技术领域technical field
本发明涉及水肥一体化技术领域，尤其涉及一种水肥一体化灌溉施肥的控制方法。The invention relates to the technical field of water and fertilizer integration, in particular to a control method for water and fertilizer integration irrigation and fertilization.
背景技术Background technique
水肥一体化技术是现代农业的发展方向，是精准施肥的重要手段，根据不同的环境条件和作物水肥需求规律，运用科学合理的控制方法实施水肥一体化，是实现高效灌溉与施肥的必由之路。但是，由于水肥一体化技术在国内应用时间不长，人们普遍存在既缺乏应用经验，又缺乏对应用技术的深入研究，在实施水肥一体化技术的时候，如何进行灌溉施肥时期、灌溉施肥量、灌溉施肥频次及施肥浓度等方面的控制，还缺乏操作性强的方法，导致水肥一体化应用困难，实施效果不佳。Water and fertilizer integration technology is the development direction of modern agriculture and an important means of precise fertilization. According to different environmental conditions and crop water and fertilizer demand rules, using scientific and reasonable control methods to implement water and fertilizer integration is the only way to achieve efficient irrigation and fertilization. However, since the water and fertilizer integration technology has not been used for a long time in China, people generally lack both application experience and in-depth research on the application technology. There is still a lack of operational methods for the control of irrigation and fertilization frequency and fertilization concentration, which makes the integrated application of water and fertilizer difficult and the implementation effect is not good.
在已公开的技术中，虽然也有人提出对灌溉施肥时期、灌溉施肥量和灌溉施肥周期的控制方案，但均不够具体和全面。如灌溉施肥时期要确定在作物的水肥敏感期和需求旺盛期，施肥量要有施肥总量与阶段施肥量之分，在作物生长的不同阶段还要控制不同的施肥浓度和养分配比，土壤湿度的控制也要考虑土壤湿润程度和湿润深度等，这些方面均需要有相应的量值确定和控制方法，已有的技术并没有提供明确的和系统的应用方案。In the disclosed technologies, although there are also people who have proposed control schemes for the period of fertigation, the amount of fertigation and the period of fertigation, they are not specific and comprehensive enough. For example, the irrigation and fertilization period should be determined in the water and fertilizer sensitive period and the strong demand period of the crops. The amount of fertilizer should be divided into the total amount of fertilizer applied and the amount of fertilizer applied in stages. In different stages of crop growth, different fertilizer concentrations and nutrient ratios should be controlled. Soil Humidity control should also consider the degree of soil wetness and wet depth, etc. These aspects need to be determined and controlled accordingly. The existing technology does not provide a clear and systematic application plan.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是针对水肥一体化应用过程中缺乏系统性的控制方法，导致实施效果上的不足，提供一种全面精准控制灌溉与施肥的技术与方法。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a technology and method for comprehensive and precise control of irrigation and fertilization in view of the lack of systematic control methods in the integrated application of water and fertilizer, resulting in insufficient implementation effects.
本发明的技术方案如下：Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法，上述四控灌溉施肥方法由灌溉施肥的时间控制、施肥量控制、养分比例控制、土壤湿度控制四个方面内容组成。Water and fertilizer integration four-control irrigation and fertigation method, the above-mentioned four-control irrigation and fertilization method is composed of four aspects: irrigation and fertilization time control, fertilizer amount control, nutrient ratio control, and soil moisture control.
本发明的水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法进一步设置为：Water and fertilizer integration four-control irrigation and fertilization method of the present invention is further set to:
时间控制，又包括灌溉施肥的时期控制与每次灌溉施肥的时长控制；Time control, including period control of irrigation and fertigation and duration control of each irrigation and fertilization;
施肥量控制，又包括施肥总量控制与单次施肥量控制；Fertilization amount control, including total amount of fertilization control and single fertilization amount control;
养分比例控制，又包括肥液浓度控制与肥液养分配比控制；Nutrient ratio control, including fertilizer solution concentration control and fertilizer solution nutrient distribution ratio control;
土壤湿度控制，又包括湿润程度控制与湿润深度或灌溉深度控制。Soil moisture control also includes wet degree control and wet depth or irrigation depth control.
