis also shows that the cast alloy phase contains Y element.
步骤(4)当淬火温度为950～1060℃时，随着淬火温度升高，硬质相有一部分溶解到基体相中，使得基体相体积分数增加，同时基体相中合金元素含量也提高，淬火后可形成更高硬度的马氏体组织。因而保证整体的硬度和综合性能。Step (4) When the quenching temperature is 950-1060°C, as the quenching temperature increases, a part of the hard phase dissolves into the matrix phase, which increases the volume fraction of the matrix phase and increases the content of alloy elements in the matrix phase. Quenching After that, a higher hardness martensite structure can be formed. Thus ensuring the overall hardness and comprehensive performance.
铸造Fe-Cr-B-C合金的组织主要由硬质相(Fe2B或M2B等)和基体相(α或马氏体相)组成。合金的硬度主要取决于硬质相的体积比，即硬质相越高，材料的硬度越大。但由于硬质相过多，基体相强度较低，会导致整体硬度下降、韧性不足。因此，除了硬质相与基体相的比例是决定因素外，基体相的特性也很重要。当淬火温度低于950℃，硬质相会从基体中析出，使得材料硬度下降，冲击韧性等降低。继续升高淬火温度达到1100℃，会造成铸件中局部过烧，使得合金韧性下降。The microstructure of cast Fe-Cr-BC alloy is mainly composed of hard phase (Fe2 B or M2 B, etc.) and matrix phase (α or martensite phase). The hardness of the alloy mainly depends on the volume ratio of the hard phase, that is, the higher the hard phase, the greater the hardness of the material. However, due to too many hard phases, the strength of the matrix phase is low, which will lead to a decrease in the overall hardness and insufficient toughness. Therefore, in addition to the ratio of hard phase to matrix phase being the determining factor, the properties of the matrix phase are also important. When the quenching temperature is lower than 950°C, the hard phase will precipitate from the matrix, resulting in a decrease in material hardness and impact toughness. Continuing to increase the quenching temperature to 1100°C will cause local overburning in the casting, which will reduce the toughness of the alloy.
本发明的Y变质方法不限于的Fe-Cr-B-C合金，也可应用于其它铸铁和C含量较高的钢铁冶炼变质、细化处理。The Y modification method of the present invention is not limited to Fe-Cr-B-C alloys, and can also be applied to smelting modification and refinement treatment of other cast irons and steels with higher C content.
本发明的主要特点是直接用Y2O3、硝酸钇或碳酸钇粉与铁粉混合，形成粉末压块，做为Y元素变质载体。利用Fe-Cr-B-C合金高温熔体中Fe3C、Cr3C2等碳化物的还原作用形成活性Y元素，并与C、B反应，形成类似于YCrB4和Y(B、C)4的化合物，避免出现硼化物网状和针状结构，促进细小共晶组织形成，起到细化组织的变质增韧作用。再通过淬火-回火处理，使得基体相的体积分数、固溶度和硬度增加，从而改善基体相与硼、碳化合物之间的协调关系。经热处理后，采用Y2O3为原料铸锭硬度达到HRC65.4～68.5，冲击韧性达到13.3～17.1J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1340～1742MPa、或采用硝酸钇为原料铸锭硬度达到HRC65.9～69.4，冲击韧性达到12.6～16.6J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1420～1750MPa、或采用碳酸钇为原料铸锭硬度达到HRC65.8～69.2，冲击韧性达到12.7～16.7J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1462～1740MPa。The main feature of the invention is that Y2 O3 , yttrium nitrate or yttrium carbonate powder is directly mixed with iron powder to form a powder compact, which is used as a Y element metamorphic carrier. The active Y element is formed by the reduction of Fe3 C, Cr3 C2 and other carbides in the high temperature melt of Fe-Cr-BC alloy, and reacts with C and B to form YCrB4 and Y(B, C)4 The compound can avoid the appearance of boride network and needle-like structure, promote the formation of fine eutectic structure, and play a role in the modification and toughening of the refined structure. Through quenching-tempering treatment, the volume fraction, solid solubility and hardness of the matrix phase are increased, thereby improving the coordination relationship between the matrix phase, boron and carbon compounds. After heat treatment, using Y2 O3 as the raw material, the hardness of the ingot reaches HRC65.4-68.5, the impact toughness reaches 13.3-17.1J/cm2 , and the flexural strength reaches 1340-1742MPa, or the hardness of the ingot using yttrium nitrate as the raw material reaches HRC65.9～69.4, impact toughness reach 12.6～16.6J/cm2 , flexural strength reach 1420～1750MPa, or use yttrium carbonate as raw material ingot hardness reach HRC65.8～69.2, impact toughness reach 12.7～16.7J/cm2. The flexural strength reaches 1462～1740MPa.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1本发明实例1铸造组织图；Fig. 1 example 1 casting organization chart of the present invention;
图2本发明实例9铸造组织图；Fig. 2 example of the present invention 9 casting organization chart;
图3本发明实例9铸造合金X-射线衍射图谱；Fig. 3 example 9 casting alloy X-ray diffraction patterns of the present invention;
图4本发明实例9铸件基体相的EDS图谱及成分；The EDS collection of illustrative plates and composition of Fig. 4 example 9 casting matrix phases of the present invention;
图5本发明实例17铸造组织图。Fig. 5 Casting structure diagram of Example 17 of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明的各种熔炼方法、铸造方法不受下述实例的限制，任何在本发明的权利要求书要求保护的范围内的改进和变化都在本发明的保护范围之内。Various smelting methods and casting methods of the present invention are not limited by the following examples, and any improvements and changes within the scope of the claims of the present invention are within the protection scope of the present invention.
