The content of the invention
To solve these above-mentioned problems during business organization's empowerment management, the present invention provides a kind of standardization multidimensional chainBusiness overall process, relatively independent and all linked with one another pre-granted is decomposed into by transaction management platform by formula pre-granted right management systemPower, business application, decision, business perform four committed steps, using multidimensional chain type pre-authorization mode to bottom-line management person and industryTransmit strategic intent and rule of ac-tion framework to the business clear and definite specification of executor, it is ensured that practical business can be controlled fully, be madeSystem must be authorized effectively to operate.The technical solution adopted by the present invention is：
One kind standardization multidimensional chain type pre-granted right management system, including a transaction management platform, transaction management platform are provided withPre-authorization language is standardized, the user of transaction management platform interacts by standardizing pre-authorization language with transaction management platform,Four steps of finishing service process, including：Pre-authorization, business application, decision, business are performed；
It is decider, concern people and business applicant that the user of transaction management platform, which includes donor, licensee,.
Further, it is described to have standardized defined in pre-authorization language pre-authorization key element and action；
Pre-authorization key element includes：
1.1) business scenario：Refer to a series of combination of key elements of the consumer behavior by occurring because business needs；
1.2) role in pre-authorization, including：
The business applicant of proposition business application, possesses submission power；
Can be participated in expressing an opinion the concern people evaluated there is provided decision support, to business, possess examination ＆ verification power, right to know；
It is responsible for finally whether can starting to perform the decider maked decision to a business application, possesses examination and approval authority；
The authority of oneself is decomposed to the donor for authorizing subordinate；
1.3) authority dimension and condition and range；Selectable service, commodity are by consistent with authority dimension in transaction management platformDimension classified；
1.4) term of validity is authorized；
1.5）Number of times can be used：Practical business application can call pre-authorization file as the maximum times of foundation；
1.6) licensing status：Effectively, failure, it is to be confirmed；
1.7) business scenario mandate ID：The mandate carried out for each business scenario can have corresponding unique ID；
1.8) higher level's business scenario mandate ID：In addition to business scenario mandate at the highest level, the mandate that each business scenario is carried outHave corresponding higher level and authorize ID as foundation；
Action element includes：
2.1) pre-authorization：For the business scenario of some setting, some donor of pre-authorization is obtained from upper level, certainlyIn the range of the authorization privilege that oneself obtains, distinguish different subservice scenes, set respectively business waiting list, concern people,Decider, and include the mandate key element including authority dimension and condition and range；
2.2) sublicense：For some business scenario, upper level pre-authorization of the decider to obtain tears business scenario open as foundationIt is divided into multiple subservice scenes or does not split, using oneself as donor, then delegates to other people；The pre-authorization of delegation is each weighedThe condition and range of limit dimension is necessarily less than equal to the condition as each authority dimension in the upper level pre-authorization of sublicense foundationScope；
2.3) authorize a change：The factor content of pre-authorization is modified；The bar of each authority dimension of amended pre-authorizationPart scope is still necessarily less than equal to the condition and range as each authority dimension in the upper level pre-authorization of sublicense foundation.
Further,
A series of combination of key elements includes in business scenario：Time of consumer behavior, place, the personage being related to, consumer behaviorMultiple dimensions.
Further, each business pre-authorization must have unique one or one group of decider, must be unanimously same in appearanceWhen together deciding on this special case of meaning, determines artificial lineup in no particular order, it is same that business must obtain all decidersMeaning could be performed.
Further, transaction management platform is sampled out multiple authority dimensions to practical business, and is standardized；Using manyIndividual authority dimension combination carries out empowerment management, and each authority dimension has corresponding condition and range.
Further, the pre-authorization file system in transaction management platform constitutes the mandate chain of business scenario driving；ThingBusiness management platform allows donor to carry out pre-authorization by business scenario event, and licensee is by the way that obtained pre-authorization is carried out step by stepDownward sublicense, forms into the mandate chain suitable for different business scene of series.
Further, authorization conflict controlling mechanism is provided with transaction management platform；When higher level's business scenario authorizes a change,The record modification time, authorization conflict inspection is carried out to all subordinate's business scenario mandates by backstage, and remind donor whether strongSystem requires the business scenario mandate of modification subordinate, if it is, " may influence regular traffic " is reminded, by institute before subordinate's modification is authorizedThere is subordinate to authorize and become " to be confirmed " state；It can be come into force after after subordinate's modification Lothrus apterus；If not, only being reminded to licenseeConflict, subordinate authorizes survival.
