技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种灌溉系统，具体涉及一种植被生态高效用水智能化精准调配系统。The invention relates to an irrigation system, in particular to an intelligent and precise allocation system for vegetation ecologically efficient water use.
背景技术Background technique
公告号为CN104351020A的中国发明专利，公开了“基于图像采集的农田自动灌溉系统”。其通过采集农田图像，并与已有的干旱程度对照表比较，判断作物的需水情况。这种方法在一定程度上可以节约水资源并保证植被的合理灌溉。此外，还有通过使用湿度传感器实时检测土壤含水量来控制灌溉水量。但是，现有的灌溉系统无法根据实际情况，实时动态地监测植被生态需水状况，灌溉方式粗放、浪费水资源、且不利于植被生长。The Chinese invention patent whose notification number is CN104351020A discloses "an automatic irrigation system for farmland based on image acquisition". It judges the water demand of crops by collecting farmland images and comparing them with the existing drought degree comparison table. This method can save water resources and ensure reasonable irrigation of vegetation to a certain extent. In addition, there is also the control of irrigation water by using humidity sensors to detect soil moisture in real time. However, the existing irrigation system cannot monitor the ecological water demand of vegetation in real time and dynamically according to the actual situation. The irrigation method is extensive, wastes water resources, and is not conducive to vegetation growth.
发明内容Contents of the invention
发明目的：本发明目的在于针对现有技术的不足，提供一种植被生态高效用水智能化精准调配系统。本发明能够实时动态地监测植被生态需水状况并选择合理的灌溉方式，节约了水资源且有利于植被生长。Purpose of the invention: The purpose of the invention is to provide an intelligent and precise allocation system for ecologically efficient water use for vegetation in view of the deficiencies in the prior art. The invention can dynamically monitor the ecological water demand of vegetation in real time and select a reasonable irrigation mode, which saves water resources and is beneficial to vegetation growth.
技术方案：本发明所述的植被生态高效用水智能化精准调配系统，包括立体感知装置、决策与服务装置、灌溉装置，还包括中央控制装置；Technical solution: The intelligent and precise deployment system for vegetation ecologically efficient water use according to the present invention includes a three-dimensional sensing device, a decision-making and service device, an irrigation device, and a central control device;
所述立体感知装置用于采集土壤、植被、气象和植被现场硬件信息，所述中央控制装置用于计算植被生态需水量，所述决策与服务装置用于制定灌溉方案，所述灌溉装置用于执行灌溉指令；The stereoscopic sensing device is used to collect soil, vegetation, weather and vegetation field hardware information, the central control device is used to calculate the ecological water demand of vegetation, the decision-making and service device is used to formulate irrigation schemes, and the irrigation device is used to Execute irrigation instructions;
所述立体感知装置将采集的信息传输给中央控制装置计算得出植被生态需水量，所述中央控制装置将植被生态需水量再传输给决策与服务装置制定灌溉方案，所述决策与服务装置将灌溉方案传输给灌溉装置执行灌溉指令。The stereoscopic sensing device transmits the collected information to the central control device to calculate the ecological water demand of the vegetation, and the central control device transmits the ecological water demand of the vegetation to the decision-making and service device to formulate an irrigation plan, and the decision-making and service device will The irrigation program is transmitted to the irrigation device to execute irrigation instructions.
进一步地，所述立体感知装置包括土壤传感器、植被传感器、气象传感器、监控设施、模数转换器和无线数据传输设备；Further, the stereoscopic sensing device includes soil sensors, vegetation sensors, meteorological sensors, monitoring facilities, analog-to-digital converters and wireless data transmission equipment;
所述土壤传感器用于测量土壤水分，所述植被传感器用于测量植被水分和长势，所述气象传感器用于测量光照、气温、湿度、风速和雨量，所述监控设施用于采集植被、各种硬件设备和灌溉设施的实时图像，所述模数转换器用于将土壤传感器、植被传感器、气象传感器、监控设施采集的模拟信号转化成数字信号，所述无线数据传输设备用于将处理后的数字信号传输给中央控制装置；The soil sensor is used to measure soil moisture, the vegetation sensor is used to measure vegetation moisture and growth, the meteorological sensor is used to measure light, air temperature, humidity, wind speed and rainfall, and the monitoring facility is used to collect vegetation, various Real-time images of hardware equipment and irrigation facilities, the analog-to-digital converter is used to convert the analog signals collected by soil sensors, vegetation sensors, meteorological sensors, and monitoring facilities into digital signals, and the wireless data transmission equipment is used to convert the processed digital The signal is transmitted to the central control device;
所述土壤传感器、植被传感器、气象传感器和监控设施将采集的信息传输给模数转化器进行处理，所述模数转化器再将处理后的数据通过无线数据传输设备传输给中央控制装置。The soil sensor, vegetation sensor, meteorological sensor and monitoring facility transmit the collected information to the analog-to-digital converter for processing, and the analog-to-digital converter transmits the processed data to the central control device through the wireless data transmission device.
