技术领域technical field
本发明涉及清洁能源综合利用技术领域，特别是涉及一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构与运行方法。The invention relates to the technical field of comprehensive utilization of clean energy, in particular to a structure and operation method of a CCHP microgrid with compressed air energy storage.
背景技术Background technique
在能源危机与环境问题成为社会经济发展重要制约因素的情况下，改革传统供能系统、建立高效可靠和环境友好的新型供能方式已上升为各国的能源发展战略。新能源多能互补冷热电联供微网(Combined Cooling Heating and Power,CCHP)是一种基于能源梯级利用原理，可同时实现发电、制冷和供热的综合能源系统。随着分布式供能技术，能源系统控制、管理技术的迅速发展，CCHP被认为是未来科学用能的最佳方式与能源互联网实现过程中的重要课题。With the energy crisis and environmental issues becoming important constraints on social and economic development, reforming the traditional energy supply system and establishing efficient, reliable and environmentally friendly new energy supply methods have become the energy development strategies of various countries. The new energy multi-energy complementary cooling, heating and power microgrid (Combined Cooling Heating and Power, CCHP) is an integrated energy system based on the principle of energy cascade utilization, which can realize power generation, cooling and heating at the same time. With the rapid development of distributed energy supply technology, energy system control and management technology, CCHP is considered to be the best way to use energy scientifically in the future and an important topic in the process of realizing the energy Internet.
然而，间歇性可再生能源渗透率的不断增加以及系统多种能流之间的高度耦合，加剧了系统的不稳定因素，同时减小了可调节的裕度，对系统的稳定运行与优化控制提出了严峻的挑战。尤其是离网型的CCHP微网，可再生能源占比高、容量相对较小，其运行过程极易受到可再生能源间歇、波动等特性的影响。对此，仅依靠传统冷热电联供机组已难以为继，而储能及其优化控制技术无疑是解决这一问题的关键与理想途径。目前，在各种形式的储能之中，绝热压缩空气储能(Adiabatic-Compressed Air Energy Storage,A-CAES)以其寿命长、储能容量大、冷热电一体化等优势，成为CCHP微网的理想储能设备。However, the continuous increase in the penetration rate of intermittent renewable energy and the high coupling between various energy flows in the system have exacerbated the instability of the system and reduced the adjustable margin. The stable operation and optimal control of the system posed serious challenges. Especially for the off-grid CCHP microgrid, the proportion of renewable energy is high and the capacity is relatively small. Its operation process is easily affected by the intermittent and fluctuation characteristics of renewable energy. In this regard, relying only on traditional combined cooling, heating and power units has become unsustainable, and energy storage and its optimal control technology are undoubtedly the key and ideal way to solve this problem. At present, among various forms of energy storage, adiabatic-compressed air energy storage (A-CAES) has become a CCHP micro energy storage system due to its advantages such as long life, large energy storage capacity, and integration of cooling, heating, and electricity. An ideal energy storage device for the grid.
目前，国内外针对A-CAES的结构与效率开展了深入的研究。At present, in-depth research has been carried out on the structure and efficiency of A-CAES at home and abroad.
文献[Design and engineering implementation of non-supplementary firedcompressed air energy storage system:TICC-500]分析了CAES作为储能电站在电网调峰、调频中的作用，并结合示范系统探讨了非补燃式压缩空气储能中结构参数对系统发电效率的影响。然而，该研究主要从电能的层面分析系统，限制了其兼具冷热电接口的能力。The literature [Design and engineering implementation of non-supplementary fired compressed air energy storage system:TICC-500] analyzed the role of CAES as an energy storage power station in peak regulation and frequency regulation of the power grid, and discussed the non-supplementary fired compressed air storage system combined with the demonstration system. The impact of structural parameters in the energy center on the power generation efficiency of the system. However, this research mainly analyzes the system from the level of electrical energy, which limits its ability to have both cold and hot electrical interfaces.
文献[Multi-objective optimization and exergoeconomic analysis of acombined cooling, heating and power based compressed air energy storagesystem]针对由压缩空气储能、燃气发电机组与吸收式制冷机组成的CCHP微网，以效率与经济成本为目标，优化气压、温度等关键参数。The literature [Multi-objective optimization and exergoeconomic analysis of a combined cooling, heating and power based compressed air energy storage system] aims at the CCHP microgrid composed of compressed air energy storage, gas generator set and absorption chiller, with Efficiency and economic cost are the goals, and key parameters such as air pressure and temperature are optimized.
文献[Exergy analysis of a Combined Cooling,Heating and Power systemintegrated with wind turbine and compressed air energy storage system]将CAES与燃气发电机组串行连接，利用ORC 与吸收式制冷机实现余热回收与制冷。同时，以输出能量与作为参数设计的目标。遗憾的是，这些研究并没有充分考虑CCHP微网复杂多变的工况、运行模式，以及各种运行模式下能量的梯级利用。The literature [Exergy analysis of a Combined Cooling, Heating and Power system integrated with wind turbine and compressed air energy storage system] connects CAES and gas generator sets in series, and uses ORC and absorption refrigerator to realize waste heat recovery and refrigeration. At the same time, with the output energy and as the goal of parametric design. Unfortunately, these studies did not fully consider the complex and changeable working conditions, operation modes, and cascade utilization of energy in various operation modes of CCHP microgrids.