本发明的水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法进一步设置为：Water and fertilizer integration four-control irrigation and fertilization method of the present invention is further set to:
上述时期控制为根据作物生育阶段设置在作物对水肥需求的敏感阶段和旺盛阶段，上述时长控制为根据不同作物对土壤湿度和阶段养分量的需求来确定每次灌溉施肥的时长，并通过电脑或控制器来设定；The above-mentioned period control is set according to the crop growth stage in the sensitive stage and vigorous stage of crop demand for water and fertilizer. The above-mentioned duration control is to determine the duration of each irrigation and fertilization according to the requirements of different crops for soil moisture and stage nutrient content, and through the computer or controller to set;
上述的施肥总量控制为根据作物品种、目标产量、基础地力科学制定施肥总量，上述单次施肥量控制为根据作物不同生长阶段营养需求程度，按灌溉次数分解单次施肥量；The control of the above total amount of fertilization is to formulate the total amount of fertilization according to the crop variety, target yield, and basic soil science. The control of the above-mentioned single fertilization amount is to decompose the amount of single fertilization according to the number of irrigation according to the degree of nutritional demand of crops in different growth stages;
上述肥液浓度控制为根据不同作物对肥液浓度的耐受程度和土壤湿度确定灌溉浓度，上述肥液养分配比控制为根据作物不同生长阶段对不同营养元素的需求，通过人工或配肥设备配制不同养分比例的肥液，并通过施肥设备实施水肥一体化灌溉施肥；The control of the concentration of the above-mentioned fertilizer solution is to determine the irrigation concentration according to the tolerance of different crops to the concentration of the fertilizer solution and the soil humidity. The control of the distribution ratio of the above-mentioned fertilizer solution is based on the needs of different nutrient elements in different growth stages of the crops, through artificial or fertilizer equipment. Prepare fertilizer solutions with different nutrient ratios, and implement water and fertilizer integrated irrigation and fertilization through fertilization equipment;
上述湿润程度控制为根据不同作物对土壤水分的要求控制适合的土壤湿度，上述土壤湿度通过在根系密集区或最大根土功能空间的中部埋设水分传感器采集而来，控制器根据采集的土壤湿度在达到作物水分需求上限或下限后开启或关闭灌溉阀门。The control of the above-mentioned humidity is to control the appropriate soil moisture according to the requirements of different crops for soil moisture. The above-mentioned soil moisture is collected by embedding a moisture sensor in the root-intensive area or the middle of the largest root-soil functional space. The controller is based on the collected soil moisture. Open or close the irrigation valve when the upper or lower limit of crop water demand is reached.
上述湿润深度控制为根据作物根系主要分布区控制灌溉水在土壤中下渗的深度；上述湿润深度控制信号由根系密集区或最大根土功能空间下部埋设的底层土壤水分传感感应而来，当控制器收到水分下渗到根层下部的感应信号后关闭灌溉阀门。The above-mentioned wet depth control is to control the infiltration depth of irrigation water in the soil according to the main distribution area of the crop root system; the above-mentioned wet depth control signal is sensed by the bottom soil moisture sensor buried in the root-intensive area or the largest root-soil functional space. The controller closes the irrigation valve after receiving the sensing signal that the water has infiltrated into the lower part of the root layer.
本发明的水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法进一步设置为：Water and fertilizer integration four-control irrigation and fertilization method of the present invention is further set to:
当作物为淹水作物时，上述湿润深度控制为灌溉深度控制，即饱和水层上下限控制，上述土壤水分传感器为测量田面水位及落干后土壤饱和水所处位置的水位器，当控制器收到水位下限或上限后打开或关闭灌溉阀门。When the crops are flooded crops, the above-mentioned wetting depth control is the irrigation depth control, that is, the upper and lower limit control of the saturated water layer. The above-mentioned soil moisture sensor is a water level gauge for measuring the water level of the field surface and the position of the soil saturated water after it dries up. When the controller Open or close irrigation valves upon receipt of low or high water level.