进一步地，所述中央控制装置包括无线数据接收设备、中央计算机、植被生态需水计算平台；Further, the central control device includes wireless data receiving equipment, a central computer, and a vegetation ecological water demand computing platform;
所述无线数据接收设备用于接收立体感知装置传输的数据，然后将数据传输给中央计算机和植被生态需水计算平台计算出植被生态需水量。The wireless data receiving device is used to receive the data transmitted by the stereoscopic perception device, and then transmit the data to the central computer and the vegetation ecological water demand calculation platform to calculate the vegetation ecological water demand.
进一步地，所述植被生态需水计算平台包括4个计算模块，分别为面积定额法模块、潜水蒸发法模块、植被蒸散发法模块和水量平衡法模块。Further, the vegetation ecological water demand calculation platform includes four calculation modules, namely an area quota method module, a submerged evaporation method module, a vegetation evapotranspiration method module and a water balance method module.
进一步地，所述面积定额法以某一地区某一类型植被的面积乘以其生态需水定额计算得到该种植被的生态需水量，该地区各种植被生态需水量之和即为该地区生态需水总量；此方法适用于基础工作较好的地区与植被类型，如防风固沙林、人工绿洲等生态需水的计算；计算公式为：Further, the area quota method calculates the ecological water demand of the vegetation by multiplying the area of a certain type of vegetation in a certain area by its ecological water demand quota, and the sum of the ecological water demand of various vegetation in the area is the ecological water demand of the area. The total amount of water demand; this method is suitable for the calculation of ecological water demand in areas with good foundation work and vegetation types, such as windbreak and sand-fixing forests, artificial oases, etc.; the calculation formula is:
W＝∑Wi＝ΣAiri；W＝∑Wi ＝ΣAi ri ;
其中，W为植被生态需水总量(m3)，Wi为植被类型i的生态需水量(m3)，Ai为植被类型i的面积(m2)，A通过实际测量得到；ri为植被类型i的生态需水定额(m3/m2)，r＝KcKSPE0，PE0为由气候条件决定的潜在蒸散量，通常由彭曼公式计算；Kc为植物系数，是植物最大实测需水量与最大可能蒸散量的比值，其值的大小与植物种类、林龄、和生长季节的环境状况等有关，常通过试验取得；Ks为土壤水分修正系数，与土壤质地及土壤含水量有关；Ks＝ln[(S-Sw)/(Sc-Sw)×100+1]/ln101，S为土壤实际含水量；Sw为土壤凋萎含水量；Sc为土壤临界含水量。Among them, W is the total ecological water demand of vegetation (m3 ), Wi is the ecological water demand of vegetation type i (m3 ), Ai is the area of vegetation type i (m2 ), and A is obtained by actual measurement; ri is the ecological water requirement quota of vegetation type i (m3 /m2 ), r=Kc KS PE0 , PE0 is the potential evapotranspiration determined by climate conditions, usually calculated by Penman formula; Kc is the plant The coefficient is the ratio of the maximum measured water demand of plants to the maximum possible evapotranspiration, and its value is related to plant species, forest age, and environmental conditions in the growing season, etc., and is often obtained through experiments; Ks is the soil moisture correction coefficient, which is related to Soil texture is related to soil water content; Ks =ln[(SSw )/(Sc -Sw )×100+1]/ln101, S is the actual soil water content; Sw is the soil withering water content; Sc is the critical water content of the soil.