Further, transaction management platform accesses electric business platform by data-interface；
Business applicant is initiated from the pre-authorization file in affairs management platform by transaction management platform, gone in electric business platformCommodity and service needed for search, selection under the extent of competence control of pre-authorization；Or it is introduced into business needed for electric business platform selectingProduct and service, provide pre-authorization document number after placing an order, whether automatic checking selection commodity and service meet pre-authorization regulationExtent of competence.
Further, four steps of business procedure are specifically included：
Step 1：Pre-authorization
For different business scene, the authority of oneself is decomposed, a series of quilts are authorized respectively according to business needs by donorThe process of donor；
Pre-authorization is realized in transaction management platform by following two steps：
（1）The standardization pre-authorization language that donor is provided by terminal using transaction management platform is uploaded to transaction management platformPre-authorization file；
（2）The licensee that transaction management platform is listed into pre-authorization file i.e. decider, business applicant, concern people pushPre-authorization file；
Step 2：Business application
（3）Business applicant using terminal submits the mandate foundation of business application and correlation by transaction management platform, authorizesFoundation is pre-authorization document number；Each pre-authorization file has unique pre-authorization document number；
（4）Transaction management platform searches corresponding decider and concern people according to the pre-authorization document number provided in business application,And whether the business application of inspection alreadys exceed the authorized scope of decider, if it exceeds then being alreadyd exceed certainly into business applicationDetermine special flow during the authorized scope of people；If the progress downstream node not less than if（5）；
（5）Transaction management platform is to decider and all concern people transmission service applications；
Step 3：Determine
（8）Decider makes approval or the decision disapproved to business application；
（9）Transaction management platform is to applicant's transmission service application approval result；If it is determined that people makes the decision disapproved, removeConcern people is remained to express an opinion outside, and business application is retracted into business applicant；
Step 4：Business is performed
（10）Business applicant meets service by the requirement selection in the business application of approval or commodity are consumed；Transaction managementThe business application that platform can be ratified according to decider is controlled to the range of choice of business applicant；
（11）Business is applicant determined that the real consumption amount of money, initiates to pay request；
（12）Transaction management platform validation pay request content with approval business application whether contradiction；, if contradictionApplicant is asked to check that modification pays request, otherwise refusal is performed；If noncontradictory, into downstream node（13）；
（13）Payment instruction is issued by bank or other payment mechanisms by payment interface.
Further, special flow when business application alreadys exceed the authorized scope of decider is specifically included：
(S1) transaction managements platform is inquired about with the presence or absence of higher level's pre-authorization file first；Business Shen is rejected if automatic in the absence of ifPlease；If in the presence of if enter downstream node (S2)；
(S2) determines the application of rejection business by decider or submits upper level examination ＆ approval；When determining to reject, transaction management platform willApplicant is retracted in business application；When determining to submit upper level examination ＆ approval, into downstream node (S3)；
(S3) transaction management platform searches the decider and concern people in upper level pre-authorization file；
(S4) transaction management platform, which changes the pre-authorization document number of business application, makees upper level pre-authorization document number；Decider changes workUpper level decider；Concern people in concern people and this level pre-authorization file in upper level pre-authorization file is merged, asThe concern people of business application；
It is then back to flow nodes (4).
Advantages of the present invention：This invention simplifies mandate action, it is allowed to manager with chain-like manner to subordinate it is self-servicePre-authorization is carried out in IT system, manager is given great free degree on mandate instrument；Exceed pre- to subordinate in practical businessAffairs management platform can be recalled upwards automatically during the scope of authority, it is determined that the policymaker having permission, this is submitted by service request automaticallyPolicymaker is examined, it is ensured that management by exception flow can also be standardized and simply most possibly；This authorization being capable of perfect energyVarious business scenarios complicated and changeable, the perfect a variety of managerial styles of support and way to manage are enough adapted to, except that can support to passOutside the forms of enterprise organization of system, the development trend of modern corporation networking also can be especially supported.