本发明的水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法进一步设置为：Water and fertilizer integration four-control irrigation and fertilization method of the present invention is further set to:
上述根系密集区或最大根土功能空间为作物成熟后的根系密集分布区。The above-mentioned root-intensive area or the largest root-soil functional space is the root-intensive distribution area after the crop matures.
本发明的水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法进一步设置为：Water and fertilizer integration four-control irrigation and fertilization method of the present invention is further set to:
上述作物包括番茄，其生长阶段中的水肥敏感阶段为番茄的开花结果期，上述旺盛阶段为番茄的果实膨大期和盛果期；The above-mentioned crops include tomato, the water and fertilizer sensitive stage in its growth stage is the flowering and fruiting stage of tomato, and the above-mentioned vigorous stage is the fruit expansion stage and full fruit stage of tomato;
上述淹水作物包括水稻，其生长阶段中的水肥敏感阶段为水稻的分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗杨花期、灌浆期，上述旺盛阶段为水稻营养生长的快速阶段。The above-mentioned flooded crops include rice, and the water-fertilizer-sensitive stages in its growth stages are rice tillering stage, jointing stage, heading poplar flowering stage, and filling stage, and the above-mentioned vigorous stage is a rapid stage of rice vegetative growth.
本发明的水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法进一步设置为：Water and fertilizer integration four-control irrigation and fertilization method of the present invention is further set to:
具体步骤依次如下：The specific steps are as follows:
步骤1、数据库建立：Step 1. Database establishment:
对不同种植地点根据卫星定位器的定位方案进行区域坐标编号，调查区域内的土壤类型、测定土壤肥力数据，根据不同作物的生长特点和水分养分需求规律确定模型；建立不同作物在其不同生长阶段所需的土壤湿度、养分需求量、养分比例、可耐受的施肥浓度等指标的数据库，并使用显示器触摸屏界面存入到控制器中；Number different planting sites according to the positioning scheme of the satellite locator, investigate the soil type in the area, measure the soil fertility data, determine the model according to the growth characteristics of different crops and the law of water and nutrient requirements; establish different crops in different growth stages The database of the required soil moisture, nutrient demand, nutrient ratio, tolerable fertilization concentration and other indicators is stored in the controller using the touch screen interface of the display;
步骤2、灌溉施肥参数调用：Step 2. Fertigation parameter call:
在种植地点通过控制器获取卫星定位器的位置数据，控制器自动在数据库中调用种植区域内不同种植作物的灌溉施肥参数，选择作物之后根据灌溉施肥参数与模型，制定施肥方案。At the planting site, the position data of the satellite locator is obtained through the controller, and the controller automatically calls the irrigation and fertigation parameters of different crops in the planting area in the database. After selecting the crops, the fertilization plan is formulated according to the irrigation and fertilization parameters and the model.
步骤3、肥水配制和养分比例控制：Step 3. Fertilizer and water preparation and nutrient ratio control:
根据数据库提供的作物不同生长阶段对不同营养元素的要求，选取溶解性良好的尿素、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钾或其它肥料，按比例溶解配制成滴灌液肥，储存于肥料桶中，或根据施肥参数自动按比例获取不同养分液体肥料配制成滴灌液肥，直接供应灌溉施肥系统应用，从而实现养分比例控制。According to the requirements of different nutrient elements in different growth stages of crops provided by the database, select urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride or other fertilizers with good solubility, dissolve them in proportion to make drip irrigation liquid fertilizer, store them in fertilizer tanks, or Fertilization parameters automatically obtain different nutrient liquid fertilizers in proportion to prepare drip irrigation liquid fertilizers, which are directly supplied to irrigation and fertigation systems to achieve nutrient ratio control.