进一步地，所述潜水蒸发法根据潜水蒸发量的计算来间接计算生态需水量，即某一植被类型在某一地下水位的面积乘以该地下水位的潜水蒸发量与植被系数，得到该面积下该植被生态需水量，各种植被生态需水量之和即为该地区植被生态需水总量；该方法适用于干旱区植被生存主要依赖于地下水的区域；计算公式为：Further, the phreatic evaporation method indirectly calculates the ecological water demand based on the calculation of phreatic evaporation, that is, the area of a certain vegetation type at a certain groundwater level is multiplied by the phreatic evaporation of the groundwater level and the vegetation coefficient to obtain The ecological water demand of the vegetation, the sum of the ecological water demand of various vegetation is the total ecological water demand of the vegetation in this area; this method is applicable to the area where the survival of vegetation in arid areas mainly depends on groundwater; the calculation formula is:
W＝∑Wi＝ΣAiWgKc；W＝∑Wi ＝ΣAi Wg Kc ;
Wgi＝a(1-hi/hmax)bE601；Wgi = a(1-hi /hmax )b E601 ;
W为植被生态需水总量(m3)；Wi为植被类型i的生态需水量(m3)；Ai为植被类型i的面积(m2)；Wgi为植被类型i所处某一地下水埋深时的潜水蒸发量(m3)；Kc为植被系数，是有植被地段的潜水蒸发量与无植被地段的潜水蒸发量之比值，常由试验确定；a、b为经验系数；hi为地下水位的埋深(mm)；hmax为潜水蒸发极限埋深(mm)；E601为601型蒸发皿水面蒸发量(m3)。W is the total ecological water requirement of vegetation (m3 ); Wi is the ecological water requirement of vegetation type i (m3 ); Ai is the area of vegetation type i (m2 ); Wgi is the location of vegetation type i 1. The phreatic evaporation when the groundwater is buried deep (m3 ); Kc is the vegetation coefficient, which is the ratio of the phreatic evaporation of the vegetation section to the phreatic evaporation of the non-vegetation section, which is often determined by experiments; a and b are empirical coefficients ; hi is the buried depth of the groundwater table (mm); hmax is the buried depth of the submerged evaporation limit (mm); E601 is the water surface evaporation of the 601 type evaporating pan (m3 ).
进一步地，所述植被蒸散发法通过计算植被的蒸散发耗水量来确定植被的生态需水量；一般使用改进后的彭曼公式法计算植被的蒸散发耗水量；Further, the vegetation evapotranspiration method determines the ecological water demand of vegetation by calculating the evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation; generally, the improved Penman formula method is used to calculate the evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation;
潜在蒸散发计算公式：ET0＝C[WRn+(1-W)f(u)(Ea-Ed)]；Potential evapotranspiration calculation formula: ET0 ＝C[WRn +(1-W)f(u)(Ea -Ed )];
其中，ET0为潜在蒸发量(mm/d)；W为与温度有关的权重系数；C为补偿白天与夜晚天气条件所起作用的修正系数；Rn为按等效蒸发量计算得到的净辐射量(mm/d)；f(u)是与风速u有关的函数；Ea-Ed为在平均气温中，空气的饱和水汽压Ea与实际平均水汽压Ed之差值(mb)；Among them, ET0 is the potential evaporation (mm/d); W is the weight coefficient related to temperature; Cis the correction coefficient for compensating day and night weather conditions; Radiation amount (mm/d); f(u) is a function related to wind speed u; Ea -Ed is the difference between the saturated water vapor pressure Ea of the air and the actual average water vapor pressure Ed in the average temperature (mb );
实际需水量的计算公式：ET＝ET0KEf(s)；The calculation formula of actual water demand: ET＝ET0 KE f(s);
其中，ET为植物实际需水量(mm/d)；KE为植物系数，随植物种类、生长发育阶段而异，生长初期和末期较小，中期较大，接近或大于1.0，一般通过试验取得；f(s)为土壤影响因素，在非充分灌溉条件下或水分不足时，f(s)主要反映土壤水分状况对植物蒸腾量的影响；Among them, ET is the actual water demand of plants (mm/d); KE is the plant coefficient, which varies with plant species and growth and development stages. It is smaller in the early and late stages of growth, larger in the middle stage, close to or greater than 1.0, and is generally obtained through experiments. ; f(s) is the soil influence factor, under the condition of non-full irrigation or insufficient water, f(s) mainly reflects the influence of soil moisture status on plant transpiration;
当θ≥θq时，f(s)＝1；Whenθ≥θq , f(s)=1;
当θ0≤θ＜θq时，f(s)＝ln(1+θ)/ln101；When θ0 ≤ θ<θq , f(s)=ln(1+θ)/ln101;
当θ＜θ0时，f(s)＝α·exp(θ-θ0)/θ0；When θ<θ0 , f(s)=α·exp(θ-θ0 )/θ0 ;
α为经验系数，一般取0.8-0.95；θ为实际平均土壤含水率；θq为土壤水分适宜含水率；θ0为土壤水分胁迫临界含水率，为与植物永久凋萎系数相对应的土壤含水率。α is the empirical coefficient, generally 0.8-0.95; θ is the actual average soil moisture content; θq is the suitable moisture content of soil moisture; θ0 is the critical moisture content of soil water stress, which is the soil moisture corresponding to the permanent wilting coefficient of plants Rate.
