技术领域technical field
本发明涉及量子通信与集成光学技术领域，尤其涉及一种量子密钥分发所需要的片上高速偏振控制编码器。The invention relates to the technical field of quantum communication and integrated optics, in particular to an on-chip high-speed polarization control encoder required for quantum key distribution.
背景技术Background technique
现在的互联网信息安全的加密方式称为“公开密钥”密码体系，其原理是通过加密算法，生成网络上传播的公开密钥，以及留在计算机内部的私人密钥，两个密钥必须配合使用才能实现完整的加密和解密过程。现代密码学使用的加密标准是20世纪70年代诞生的RSA算法，即利用大数的质因子分解难以计算来保证密钥的安全性。随着计算能力的不断提升，特别是量子计算机概念的提出，RSA的安全性受到了挑战。量子密码是量子力学和密码学相结合的产物，它解决了经典密码体制的密钥分配的难题。量子密码的安全性由量子力学基本原理——测不准原理和单量子态不可克隆定理保证，所以在密钥分配过程中，公开信道中的数据不必担心被窃听。它是目前科学界公认唯一能实现绝对安全的通信方式，从而各国相继开展了研究并取得了巨大成功。1984年，物理学家Bennett和密码学家Brassard提出了基于量子力学测量原理的“量子密钥分配”BB84协议，被广泛的研究和实际实现，但仍有许多问题在探索阶段，尚未实现大规模实用化，离商业化应用则有更大的距离。The current Internet information security encryption method is called "public key" cryptography system. Its principle is to generate a public key that spreads on the network and a private key that stays inside the computer through an encryption algorithm. The two keys must match Use to achieve a complete encryption and decryption process. The encryption standard used in modern cryptography is the RSA algorithm born in the 1970s, which uses the prime factorization of large numbers to decompose difficult calculations to ensure the security of keys. With the continuous improvement of computing power, especially the concept of quantum computer, the security of RSA has been challenged. Quantum cryptography is the product of the combination of quantum mechanics and cryptography, which solves the problem of key distribution in classical cryptosystems. The security of quantum cryptography is guaranteed by the basic principles of quantum mechanics—uncertainty principle and single quantum state non-cloning theorem, so in the process of key distribution, the data in the public channel does not have to worry about being eavesdropped. It is currently recognized by the scientific community as the only communication method that can achieve absolute security, so countries have successively carried out research and achieved great success. In 1984, physicist Bennett and cryptographer Brassard proposed the "quantum key distribution" BB84 protocol based on the measurement principle of quantum mechanics, which has been extensively researched and actually implemented, but there are still many problems in the exploration stage, and large-scale Practical, there is a greater distance from commercial applications.
目前公认的量子密钥分发装置主要是基于传统的分立光学棱镜或光纤器件，体积大，难以集成，成本高，不利于大规模的商业化。The currently recognized quantum key distribution devices are mainly based on traditional discrete optical prisms or fiber optic devices, which are bulky, difficult to integrate, and costly, which is not conducive to large-scale commercialization.
随着硅基光子学的发展，分立光学器件的功能逐渐可在片上实现，从而方便集成，同时利用成熟的硅器件加工平台，可以实现大规模低成本的量产。于是人们开始尝试将量子密钥分发装置所需的器件和子系统集成在片上。其中核心的偏振控制编码器需要制备不同光的偏振态，然而因为硅材料没有线性电光效应，调制折射率来实现相位延迟主要是依靠热光效应和等离子色散效应，热光效应速度慢，难以实现高速的调制，等离子色散效应相对弱的多，实现较大的相位延迟困难，且会同时引入额外的损耗，因而很难实现高速的片上偏振控制编码器。With the development of silicon-based photonics, the functions of discrete optical devices can gradually be realized on-chip, which facilitates integration. At the same time, using mature silicon device processing platforms, large-scale and low-cost mass production can be achieved. So people began to try to integrate the devices and subsystems required by the quantum key distribution device on the chip. The core polarization control encoder needs to prepare different polarization states of light. However, because the silicon material has no linear electro-optic effect, the modulation of the refractive index to achieve phase delay mainly relies on the thermo-optic effect and the plasma dispersion effect. The thermo-optic effect is slow and difficult to realize. For high-speed modulation, the plasmonic dispersion effect is relatively weak, it is difficult to achieve a large phase delay, and additional loss will be introduced at the same time, so it is difficult to realize a high-speed on-chip polarization control encoder.