The present invention, come clear definition Authorization Attributes, sets up Liability Retroact and incentive mechanism by improved empowerment management instrumentMandate system is promoted effectively to operate；Pre-authorization behavior and authority are exercised and exercised supervision, express authorization people and licensee'sResponsibility；It ensure that practical business can be controlled fully so that mandate system is effectively operated.
Embodiment
With reference to specific drawings and examples, the invention will be further described.
Standardize multidimensional chain type pre-granted right management system（Lower abbreviation SMCBP) technical scheme it is as follows：
Service decomposition is four committed steps by SMCBP：Pre-authorization, business application, decision, business are performed（Selection service or businessProduct, receive service or commodity, confirm spending amount, send payment instruction）, and it regard this four steps as the mistake entirely that is mutually relatedJourney is managed, as shown in Figure 1；
Step 1：Pre-authorization
For different business scene, the authority of oneself is decomposed, a series of quilts are authorized respectively according to business needs by donorThe process of donor；
Pre-authorization is realized in transaction management platform by following two steps：
（1）The standardization pre-authorization language that donor is provided using transaction management platform by mobile devices such as smart mobile phones is to thingManagement platform of being engaged in uploads pre-authorization file；
（2）The licensee that transaction management platform is listed into pre-authorization file i.e. decider, business applicant, concern people pushPre-authorization file；
Step 2：Business application
（3）Business applicant submits business application and correlation using the mobile device such as smart mobile phone by transaction management platformFoundation is authorized, it is pre-authorization document number to authorize foundation；Each pre-authorization file has unique pre-authorization document number；
（4）Transaction management platform searches corresponding decider and concern people according to the pre-authorization document number provided in business application,And whether the business application of inspection alreadys exceed the authorized scope of decider, if it exceeds then being alreadyd exceed certainly into business applicationDetermine special flow during the authorized scope of people；If the progress downstream node not less than if（5）；
（5）Transaction management platform is to decider and all concern people transmission service applications；
Concern people expresses an opinion
It is not the required step of operation flow that concern people, which expresses an opinion, and in business application from initiating to closing overall processCarry out；
（6）Concern people is expressed an opinion and submitted by transaction management platform；
（7）Transaction management platform will pay close attention to opinion push decider, other concern people and business applicant that people delivers；
Step 3：Determine
（8）Decider makes approval or the decision disapproved to business application；
（9）Transaction management platform is to applicant's transmission service application approval result；If it is determined that people makes the decision disapproved, removeConcern people is remained to express an opinion outside, and business application is retracted into business applicant；
Step 4：Business is performed
（10）Business applicant meets service by the requirement selection in the business application of approval or commodity are consumed；Transaction managementThe business application that platform can be ratified according to decider is controlled to the range of choice of business applicant；
（11）Business is applicant determined that the real consumption amount of money, initiates to pay request；
（12）Transaction management platform validation pay the amount of money of request, pay the content such as object and approval business application whether lanceShield；If contradiction, it is required that applicant checks that modification pays request, otherwise refusal is performed；If noncontradictory, into lower one streamCheng Jiedian（13）；
（13）Payment instruction is issued by bank or other payment mechanisms by payment interface.
Wherein, it is basic since business application on the premise of it there is the corresponding pre-authorization file of business applicationFlow is as shown in Figure 2；
In flow nodes（4）In the special flow such as Fig. 3 of the business application that refers to when alreading exceed the authorized scope of deciderIt is shown；
(S1) transaction managements platform is inquired about with the presence or absence of higher level's pre-authorization file first；Business Shen is rejected if automatic in the absence of ifPlease；If in the presence of if enter downstream node (S2)；
(S2) determines the application of rejection business by decider or submits upper level examination ＆ approval；When determining to reject, transaction management platform willApplicant is retracted in business application；When determining to submit upper level examination ＆ approval, into downstream node (S3)；
(S3) transaction management platform searches the decider and concern people in upper level pre-authorization file；
(S4) transaction management platform, which changes the pre-authorization document number of business application, makees upper level pre-authorization document number；Decider changes workUpper level decider；Concern people in concern people and this level pre-authorization file in upper level pre-authorization file is merged, asThe concern people of business application；
It is then back to flow nodes (4).
Standardize the key technology point of multidimensional chain type pre-granted right management system (SMCBP)：
（One）Standardize pre-authorization language；
Key element and action to pre-authorization carry out abstract rear standardization, extremely simplified, and manager can be allowed to be authorized with self-serviceOperation, it is ensured that authority can adjust chaotic without generation business in time.