进一步地，所述水量平衡法把植被生态系统视为植被—土壤综合系统，对该系统列水量平衡方程，求出一个时段植被的蒸散量，用植被蒸散量加上时段末土壤含水量作为此时段植被生态需水量，适合于完整流域的生态环境需水计算；计算公式为：Further, the water balance method regards the vegetation ecosystem as a vegetation-soil comprehensive system, and lists the water balance equation for the system to obtain the evapotranspiration of vegetation in a period, and use the vegetation evapotranspiration plus the soil water content at the end of the period as this The ecological water demand of vegetation in time period is suitable for the calculation of ecological environment water demand in a complete watershed; the calculation formula is:
Et+(Wt+1-Wt)＝(P+C)-(R+D)；Et +(Wt+1 -Wt )=(P+C)-(R+D);
其中，Ec为t到t+1时刻时段植被蒸散量，由植被传感器获得；P为降雨量，由气象传感器获得；C为地下水补给量，由水文部门获得；R为地表径流量，由水文部门获得；D为土壤水渗漏量，由土壤传感器获得；Wt为t时刻土壤含水量，由土壤传感器获得；Wt+1为t+1时刻土壤含水量，由土壤传感器获得；以上各量的单位为mm；其中，在地下水埋深较大时，C和D可以忽略不计。Among them, Ec is the vegetation evapotranspiration from t to t+1, which is obtained by the vegetation sensor; P is the rainfall, which is obtained by the meteorological sensor; C is the groundwater recharge, which is obtained by the hydrological department; R is the surface runoff, which is obtained by the hydrological department D is the amount of soil water leakage, which is obtained by the soil sensor; Wt is the soil water content at time t, which is obtained by the soil sensor; Wt+1 is the soil water content at time t+1, which is obtained by the soil sensor; The unit of the quantity is mm; among them, when the buried depth of groundwater is large, C and D can be ignored.
进一步地，所述决策与服务装置包括无线数据接收设备、灌溉方案选择模块和智能控制终端；Further, the decision-making and service device includes a wireless data receiving device, an irrigation scheme selection module and an intelligent control terminal;
所述无线数据接收设备用于接收中央控制装置传输的植被需水量信息，所述灌溉方案选择模块用于选择灌溉方案，所述智能控制终端用于实时查看植被现场信息，并向灌溉装置发送灌溉指令；The wireless data receiving device is used to receive the vegetation water demand information transmitted by the central control device, the irrigation scheme selection module is used to select the irrigation scheme, and the intelligent control terminal is used to check the vegetation site information in real time and send irrigation water to the irrigation device. instruction;
所述无线数据接收设备将从中央控制装置接收的信息传输给灌溉方案选择模块制定灌溉方案，所述灌溉方案选择模块再将灌溉方案传输给智能控制终端，所述智能控制终端给灌溉装置发送灌溉指令。The wireless data receiving device transmits the information received from the central control device to the irrigation scheme selection module to formulate an irrigation scheme, and the irrigation scheme selection module then transmits the irrigation scheme to the intelligent control terminal, and the intelligent control terminal sends the irrigation scheme to the irrigation device. instruction.
进一步地，所述灌溉装置包括解码器、电磁阀和灌溉设施；Further, the irrigation device includes a decoder, a solenoid valve and irrigation facilities;
所述解码器连接电磁阀，电磁阀连接灌溉设施；The decoder is connected to a solenoid valve, and the solenoid valve is connected to irrigation facilities;
所述解码器用于接收和反馈智能控制终端传输的运行指令，所述电磁阀用于控制灌溉阀门的开闭，所述灌溉设施用于实现植被的灌溉。The decoder is used to receive and feed back the operating instructions transmitted by the intelligent control terminal, the solenoid valve is used to control the opening and closing of the irrigation valve, and the irrigation facility is used to realize the irrigation of vegetation.