步骤4、智能动态监控：Step 4. Intelligent dynamic monitoring:
控制器控制并定时采集设置于灌溉施肥区的卫星定位器、图像采集器、土壤水分传感器、养分浓度、养分比例、灌溉量等数据；The controller controls and regularly collects satellite locator, image collector, soil moisture sensor, nutrient concentration, nutrient ratio, irrigation volume and other data set in the irrigation and fertilization area;
步骤5、时间控制：Step 5, time control:
根据灌溉施肥方案，结合动态监测，确定作物灌溉施肥的时期与每次灌溉施肥的时长；According to the irrigation and fertilization plan, combined with dynamic monitoring, determine the period of crop irrigation and fertilization and the duration of each irrigation and fertilization;
步骤6、施肥量控制：Step 6, Fertilization amount control:
根据灌溉施肥方案，结合动态监测，确定施肥总量控制与单次施肥量控制；According to the irrigation and fertilization plan, combined with dynamic monitoring, determine the control of the total amount of fertilization and the control of the single fertilization amount;
步骤7、土壤湿度控制：Step 7, soil moisture control:
根据灌溉施肥方案，结合动态监测，确定作物的湿润程度与湿润深度；According to the irrigation and fertilization plan, combined with dynamic monitoring, determine the degree and depth of wetness of crops;
步骤8、湿润程度控制：Step 8. Humidity control:
根据中层土壤水分传感器测量，实现灌溉湿润程度控制：灌溉水由滴头滴入土壤，并在植物根区扩散下渗，当埋于根层中部的土壤水分传感器感应达到作物水分需求上限时，感应信号指示控制阀关闭，本次灌溉结束；According to the measurement of the soil moisture sensor in the middle layer, the control of the degree of irrigation humidity is realized: the irrigation water drips into the soil from the dripper, and diffuses and infiltrates in the root zone of the plant. The signal indicates that the control valve is closed and the irrigation is over;
步骤9、湿润深度控制：Step 9, wet depth control:
根据底层土壤水分传感器，实现灌溉深度控制，灌溉水由滴头滴入土壤，并在植物根区扩散下渗，当灌溉湿润锋到达根层下部时，埋在该层的水分传感器感应到土壤湿度提高，并通过电信号指示控制阀关闭，完成单次灌溉过程；According to the bottom soil moisture sensor, the irrigation depth control is realized. The irrigation water drips into the soil from the dripper, and diffuses and infiltrates in the root zone of the plant. When the irrigation wet front reaches the lower part of the root layer, the moisture sensor buried in the layer senses the soil moisture. Increase, and through the electrical signal to instruct the control valve to close, to complete the single irrigation process;
对于淹水作物，通过确定灌溉前水层或土壤饱和水需要下降到达的位置，并确定灌溉后的水层厚度，从而控制灌溉深度，实现灌溉控湿或深；For flooded crops, by determining the water layer or the position where the soil saturated water needs to drop before irrigation, and determining the thickness of the water layer after irrigation, the irrigation depth is controlled to achieve irrigation moisture control or depth;
步骤10、重复步骤3-步骤9；Step 10, repeat step 3-step 9;
步骤11、作物收割，完成整个灌溉施肥过程。Step 11, the crops are harvested, and the whole irrigation and fertilization process is completed.
本发明的水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法进一步设置为：Water and fertilizer integration four-control irrigation and fertilization method of the present invention is further set to:
在步骤3-11中，动态监控并采集图像数据，与数据库中的缺氮或磷或钾作物叶片图片或养分超量作物叶片照片进行对比，并根据图像对比结果进行灌溉施肥方案的修正；In step 3-11, image data is dynamically monitored and collected, compared with images of nitrogen-deficient or phosphorus- or potassium-deficient crop leaves or photos of nutrient-excessive crop leaves in the database, and the irrigation and fertilization scheme is corrected according to the image comparison results;
本发明的水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法进一步设置为：Water and fertilizer integration four-control irrigation and fertilization method of the present invention is further set to:
第一步，人工或自动获取多个位置点中的一个叶片图像；The first step is to manually or automatically acquire an image of a leaf in multiple position points;
第二步，对叶片图像与标准叶片图像进行对比，找到与其最近似的数据库中存储的标准图像，当两者灰度数据一致度超过5-15%，即可判断其中度缺钾或缺磷肥或氮肥，超过30%，及判断为严重缺乏，同时根据所缺肥料的种类，调整施肥方案。The second step is to compare the leaf image with the standard leaf image, and find the standard image stored in the database that is the closest to it. When the consistency of the gray data of the two exceeds 5-15%, it can be judged that it is moderately deficient in potassium or phosphorus. Or nitrogen fertilizer, more than 30%, and it is judged to be seriously deficient. At the same time, adjust the fertilization plan according to the type of fertilizer that is lacking.