综上，现有技术中对于CAES的结构设计与参数优化多以自身的热效率或电效率作为依据，鲜有将整体效率作为优化目标，且对于热能品位的考虑有所不足，导致整体能量梯级利用程度不高；同时，CAES接入新能源多能互补CCHP后，针对系统复杂多变的工况缺乏行之有效的优化运行方法。To sum up, in the prior art, the structural design and parameter optimization of CAES are mostly based on its own thermal efficiency or electrical efficiency, and the overall efficiency is rarely taken as the optimization target, and the consideration of thermal energy grade is insufficient, resulting in the cascade utilization of the overall energy. At the same time, after CAES is connected to new energy and multi-energy complementary CCHP, there is no effective optimization operation method for the complex and changeable working conditions of the system.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了解决现有技术的不足，本发明提供了一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，本发明将A-CAES与新能源多能互补CCHP微网结合，极大地提高了CCHP系统能量梯级利用度。In order to solve the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a CCHP microgrid structure with compressed air energy storage. The present invention combines A-CAES with new energy multi-energy complementary CCHP microgrids, which greatly improves the energy level of the CCHP system Utilization.
一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，包括：可再生能源供能设备，所述可再生能源供能设备连接至绝热压缩空气储能系统；A CCHP micro-grid structure with compressed air energy storage, comprising: renewable energy supply equipment connected to an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system;
燃气发电机和吸收式制冷机组成的冷热电联供机组，所述冷热电联供机组以天然气为燃料，产生的热能的输出端分为三条支路，其中一条支路通过换热器与热用户的输入端连接，第二条支路通过吸收式制冷机与冷用户的输入端连接，第三条支路接入绝热压缩空气储能系统中的压缩空气储能的膨胀机，用于加热高压空气；A combined cooling, heating and power unit composed of a gas generator and an absorption refrigerator. The combined cooling, heating and power unit uses natural gas as fuel, and the output end of the generated heat is divided into three branches, one of which passes through a heat exchanger It is connected to the input end of the hot user, the second branch is connected to the input end of the cold user through the absorption refrigerator, and the third branch is connected to the expander of the compressed air energy storage in the adiabatic compressed air energy storage system, using for heating high-pressure air;
所述绝热压缩空气储能系统压缩空气产生热能，通过三通阀的调节将该热能储存或直接供给热用户，释能时根据系统工作模式吸收不同热源的热能。The adiabatic compressed air energy storage system compresses air to generate heat energy, which is stored or directly supplied to heat users through the adjustment of the three-way valve. When releasing energy, it absorbs heat energy from different heat sources according to the working mode of the system.
进一步优选的技术方案，所述可再生能源供能设备包括风力发电机组、光伏电池及太阳能集热器，所述风力发电机组、光伏电池通过变流器直接供给用户电负荷或连接至绝热压缩空气储能系统，所述太阳能集热器加热导热油并储存于储热油箱。In a further preferred technical solution, the renewable energy supply equipment includes wind power generators, photovoltaic cells and solar thermal collectors, and the wind power generators and photovoltaic cells directly supply user electrical loads through converters or are connected to adiabatic compressed air In the energy storage system, the solar heat collector heats the heat transfer oil and stores it in the heat storage oil tank.
进一步优选的技术方案，所述绝热压缩空气储能系统包括依次连接的压缩机组、第一换热器组、储气罐、第二换热器组、膨胀器组、高速电机、逆变器；所述第二换热器组输入端通过三通阀分别连接至烟气管道、导热油储罐、高温水储罐以及常温水管道，输出端通过三通阀连接至冷用户或常温水循环设备，第一换热器组用于压缩空气时换热，即回收压缩产生的热量；第二换热器组用于膨胀时换热，用于气体膨胀之前的加热。In a further preferred technical solution, the adiabatic compressed air energy storage system includes a compressor group, a first heat exchanger group, an air storage tank, a second heat exchanger group, an expander group, a high-speed motor, and an inverter connected in sequence; The input end of the second heat exchanger group is respectively connected to the flue gas pipeline, the heat transfer oil storage tank, the high temperature water storage tank and the normal temperature water pipeline through the three-way valve, and the output end is connected to the cooling user or the normal temperature water circulation equipment through the three-way valve. The first heat exchanger group is used for heat exchange when compressing air, that is, recovering the heat generated by compression; the second heat exchanger group is used for heat exchange when expanding, and is used for heating the gas before expansion.
进一步优选的技术方案，含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的工作模式为：A further preferred technical solution, the working mode of the CCHP microgrid structure with compressed air energy storage is:
发电模式一，利用高温烟气加热节流阀的出口空气，高温导热油加热各级膨胀机的出口空气后，通过换热器将余热置换为高温水对负荷供热；Power generation mode 1: use high-temperature flue gas to heat the outlet air of the throttle valve, and high-temperature heat transfer oil to heat the outlet air of the expanders at all levels, and then replace the waste heat with high-temperature water through the heat exchanger to heat the load;
发电模式二，利用高温导热油加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体，并通过换热器9将余热置换为高温水对负荷供热；Power generation mode 2, use high-temperature heat transfer oil to heat the throttle valve and the outlet gas of the expanders at all levels, and replace the waste heat with high-temperature water through the heat exchanger 9 to supply heat to the load;
供热模式，利用回收的压缩热加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体；In the heating mode, the recovered compression heat is used to heat the throttle valve and the outlet gas of the expanders at all stages;
供冷模式，利用常温水加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体，回收冷量(冷水，280K) 供给冷负荷。In the cooling mode, normal temperature water is used to heat the throttle valve and the outlet gas of the expanders at all stages, and the cooling capacity (cold water, 280K) is recovered to supply the cooling load.