有益效果：(1)本发明可以根据土壤、气候和植被实时状态，计算出植被生态需水量，并实现远程监测植被需水情况、智能选择灌溉方案、自动进行植被灌溉。Beneficial effects: (1) The present invention can calculate the ecological water demand of vegetation according to the real-time status of soil, climate and vegetation, and realize remote monitoring of vegetation water demand, intelligent selection of irrigation schemes, and automatic vegetation irrigation.
(2)本发明包括4个植被生态需水计算模块，可以适用于不同植被类型、区域气象、土壤、水文地质和生态条件的植被生态需水计算；可以根据灌区实际情况和植被类型，选择合适的灌溉方式，并可以远程智能选择灌溉方案，精准确定灌溉时间和灌溉量。本发明符合植被需水规律，既有利于植被生长，又避免了水资源的浪费。(2) The present invention includes 4 vegetation ecological water demand calculation modules, which can be applicable to the calculation of vegetation ecological water demand of different vegetation types, regional meteorology, soil, hydrogeology and ecological conditions; according to the actual situation of the irrigation area and the vegetation type, a suitable The irrigation method can be selected remotely and intelligently, and the irrigation time and irrigation amount can be accurately determined. The invention conforms to the law of vegetation water demand, is beneficial to vegetation growth, and avoids waste of water resources.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明所述的植被生态高效用水智能化精准调配系统的整体框图；Fig. 1 is the overall block diagram of the vegetation ecological efficient water intelligent precise allocation system of the present invention;
图2为立体感知装置的结构框图；Fig. 2 is a structural block diagram of a stereoscopic perception device;
图3为中央控制装置的结构框图；Fig. 3 is the structural block diagram of central control device;
图4为决策与服务装置的结构框图；Fig. 4 is a structural block diagram of a decision-making and service device;
图5为灌溉装置的结构框图。Fig. 5 is a structural block diagram of the irrigation device.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面通过附图对本发明技术方案进行详细说明，但是本发明的保护范围不局限于所述实施例。The technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments.
实施例1：一种植被生态高效用水智能化精准调配系统，如图1所示，其包括立体感知装置、中央控制装置、决策与服务装置和灌溉装置。立体感知装置用于实时监测土壤、植被、气象和硬件信息，并传输给中央控制装置；中央控制装置用于计算植被生态需水量，并传输给决策与服务装置；决策与服务装置用于制定灌溉方案，并向灌溉装置发送控制指令；灌溉装置用于接收决策与服务装置的指令并自动灌溉。Embodiment 1: An intelligent and precise allocation system for vegetation ecologically efficient water use, as shown in Figure 1, which includes a stereoscopic perception device, a central control device, a decision-making and service device, and an irrigation device. The stereoscopic sensing device is used to monitor soil, vegetation, weather and hardware information in real time, and transmits to the central control device; the central control device is used to calculate the ecological water demand of vegetation, and transmits to the decision-making and service device; the decision-making and service device is used to formulate irrigation program, and send control instructions to the irrigation device; the irrigation device is used to receive instructions from the decision-making and service device and automatically irrigate.
如图2所示，立体感知装置包括土壤传感器、植被传感器、气象传感器、监控设施、模数转换器和无线数据传输设备。所述土壤传感器用于测量土壤水分，所述植被传感器用于测量植被水分和长势，所述气象传感器用于测量光照、气温、湿度、风速和雨量，所述监控设施用于采集植被、各种硬件设备和灌溉设施的实时图像，所述模数转化器用于将各类传感器采集到的电流模拟信号转换为数字信号，并通过无线数据传输设备传输至中央控制装置。As shown in Figure 2, the stereoscopic perception device includes soil sensors, vegetation sensors, weather sensors, monitoring facilities, analog-to-digital converters and wireless data transmission equipment. The soil sensor is used to measure soil moisture, the vegetation sensor is used to measure vegetation moisture and growth, the meteorological sensor is used to measure light, air temperature, humidity, wind speed and rainfall, and the monitoring facility is used to collect vegetation, various Real-time images of hardware equipment and irrigation facilities. The analog-to-digital converter is used to convert current analog signals collected by various sensors into digital signals, and transmit them to the central control device through wireless data transmission equipment.