Pre-authorization key element：
1.1) business scenario：Refer to a series of combination of key elements of the consumer behavior by occurring because business needs；Including consumption rowFor time, place（Trade company address）, the personage that is related to（Business applicant, decider, participation opinion people）, consumer behavior it is manyIndividual dimension such as consumes content, consumption trade company, amount of money involved scope.Each pre-authorization action both for some or it is someBusiness scenario and the administration behaviour carried out；The business scenario of each level is probably the subset of last layer time business scenario；
1.2) role in pre-authorization：According to RCDI rules, authority has submission power (Responsibility), examination ＆ verification power(Consult), examination and approval authority (Decision) and right to know (Informed)；Correspondingly, in each business scenario, can all haveFour kinds of roles：
The business applicant (requestor) of proposition business application, possesses submission power；
Can be participated in expressing an opinion the concern people (advisor) evaluated there is provided decision support, to business, possess examination ＆ verification power,Right to know；For a business scenario, by donor and decider（Licensee）Determine which concern people can participate in businessThe process of pre-authorization is expressed an opinion；This mechanism can avoid spreading unchecked the collective decision-making of formula.
It is responsible for finally whether can starting to perform the decider (decision maked decision to a business applicationMaker), examination and approval authority is possessed；Each business pre-authorization must have unique one or one group of decider, to ensure N+1 examination ＆ approvalInternal control principle, but avoid unnecessary pass on to different levels for approval；Unique one or one group of decider, which also can guarantee that, occurs without " viewWithout certainly ", the situation of unmanned clappers；In some cases, it may appear that " must agree unanimously " together decides on this special feelingsShape, at this moment determines artificial lineup in no particular order, and business must obtain owner and agree to perform；As long as there is a people to refuseIt is exhausted then cannot perform.
The authority of oneself is decomposed to the donor (Authorizer) for authorizing subordinate；
1.3) authority dimension and condition and range；
The following is the certain embodiments of some authority dimensions and corresponding condition；
Single amount of money scope:1000<X<5000
Accumulating sum scope:10000<X<50000
Allow to consume merchant type:Dining room, teahouse, coffee-house, department store
Pre-capita consumption scope：100<X<500
Article unit price scope：50<X<200
The vehicles：Aircraft, high ferro, taxi, bus ...
Selectable service, commodity are classified by the dimension consistent with authority dimension in transaction management platform, can with guaranteeSo that the actual business performed to be checked with the scope of authority in business application after authority and approval；That is affairsThe dimension classification phase one of the service of the electric business platform that management platform is accessed, commodity classification and transaction management platform power dimensionCause；
1.4) term of validity is authorized：For a time interval for being accurate to day；
1.5）Number of times can be used：Practical business application can call pre-authorization file as the maximum times of foundation；
1.6) licensing status：Effectively, failure, it is to be confirmed；
1.7) business scenario mandate ID：The mandate carried out for each business scenario can have corresponding unique ID；
1.8) higher level's business scenario mandate ID：In addition to business scenario mandate at the highest level, the mandate that each business scenario is carried outHave corresponding higher level and authorize ID as foundation；
Action：
2.1) pre-authorization：For the business scenario of some setting, some donor of pre-authorization is obtained from upper levelAuthorizer, in the range of the authorization privilege oneself obtained, distinguishes different subservice scenes, and business application is set respectivelyRoster, concern people, decider, and include the mandate key element including authority dimension and condition and range；The mandate of highest levelPeople's acquiescence possesses all permissions to all business scenarios；
2.2) sublicense：For some business scenario, upper level pre-authorization of the decider to obtain tears business scenario open as foundationIt is divided into multiple subservice scenes（Or do not split）, using oneself as donor, then delegate to other people；The pre-authorization of delegation is eachThe condition and range of authority dimension is necessarily less than equal to the bar as each authority dimension in the upper level pre-authorization of sublicense foundationPart scope；Below as shown in fig. 6, being the example of a sublicense：
2.3) authorize a change：The factor content of pre-authorization is modified；The bar of each authority dimension of amended pre-authorizationPart scope is still necessarily less than equal to the condition and range as each authority dimension in the upper level pre-authorization of sublicense foundation.