一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的运行方法，包括：A method for operating a CCHP microgrid structure with compressed air energy storage, comprising:
步骤(1)：获取下一个调度周期T内的风电、光伏预测输出功率，冷热电负荷需求预测数据；Step (1): Obtain the forecasted output power of wind power and photovoltaics in the next scheduling period T, and the demand forecast data of cooling, heating and power loads;
步骤(2)：设置系统目标函数，包括能源节约率、系统缺电率以及环境效益指标；Step (2): Set the system objective function, including energy saving rate, system power shortage rate and environmental benefit index;
步骤(3)：设置约束条件，包括设备特性的等式条件以及功率、能量范围的不等式约束条件；Step (3): Set constraints, including equality conditions of equipment characteristics and inequality constraints of power and energy range;
步骤(4)：在含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的不同工作模式下，求解步骤(2)及步骤(3)所组成的优化模型，对比优化结果，选择最优模式，设置各个目标权重，求解机组最优出力；Step (4): Under different working modes of the CCHP microgrid structure with compressed air energy storage, solve the optimization model composed of steps (2) and (3), compare the optimization results, select the optimal mode, and set each goal Weight, to solve the optimal output of the unit;
步骤(5)：根据周期T内各个时刻t的风光预测功率、冷热电负荷需求以及步骤(4)中得到的机组出力的规划，计算绝热压缩空气储能系统的出力。Step (5): Calculate the output of the adiabatic compressed air energy storage system according to the predicted power of wind and solar at each time t in the period T, the demand for cooling, heating and electric loads, and the output of the unit obtained in step (4).
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(2)的能源节约率目标表述为：Further preferred technical scheme, the energy saving rate target of described step (2) is expressed as:
其中，T为评估周期，步长为1h；Gsp(t)表示分供系统消耗能源的总量，包括电能折算的能源消耗和燃气能源消耗量两个部分：Among them, T is the evaluation cycle, and the step size is 1h; Gsp (t) represents the total amount of energy consumed by the distribution system, including the energy consumption converted from electric energy and gas energy consumption two parts:
其中，分别是分供系统消耗的电能与热能ηgrid、ηh分别为发电效率、电网传输效率、燃气锅炉制热效率以及换热效率。in, Respectively, the electric energy and heat energy consumed by the sub-supply system ηgrid , ηh are power generation efficiency, grid transmission efficiency, gas boiler heating efficiency and heat exchange efficiency, respectively.
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(2)系统缺电率表述为：Further preferred technical scheme, described step (2) system power shortage rate is expressed as:
其中，Lec(t)为t时刻电负荷需求量；PPV(t)、PWT(t)、PGT(t)、PCAES,out(t)、PCAES,in(t)分别表示t时光伏、风电、燃气发电机、A-CAES的发电量以及A-CAES的耗电量。不同于并网系统，离网型微网只能依靠储能消纳多余电量。因此，当系统发电量超过储能容量时，将产生部分弃风、弃光。Among them, Lec (t) is the electric load demand at time t; PPV (t), PWT (t), PGT (t), PCAES,out (t), PCAES,in (t) represent The power generation of photovoltaic, wind power, gas generator, A-CAES and the power consumption of A-CAES at time t. Unlike grid-connected systems, off-grid microgrids can only rely on energy storage to absorb excess electricity. Therefore, when the power generation of the system exceeds the energy storage capacity, some wind and light will be abandoned.
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(2)环境效益指标表述为：Further preferred technical scheme, described step (2) environmental benefit index is expressed as:
CCCHP＝μfGgas+μeEgrid (4)CCCHP ＝μf Ggas +μe Egrid (4)
其中，μf和μf分别为燃料气体和电网发电的二氧化碳排放系数，Ggas和Egrid分别为消耗的燃气量和从电网吸收的电量。Among them, μf and μf are the carbon dioxide emission coefficients of fuel gas and grid power generation, respectively, and Ggas and Egrid are the gas consumption and the electricity absorbed from the grid, respectively.
则CCHP微网的二氧化碳减排率CERR的最大化可表为：Then the maximization of the carbon dioxide emission reduction rate CERR of the CCHP microgrid can be expressed as:
其中，Csp为分供系统的二氧化碳排放量。Among them, Csp is the carbon dioxide emission of the distribution system.
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(3)A-CAES充放电约束可表为：Further preferred technical solutions, the step (3) A-CAES charge and discharge constraints can be expressed as:
A-CAES放电约束：A-CAES discharge constraints:
0≤PCAES,out(t)≤Ptur,r (6)0≤PCAES,out (t)≤Ptur,r (6)
A-CAES充电约束：A-CAES charging constraints:
0≤PCAES,in(t)≤Pcom,r (7)0≤PCAES,in (t)≤Pcom,r (7)
式中，Pcom,r和Ptur,r分别表示储能和释能的最大功率。In the formula, Pcom,r and Ptur,r represent the maximum power of energy storage and energy release, respectively.