本发明具有的有益效果是：The beneficial effects that the present invention has are:
1、本发明方法通过提出系统性的水肥一体化控制技术与方法，易掌握、易操作，方便于广泛的推广应用。1. The method of the present invention proposes a systematic water and fertilizer integrated control technology and method, which is easy to grasp and operate, and is convenient for wide application.
2、本发明提出水肥一体化灌溉程度由控制土壤湿度和灌溉深度来实现，并通过埋设土壤湿度传感器（电子水分传感器、土壤水分张力计或水位器）来定量读取或显示，便于使用和操作。2. The invention proposes that the degree of water and fertilizer integrated irrigation is realized by controlling soil moisture and irrigation depth, and quantitatively read or display by embedding soil moisture sensors (electronic moisture sensors, soil moisture tensiometers or water level gauges), which is convenient for use and operation .
3、本发明针对不同作物的水分需求和根系深度实现土壤湿度和灌溉深度的精良控制，可以将灌溉水和肥料溶液限定在根区范围，从而避免过量施肥引起的挥发、渗漏等损失，实现水肥的高效利用。3. The present invention realizes excellent control of soil moisture and irrigation depth according to the water demand and root depth of different crops, and can limit irrigation water and fertilizer solution to the root zone, thereby avoiding losses such as volatilization and leakage caused by excessive fertilization, and realizing Efficient use of water and fertilizer.
4、本发明提出水肥一体化施肥控制根据作物不同阶段的养分需求、结合测土配方施肥技术科学制定施肥总量，并通过施肥计量、浓度控制、设计灌溉施肥频次，应用比例施肥器、电脑控制或人工控制等方法调节控制不同阶段施肥量，可以实现精确施肥，并节省人工。4. The present invention proposes the integrated fertilization control of water and fertilizer. According to the nutrient requirements of crops at different stages, combined with soil testing and formula fertilization technology, the total amount of fertilization is scientifically formulated, and through fertilization metering, concentration control, and frequency design of irrigation and fertilization, proportional fertilizer applicators and computer control are used. Or manual control and other methods to adjust and control the amount of fertilizer applied at different stages can achieve precise fertilization and save labor.
5、本发明根据作物养分需求规律进行施肥控制，并科学合理地控制灌溉施肥的时间和空间，既保证作物能够良好生长，实现高产稳产，又可控制因过量施肥造成肥料流失或挥发造成环境污染，并减轻土壤板结和连作障碍等。5. The present invention controls fertilization according to the law of crop nutrient demand, and scientifically and rationally controls the time and space of irrigation and fertilization, which not only ensures good growth of crops, realizes high and stable yield, but also controls environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization caused by fertilizer loss or volatilization , and reduce soil compaction and continuous cropping obstacles.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明的四控灌溉施肥示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the four-control fertigation of the present invention.
图2是本发明的流程图。Fig. 2 is a flow chart of the present invention.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面通过实施例子对本发明作进一步的详细说明，但本发明的内容并不局限于此。The present invention will be further described in detail below through implementation examples, but the content of the present invention is not limited thereto.
实施例1Example 1
本发明的技术方案如下：Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
一种水肥一体化四控灌溉施肥方法，包括灌溉施肥的时间控制、施肥量控制、养分比例控制、土壤湿度控制。A water and fertilizer integrated four-control irrigation and fertilization method, including irrigation and fertilization time control, fertilizer amount control, nutrient ratio control, and soil moisture control.