发明内容Contents of the invention
有鉴于此，本发明的主要目的在于，提供一种用于量子密钥分发的片上高速偏振控制编码器，其是利用硅的热光效应较大，可以实现大的相位变化来设计相位延迟器和硅材料的等离子色散效应可实现快速的调制的特性实现高速的光衰减器，通过其他器件的结合从而可实现一种片上的硅基高速偏振控制编码器。In view of this, the main purpose of the present invention is to provide an on-chip high-speed polarization control encoder for quantum key distribution, which utilizes the large thermo-optic effect of silicon and can realize a large phase change to design a phase retarder And the plasmonic dispersion effect of silicon material can realize the characteristics of fast modulation to realize high-speed optical attenuator, and through the combination of other devices, an on-chip silicon-based high-speed polarization control encoder can be realized.
为达到上述目的，本发明提供一种用于量子密钥分发的硅基片上高速偏振控制编码器，包括：In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a high-speed polarization control encoder on a silicon substrate for quantum key distribution, including:
一偏振分束旋转器，其输入端与一输入波导连接；a polarization beam splitting rotator, the input end of which is connected to an input waveguide;
一第一1×4光分束，其输入端与偏振分束旋转器的输出端口1连接；A first 1×4 optical beam splitting, the input end of which is connected to the output port 1 of the polarization beam splitting rotator;
一第一相位延迟器、一第二相位延迟器、一第三相位延迟器和一第四相位延迟器，其四路相位延迟器的一端与第一1×4光分束的输出端连接，另一端分别连接有一第一可调光衰减器；A first phase delayer, a second phase delayer, a third phase delayer and a fourth phase delayer, one end of the four-way phase delayer is connected to the output end of the first 1×4 optical beam splitter, The other ends are respectively connected to a first adjustable optical attenuator;
一第二1×4合束器，其输入端与第一1×4光分束之后的第一可调光衰减器的另一端连接，用于将输入的单路光分成等光强的四束或将四束输入合成为一束；A second 1×4 beam combiner, whose input end is connected to the other end of the first adjustable optical attenuator after the first 1×4 beam splitting, for splitting the input single-path light into four beams of equal light intensity bundle or combine four bundle inputs into one bundle;
一偏振合束器，其输入端口1与第二1×4合束器的输出端连接，其输入端口2通过一第二可调光衰减器与偏振分束旋转器的输出端口2连接，用于将两路偏振方向正交的光合成为一束输出，该偏振合束器的输出端与一输出波导连接。A polarization beam combiner, its input port 1 is connected to the output end of the second 1×4 beam combiner, and its input port 2 is connected to the output port 2 of the polarization beam splitting rotator through a second adjustable optical attenuator, using In order to combine two paths of light with orthogonal polarization directions into one output beam, the output end of the polarization beam combiner is connected with an output waveguide.
由上述技术方案可以看出，本发明的特点在于：同时利用了硅的热光效应较大，可以实现大的相位变化来设计相位延迟器和硅材料的等离子色散效应可实现快速的调制的特性实现高速的光衰减器，通过其他器件的结合从而可实现一种片上的硅基高速偏振控制编码器。It can be seen from the above technical scheme that the present invention is characterized in that it utilizes the large thermo-optic effect of silicon at the same time, can realize a large phase change to design a phase retarder and the plasmonic dispersion effect of silicon material can realize the characteristics of fast modulation A high-speed optical attenuator is realized, and an on-chip silicon-based high-speed polarization control encoder can be realized through the combination of other devices.
附图说明Description of drawings
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚明白，以下结合具体施例，并参照附图，对本发明进一步详细说明如后，其中：In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
图1为本发明的结构示意图。Fig. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of the present invention.
具体实施方式detailed description
请参阅图1所示，本发明提供一种用于量子密钥分发的硅基片上高速偏振控制编码器，包括：Please refer to Fig. 1, the present invention provides a high-speed polarization control encoder on a silicon substrate for quantum key distribution, including:
一偏振分束旋转器2，其输入端与一输入波导1连接；输入波导1支持横电场模基模传输。线偏振的激光从输入波导1输入，因为波导只支持横电场模基模，所以此偏振方向和模式一直保持到偏振分束旋转器2。经过偏振分束旋转器2，输入的光变成等光强的两束，输出端口1的一束偏振方向保持不变，输出端口2的一束偏振方向变成横磁场模基模，输出端口后连接的波导结构分别可支持横电场模基模和横磁场模基模，光在其中可稳定传输。A polarization beam splitting rotator 2, the input end of which is connected to an input waveguide 1; the input waveguide 1 supports the transmission of the transverse electric field mode fundamental mode. The linearly polarized laser is input from the input waveguide 1, because the waveguide only supports the fundamental mode of the transverse electric field mode, so the polarization direction and mode are kept to the polarization beam splitter rotator 2. After passing through the polarization beam splitting rotator 2, the input light becomes two beams of equal light intensity, the polarization direction of one beam at the output port 1 remains unchanged, and the polarization direction of one beam at the output port 2 becomes the fundamental mode of the transverse magnetic field mode, and the output port The waveguide structure connected after can respectively support the fundamental mode of the transverse electric field mode and the fundamental mode of the transverse magnetic field mode, and the light can be stably transmitted therein.