（Two）Multidimensional control of authority；
Classical authorization way to manage and corresponding system are often using a dimension（Generally single amount or accumulative amount）EnterRow empowerment management and Service control.Transaction management platform is sampled out multiple authority dimensions to practical business, and is standardized；ProfitEmpowerment management is carried out with the combination of multiple authority dimensions, each authority dimension has corresponding condition and range；Passed for strategic intentThe precision and flexibility ratio reached, can be more much higher than carrying out empowerment management using a dimension.For example, the scope of a certain pre-authorization canTo be：
Single amount of money scope:1000<X<5000
Accumulating sum scope:10000<X<50000
Allow to consume merchant type:Dining room, teahouse, coffee-house, department store
Pre-capita consumption scope：100<X<500
Article unit price scope：50<X<200；
（Three）Chain type empowerment management；
Pre-authorization file system in transaction management platform constitutes the mandate chain of business scenario driving；
Transaction management platform allows donor to carry out pre-authorization by business scenario event, and licensee can be by by obtained pre-authorizationSublicense downward step by step is carried out, the mandate chain suitable for different business scene of series is formed into.
For each enterprise, it is that the mandate chain that multigroup business scenario mandate from top to down is constituted is constituted all to authorize.Five-star mandate is mandate of the general manager to miscellaneous service scene.Remaining mandate be all business scenario mandate to general manager byThe subordinate that level carries out sublicense authorizes.The rough schematic view of one mandate chain is as shown in Figure 4.
The standardization multidimensional chain type pre-authorization instrument of transaction management platform, on the basis of standardization authoring language, simplifiesMandate action, it is allowed to manager with chain-like manner to subordinate it is self-service pre-authorization is carried out in IT system, give manager and existThe great free degree on mandate instrument；When practical business exceeds to subordinate's pre-authorization scope, affairs management platform can be automatically upwardBacktracking, it is determined that the policymaker having permission, service request is submitted automatically the policymaker examine, it is ensured that management by exception flow also can be mostPossibly standardize greatly and simple；This authorization can perfection can adapt to various business scenarios complicated and changeable, perfect branchA variety of managerial styles and way to manage are held, in addition to it can support traditional forms of enterprise organization, also can especially be supported existingFor business organization's networking（Largely there is matrix organization, cross-functional team etc.）Development trend.
（Four）Authorization conflict controlling mechanism；
Authorize between the superior and the subordinate's pre-authorization file in chain probably due to personnel change and the reason such as change, authorize a change and rushProminent, no longer " condition and range of each authority dimension of pre-authorization of delegation is necessarily less than equal to as the upper of sublicense foundation satisfactionCondition and range " this condition of each authority dimension in one-level pre-authorization.It is therefore desirable to have extra authorization conflict control machineSystem.
When higher level's business scenario authorizes a change, the record modification time, all subordinate's business scenario mandates are carried out by backstageAuthorization conflict is checked, and reminds whether donor Qiang Zhiyaoqius the business scenario mandate of modification subordinate, if it is, reminding " possible shadowRing regular traffic ", all subordinates are authorized before subordinate's modification is authorized and become " to be confirmed " state；After after subordinate's modification Lothrus apterusIt can come into force；Conflict if not, only being reminded to licensee, subordinate authorizes survival.
（Five）The self-service mobile authorization of decentralization is safeguarded；
Traditional IT empowerment management mode be set system manager, by system manager according to the demand of manager in IT systemAuthority is set.Point user that is provided with of usual authority is set and point user's group setting two ways.Dividing user to set can ensureThe flexibility of priority assignation, but empowerment management is complicated.Divide user's group to the identical authority of same group of setting, can be simple to a certain extentChange empowerment management, but the problem of also bring rigid.And because the priority assignation of manager needs to award by certain wayPower people, licensee, the communication of business applicant convey to system manager, it is easy to due in organization flow, it is internalVarious obstacles in communication, cause the priority assignation in IT system the situation disconnected with practical business situation, regulatory requirement occur.
The pre-authorization way to manage that transaction management platform is provided is not necessarily required to special backstage personnel and carries out authority maintenance,Donor is supported to carry out pre-authorization, sublicense using mobile device self-servicely, authorize a change completely.Special backstage personnel enterRow authority safeguards to be only a kind of arbitrary way.This characteristic can administrative staff whenever and wherever possible according to business need by movementEquipment is adjusted to pre-authorization, allows empowerment management to be identical with practical business.