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(3)燃气发电机的出力运行约束：A further preferred technical solution, the output operation constraints of the step (3) gas generator:
αPGT，max≤PGT(t)≤PGT，max (8)αPGT, max ≤PGT (t) ≤ PGT, max (8)
式中，α为机组的起停系数，以避免在负荷率较低时，燃气发电机的效率过低；PGT,max为燃气发电机的额定功率。In the formula, α is the start-stop coefficient of the unit to avoid the low efficiency of the gas generator when the load rate is low;PGT,max is the rated power of the gas generator.
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(3)夏季电制冷比约束：A further preferred technical solution, the step (3) summer electric cooling ratio constraint:
其中，Qec、Qac分别表示电制冷和吸收式制冷。Among them, Qec and Qac represent electric refrigeration and absorption refrigeration respectively.
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(3)A-CAES能量平衡约束：A further preferred technical solution, the step (3) A-CAES energy balance constraints:
A-CAES能量平衡表征一个周期之后，储能的剩余能量偏离初始能量的程度，可表为：The A-CAES energy balance represents the degree to which the remaining energy of the energy storage deviates from the initial energy after one cycle, which can be expressed as:
其中，SOECAES(T)、SOECAES(0)表示周期内A-CAES的初始能量和剩余能量，t时刻A-CAES 能量的表达形式为：Among them, SOECAES (T) and SOECAES (0) represent the initial energy and residual energy of A-CAES in the period, and the expression form of A-CAES energy at time t is:
式中，pstor(t)表示t时刻储气罐的气压；pstor,0、pstor,u和pstor,l分别表示初始气压、储气罐气压上限以及最低工作气压(节流阀出口气压)；Rg为气体常量，287.1J/(kg·K)；T0为环境温度；qcom,i和qtur,i分别为压缩、膨胀时空气的质量流量(kg/s)，Pin和Pout分别为输入、输出功率，Ncom和Ntur分别为压缩、膨胀时级数。In the formula, pstor (t) represents the air pressure of the air storage tank at time t; pstor,0 , pstor,u and pstor,l represent the initial air pressure, the upper limit of the air pressure of the air storage tank and the minimum working air pressure (throttle valve outlet air pressure); Rg is the gas constant, 287.1J/(kg K); T0 is the ambient temperature; qcom,i and qtur,i are the mass flow rate (kg/s) of air during compression and expansion respectively, Pin and Pout are input and output power respectively, Ncom and Ntur are compression and expansion time series respectively.
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：Compared with prior art, the beneficial effect of the present invention is:
(1)将A-CAES与新能源多能互补CCHP微网结合，从流程设计与能量梯级利用的角度，优化A-CAES的结构及其主要工作模式，即通过阀门的开断调节A-CAES膨胀过程回热的热源，从而合理分配CCHP微网内各种品位的能源，极大地提高了CCHP系统能量梯级利用度。(1) Combine A-CAES with new energy multi-energy complementary CCHP micro-grid, optimize the structure and main working mode of A-CAES from the perspective of process design and energy cascade utilization, that is, adjust A-CAES through the opening and closing of valves The heat source recovered during the expansion process can rationally distribute the energy of various grades in the CCHP microgrid, and greatly improve the energy cascade utilization of the CCHP system.
(2)在不同工况下优化系统的工作模式和各主动设备的冷热电输出功率。充分考虑了系统内可再生能源的间歇性和不同品位能量的合理利用，使系统能源节约率与减排率大幅增加，储能SOE偏移量减小，从而有效提高了CCHP系统的节能性、环保性与稳定性。同时，通过对A-CAES冷热电输出(输入)功率的优化，提升了系统消纳可再生能源的能力。(2) Optimize the working mode of the system and the cooling, heating and electrical output power of each active device under different working conditions. Fully considering the intermittence of renewable energy in the system and the reasonable utilization of different grades of energy, the energy saving rate and emission reduction rate of the system have been greatly increased, and the SOE offset of energy storage has been reduced, thus effectively improving the energy saving performance of the CCHP system. Environmental protection and stability. At the same time, by optimizing the output (input) power of A-CAES cooling and heating power, the system's ability to absorb renewable energy is improved.
附图说明Description of drawings
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本申请的进一步理解，本申请的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本申请，并不构成对本申请的不当限定。The accompanying drawings constituting a part of the present application are used to provide further understanding of the present application, and the schematic embodiments and descriptions of the present application are used to explain the present application, and do not constitute improper limitations to the present application.