一第一1×4光分束3，其输入端与偏振分束旋转器2的输出端口1连接；其作用是将输入的光分成等光强等相位的四份，可采用定向耦合器，或多模干涉耦合器来实现。A first 1×4 light beam splitter 3, its input end is connected with the output port 1 of the polarization beam splitter rotator 2; its function is to divide the input light into four parts with equal light intensity and equal phase, and a directional coupler can be used, Or multimode interference coupler to achieve.
一第一相位延迟器4、一第二相位延迟器5、一第三相位延迟器6和一第四相位延迟器7，其四路相位延迟器的一端与第一1×4光分束3的输出端连接，另一端分别连接有一第一可调光衰减器8，所述四路第一可调光衰减器8均采用马赫-增德尔干涉结构，对其干涉的两个臂分别掺杂形成PN结结构，用等离子色散效应来调谐其两臂的相位差，可实现高消光比和高速的动态衰减速度，所述四路第一可调光衰减器8均通过控制信号的同步，使得工作时四路中只有需要使用到的相位对应的一路光强是无衰减的，其余三路光强的衰减均为最大，为达到足够高的消光比，四路相位延迟器后均可同时级联多个第一可调光衰减器8；A first phase delayer 4, a second phase delayer 5, a third phase delayer 6 and a fourth phase delayer 7, one end of the four-way phase delayer is connected to the first 1 * 4 optical beam splitter 3 connected to the output end of each, and the other end is respectively connected to a first adjustable optical attenuator 8, and the four first adjustable optical attenuators 8 all adopt a Mach-Zehnder interference structure, and the two arms of the interference are respectively doped Forming a PN junction structure, using the plasma dispersion effect to tune the phase difference of its two arms, can achieve a high extinction ratio and a high-speed dynamic attenuation speed, and the four first adjustable optical attenuators 8 are all synchronized through control signals, so that When working, only the light intensity corresponding to the phase that needs to be used in the four channels has no attenuation, and the attenuation of the light intensity of the other three channels is the largest. In order to achieve a sufficiently high extinction ratio, the four phase retarders can be simultaneously staged Connect multiple first adjustable optical attenuators 8;
其中第一、第二、第三和第四相位延迟器4、5、6和7，通过采用硅的热光效应来改变材料的折射率，从而改变通过相位延迟器的光的相位来实现相位延迟，延迟的大小可通过加热的温度的不同来调谐，使得经过的四路光在第二偏振合束器10的输入端口1的和输入端口2的光相位差分别为0°、90°、180°、270°，当同步的高速控制信号控制四路第一可调光衰减器8使得相位差分别为0°，90°，180°，270°的光路导通时，通过第二偏振合束器10，来自第二1×4合束器12的输出的横电场模的光和第二可调光衰减器9输出的的横磁场模的光被合束，此时的输出波导11中光的偏振态分别为45°的线偏振光，左旋圆偏振光，135°线偏振光，右旋圆偏振光，以满足BB84协议的要求。然后经过继续传输到需要的位置或耦合进光纤中传输。偏振态的变换速度由高速光衰减器的性能决定，典型可达到几Gbps到几十Gbps；Among them, the first, second, third and fourth phase retarders 4, 5, 6 and 7 change the refractive index of the material by using the thermo-optic effect of silicon, thereby changing the phase of the light passing through the phase retarder to realize the phase Delay, the size of the delay can be tuned by different heating temperatures, so that the light phase differences of the four paths of light passing through the input port 1 and input port 2 of the second polarization beam combiner 10 are respectively 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, when the synchronous high-speed control signal controls the four-way first adjustable optical attenuator 8 so that the optical paths with phase differences of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° are respectively turned on, through the second polarization combination Beamer 10, the light of the transverse electric field mode output from the second 1×4 beam combiner 12 and the light of the transverse magnetic field mode output by the second adjustable optical attenuator 9 are combined, and the output waveguide 11 at this time The polarization states of the light are 45° linearly polarized light, left-handed circularly polarized light, 135° linearly polarized light, and right-handed circularly polarized light, so as to meet the requirements of the BB84 protocol. Then continue to transmit to the required position or couple into the optical fiber for transmission. The transformation speed of the polarization state is determined by the performance of the high-speed optical attenuator, which can typically reach several Gbps to tens of Gbps;