如图3所示，中央控制装置包括无线数据接收设备、中央计算机和植被生态需水计算平台。所述无线数据接收设备用于接收立体感知装置传输的信息，再将信息传输给中央计算机和植被生态需水计算平台计算出植被生态需水量。As shown in Figure 3, the central control device includes wireless data receiving equipment, a central computer and a vegetation ecological water demand computing platform. The wireless data receiving device is used to receive the information transmitted by the stereoscopic perception device, and then transmit the information to the central computer and the vegetation ecological water demand calculation platform to calculate the vegetation ecological water demand.
植被生态需水计算平台包含了目前针对不同植被类型、区域气象、土壤、水文地质和生态条件的4个植被生态需水计算模块，分别为面积定额法模块、潜水蒸发法模块、植被蒸散发法模块和水量平衡法模块。The vegetation ecological water demand calculation platform includes four vegetation ecological water demand calculation modules for different vegetation types, regional meteorology, soil, hydrogeology and ecological conditions, namely the area quota method module, submerged evaporation method module, and vegetation evapotranspiration method. Module and Water Balance Method Module.
所述面积定额法以某一地区某一类型植被的面积乘以其生态需水定额计算得到该种植被的生态需水量，该地区各种植被生态需水量之和即为该地区生态需水总量；此方法适用于基础工作较好的地区与植被类型，如防风固沙林、人工绿洲等生态需水的计算；计算公式为：The area quota method calculates the ecological water demand of the vegetation by multiplying the area of a certain type of vegetation in a certain area by its ecological water demand quota, and the sum of the ecological water demand of various vegetation in the area is the total ecological water demand of the area. This method is suitable for the calculation of ecological water demand in areas with good foundation work and vegetation types, such as windbreak and sand-fixing forests, artificial oases, etc. The calculation formula is:
W＝∑Wi＝∑Airi；W=∑Wi ＝∑Ai ri ;
其中，W为植被生态需水总量(m3)，Wi为植被类型i的生态需水量(m3)，Ai为植被类型i的面积(m2)，A通过实际测量得到；ri为植被类型i的生态需水定额(m3/m2)，r＝KcKSPE0，PE0为由气候条件决定的潜在蒸散量，通常由彭曼公式计算；Kc为植物系数，是植物最大实测需水量与最大可能蒸散量的比值，其值的大小与植物种类、林龄、和生长季节的环境状况等有关，常通过试验取得；Ks为土壤水分修正系数，与土壤质地及土壤含水量有关；Ks＝ln[(S-Sw)/(Sc-Sw)×100+1]/ln101，S为土壤实际含水量；Sw为土壤凋萎含水量；Sc为土壤临界含水量。Among them, W is the total ecological water demand of vegetation (m3 ), Wi is the ecological water demand of vegetation type i (m3 ), Ai is the area of vegetation type i (m2 ), and A is obtained by actual measurement; ri is the ecological water requirement quota of vegetation type i (m3 /m2 ), r=Kc KS PE0 , PE0 is the potential evapotranspiration determined by climate conditions, usually calculated by Penman formula; Kc is the plant The coefficient is the ratio of the maximum measured water demand of plants to the maximum possible evapotranspiration, and its value is related to plant species, forest age, and environmental conditions in the growing season, etc., and is often obtained through experiments; Ks is the soil moisture correction coefficient, which is related to Soil texture is related to soil water content; Ks =ln[(SSw )/(Sc -Sw )×100+1]/ln101, S is the actual soil water content; Sw is the soil withering water content; Sc is the critical water content of the soil.