图1是本发明的含A-CAES的CCHP微网系统结构/能流图；Fig. 1 is the CCHP microgrid system structure/energy flow diagram containing A-CAES of the present invention;
图2是A-CAES结构图；Figure 2 is a structural diagram of A-CAES;
图3(a)-图3(c)是各工况典型负荷下各个工作模式的优化结果对比。Figure 3(a)-Figure 3(c) is a comparison of the optimization results of each working mode under the typical load of each working condition.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
应该指出，以下详细说明都是例示性的，旨在对本申请提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明，本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本申请所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。It should be pointed out that the following detailed description is exemplary and intended to provide further explanation to the present application. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本申请的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合。It should be noted that the terminology used here is only for describing specific implementations, and is not intended to limit the exemplary implementations according to the present application. As used herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the singular is intended to include the plural, and it should also be understood that when the terms "comprising" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they mean There are features, steps, operations, means, components and/or combinations thereof.
在新能源多能互补CCHP微网中，提高可再生能源消纳与节能减排是常见的调度模式，本发明以满足用户热、电需求条件下系统运行过程中能源消耗最少、系统排放最少、可再生能源消纳率最大为目标函数，对含A-CAES的CCHP微网各个主动设备的出力进行调度。In the new energy multi-energy complementary CCHP micro-grid, it is a common scheduling mode to improve the consumption of renewable energy and energy conservation and emission reduction. The invention meets the user's heat and electricity requirements during the system operation with the least energy consumption and the least system emissions. The maximum renewable energy consumption rate is the objective function, and the output of each active device in the CCHP microgrid with A-CAES is scheduled.
本申请的一种典型的实施方式中，如图1所示，一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，包括：燃气发电机组、A-CAES、溴化锂制冷机组、风力发电设备、光伏发电设备、太阳能集热器、储热罐、换热系统等；In a typical implementation of the present application, as shown in Figure 1, a CCHP microgrid structure with compressed air energy storage includes: gas generator set, A-CAES, lithium bromide refrigeration unit, wind power generation equipment, photovoltaic power generation Equipment, solar collectors, heat storage tanks, heat exchange systems, etc.;
燃气发电机组包括燃气发电机、余热回收装置，余热回收装置包括缸套水余热回收和烟气余热回收两个部分，其中烟气余热回收分为两条支路，一条支路通过烟气换热器产生热水供给热负荷，另一条供给A-CAES用于膨胀预热，两条支路通过阀门调节；所述缸套水余热有两条支路，供给热负荷或供给A-CAES用于膨胀预热。The gas generator set includes a gas generator and a waste heat recovery device. The waste heat recovery device includes two parts: jacket water waste heat recovery and flue gas waste heat recovery. The flue gas waste heat recovery is divided into two branches, and one branch passes through the flue gas heat exchange. The heater generates hot water for the heat load, and the other supplies A-CAES for expansion preheating, and the two branches are regulated by valves; the jacket water waste heat has two branches, which are supplied to the heat load or A-CAES for Expansion warm up.
太阳能集热器用于加热导热油，高温导热油储于导热罐，并用于A-CAES膨胀预热或供给热负荷。The solar collector is used to heat the heat conduction oil, and the high temperature heat conduction oil is stored in the heat conduction tank, and is used for A-CAES expansion preheating or supplying heat load.
A-CAES系统包括压缩机组、高压储气罐、膨胀器组、发电机；所述压缩机组为多级压缩，消耗电能(燃气发电机，风电光伏辅助供电)压缩空气，并通过气水换热器回收热能(此处热能为内燃发电机发电之后产生热量，包括烟气余热和缸套水余热)，所回收的热能分为两条支路，一条用于供热，直接提供给用户，另一条储于储热罐用于膨胀预热，两条支路通过三通阀1和三通阀2的开断实现切换。所述膨胀模块为多级膨胀，各级膨胀机前加入气水换热器用于对入口空气预热，通过改变预热的热源实现工作模式的切换与系统能量梯级利用的优化。The A-CAES system includes a compressor unit, a high-pressure gas storage tank, an expander unit, and a generator; the compressor unit is multi-stage compression, consumes electric energy (gas generator, wind power photovoltaic auxiliary power supply) to compress air, and exchanges heat through air and water The heat energy recovered by the device (the heat energy here is the heat generated after the internal combustion generator generates electricity, including the waste heat of the flue gas and the waste heat of the cylinder jacket water), the recovered heat energy is divided into two branches, one is used for heating and directly provided to the user, and the other is used for heating. One is stored in the heat storage tank for expansion and preheating, and the two branches are switched through the opening and closing of three-way valve 1 and three-way valve 2. The expansion module is a multi-stage expansion. Air-water heat exchangers are added before the expansion machines of each stage to preheat the inlet air. By changing the heat source for preheating, the switching of the working mode and the optimization of the cascaded utilization of system energy are realized.
各种模式的切换通过三通阀的开断实现，具体可分为四种模式：The switching of various modes is realized through the opening and closing of the three-way valve, which can be divided into four modes:
1)模式一(发电为主)：该种模式下，三通阀1、2的②、③导通，三通阀3关断，回收的压缩热直接供给负荷；三通阀4、9的②、①导通，三通阀6、10的①、③导通，三通阀5、7的③、②导通，利用高温烟气加热节流阀的出口空气，来自高温储油罐的高温导热油加热各级膨胀机的出口空气后，通过换热器9将余热置换为高温水对CCHP系统的负荷供热。1) Mode 1 (mainly power generation): In this mode, ② and ③ of three-way valves 1 and 2 are turned on, three-way valve 3 is turned off, and the recovered compression heat is directly supplied to the load; three-way valves 4 and 9 ②, ① conduction, ①, ③ of three-way valve 6, 10 conduction, ③, ② of three-way valve 5, 7 conduction, the outlet air of the throttle valve is heated by high-temperature flue gas, and the air from the high-temperature oil storage tank After the high-temperature heat transfer oil heats the outlet air of the expanders at all stages, the waste heat is replaced by high-temperature water through the heat exchanger 9 to supply heat to the load of the CCHP system.