选用高碳铬铁，微碳铬铁，金属铬，硼铁，铌铁，钒铁，工业纯铁，纯铁粉，Y2O3，硝酸钇，碳酸钇粉，纯铝等为原料，在发明要求的成分范围内配制成合金。High-carbon ferrochromium, micro-carbon ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron, pure iron powder, Y2 O3 , yttrium nitrate, yttrium carbonate powder, pure aluminum, etc. are selected as raw materials. It is formulated into an alloy within the composition range required by the invention.
实施例1.采用铁粉与碳酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:3，即形成Fe-10.8wt.％Y的Fe-碳酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 1. After adopting iron powder and yttrium carbonate powder to mix uniformly, molded into powder briquettes. The mass ratio of yttrium carbonate powder to iron powder is about 1:3, that is to form Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed compact of Fe-10.8wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-碳酸钇混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr:10.0wt.％；B:2.9wt.％；C:0.7wt.％；Nb:0.4wt.％；V:0.2wt.％；Y:1.6wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和砂型模铸造。具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.9wt .%; C: 0.7wt.%; Nb: 0.4wt.%; V: 0.2wt.%; Y: 1.6wt.%; Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and sand mold casting are adopted. The specific steps are:
将Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1650℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1360℃后，用配料总量0.15％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约10分钟。浇铸温度范围为1320℃。铸造完后开模温度低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为950℃，保温时间为4h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入5％的盐水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在200℃回火处理4h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC67.3，冲击韧性达到12.7J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1462MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium carbonate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1650°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace, and after the melt temperature drops to 1360°C, deoxidize with 0.15% pure aluminum in the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 10 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1320°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature is lower than 200°C, and it is naturally cooled to ambient temperature. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 950°C, and the holding time is 4h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 5% brine. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 200°C for 4h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC67.3, the impact toughness reaches 12.7J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1462MPa.
图1为实施例1铸造组织图，为金相组织的暗场相，其α-Fe基体相为黑色，而其他合金相为白色。从图1可以清晰地看出，其组织以Fe初晶相和共晶相为主，其中共晶相为Fe相与硼、碳化合物的共晶组织，组织非常细小。Fig. 1 is the casting structure diagram of Example 1, which is the dark field phase of the metallographic structure, the α-Fe matrix phase is black, and the other alloy phases are white. It can be clearly seen from Figure 1 that its structure is dominated by Fe primary crystal phase and eutectic phase, in which the eutectic phase is the eutectic structure of Fe phase, boron and carbon compounds, and the structure is very fine.
实施例2.采用铁粉与碳酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:13，即形成Fe-3.09wt.％Y的Fe-碳酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 2. After iron powder and yttrium carbonate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium carbonate powder to iron powder is about 1:13, that is to form Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed briquettes of Fe-3.09wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr:10.0wt.％；B:2.7wt.％；C:0.7wt.％；Nb:0.5wt.％；Y:0.08wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，可采用真空感应炉熔炼和水冷铁模铸造。具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.7wt.%; C: 0.7 wt.%; Nb: 0.5 wt.%; Y: 0.08 wt.%; see Table 2 for the control of impurity elements. A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, vacuum induction furnace smelting and water-cooled iron mold casting can be used. The specific steps are:
将Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1500℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1320℃后，用配料总量0.1％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约5分钟。浇铸温度范围为1260℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1050℃，保温时间为1h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入15％的盐水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在250℃回火处理2h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC69.1，冲击韧性达到13.5J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1530MPa。The Fe-yttrium carbonate powder compact is placed on the bottom of the furnace, and then ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium and pure iron are placed. The melting temperature is 1500°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace, and after the melt temperature is lowered to 1320°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum containing 0.1% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep for about 5 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1260°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200 ℃, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1050°C, and the holding time is 1h. The heating rate shall not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation, the castings were quickly quenched and cooled in 15% brine. During the cooling process, it should be stirred continuously, and the quenching cooling time should be ≥30min. Then tempered at 250 ℃ for 2 h, and cooled to ambient temperature naturally. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC69.1, the impact toughness reaches 13.5J/cm2 , and the flexural strength reaches 1530MPa.
实施例3.采用铁粉与碳酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:10，即形成Fe-3.93wt.％Y的Fe-碳酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 3. After adopting iron powder and yttrium carbonate powder to mix uniformly, molded into powder briquettes. The mass ratio of yttrium carbonate powder to iron powder is about 1:10, that is to form Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed briquette with Fe-3.93wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：10.0wt.％；B：2.7wt.％；C:0.8wt.％；Nb:0.6wt.％；Y:0.1wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和熔模铸造，具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquettes are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.7wt. %; C: 0.8wt.%; Nb: 0.6wt.%; Y: 0.1wt.%; See Table 2 for the control of impurity elements. Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and investment casting are adopted. The specific steps are:
将Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1580℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1320℃后，用配料总量0.12％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约8分钟。浇铸温度范围为1280℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃，自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1000℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入10％的盐水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理3h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC66.9，冲击韧性达到16.7J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1610MPa。The Fe-yttrium carbonate powder compact is placed on the bottom of the furnace, and then ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron are placed. The melting temperature is 1580°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace, reduce the melt temperature to 1320°C, and deoxidize with pure aluminum containing 0.12% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep for about 8 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1280°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200 ℃, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1000°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate shall not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation, the castings were quickly quenched and cooled in 10% brine. During the cooling process, it should be stirred continuously, and the quenching cooling time should be ≥30min. Then tempered at 220 ℃ for 3h, and cooled to ambient temperature naturally. The obtained ingot has an overall hardness of HRC66.9, an impact toughness of 16.7J/cm2 and a bending strength of 1610MPa.