一第二1×4合束器12，其输入端与第一1×4光分束器3之后的第一可调光衰减器8的另一端连接，用于将输入的四束输入光合成为一束输出，可采用定向耦合器，或多模干涉耦合器来实现；A second 1 × 4 beam combiner 12, its input end is connected with the other end of the first adjustable optical attenuator 8 after the first 1 × 4 optical beam splitter 3, for combining the four input beams of the input into One beam output can be realized by directional coupler or multimode interference coupler;
一偏振合束器10，其输入端口1与第二1×4合束器12的输出端连接，其输入端口2通过一第二可调光衰减器9与偏振分束旋转器2的输出端口2连接，用于将来自第二1×4合束器12的输出端的横电场模的光和来自第二可调光衰减器9输出端的横磁场模的两路偏振方向正交的光合成为一束输出，该偏振合束器10的输出端与一输出波导11连接，输出波导11中横电场模和横磁场模两种偏振成分的比例与其两个输入端的相同。所述第二可调光衰减器9采用马赫-增德尔干涉结构，因其对调谐速度没有要求，可用等离子色散效应或热光效应来调谐其衰减量，保证到达偏振合束器10的输入端口1和输入端口2的光的光强相等。A polarization beam combiner 10, its input port 1 is connected to the output end of the second 1×4 beam combiner 12, and its input port 2 passes through a second adjustable optical attenuator 9 and the output port of the polarization beam splitter rotator 2 2 connections, for combining the light of the transverse electric field mode from the output end of the second 1×4 beam combiner 12 and the light of the transverse magnetic field mode from the output end of the second adjustable optical attenuator 9 into one Beam output, the output end of the polarization beam combiner 10 is connected to an output waveguide 11, and the ratio of the two polarization components of the transverse electric field mode and the transverse magnetic field mode in the output waveguide 11 is the same as that of the two input ends. The second adjustable optical attenuator 9 adopts a Mach-Zehnder interference structure, because it has no requirement for tuning speed, its attenuation can be tuned by the plasma dispersion effect or thermo-optic effect, so as to ensure that it reaches the input port of the polarization beam combiner 10 1 and the light intensity of the input port 2 are equal.
其中第一偏振分束旋转器2的输出端口1输出到第二偏振合束器10的波导均只支持横电场模基模传输，第一偏振分束旋转器2的输出端口2输出到偏振合束器10的输入端口2的波导均只支持横磁场模基模传输，以尽量减少在传输过程中的损耗和无关的串扰产生；Wherein the output port 1 of the first polarization beam splitting rotator 2 is output to the waveguide of the second polarization beam combiner 10 all only supports transverse electric field mode fundamental mode transmission, and the output port 2 of the first polarization beam splitting rotator 2 is output to the polarization combining The waveguide of the input port 2 of the beamer 10 only supports the transmission of the fundamental mode of the transverse magnetic field mode, so as to minimize the loss and the generation of irrelevant crosstalk in the transmission process;
其中输入波导1支持横电场模基模传输，输出波导11支持横电场模基模和横磁场模基模传输；The input waveguide 1 supports the transmission of the fundamental mode of the transverse electric field mode, and the output waveguide 11 supports the transmission of the fundamental mode of the transverse electric field mode and the transverse magnetic field mode;
其中所述的所有器件均制作在绝缘体上的硅上。All devices described therein were fabricated on silicon-on-insulator.
上文所述的一系列的详细说明仅仅是针对本发明的可行性实施方式的具体说明，它们并不是用以限制本发明的保护范围，在所述技术领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内，在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下作出的各种变化均属于本发明的保护范围。The above-mentioned series of detailed descriptions are only specific descriptions of the feasible implementation modes of the present invention, and they are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention, and are within the knowledge of those of ordinary skill in the art , Various changes made under the premise of not departing from the gist of the present invention all belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
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| CN201710252393.9ACN107135068B (en) | 2017-04-18 | 2017-04-18 | On-chip high-speed polarization control encoder for quantum key distribution |
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| CN201710252393.9ACN107135068B (en) | 2017-04-18 | 2017-04-18 | On-chip high-speed polarization control encoder for quantum key distribution |
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| CN201710252393.9AActiveCN107135068B (en) | 2017-04-18 | 2017-04-18 | On-chip high-speed polarization control encoder for quantum key distribution |
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