高温导热油加热膨胀机出口空气之后仍有接近150℃的温度，换热器9的作用就是将这一部分热量再回收用于供热。After the high-temperature heat transfer oil heats the outlet air of the expander, the temperature is still close to 150°C. The function of the heat exchanger 9 is to recover this part of heat for heating.
节流阀位于压缩空气储能储气罐的出口位置。高压气体经过节流阀之后，温度低，需要加热。该种模式下，由高温烟气通过气气换热器加热这部分空气。The throttle valve is located at the outlet of the compressed air storage tank. After the high-pressure gas passes through the throttle valve, the temperature is low and needs to be heated. In this mode, the high-temperature flue gas passes through the air-gas heat exchanger to heat this part of the air.
2)模式二(发电为主)：该种模式下，三通阀1、2的②、③导通，三通阀3关断，回收的压缩热直接供给负荷；三通阀4、9的②、①导通，三通阀6、10的①、③导通，三通阀5 的③、①导通，三通阀7的①、②导通，利用高温导热油加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体，并通过换热器9将余热置换为高温水对系统供热。2) Mode 2 (power generation mainly): In this mode, the ② and ③ of the three-way valve 1 and 2 are turned on, the three-way valve 3 is turned off, and the recovered compression heat is directly supplied to the load; the three-way valve 4 and 9 ②, ① conduction, ①, ③ of three-way valve 6, 10 conduction, ③, ① of three-way valve 5 conduction, ①, ② of three-way valve 7 conduction, use high temperature heat transfer oil to heat the throttle valve and The outlet gas of each stage of expander, and through the heat exchanger 9, the waste heat is replaced with high-temperature water to supply heat to the system.
3)模式三(供热为主)：该种模式下，三通阀1、2的②、①导通，三通阀②、③导通，回收的压缩热存储于储热水箱；三通阀4、9的②、③导通，三通阀6、10的②、③导通，利用回收的压缩热加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体。3) Mode 3 (mainly heat supply): In this mode, the ② and ① of the three-way valve 1 and 2 are connected, and the three-way valve ② and ③ are connected, and the recovered compression heat is stored in the hot water storage tank; The ② and ③ of the through valves 4 and 9 are conducted, and the ② and ③ of the three-way valves 6 and 10 are conducted, and the recovered compression heat is used to heat the throttle valve and the outlet gas of the expanders at all stages.
4)模式四(供冷为主)：该种模式下，三通阀1、2的②、③导通，回收的压缩热直接供给负荷；三通阀①、③导通，三通阀4、9的②、③导通，三通阀6、10的②、③导通，利用常温水加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体。三通阀8、11的②、③导通，回收冷量(冷水， 280K)供给冷负荷。4) Mode 4 (mainly for cooling): In this mode, the ② and ③ of the three-way valve 1 and 2 are connected, and the recovered compression heat is directly supplied to the load; the three-way valve ① and ③ are connected, and the three-way valve 4 ②, ③ of 9 are connected, ② and ③ of three-way valve 6 and 10 are connected, and the outlet gas of the throttle valve and the expanders at all levels is heated by normal temperature water. The ② and ③ of the three-way valves 8 and 11 are connected, and the cooling capacity (cold water, 280K) is recovered to supply the cooling load.
一种含A-CAES的新能源多能互补CCHP系统优化运行策略，包括如下步骤：An optimal operation strategy of a new energy multi-energy complementary CCHP system including A-CAES, including the following steps:
步骤(1)：根据历史值预测下一周期数据，获取下一个调度时间段T内的风、光预测数据、冷热电负荷需求预测数据；Step (1): Predict the data of the next period according to the historical value, and obtain the wind and light forecast data and the demand forecast data of cooling, heating and electricity loads in the next dispatching time period T;
步骤(2)：设置目标函数：Step (2): Set the objective function:
能源节约率：能源节约率(Primary Energy Savings Ratio,PESR)，定义为CCHP系统相对分供系统节约的能源与分供系统所消耗的能源之比。以能源节约率的最大化作为优化目标之一，可表为：Energy saving rate: Primary Energy Savings Ratio (PESR), defined as the ratio of the energy saved by the CCHP system relative to the distribution system to the energy consumed by the distribution system. Taking the maximization of energy saving rate as one of the optimization objectives, it can be expressed as:
其中，T为评估周期，步长为1h；GCCHP是CCHP系统消耗的一次能源，Gsp(t)表示分供系统消耗能源的总量，包括电能折算的能源消耗和燃气能源消耗量两个部分：Among them, T is the evaluation period, and the step size is 1h; GCCHP is the primary energy consumed by the CCHP system, and Gsp (t) represents the total amount of energy consumed by the distribution system, including the energy consumption converted from electric energy and gas energy consumption two parts:
其中，分别是分供系统消耗的电能与热能，ηgrid、ηh分别为发电效率、电网传输效率、燃气锅炉制热效率以及换热效率。in, are the electric energy and thermal energy consumed by the distribution system, respectively, ηgrid , ηh are power generation efficiency, grid transmission efficiency, gas boiler heating efficiency and heat exchange efficiency, respectively.