（Six）Embedded business；
The electric business platform that business applicant obtains the various inside and outside resources such as service or commodity is passed through data by transaction management platformInterface is connected into affairs management platform, and business applicant can be sent out by transaction management platform from the pre-authorization file in platformRise, go to commodity and service needed for search, selection under the extent of competence control of pre-authorization in electric business platform；Can also be advancedCommodity and service needed for entering electric business platform selecting, provide pre-authorization document number, automatic checking selection commodity kimonos after placing an orderWhether business meets extent of competence as defined in pre-authorization.No matter which kind of mode, transaction management platform all ensure that actually falling for businessIt is real to be controlled completely by pre-authorization.The pre-authorization management of embedded business ensures that managing communication, examination ＆ approval are closely connected with business execution,Examination ＆ approval are avoided to evade behavior and the generation of shadow approval process.The flow that business is performed is as shown in Figure 5.
（Seven）The advantage of pre-authorization；
During practical business, the person of being managed to being seen on the response time requirement of manager, pre-authorization, business application, decision,Business performs the specific different response time requirement of four committed steps.The requirement of pre-authorization relative time is loose, in practical businessGeneral adjust per year has a negative impact all without to business；And the response time requirement of business application and decision may shortenDaily to calculate；And the operational motion that business is performed particularly confirms that spending amount, initiation pay request, completion payment and be likely toIt may require that and whip up at that time.Business overall process is decomposed into relatively independent and all linked with one another pre-granted by transaction management platformPower, business application, decision, business perform four committed steps, using multidimensional chain type pre-authorization mode to bottom-line management person and industryTransmit strategic intent and rule of ac-tion framework to the business clear and definite specification of executor, it is ensured that practical business can be controlled fully；TogetherWhen, effective control of multidimensional chain type pre-authorization allows routine work only to need an examination ＆ approval step（Decider ratifies）It can perform, oneWire management person and business executor can be in routine work high-speed decision, quick actions.
（Eight）Standardize the value of multidimensional chain type pre-authorization；
Modern enterprise increasingly emphasizes the Small Groups management of agility in employee's improvement aspect.Company's platform only provides easy cooperationMechanism, more transfers policy-making power, " allowing the people for hearing report to call artillery fire ".The policy setting of this relative fraction, is chased afterAsk Team Member can fast reaction and execution, stronger dependence can be produced to the values standard of decision-making, it is desirable to Yuan GongdouThe values standard of decision-making can clearly be grasped.
The thinking of employee of new generation increasingly there is self-drive to realize, and no longer be passively to receive instruction.They pursueApproval to culture, as long as finding the tissue that can culturally match, task that company only needs to tell them basic andExecution standard, he can just carry out self-management.At this moment, company only needs to a set of evaluation and feedback mechanism in time, fair.Traditional performance appraisal all can carry out performance interview in the end of term.The interview of this total eliminant truly has its effect, but thisPlant system design and ignore daily two-way communication.Design values behavior evaluation mechanism, especially emphasizes occurring critical eventWhen, the active between employee and supervisor is linked up.Generation forward direction critical behavior event when, generally, encourage employee actively withSupervisor links up, and is easy to confirm the opinion rating of values behavior；Generation negative sense critical behavior event be emphasize supervisor will actively withEmployee links up, the reason for finding generation problem, finds Improving ways, proposes recommendation on improvement." daily one-to-one interview " mechanism, moreIt may advantageously facilitate job performance.
Multidimensional chain type pre-authorization is provided with flexibility in business nature and management level both direction, especially supports" allowing the people for hearing report to call artillery fire " this way to manage.The characteristics of multidimensional control of authority, ensure that company can be exactlyBasic task and execution standard is transmitted downwards；Chain type pre-authorization can help corporate manager these basic tasks and holdThe manager that rower quasi- transmission ground most " can hear report " foremost.Event driven, the mandate of embedded business and perform controlThe active that system ensure that necessity between employee and supervisor and have primary and secondary is linked up.Also, due to close embedded business, it is ensured that businessProcess and object information can by it is automatic, do not collect with disturbing business, arrange, structuring, be company set up in time, fair commentValency and feedback mechanism, encourage employee, also to carry out long-range strategy analysis, all lay a good foundation.