实施例4.采用铁粉与碳酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:9，即形成Fe-4.32wt.％Y的Fe-碳酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 4. After the iron powder and the yttrium carbonate powder are uniformly mixed, they are molded into powder compacts. The mass ratio of the yttrium carbonate powder to the iron powder is approximately 1:9, that is, the Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed compact of Fe-4.32wt.%Y is formed. As a carrier for rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：11.0wt.％；B：2.7wt.％；C:0.7wt.％；Nb:0.2wt.％；V:0.4wt.％；Y:0.3wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和砂模铸造，具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochromium, metal chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 11.0wt.%; B: 2.7wt .%; C: 0.7wt.%; Nb: 0.2wt.%; V: 0.4wt.%; Y: 0.3wt.%; Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and sand casting are adopted. The specific steps are:
将Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1600℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1340℃后，用配料总量0.13％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约9分钟。浇铸温度范围为1280℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃，自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1060℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入5％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理2h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC6.1，冲击韧性达到12.7J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1670MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium carbonate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1600°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1340°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum of 0.13% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 9 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1280°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1060°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 5% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 220°C for 2h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC6.1, the impact toughness reaches 12.7J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1670MPa.
实施例5.采用铁粉与碳酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:4，即形成Fe-8.64wt.％Y的Fe-碳酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 5. After iron powder and yttrium carbonate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium carbonate powder to iron powder is roughly 1:4, that is to form Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed briquette with Fe-8.64wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-碳酸钇混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：10.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.6wt.％；Nb：0.3wt.％；V：0.1wt.％；Y:0.5wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和消失模铸造，具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochromium, micro-carbon ferrochromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt %; C: 0.6 wt. %; Nb: 0.3 wt. %; V: 0.1 wt. %; Y: 0.5 wt. %; A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and lost foam casting are used. The specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1620℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1325℃后，用配料总量0.12％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约6分钟。浇铸温度范围为1285℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃，自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为980℃，保温时间为3h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入15％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理3h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC69.2，冲击韧性达到14.9J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1482MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium carbonate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1620°C; after it is completely melted, reduce the power of the electric furnace, and after the melt temperature drops to 1325°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum of 0.12% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 6 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1285°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 980°C, and the holding time is 3h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 15% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 220°C for 3h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC69.2, the impact toughness reaches 14.9J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1482MPa.
实施例6.采用铁粉与碳酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:5，即形成Fe-7.2wt.％Y的Fe-碳酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 6. After adopting iron powder and yttrium carbonate powder to mix uniformly, molded into powder briquettes. The mass ratio of yttrium carbonate powder to iron powder is about 1:5, that is to form Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed briquette with Fe-7.2wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：10.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.8wt.％；Nb：0.8wt.％；Y:0.80wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用真空感应熔炼和铁模铸造，具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquettes are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt. %; C: 0.8wt.%; Nb: 0.8wt.%; Y: 0.80wt.%; See Table 2 for the control of impurity elements. Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, vacuum induction melting and iron mold casting are adopted. The specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1590℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1335℃后，用配料总量0.14％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约7分钟。浇铸温度范围为1290℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃，自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1020℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入10％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理3h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC65.8，冲击韧性达到15.9J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1740MPa。The Fe-yttrium carbonate powder compact is placed on the bottom of the furnace, and then ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron are placed. The melting temperature is 1590°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace, reduce the melt temperature to 1335°C, and deoxidize with pure aluminum containing 0.14% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep for about 7 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1290°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200 ℃, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then the castings are put into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1020°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate should not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation, the castings were quickly quenched and cooled in 10% alkaline water. During the cooling process, it should be stirred continuously, and the quenching cooling time should be ≥30min. Then tempered at 220 ℃ for 3h, and cooled to ambient temperature naturally. The obtained ingot has an overall hardness of HRC65.8, an impact toughness of 15.9J/cm2 and a flexural strength of 1740MPa.
实施例7.采用铁粉与碳酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:6，即形成Fe-6.17wt.％Y的Fe-碳酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 7. After the iron powder and the yttrium carbonate powder are mixed uniformly, they are molded into powder compacts. The mass ratio of the yttrium carbonate powder to the iron powder is approximately 1:6, that is, the Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed compact of Fe-6.17wt.% Y is formed. As a carrier for rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-碳酸钇混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：11.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.9wt.％；Nb：0.2wt.％；V：0.2wt.％；Y:1.0wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，可采用感应熔炼和消失模铸造。具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochromium, micro-carbon ferrochromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 11.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt %; C: 0.9 wt. %; Nb: 0.2 wt. %; V: 0.2 wt. %; Y: 1.0 wt. %; A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and lost foam casting can be used. Specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1610℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1340℃后，用配料总量0.13％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约8分钟。浇铸温度范围为1270℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃，自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1020℃，保温时间为1h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入15％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在200℃回火处理4h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC66.9，冲击韧性达到13.5J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1692MPa。The Fe-yttrium carbonate powder compact is placed on the bottom of the furnace, and then ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron are placed. The melting temperature is 1610°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace, and after the melt temperature is lowered to 1340°C, deoxidize with 0.13% of the total batch of pure aluminum; continue to keep it for about 8 minutes. The casting temperature range was 1270°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200 ℃, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then the castings are put into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1020°C, and the holding time is 1h. The heating rate should not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation, the castings were quickly quenched and cooled in 15% alkaline water. During the cooling process, it should be stirred continuously, and the quenching cooling time should be ≥30min. Then tempered at 200 ℃ for 4 h, and cooled to ambient temperature naturally. The obtained ingot has an overall hardness of HRC66.9, an impact toughness of 13.5J/cm2 and a bending strength of 1692MPa.