系统安全可靠性指标：系统安全可靠性表征供电系统持续供电的能力，可用缺电率(Loss of Power Supply Probability，LPSP)来衡量，定义为在某一阶段，系统不能满足的负荷需求除以总的负荷需求。负荷缺电率表征CCHP微网的安全可靠性，以其最小化作为系统运行优化的目标之一，可表为：System safety and reliability index: System safety and reliability characterizes the ability of the power supply system to continuously supply power, which can be measured by the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), which is defined as the load demand that the system cannot meet at a certain stage divided by the total load demand. The load shortage rate represents the safety and reliability of the CCHP microgrid, and its minimization is one of the goals of system operation optimization, which can be expressed as:
其中，Lec(t)为t时刻电负荷需求量；PPV(t)、PWT(t)、PGT(t)、PCAES,out(t)、PCAES,in(t)分别表示t时光伏、风电、燃气发电机、A-CAES的发电量以及A-CAES的耗电量。不同于并网系统，离网型微网只能依靠储能消纳多余电量。因此，当系统发电量超过储能容量时，将产生部分弃风、弃光。Among them, Lec (t) is the electric load demand at time t; PPV (t), PWT (t), PGT (t), PCAES,out (t), PCAES,in (t) represent The power generation of photovoltaic, wind power, gas generator, A-CAES and the power consumption of A-CAES at time t. Unlike grid-connected systems, off-grid microgrids can only rely on energy storage to absorb excess electricity. Therefore, when the power generation of the system exceeds the energy storage capacity, some wind and light will be abandoned.
环境效益指标：CCHP微网通过能源的梯级利用大幅减少了燃气的消耗，有助于缓解温室效应。由此，选取二氧化碳减排率(emission reduction ratio,ERR)作为环境评价指标。对于一般系统，排放总量CCCHP可定义为：Environmental benefit indicators: CCHP microgrid greatly reduces gas consumption through energy cascade utilization, which helps to alleviate the greenhouse effect. Therefore, the carbon dioxide emission reduction ratio (ERR) is selected as the environmental evaluation index. For a general system, the total emission CCCHP can be defined as:
CCCHP＝μfGgas+μeEgrid (4)CCCHP ＝μf Ggas +μe Egrid (4)
其中，μf和μf分别为燃料气体和电网发电的二氧化碳排放系数，Ggas和Egrid分别为消耗的燃气量和从电网吸收的电量。则CCHP微网的二氧化碳减排率CERR的最大化可表为：Among them, μf and μf are the carbon dioxide emission coefficients of fuel gas and grid power generation, respectively, and Ggas and Egrid are the gas consumption and the electricity absorbed from the grid, respectively. Then the maximization of the carbon dioxide emission reduction rate CERR of the CCHP microgrid can be expressed as:
其中，Csp为分供系统的二氧化碳排放量。Among them, Csp is the carbon dioxide emission of the distribution system.
步骤(3)：设置约束条件:Step (3): Set constraints:
所述步骤(3)A-CAES充放电约束可表为：The step (3) A-CAES charge and discharge constraints can be expressed as:
A-CAES放电约束：A-CAES discharge constraints:
0≤PCAES,out(t)≤Ptur,r (6)0≤PCAES,out (t)≤Ptur,r (6)
A-CAES充电约束：A-CAES charging constraints:
0≤PCAES,in(t)≤Pcom,r (7)0≤PCAES,in (t)≤Pcom,r (7)
式中，Pcom,r和Ptur,r分别表示储能和释能的最大功率。In the formula, Pcom,r and Ptur,r represent the maximum power of energy storage and energy release, respectively.
所述步骤(3)燃气发电机的出力运行约束：The output operation constraints of the step (3) gas generator:
αPGT，max≤PGT(t)≤PGT，max (8)αPGT, max ≤PGT (t) ≤ PGT, max (8)
式中，α为机组的起停系数，以避免在负荷率较低时，燃气发电机的效率过低；PGT,max为燃气发电机的额定功率。In the formula, α is the start-stop coefficient of the unit to avoid the low efficiency of the gas generator when the load rate is low;PGT,max is the rated power of the gas generator.
所述步骤(3)夏季电制冷比约束：The step (3) summer electric cooling ratio constraints:
其中，Qec、Qac分别表示电制冷和吸收式制冷。Among them, Qec and Qac represent electric refrigeration and absorption refrigeration respectively.