时间控制，由灌溉施肥的时期控制与每次灌溉施肥的时长控制组成；施肥量控制，由括施肥总量控制与单次施肥量组成；养分比例控制，由肥液浓度控制与肥液养分配比控制组成；土壤湿度控制，由湿润程度控制与湿润深度控制组成。Time control is composed of period control of irrigation and fertilization and duration control of each irrigation and fertilization; control of fertilization amount is composed of total amount of fertilization and single fertilization amount; nutrient ratio control is composed of fertilizer concentration control and fertilizer distribution Ratio control; soil moisture control consists of wet degree control and wet depth control.
时期控制为根据作物生育阶段设置在作物对水肥需求的敏感阶段和旺盛阶段，时长控制为根据不同作物对土壤湿度和阶段养分量的需求来确定每次灌溉施肥的时长，并通过电脑或控制器来设定；Period control is to set the sensitive stage and vigorous stage of crop demand for water and fertilizer according to the growth stage of crops. Time control is to determine the duration of each irrigation and fertilization according to the requirements of different crops for soil moisture and stage nutrient content, and through the computer or controller to set;
施肥总量控制为根据作物品种、目标产量、基础地力科学制定施肥总量，单次施肥量控制为根据作物不同生长阶段营养需求程度，按灌溉次数分解单次施肥量；The control of the total amount of fertilization is to scientifically formulate the total amount of fertilization according to crop varieties, target yields, and basic soil fertility. The control of single fertilization is to decompose the amount of single fertilization according to the number of irrigations according to the nutritional requirements of crops at different growth stages;
肥液浓度控制为根据不同作物对肥液浓度的耐受程度和土壤湿度确定灌溉浓度，肥液养分配比控制为根据作物不同生长阶段对不同营养元素的需求，通过人工或配肥设备配制不同养分比例的肥液，并通过施肥设备实施水肥一体化灌溉施肥；The fertilizer solution concentration control is to determine the irrigation concentration according to the tolerance of different crops to the fertilizer solution concentration and soil humidity, and the fertilizer solution nutrient distribution ratio is controlled according to the needs of different nutrient elements in different growth stages of the crops. The fertilizer solution with nutrient ratio, and implement the integrated irrigation and fertilization of water and fertilizer through fertilization equipment;
湿润程度控制为根据不同作物对土壤水分的要求控制适合的土壤湿度，土壤湿度通过在根系密集区或最大根土功能空间的中部埋设水分传感器采集而来，控制器根据采集的土壤湿度在达到作物水分需求上限或下限后开启或关闭灌溉阀门。Humidity control is to control the appropriate soil moisture according to the soil moisture requirements of different crops. The soil moisture is collected by embedding a moisture sensor in the root-intensive area or the middle of the largest root-soil functional space. The controller reaches the crop according to the collected soil moisture. Open or close the irrigation valve after the upper or lower water demand limit.
湿润深度控制为根据作物根系主要分布区控制灌溉水在土壤中下渗的深度；湿润深度控制信号由根系密集区（最大根土功能空间）下部埋设的底层土壤水分传感感应而来，当控制器收到水分下渗到根层下部的感应信号后关闭灌溉阀门。对于淹水作物，土壤水分传感器为测量田面水位及落干后土壤饱和水所处位置的水位器，当控制器收到水位下限或上限后打开或关闭灌溉阀门。Wet depth control is to control the infiltration depth of irrigation water in the soil according to the main distribution area of crop root system; the wet depth control signal is sensed by the bottom soil moisture sensor buried under the root-intensive area (maximum root-soil functional space), when the control The sensor closes the irrigation valve after receiving the sensor signal that the water has infiltrated into the lower part of the root layer. For flooded crops, the soil moisture sensor is a water level gauge that measures the water level on the field surface and the position of the soil saturated water after it dries up. When the controller receives the lower or upper limit of the water level, it opens or closes the irrigation valve.
根系密集区或最大根土功能空间为作物成熟后的根系密集分布区。The root-intensive area or the largest root-soil functional space is the area where the roots are densely distributed after the crop matures.
作物包括番茄，其生长阶段中的水肥敏感阶段为番茄的开花结果期，旺盛阶段为番茄的果实膨大期和盛果期。The crops include tomato, the water and fertilizer sensitive stage in its growth stage is the flowering and fruiting stage of tomato, and the vigorous stage is the fruit expansion stage and full fruit stage of tomato.