实施例8.采用铁粉与碳酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。碳酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:7，即形成Fe-5.4wt.％Y的Fe-碳酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 8. After the iron powder and the yttrium carbonate powder are mixed uniformly, they are molded into powder compacts. The mass ratio of the yttrium carbonate powder to the iron powder is approximately 1:7, that is, the Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed compact of Fe-5.4wt.% Y is formed. As a carrier for rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-碳酸钇混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：13.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.8wt.％；Nb：0.6wt.％；V：0.4wt.％；Y:1.2wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和消失模铸造，具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochromium, micro-carbon ferrochromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-yttrium carbonate mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 13.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt %; C: 0.8 wt. %; Nb: 0.6 wt. %; V: 0.4 wt. %; Y: 1.2 wt. %; A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and lost foam casting are used. The specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-碳酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1620℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1330℃后，用配料总量0.12％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约6分钟。浇铸温度范围为1270℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃，自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为980℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入10％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在200℃回火处理2h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC68.1，冲击韧性达到15.7J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1486MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium carbonate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1620°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1330°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum of 0.12% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 6 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1270°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 980°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 10% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 200°C for 2h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC68.1, the impact toughness reaches 15.7J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1486MPa.
实施例9.采用铁粉与硝酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:3，即形成Fe-5.8wt.％Y的Fe-硝酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 9. After iron powder and yttrium nitrate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is roughly 1:3, that is to form Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquette with Fe-5.8wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-硝酸钇混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr:10.0wt.％；B:2.9wt.％；C:0.7wt.％；Nb:0.4wt.％；V:0.2wt.％；Y:1.0wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和砂型模铸造。具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed compact are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.9wt .%; C: 0.7wt.%; Nb: 0.4wt.%; V: 0.2wt.%; Y: 1.0wt.%; Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and sand mold casting are adopted. The specific steps are:
将Fe-硝酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1600℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1350℃后，用配料总量0.15％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约10分钟。浇铸温度范围为1300℃。铸造完后开模温度低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为950℃，保温时间为4h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入5％的盐水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在200℃回火处理4h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC67.5，冲击韧性达到12.6J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1446MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium nitrate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1600°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1350°C, deoxidize with 0.15% pure aluminum; continue to keep warm for about 10 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1300°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature is lower than 200°C, and it is naturally cooled to ambient temperature. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 950°C, and the holding time is 4h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 5% brine. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 200°C for 4h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC67.5, the impact toughness reaches 12.6J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1446MPa.
图2为实施例2铸造组织图，为金相组织的暗场相，其α-Fe基体相为黑色，而其他合金相为白色。从图2可以清晰地看出，其组织以Fe初晶相和共晶相为主，其中共晶相为Fe相与硼、碳化合物的共晶组织，组织非常细小。Fig. 2 is a casting structure diagram of Example 2, which is the dark field phase of the metallographic structure, the α-Fe matrix phase is black, and the other alloy phases are white. It can be clearly seen from Figure 2 that its structure is dominated by Fe primary crystal phase and eutectic phase, in which the eutectic phase is the eutectic structure of Fe phase, boron, and carbon compounds, and the structure is very fine.
；图2为铸造合金的X-射线衍射图谱，显示合金基体为α-Fe相，其衍射峰较宽，并在65°附近较宽，因此是有大量Cr固溶的马氏体相，碳、硼化合物为Fe2B、Fe3C和Cr23C6为基础的复合化合物，并且显示有Y(B、C)6化合物存在；图3为铸造合金基体相EDS图谱及分析结果，EDS只能在成分的定性分析，结果显示合金中存在Y元素，说明Y2O3与熔体产生了作用，使Y元素发生合金化，起到熔体变质作用。; Fig. 2 is the X-ray diffraction pattern of casting alloy, shows that alloy matrix is α-Fe phase, and its diffraction peak is wider, and is wider near 65 °, therefore is the martensitic phase that has a large amount of Cr solid solution, carbon , boron compounds are composite compounds based on Fe2 B, Fe3 C and Cr23 C6 , and show the presence of Y(B, C)6 compounds; Figure 3 is the EDS spectrum and analysis results of the casting alloy matrix phase, EDS only The qualitative analysis of the composition shows that Y element exists in the alloy, indicating that Y2 O3 has an effect on the melt, which makes the Y element alloy and plays a role in the modification of the melt.
实施例10.采用铁粉与硝酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:9，即形成Fe-2.32wt.％Y的Fe-硝酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 10. After iron powder and yttrium nitrate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is about 1:9, that is to form a Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed compact of Fe-2.32wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr:10.0wt.％；B:2.7wt.％；C:0.7wt.％；Nb:0.5wt.％；Y:0.05wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，可采用真空感应炉熔炼和水冷铁模铸造。具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochromium, metal chromium, ferroboron, ferro-niobium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquettes are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.7wt.%; C: 0.7wt.%; Nb: 0.5wt.%; Y: 0.05wt.%; See Table 2 for the control of impurity elements. Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, the vacuum induction furnace can be used for melting and water-cooled iron mold casting. The specific steps are:
将Fe-硝酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1520℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1300℃后，用配料总量0.1％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约5分钟。浇铸温度范围为1250℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1050℃，保温时间为1h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入15％的盐水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在250℃回火处理2h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC69.3，冲击韧性达到13.4J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1420MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium nitrate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1520°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1300°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum of 0.1% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 5 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1250°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1050°C, and the holding time is 1h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 15% brine. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 250°C for 2h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC69.3, the impact toughness reaches 13.4J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1420MPa.