所述步骤(3)A-CAES能量平衡约束：The step (3)A-CAES energy balance constraint:
A-CAES能量平衡表征一个周期之后，储能的剩余能量偏离初始能量的程度，可表为：The A-CAES energy balance represents the degree to which the remaining energy of the energy storage deviates from the initial energy after one cycle, which can be expressed as:
其中，SOECAES(T)、SOECAES(0)表示周期内A-CAES的初始能量和剩余能量。t时刻A-CAES 能量的表达形式为：Among them, SOECAES (T) and SOECAES (0) represent the initial energy and residual energy of A-CAES in the cycle. The expression form of A-CAES energy at time t is:
式中，pstor(t)表示t时刻储气罐的气压；pstor,0、pstor,u和pstor,l分别表示初始气压、储气罐气压上限以及最低工作气压(节流阀出口气压)；Rg为气体常量，287.1J/(kg·K)；T0为环境温度；qcom,i和qtur,i分别为压缩、膨胀时空气的质量流量(kg/s)，Pin和Pout分别为输入、输出功率，Ncom和Ntur分别为压缩、膨胀时级数。In the formula, pstor (t) represents the air pressure of the air storage tank at time t; pstor,0 , pstor,u and pstor,l represent the initial air pressure, the upper limit of the air pressure of the air storage tank and the minimum working air pressure (throttle valve outlet air pressure); Rg is the gas constant, 287.1J/(kg K); T0 is the ambient temperature; qcom,i and qtur,i are the mass flow rate (kg/s) of air during compression and expansion respectively, Pin and Pout are input and output power respectively, Ncom and Ntur are compression and expansion time series respectively.
利用多目标智能算法求解各模式下的优化模型，可得到下一周期内最优工作模式与各个主动设备在周期内的最优出力规划。Using the multi-objective intelligent algorithm to solve the optimization model in each mode, the optimal working mode in the next cycle and the optimal output planning of each active equipment in the cycle can be obtained.
本发明从流程设计与能量梯级利用的角度，优化了含A-CAES的CCHP微网结构及其主要工作模式；相对于单纯的非热电联供CAES系统，相同的储能容量下，该结构可以有效增强系统的热电关联、提高系统能量梯级利用程度。图3(a)-图3(c)所示为各工况(季节)下的优化结果。图3(a)为夏季典型日优化结果，图3(b)冬季典型日优化结果，图3(c)过渡季典型日优化结果，可以看出，不同工况下采用合理的A-CAES工作模式，才是高效利用CCHP 微网中不同品位热能的有效途径。将本发明提出的系统结构及其运行策略的结果与现有方法(文献[Hybrid CCHP system combined with compressed air energy storage[J].International Journal of Energy Research])对比(表1)可见，该运行策略下能源利用率与减排率均有了明显的增加，从而改善了系统的整体性能。From the perspective of process design and energy cascade utilization, the present invention optimizes the CCHP microgrid structure and its main working mode with A-CAES; compared with the simple non-cogeneration CAES system, under the same energy storage capacity, the structure can Effectively enhance the thermoelectric correlation of the system and improve the cascade utilization of system energy. Figure 3(a)-Figure 3(c) show the optimization results under each working condition (season). Figure 3(a) is the optimization result of typical day in summer, Figure 3(b) is the optimization result of typical day in winter, and Figure 3(c) is the optimization result of typical day in transition season. The mode is an effective way to efficiently utilize the heat energy of different grades in the CCHP microgrid. The results of the system structure proposed by the present invention and its operating strategy are compared with existing methods (document [Hybrid CCHP system combined with compressed air energy storage [J]. International Journal of Energy Research]) contrast (Table 1) as seen, the operating strategy The lower energy utilization rate and emission reduction rate have been significantly increased, thereby improving the overall performance of the system.
表1本发明所提优化策略与现有策略的结果对比Table 1 The optimization strategy proposed by the present invention is compared with the results of existing strategies
本发明通过对A-CAES工作模式的优化，实现对系统内不同品位热源的利用，从而增强了系统的热电关联，提高了CCHP微网能量梯级利用能力与可再生能源消纳率。本发明针对所提出的系统结构，设计计及储能SOE的多目标优化运行策略，该策略充分考虑了可再生能源的间歇性与系统内不同品位能量的合理利用，使系统能源节约率与减排率大幅增加。By optimizing the A-CAES working mode, the present invention realizes the utilization of heat sources of different grades in the system, thereby enhancing the thermoelectric correlation of the system, improving the CCHP microgrid energy cascade utilization capacity and renewable energy consumption rate. Aiming at the proposed system structure, the present invention designs a multi-objective optimization operation strategy that takes energy storage SOE into consideration. This strategy fully considers the intermittency of renewable energy and the rational utilization of different grades of energy in the system, so that the system energy saving rate and reduction The discharge rate has increased significantly.
以上所述仅为本申请的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。The above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present application, and are not intended to limit the present application. For those skilled in the art, there may be various modifications and changes in the present application. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of this application shall be included within the protection scope of this application.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810388019.6ACN108625988B (en) | 2018-04-26 | 2018-04-26 | CCHP micro-grid structure containing compressed air energy storage and operation method thereof |
| PCT/CN2018/113712WO2019205561A1 (en) | 2018-04-26 | 2018-11-02 | Cchp micro-grid structure including compressed air energy storage and operation method therefor |
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
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| CN201810388019.6AActiveCN108625988B (en) | 2018-04-26 | 2018-04-26 | CCHP micro-grid structure containing compressed air energy storage and operation method thereof |
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| WO (1) | WO2019205561A1 (en) |
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| CN116291986B (en)* | 2023-01-04 | 2024-07-05 | 北京理工大学 | Combined heat and power system for cold start of diesel engine |
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