所述潜水蒸发法根据潜水蒸发量的计算来间接计算生态需水量，即某一植被类型在某一地下水位的面积乘以该地下水位的潜水蒸发量与植被系数，得到该面积下该植被生态需水量，各种植被生态需水量之和即为该地区植被生态需水总量；该方法适用于干旱区植被生存主要依赖于地下水的区域；计算公式为：The phreatic evaporation method indirectly calculates the ecological water demand according to the calculation of the phreatic evaporation, that is, the area of a certain vegetation type at a certain groundwater level is multiplied by the phreatic evaporation of the groundwater level and the vegetation coefficient to obtain the ecological water demand of the vegetation under the area. Water demand, the sum of the ecological water demand of various vegetation is the total ecological water demand of vegetation in this area; this method is applicable to the area where the survival of vegetation in arid areas mainly depends on groundwater; the calculation formula is:
W＝∑Wi＝∑AiWgiKc；W = ΣWi = ΣAi Wgi Kc ;
Wgi＝a(1-hi/hmax)bE601；Wgi = a(1-hi /hmax )b E601 ;
W为植被生态需水总量(m3)；Wi为植被类型i的生态需水量(m3)；Ai为植被类型i的面积(m2)；Wgi为植被类型i所处某一地下水埋深时的潜水蒸发量(m3)；Kc为植被系数，是有植被地段的潜水蒸发量与无植被地段的潜水蒸发量之比值，常由试验确定；a、b为经验系数；hi为地下水位的埋深(mm)；hmax为潜水蒸发极限埋深(mm)；E601为601型蒸发皿水面蒸发量(m3)。W is the total ecological water requirement of vegetation (m3 ); Wi is the ecological water requirement of vegetation type i (m3 ); Ai is the area of vegetation type i (m2 ); Wgi is the location of vegetation type i 1. The phreatic evaporation when the groundwater is buried deep (m3 ); Kc is the vegetation coefficient, which is the ratio of the phreatic evaporation of the vegetation section to the phreatic evaporation of the non-vegetation section, which is often determined by experiments; a and b are empirical coefficients ; hi is the buried depth of the groundwater table (mm); hmax is the buried depth of the submerged evaporation limit (mm); E601 is the water surface evaporation of the 601 type evaporating pan (m3 ).
所述植被蒸散发法通过计算植被的蒸散发耗水量来确定植被的生态需水量；一般使用改进后的彭曼公式法计算植被的蒸散发耗水量；The vegetation evapotranspiration method determines the ecological water demand of vegetation by calculating the evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation; generally uses the improved Penman formula method to calculate the evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation;
潜在蒸散发计算公式：ET0＝C[WRn+(1-W)f(u)(Ea-Ed)]；Potential evapotranspiration calculation formula: ET0 ＝C[WRn +(1-W)f(u)(Ea -Ed )];
其中，ET0为潜在蒸发量(mm/d)；W为与温度有关的权重系数；C为补偿白天与夜晚天气条件所起作用的修正系数；Rn为按等效蒸发量计算得到的净辐射量(mm/d)；f(u)是与风速u有关的函数；Ea-Ed为在平均气温中，空气的饱和水汽压Ea与实际平均水汽压Ed之差值(mb)；Among them, ET0 is the potential evaporation (mm/d); W is the weight coefficient related to temperature; Cis the correction coefficient for compensating day and night weather conditions; Radiation amount (mm/d); f(u) is a function related to wind speed u; Ea -Ed is the difference between the saturated water vapor pressure Ea of the air and the actual average water vapor pressure Ed in the average temperature (mb );
实际需水量的计算公式：ET＝ET0KEf(s)；The calculation formula of actual water demand: ET＝ET0 KE f(s);
其中，ET为植物实际需水量(mm/d)；KE为植物系数，随植物种类、生长发育阶段而异，生长初期和末期较小，中期较大，接近或大于1.0，一般通过试验取得；f(s)为土壤影响因素，在非充分灌溉条件下或水分不足时，f(s)主要反映土壤水分状况对植物蒸腾量的影响；Among them, ET is the actual water demand of plants (mm/d); KE is the plant coefficient, which varies with plant species and growth and development stages. It is smaller in the early and late stages of growth, larger in the middle stage, close to or greater than 1.0, and is generally obtained through experiments. ; f(s) is the soil influence factor, under the condition of non-full irrigation or insufficient water, f(s) mainly reflects the influence of soil moisture status on plant transpiration;
当θ≥θq时，f(s)＝1；Whenθ≥θq , f(s)=1;
当θ0≤θ＜θq时，f(s)＝ln(1+θ)/ln101；When θ0 ≤ θ<θq , f(s)=ln(1+θ)/ln101;
当θ＜θ0时，f(s)＝α·exp(θ-θ0)/θ0；When θ<θ0 , f(s)=α·exp(θ-θ0 )/θ0 ;
α为经验系数，一般取0.8-0.95；θ为实际平均土壤含水率；θq为土壤水分适宜含水率；θ0为土壤水分胁迫临界含水率，为与植物永久凋萎系数相对应的土壤含水率。α is the empirical coefficient, generally 0.8-0.95; θ is the actual average soil moisture content; θq is the suitable moisture content of soil moisture; θ0 is the critical moisture content of soil water stress, which is the soil moisture corresponding to the permanent wilting coefficient of plants Rate.