作物包括水稻，其生长阶段中的水肥敏感阶段为水稻的分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗杨花期、灌浆期，旺盛阶段为水稻营养生长的快速阶段。Crops include rice, and the water and fertilizer sensitive stages in its growth stage are the tillering stage, jointing stage, heading poplar flowering stage, and filling stage of rice, and the vigorous stage is the rapid stage of rice vegetative growth.
本发明方法更进一步设置为，具体步骤依次如下：The inventive method is further set to, and concrete steps are as follows successively:
步骤1、数据库建立：Step 1. Database establishment:
对不同种植地点根据卫星定位器的定位方案进行区域坐标编号，调查区域内的土壤类型、测定土壤肥力数据，根据不同作物的生长特点和水分养分需求规律确定模型；建立不同作物在其不同生长阶段所需的土壤湿度、养分需求量、养分比例、可耐受的施肥浓度等指标的数据库，并使用显示器触摸屏界面存入到控制器中；Number different planting sites according to the positioning scheme of the satellite locator, investigate the soil type in the area, measure the soil fertility data, determine the model according to the growth characteristics of different crops and the law of water and nutrient requirements; establish different crops in different growth stages The database of the required soil moisture, nutrient demand, nutrient ratio, tolerable fertilization concentration and other indicators is stored in the controller using the touch screen interface of the display;
步骤2、灌溉施肥参数调用：Step 2. Fertigation parameter call:
在种植地点通过控制器获取卫星定位器的位置数据，控制器自动在数据库中调用种植区域和内不同种植作物的灌溉施肥参数，选择作物之后根据灌溉施肥参数，制定施肥方案。At the planting site, the position data of the satellite locator is obtained through the controller, and the controller automatically calls the irrigation and fertilization parameters of the planting area and different crops in the database. After selecting the crops, the fertilization plan is formulated according to the irrigation and fertilization parameters.
步骤3、肥水配制和养分比例控制：Step 3. Fertilizer and water preparation and nutrient ratio control:
根据数据库提供的作物不同生长阶段对不同营养元素的要求，选取溶解性良好的尿素、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钾或其它肥料，按比例溶解配制成滴灌液肥，储存于肥料桶中，或根据施肥参数自动按比例获取不同养分液体肥料配制成滴灌液肥，直接供应灌溉施肥系统应用，从而实现养分比例控制；According to the requirements of different nutrient elements in different growth stages of crops provided by the database, select urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride or other fertilizers with good solubility, dissolve them in proportion to make drip irrigation liquid fertilizer, store them in fertilizer tanks, or Fertilization parameters are automatically obtained in proportion to different nutrient liquid fertilizers to prepare drip irrigation liquid fertilizers, which are directly supplied to irrigation and fertigation systems to achieve nutrient ratio control;
步骤4、智能动态监控：Step 4. Intelligent dynamic monitoring:
控制器控制并定时采集设置于灌溉施肥区的卫星定位器、图像采集器、土壤水分传感器、养分浓度、养分比例、灌溉量等数据；The controller controls and regularly collects satellite locator, image collector, soil moisture sensor, nutrient concentration, nutrient ratio, irrigation volume and other data set in the irrigation and fertilization area;
步骤5、时间控制：Step 5, time control:
根据灌溉施肥方案，结合动态监测，确定作物灌溉施肥的时期与每次灌溉施肥的时长；According to the irrigation and fertilization plan, combined with dynamic monitoring, determine the period of crop irrigation and fertilization and the duration of each irrigation and fertilization;
步骤6、施肥量控制：Step 6, Fertilization amount control:
根据灌溉施肥方案，结合动态监测，确定施肥总量控制与单次施肥量控制；According to the irrigation and fertilization plan, combined with dynamic monitoring, determine the control of the total amount of fertilization and the control of the single fertilization amount;
步骤7、土壤湿度控制：Step 7, soil moisture control:
根据灌溉施肥方案，结合动态监测，确定作物的湿润程度与湿润深度；According to the irrigation and fertilization plan, combined with dynamic monitoring, determine the degree and depth of wetness of crops;
步骤8、湿润程度控制：Step 8. Humidity control:
根据中层土壤水分传感器测量，实现灌溉湿润程度控制：灌溉水由滴头滴入土壤，并在植物根区扩散下渗，当埋于根层中部的土壤水分传感器感应达到作物水分需求上限时，感应信号指示控制阀关闭，本次灌溉结束；According to the measurement of the soil moisture sensor in the middle layer, the control of the degree of irrigation humidity is realized: the irrigation water drips into the soil from the dripper, and diffuses and infiltrates in the root zone of the plant. The signal indicates that the control valve is closed and the irrigation is over;
步骤9、湿润深度控制：Step 9, wet depth control:
根据底层土壤水分传感器，实现灌溉深度控制，灌溉水由滴头滴入土壤，并在植物根区扩散下渗，当灌溉湿润锋到达根层下部时，埋在该层的水分传感器感应到土壤湿度提高，并通过电信号指示控制阀关闭，完成单次灌溉过程；According to the bottom soil moisture sensor, the irrigation depth control is realized. The irrigation water drips into the soil from the dripper, and diffuses and infiltrates in the root zone of the plant. When the irrigation wet front reaches the lower part of the root layer, the moisture sensor buried in the layer senses the soil moisture. Increase, and through the electrical signal to instruct the control valve to close, to complete the single irrigation process;
通过确定灌溉前土壤饱和水需要下降到达的位置，并确定灌溉后的水层厚度，从而控制灌溉深度，实现灌溉“控湿（深）”By determining the position where the soil saturated water needs to drop before irrigation and determining the thickness of the water layer after irrigation, the depth of irrigation can be controlled to achieve irrigation "humidity control (deep)"
步骤10、重复步骤3-步骤9；Step 10, repeat step 3-step 9;
步骤11、作物收割，完成整个灌溉施肥过程。Step 11, the crops are harvested, and the whole irrigation and fertilization process is completed.
图像对比的方法步骤如下：The steps of image comparison method are as follows:
在步骤3-11中，动态监控并采集图像数据，与数据库中的缺氮或磷或钾作物叶片图片或养分超量作物叶片照片进行对比，并根据图像对比结果进行灌溉施肥方案的修正；In step 3-11, image data is dynamically monitored and collected, compared with images of nitrogen-deficient or phosphorus- or potassium-deficient crop leaves or photos of nutrient-excessive crop leaves in the database, and the irrigation and fertilization scheme is corrected according to the image comparison results;
图像对比的方法步骤如下：The steps of image comparison method are as follows:
第一步，人工或自动获取多个位置点中的一个叶片图像；The first step is to manually or automatically acquire an image of a leaf in multiple position points;
第二步，对叶片图像与标准叶片图像进行对比，找到与其最近似的数据库中存储的标准图像，当两者灰度数据一致度超过5-15%，即可判断其中度缺钾或缺磷肥或氮肥，超过30%，及判断为严重缺乏，同时根据所缺肥料的种类，调整施肥方案。The second step is to compare the leaf image with the standard leaf image, and find the standard image stored in the database that is the closest to it. When the consistency of the gray data of the two exceeds 5-15%, it can be judged that it is moderately deficient in potassium or phosphorus. Or nitrogen fertilizer, more than 30%, and it is judged to be seriously deficient. At the same time, adjust the fertilization plan according to the type of fertilizer that is lacking.
以上仅是本发明的优选实施方式，本发明的保护范围并不仅局限于实施例，凡属于本发明思路下的技术方案均属于本发明的保护范围。应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理前提下的若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。The above are only preferred implementations of the present invention, and the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to the examples, and all technical solutions under the idea of the present invention belong to the scope of protection of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, some improvements and modifications without departing from the principle of the present invention should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
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| CN201710167781.7ACN106912237A (en) | 2017-03-20 | 2017-03-20 | Water-fertilizer integral four controls fertigation method |
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| CN201710167781.7ACN106912237A (en) | 2017-03-20 | 2017-03-20 | Water-fertilizer integral four controls fertigation method |
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