实施例11.采用铁粉与硝酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:7，即形成Fe-2.9wt.％Y的Fe-硝酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 11. After iron powder and yttrium nitrate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is about 1:7, that is to form a Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquette of Fe-2.9wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：10.0wt.％；B：2.7wt.％；C:0.8wt.％；Nb:0.6wt.％；Y:0.08wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和熔模铸造，具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquettes are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.7wt. %; C: 0.8wt.%; Nb: 0.6wt.%; Y: 0.08wt.%; See Table 2 for the control of impurity elements. Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and investment casting are adopted. The specific steps are:
将Fe-硝酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1580℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1320℃后，用配料总量0.12％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约8分钟。浇铸温度范围为1280℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1000℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入10％的盐水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理3h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC67.1，冲击韧性达到16.6J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1540MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium nitrate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1580°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace and lower the melt temperature to 1320°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum with 0.12% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 8 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1280°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1000°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 10% brine. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 220°C for 3h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC67.1, the impact toughness reaches 16.6J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1540MPa.
实施例12.采用铁粉与硝酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:5，即形成Fe-3.87wt.％Y的Fe-硝酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 12. After iron powder and yttrium nitrate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is about 1:5, that is to form Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquette with Fe-3.87wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：11.0wt.％；B：2.7wt.％；C:0.7wt.％；Nb:0.2wt.％；V:0.4wt.％；Y:0.1wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和砂模铸造，具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochromium, metal chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 11.0wt.%; B: 2.7wt .%; C: 0.7wt.%; Nb: 0.2wt.%; V: 0.4wt.%; Y: 0.1wt.%; Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and sand casting are adopted. The specific steps are:
将Fe-硝酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1600℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1340℃后，用配料总量0.13％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约9分钟。浇铸温度范围为1280℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1060℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入5％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理2h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC66.5，冲击韧性达到12.6J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1620MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium nitrate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1600°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1340°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum of 0.13% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 9 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1280°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1060°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 5% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 220°C for 2h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC66.5, the impact toughness reaches 12.6J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1620MPa.
实施例13.采用铁粉与硝酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:4，即形成Fe-4.64wt.％Y的Fe-硝酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 13. After iron powder and yttrium nitrate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is roughly 1:4, that is to form a Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquette with Fe-4.64wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-硝酸钇混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：10.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.6wt.％；Nb：0.3wt.％；V：0.1wt.％；Y:0.2wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和消失模铸造，具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochromium, micro-carbon ferrochromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt %; C: 0.6 wt. %; Nb: 0.3 wt. %; V: 0.1 wt. %; Y: 0.2 wt. %; A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and lost foam casting are used. The specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-硝酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1600℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1325℃后，用配料总量0.12％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约6分钟。浇铸温度范围为1285℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为980℃，保温时间为3h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入15％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理3h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC69.4，冲击韧性达到14.6J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1440MPa。The Fe-yttrium nitrate powder compact is placed on the bottom of the furnace, and then ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron are placed. The melting temperature is 1600°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace, reduce the melt temperature to 1325°C, and deoxidize with pure aluminum containing 0.12% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep for about 6 minutes. The casting temperature range was 1285°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200 ℃, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then the castings are put into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 980°C, and the holding time is 3h. The heating rate shall not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation, the castings were quickly quenched and cooled in 15% alkaline water. During the cooling process, it should be stirred continuously, and the quenching cooling time should be ≥30min. Then tempered at 220 ℃ for 3h, and cooled to ambient temperature naturally. The obtained ingot has an overall hardness of HRC69.4, an impact toughness of 14.6J/cm2 and a flexural strength of 1440MPa.
实施例14.采用铁粉与硝酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:8，即形成Fe-2.58wt.％Y的Fe-硝酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 14. After iron powder and yttrium nitrate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is about 1:8, that is to form Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed compact of Fe-2.58wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：10.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.8wt.％；Nb：0.8wt.％；Y:0.50wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用真空感应熔炼和铁模铸造，具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochromium, micro-carbon ferrochromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt. %; C: 0.8 wt. %; Nb: 0.8 wt. %; Y: 0.50 wt. %; A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, vacuum induction melting and iron mold casting are used. The specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-硝酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1590℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1315℃后，用配料总量0.14％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约7分钟。浇铸温度范围为1290℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1020℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入10％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理3h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC65.9，冲击韧性达到15.7J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1700MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium nitrate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1590°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1315°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum of 0.14% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 7 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1290°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1020°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 10% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 220°C for 3h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC65.9, the impact toughness reaches 15.7J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1700MPa.
实施例15.采用铁粉与硝酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:6，即形成Fe-3.31wt.％Y的Fe-硝酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 15. After iron powder and yttrium nitrate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is approximately 1:6, that is to form Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquettes of Fe-3.31wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-硝酸钇混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：11.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.9wt.％；Nb：0.2wt.％；V：0.2wt.％；Y:0.80wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，可采用感应熔炼和消失模铸造。具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquettes are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 11.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt .%; C: 0.9wt.%; Nb: 0.2wt.%; V: 0.2wt.%; Y: 0.80wt.%; Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and lost foam casting can be used. Specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-硝酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1610℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1340℃后，用配料总量0.13％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约8分钟。浇铸温度范围为1270℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1020℃，保温时间为1h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入15％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在200℃回火处理4h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC68.1，冲击韧性达到13.4J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1750MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium nitrate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1610°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1340°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum of 0.13% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 8 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1270°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1020°C, and the holding time is 1h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 15% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 200°C for 4h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC68.1, the impact toughness reaches 13.4J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1750MPa.
实施例16.采用铁粉与硝酸钇粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。硝酸钇粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:4，即形成Fe-4.64wt.％Y的Fe-硝酸钇混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Embodiment 16. After iron powder and yttrium nitrate powder are uniformly mixed, molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of yttrium nitrate powder to iron powder is roughly 1:4, that is to form a Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquette with Fe-4.64wt.%Y. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-硝酸钇混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：13.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.8wt.％；Nb：0.6wt.％；V：0.4wt.％；Y:0.60wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和消失模铸造，具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochromium, micro-carbon ferrochromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-yttrium nitrate mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 13.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt %; C: 0.8 wt. %; Nb: 0.6 wt. %; V: 0.4 wt. %; Y: 0.60 wt. %; A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and lost foam casting are used. The specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-硝酸钇粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1600℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1330℃后，用配料总量0.12％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约6分钟。浇铸温度范围为1270℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为980℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入10％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在200℃回火处理2h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC68.5，冲击韧性达到15.8J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1592MPa。Place the Fe-yttrium nitrate powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1600°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace and lower the melt temperature to 1330°C, deoxidize with 0.12% pure aluminum; continue to keep warm for about 6 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1270°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 980°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 10% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 200°C for 2h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC68.5, the impact toughness reaches 15.8J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1592MPa.
实施例17.采用铁粉与Y2O3粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。Y2O3粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:4，即形成Fe-15.77wt.％Y的Fe-Y2O3混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 17. Iron powder and Y2 O3 powder were mixed evenly, and molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 powder to iron powder is approximately 1:4, that is, Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette with Fe-15.77wt.%Y is formed. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr:10.0wt.％；B:2.9wt.％；C:0.7wt.％；Nb:0.4wt.％；V:0.2wt.％；Y:0.6wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和砂型模铸造。具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquettes are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.9wt.%; C: 0.7wt.%; Nb: 0.4wt.%; V: 0.2wt.%; Y: 0.6wt.%; Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and sand mold casting are adopted. The specific steps are:
将Fe-Y2O3粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1660℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1380℃后，用配料总量0.15％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约10分钟。浇铸温度范围为1300℃。铸造完后开模温度低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为950℃，保温时间为4h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入5％的盐水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在200℃回火处理4h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC67.1，冲击韧性达到13.4J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1460MPa。Place the Fe-Y2 O3 powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1660°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1380°C, deoxidize with 0.15% pure aluminum; continue to keep warm for about 10 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1300°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature is lower than 200°C, and it is naturally cooled to ambient temperature. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 950°C, and the holding time is 4h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 5% brine. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 200°C for 4h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC67.1, the impact toughness reaches 13.4J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1460MPa.
图5为实施例17铸造组织图，为金相组织的暗场相，其α-Fe基体相为黑色，而其他合金相为白色。从图5可以清晰地看出，其组织以Fe初晶相和共晶相为主，其中共晶相为Fe相与硼、碳化合物的共晶组织，组织非常细小。Fig. 5 is a casting structure diagram of Example 17, which is the dark field phase of the metallographic structure, the α-Fe matrix phase is black, and the other alloy phases are white. It can be clearly seen from Figure 5 that its structure is dominated by Fe primary crystal phase and eutectic phase, in which the eutectic phase is the eutectic structure of Fe phase, boron, and carbon compounds, and the structure is very fine.
实施例18.采用铁粉与Y2O3粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。Y2O3粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:20，即形成Fe-3.75wt.％Y的Fe-Y2O3混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 18. After the iron powder and the Y2 O3 powder are mixed uniformly, they are pressed into powder compacts. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 powder to iron powder is approximately 1:20, that is, Fe-Y2 O3 mixed compacts of Fe-3.75wt.% Y are formed. As a carrier for rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr:10.0wt.％；B:2.7wt.％；C:0.7wt.％；Nb:0.5wt.％；Y:0.02wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，可采用真空感应炉熔炼和水冷铁模铸造。具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.7wt.%; C: 0.7 wt.%; Nb: 0.5 wt.%; Y: 0.02 wt.%; see Table 2 for the control of impurity elements. Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc., do not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so they are not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, vacuum induction furnace smelting and water-cooling iron mold casting can be used. The specific steps are:
将Fe-Y2O3粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1560℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1300℃后，用配料总量0.1％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约5分钟。浇铸温度范围为1250℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1050℃，保温时间为1h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入15％的盐水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在250℃回火处理2h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC68.5，冲击韧性达到14.2J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1340MPa。Place the Fe-Y2 O3 powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1560°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1300°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum with 0.1% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 5 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1250°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1050°C, and the holding time is 1h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 15% brine. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 250°C for 2h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC68.5, the impact toughness reaches 14.2J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1340MPa.
实施例19.采用铁粉与Y2O3粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。Y2O3粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:10，即形成Fe-7.17wt.％Y的Fe-Y2O3混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 19. Iron powder and Y2 O3 powder were mixed evenly, and molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 powder to iron powder is roughly 1:10, that is, Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette with Fe-7.17wt.%Y is formed. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：10.0wt.％；B：2.7wt.％；C:0.8wt.％；Nb:0.6wt.％；Y:0.1wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和熔模铸造，具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquettes are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.7wt. %; C: 0.8wt.%; Nb: 0.6wt.%; Y: 0.1wt.%; See Table 2 for the control of impurity elements. Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and investment casting are adopted. The specific steps are:
将Fe-Y2O3粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1580℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1320℃后，用配料总量0.12％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约8分钟。浇铸温度范围为1280℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1000℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入10％的盐水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理3h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC66.5，冲击韧性达到17.1J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1540MPa。Place the Fe-Y2 O3 powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1580°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace and lower the melt temperature to 1320°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum with 0.12% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 8 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1280°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1000°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 10% brine. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 220°C for 3h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC66.5, the impact toughness reaches 17.1J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1540MPa.
实施例20.采用铁粉与Y2O3粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。Y2O3粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:15，即形成Fe-4.93wt.％Y的Fe-Y2O3混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 20. Iron powder and Y2 O3 powder are mixed evenly, and molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 powder to iron powder is approximately 1:15, that is, Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette with Fe-4.93wt.%Y is formed. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：11.0wt.％；B：2.7wt.％；C:0.7wt.％；Nb:0.2wt.％；V:0.4wt.％；Y:0.2wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和砂模铸造，具体步骤为：High-carbon ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquettes are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 11.0wt.%; B: 2.7wt .%; C: 0.7wt.%; Nb: 0.2wt.%; V: 0.4wt.%; Y: 0.2wt.%; Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties, so they are not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and sand casting are adopted. The specific steps are:
将Fe-Y2O3粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1600℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1340℃后，用配料总量0.13％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约9分钟。浇铸温度范围为1280℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1060℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入5％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理2h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC65.7，冲击韧性达到13.3J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1600MPa。Place the Fe-Y2 O3 powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1600°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace to lower the melt temperature to 1340°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum of 0.13% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 9 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1280°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1060°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 5% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 220°C for 2h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC65.7, the impact toughness reaches 13.3J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1600MPa.
实施例21.采用铁粉与Y2O3粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。Y2O3粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:12，即形成Fe-6.06wt.％Y的Fe-Y2O3混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 21. After the iron powder and the Y2 O3 powder were mixed uniformly, they were molded into powder compacts. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 powder to iron powder is approximately 1:12, that is, a Fe-Y2 O3 mixed compact of Fe-6.06 wt. % Y is formed. As a carrier for rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：10.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.6wt.％；Nb：0.3wt.％；V：0.1wt.％；Y:0.3wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和消失模铸造，具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochromium, micro-carbon ferrochromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.6 wt.%; C: 0.6 wt.%; Nb: 0.3 wt.%; V: 0.1 wt.%; Y: 0.3 wt.%; A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and lost foam casting are used. The specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-Y2O3粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1620℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1325℃后，用配料总量0.12％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约6分钟。浇铸温度范围为1285℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为980℃，保温时间为3h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入15％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理3h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC68.4，冲击韧性达到15.5J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1440MPa。Place the Fe-Y2 O3 powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1620°C; after it is completely melted, reduce the power of the electric furnace, and after the melt temperature drops to 1325°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum of 0.12% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep warm for about 6 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1285°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into the box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 980°C, and the holding time is 3h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 15% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 220°C for 3h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC68.4, the impact toughness reaches 15.5J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1440MPa.
实施例22.采用铁粉与Y2O3粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。Y2O3粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:8，即形成Fe-8.76wt.％Y的Fe-Y2O3混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 22. Iron powder and Y2 O3 powder were mixed evenly, and molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 powder to iron powder is approximately 1:8, that is, Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette with Fe-8.76wt.%Y is formed. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：10.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.8wt.％；Nb：0.8wt.％；Y:0.4wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用真空感应熔炼和铁模铸造，具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 10.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt. %; C: 0.8wt.%; Nb: 0.8wt.%; Y: 0.4wt.%; See Table 2 for the control of impurity elements. Small amounts of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. do not cause fundamental changes in alloy properties and are therefore not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, vacuum induction melting and iron mold casting are adopted. The specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-Y2O3粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1590℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1315℃后，用配料总量0.14％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约7分钟。浇铸温度范围为1290℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1020℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入10％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在220℃回火处理3h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC65.4，冲击韧性达到16.4J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1626MPa。The Fe-Y2 O3 powder compact is placed on the bottom of the furnace, and then ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron are placed. The melting temperature is 1590°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace, reduce the melt temperature to 1315°C, and deoxidize with pure aluminum containing 0.14% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep for about 7 minutes. The casting temperature range was 1290°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200 ℃, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then the castings are put into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1020°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate shall not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation, the castings were quickly quenched and cooled in 10% alkaline water. During the cooling process, it should be stirred continuously, and the quenching cooling time should be ≥30min. Then tempered at 220 ℃ for 3h, and cooled to ambient temperature naturally. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC65.4, the impact toughness reaches 16.4J/cm2 , and the flexural strength reaches 1626MPa.
实施例23.采用铁粉与Y2O3粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。Y2O3粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:7，即形成Fe-9.85wt.％Y的Fe-Y2O3混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 23. After the iron powder and the Y2 O3 powder were mixed uniformly, they were molded into powder compacts. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 powder to iron powder is approximately 1:7, that is, Fe-Y2 O3 mixed compacts of Fe-9.85wt.% Y are formed. As a carrier for rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：11.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.9wt.％；Nb：0.2wt.％；V：0.2wt.％；Y:0.5wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，可采用感应熔炼和消失模铸造。具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochrome, micro-carbon ferrochrome, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 11.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt.%; C: 0.9wt.%; Nb: 0.2wt.%; V: 0.2wt.%; Y: 0.5wt.%; A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and lost foam casting can be used. Specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-Y2O3粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1620℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1350℃后，用配料总量0.13％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约8分钟。浇铸温度范围为1270℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为1020℃，保温时间为1h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入15％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在200℃回火处理4h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC67.3，冲击韧性达到14.0J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1742MPa。The Fe-Y2 O3 powder compact is placed on the bottom of the furnace, and then ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron are placed. The melting temperature is 1620°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace, and after the melt temperature is lowered to 1350°C, deoxidize with pure aluminum containing 0.13% of the total amount of ingredients; continue to keep for about 8 minutes. The casting temperature range was 1270°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200 ℃, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then the castings are put into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 1020°C, and the holding time is 1h. The heating rate shall not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation, the castings were quickly quenched and cooled in 15% alkaline water. During the cooling process, it should be stirred continuously, and the quenching cooling time should be ≥30min. Then tempered at 200 ℃ for 4 h, and cooled to ambient temperature naturally. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC67.3, the impact toughness reaches 14.0J/cm2 , and the flexural strength reaches 1742MPa.
实施例24.采用铁粉与Y2O3粉混合均匀后，模压成粉末压块。Y2O3粉与铁粉的质量比大致为1:6，即形成Fe-11.26wt.％Y的Fe-Y2O3混合压块。做为稀土Y变质的载体。Example 24. Iron powder and Y2 O3 powder were mixed evenly, and molded into a powder briquette. The mass ratio of Y2 O3 powder to iron powder is roughly 1:6, that is, Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette of Fe-11.26wt.%Y is formed. As the carrier of rare earth Y metamorphism.
选用高碳铬铁、微碳铬铁、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁、工业纯铁和上述Fe-Y2O3混合压块为原料，成分范围如下：Cr：13.0wt.％；B：2.6wt.％；C：0.8wt.％；Nb：0.6wt.％；V：0.4wt.％；Y:0.06wt.％；杂质元素控制见表2。少量Al、Mn、N等杂质不会导致合金性能根本性变化，因此未列出在表2中。按照成分要求配比称量好相应原材料后，采用感应熔炼和消失模铸造，具体步骤如下：High-carbon ferrochromium, micro-carbon ferrochromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium, industrial pure iron and the above-mentioned Fe-Y2 O3 mixed briquette are selected as raw materials, and the composition range is as follows: Cr: 13.0wt.%; B: 2.6wt.%; C: 0.8wt.%; Nb: 0.6wt.%; V: 0.4wt.%; Y: 0.06wt.%; A small amount of impurities such as Al, Mn, N, etc. will not cause fundamental changes in the properties of the alloy, so it is not listed in Table 2. After weighing the corresponding raw materials according to the composition requirements, induction melting and lost foam casting are used. The specific steps are as follows:
将Fe-Y2O3粉末压块放置于炉底，然后放入铬铁、金属铬、硼铁、铌铁、钒铁和纯铁。熔化温度为1600℃；待完全熔化后，降低电炉功率，将熔体温度降至1320℃后，用配料总量0.12％的纯铝脱氧；继续保温静置约6分钟。浇铸温度范围为1260℃。铸造完后开模温度要低于200℃,自然冷却到环境温度。然后将铸件放入到箱式炉加热，加热温度为980℃，保温时间为2h。加热升温速度不超过10℃/min。保温结束后，快速将铸件入10％的碱水淬火冷却。冷却过程中应不断搅拌，淬火冷却时间≥30min。然后在200℃回火处理2h,自然冷却到环境温度。所得铸锭整体硬度达到HRC67.9，冲击韧性达到16.8J/cm2，抗弯强度达到1512MPa。Place the Fe-Y2 O3 powder briquette on the bottom of the furnace, and then put in ferrochromium, metallic chromium, ferroboron, ferroniobium, ferrovanadium and pure iron. The melting temperature is 1600°C; after complete melting, reduce the power of the electric furnace and lower the melt temperature to 1320°C, deoxidize with 0.12% pure aluminum; continue to keep warm for about 6 minutes. The casting temperature range is 1260°C. After casting, the mold opening temperature should be lower than 200°C, and it should be cooled to ambient temperature naturally. Then put the casting into a box furnace for heating, the heating temperature is 980°C, and the holding time is 2h. The heating rate does not exceed 10°C/min. After the heat preservation is over, quickly quench and cool the casting into 10% alkaline water. Stir continuously during the cooling process, and the quenching cooling time is ≥30min. Then temper at 200°C for 2h, and cool naturally to ambient temperature. The overall hardness of the obtained ingot reaches HRC67.9, the impact toughness reaches 16.8J/cm2 , and the bending strength reaches 1512MPa.
各实施例所制备铸造合金性能检测如下所述：The cast alloy performance detection prepared by each embodiment is as follows:
1.对实例铸造金属采用HR-150A洛氏硬度机进行硬度测试，载荷为150Kg，打五个点后取平均值，列于表2。1. The HR-150A Rockwell hardness machine is used for the hardness test of the cast metal of the example, the load is 150Kg, and the average value is taken after five points are punched, which are listed in Table 2.
2.对实例铸造金属采用JBS-300B冲击试验机进行冲击韧性测试，量程为150J，打五个样后取平均值，列于表2。2. The JBS-300B impact testing machine is used to test the impact toughness of the cast metal of the example, the measuring range is 150J, and the average value is taken after five samples are made, which are listed in Table 2.
3.对实例铸造金属材料电子万能实验机进行三点抗弯实验，样品尺寸为2×5×50mm的矩形试样，跨距为30mm，取三个相同处理样品的抗弯强度平均值列于表2。3. The three-point bending test is carried out on the electronic universal testing machine for example cast metal materials. The sample size is a rectangular sample of 2 × 5 × 50 mm, and the span is 30 mm. The average value of the bending strength of three samples with the same treatment is listed in Table 2.
表2实施例的成分与硬度、冲击韧性和抗弯强度Composition and hardness, impact toughness and flexural strength of table 2 embodiment
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| CN2018105897810 | 2018-06-08 | ||
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