所述水量平衡法把植被生态系统视为植被—土壤综合系统，对该系统列水量平衡方程，求出一个时段植被的蒸散量，用植被蒸散量加上时段末土壤含水量作为此时段植被生态需水量，适合于完整流域的生态环境需水计算；计算公式为：Described water balance method regards vegetation ecosystem as vegetation-soil comprehensive system, lists the water balance equation to this system, obtains the evapotranspiration of vegetation in a period, adds the soil water content at the end of the period with vegetation evapotranspiration as the vegetation ecology of this period. The water demand is suitable for the calculation of the ecological environment water demand of the complete watershed; the calculation formula is:
Et+(Wt+1-Wt)＝(P+C)-(R+D)；Et +(Wt+1 -Wt )=(P+C)-(R+D);
其中，Ec为t到t+1时刻时段植被蒸散量，由植被传感器获得；P为降雨量，由气象传感器获得；C为地下水补给量，由水文部门获得；R为地表径流量，由水文部门获得；D为土壤水渗漏量，由土壤传感器获得；Wt为t时刻土壤含水量，由土壤传感器获得；Wt+1为t+1时刻土壤含水量，由土壤传感器获得；以上各量的单位为mm；其中，在地下水埋深较大时，C和D可以忽略不计。Among them, Ec is the vegetation evapotranspiration from t to t+1, which is obtained by the vegetation sensor; P is the rainfall, which is obtained by the meteorological sensor; C is the groundwater recharge, which is obtained by the hydrological department; R is the surface runoff, which is obtained by the hydrological department D is the amount of soil water leakage, which is obtained by the soil sensor; Wt is the soil water content at time t, which is obtained by the soil sensor; Wt+1 is the soil water content at time t+1, which is obtained by the soil sensor; The unit of the quantity is mm; among them, when the buried depth of groundwater is large, C and D can be ignored.
如图4所示，决策与服务装置包括无线数据接收设备、灌溉方案选择模块和智能控制终端。所述无线数据接收设备用于接收中央控制装置发送的植被生态需水量信息；所述灌溉方案选择模块用于根据植被生态需水量选择科学合理的灌溉方案；所述智能控制终端用于实时查看立体感知装置传输的土壤、植被、气象和各种现场设施的图像信息，并向灌溉装置发送控制指令。As shown in Figure 4, the decision-making and service device includes wireless data receiving equipment, irrigation scheme selection module and intelligent control terminal. The wireless data receiving device is used to receive the vegetation ecological water demand information sent by the central control device; the irrigation scheme selection module is used to select a scientific and reasonable irrigation scheme according to the vegetation ecological water demand; the intelligent control terminal is used to view the three-dimensional The image information of soil, vegetation, weather and various on-site facilities transmitted by the perception device, and send control instructions to the irrigation device.
如图5所示，灌溉装置包括解码器、电磁阀和灌溉设施。所述解码器用于接收和反馈智能控制终端发来的运行程序指令；所述电磁阀可以接收解码器传输的指令，控制植被灌溉阀门的开闭；所述灌溉设施用于实现植被的灌溉。灌溉方式可以根据灌区实际情况和植被类型，选择合适的灌溉方式，如喷灌、微灌、滴灌和渗灌等。As shown in Figure 5, the irrigation device includes a decoder, a solenoid valve and irrigation facilities. The decoder is used to receive and feed back the operation program instructions sent by the intelligent control terminal; the solenoid valve can receive the instructions transmitted by the decoder to control the opening and closing of the vegetation irrigation valve; the irrigation facilities are used to realize the irrigation of vegetation. The irrigation method can be selected according to the actual situation of the irrigation area and the type of vegetation, such as sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation, drip irrigation and infiltration irrigation.
如上所述，尽管参照特定的优选实施例已经表示和表述了本发明，但其不得解释为对本发明自身的限制。在不脱离所附权利要求定义的本发明的精神和范围前提下，可对其在形式上和细节上作出各种变化。As stated above, while the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, this should not be construed as limiting the invention itself. Various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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| CN201710546212.3ACN107258494A (en) | 2017-07-06 | 2017-07-06 | A kind of intelligent precisely mixing system of vegetation ecological high-efficient water use |
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| CN201710546212.3ACN107258494A (en) | 2017-07-06 | 2017-07-06 | A kind of intelligent precisely mixing system of vegetation ecological high-efficient water use |
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| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
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| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | Application publication date:20171020 | |
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |