相关申请的交叉引用Cross References to Related Applications
本申请要求2015年7月24日提交的美国实用专利申请号14/808,563的优先权，并要求2014年7月25日提交的美国临时申请号62/029,041和2015年3月16日提交的美国临时申请号62/133,791的优先权。上述申请的全部公开内容都包含在本申请中，以作参考。This application claims priority to U.S. Utility Application No. 14/808,563, filed July 24, 2015, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/029,041, filed July 25, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/029,041, filed March 16, 2015. Priority of Provisional Application No. 62/133,791. The entire disclosure content of the above-mentioned application is incorporated in this application by reference.
技术领域technical field
本发明内容一般涉及工业排放控制系统和方法、在这样的系统中使用的设备、和从气态和非气态排放物中去除污染物的方法。The present disclosure generally relates to industrial emission control systems and methods, devices used in such systems, and methods of removing pollutants from gaseous and non-gaseous emissions.
背景技术Background technique
本部分提供与本发明内容相关的背景信息，并不一定是现有技术。This section provides background information related to the present disclosure and is not necessarily prior art.
来自许多经济部门的许多行业具有各种类型排放。这样的排放可分为两个基本组，一个是气态的，另一个是非气态的。通常气态组和非气态组中的排放物都包含有害污染物。气态组中的排放物可以是由燃煤电厂或天然气燃烧设备产生的废气的形式。非气态组中的排放物可以是液体状的、污泥状的或浆状物质。当排放物中的有害污染物浓度达到和/或超过允许的限度时，必须通过各种方式中和、捕获、收集、去除、处置、和/或适当地容纳污染物。Many industries from many economic sectors have various types of emissions. Such emissions can be divided into two basic groups, one gaseous and the other non-gaseous. Typically emissions in both gaseous and non-gaseous groups contain harmful pollutants. Emissions in the gaseous group can be in the form of exhaust from coal-fired power plants or natural gas-fired facilities. Emissions in the non-gaseous group can be liquid, sludge or slurry. When concentrations of harmful pollutants in effluents reach and/or exceed allowable limits, the pollutants must be neutralized, captured, collected, removed, disposed of, and/or properly contained by various means.
许多工业依靠燃烧燃料材料来完成各自工业程序的某些方面。例如，在第一个例子中，钢铁厂在制造金属形状、型材和其他金属铸件的过程中燃烧和/或熔炼金属。在金属工业中使用的方法包括从金属蒸气和电离金属中排放微粒的操作。对环境、植物、动物和/或人类有害的污染物通过金属蒸气释放到空气中。在一定程度上，金属蒸气和/或金属蒸气化合物中的有害污染物必须被收集并妥善处理。在第二个例子中，开采诸如金、银和铂的贵重金属的工业包括含有重金属污染物和微粒的金属和金属蒸气排放物，如果不被捕获、收集并妥善处理，则被认为是危险的。在第三个例子中，燃烧天然气的工业的排放物通常含有较高浓度的污染物，如果不被捕获、收集并妥善处理，则被认为是危险的。在第四个例子中，使用煤作为可燃耗材在锅炉中产生蒸气从而转动发电机的能源生产者产生相当大的排放物，包含被认为对环境、植物、动物和/或人类有害的金属蒸气和金属化合物。在其他有害污染物中，金属蒸气排放物通常含有汞(Hg)。Many industries rely on the combustion of fuel materials to accomplish certain aspects of their respective industrial processes. For example, in the first instance, a steel mill burns and/or smelts metal in the process of making metal shapes, profiles, and other metal castings. Methods used in the metals industry include operations that discharge particulates from metal vapors and ionized metals. Pollutants harmful to the environment, plants, animals and/or humans are released into the air via metal vapors. To some extent, hazardous contaminants in metal vapors and/or metal vapor compounds must be captured and disposed of properly. In a second example, industries that mine precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum include metal and metal vapor emissions that contain heavy metal pollutants and particulates that are considered hazardous if not captured, collected, and disposed of properly . In a third example, emissions from industries that burn natural gas often contain higher concentrations of pollutants that are considered hazardous if not captured, collected, and disposed of properly. In a fourth example, energy producers who use coal as a combustible consumable to generate steam in boilers that turn electrical generators generate considerable emissions, containing metal vapors and metal compound. Among other harmful pollutants, metal vapor emissions often contain mercury (Hg).
由于全球气流的模式，空气中的金属蒸气排放物可以从一个国家飘流到另一个国家。例如，中国和/或印度产生的大部分汞排放物可能实际上最终飘到在美国和/或其间的海洋中。类似地，美国产生的大量含汞排放物实际上可能沉积在欧洲和/或其间的海洋中。作为这个循环的终结，欧洲产生的大量含汞排放物实际上可能沉积在中国和/或印度。因此，抑制工业工程中产生的排放物中的汞和其他有害污染物是一个全球性的问题，具有全球性的影响，需要全球努力解决。Airborne metal vapor emissions can drift from one country to another due to global airflow patterns. For example, most mercury emissions from China and/or India may actually end up in the US and/or oceans in between. Similarly, large quantities of mercury-containing emissions from the United States may actually be deposited in Europe and/or in the oceans in between. As the end of the cycle, large mercury-containing emissions from Europe may actually be deposited in China and/or India. Therefore, the suppression of mercury and other harmful pollutants in effluents produced by industrial engineering is a global problem with global impact and requires global efforts to solve it.
在产生此类排放的国家和地区，提出和/或实施了国家和国际法规、规则、限制、费用、监测和长期不断发展并日益严格的法律。世界各国对有害排放物的监管和/或控制各不相同。然而，一个国家很难对另一个国家实施控制措施，即使并非不可能，试图以卑微的力量鼓励排放物制造者采取措施减少该国可能产生的有害排放物，即使这些排放物可能沉积在另一个国家。In countries and regions where such emissions are generated, national and international regulations, rules, restrictions, fees, monitoring and long-term evolving and increasingly stringent laws have been proposed and/or implemented. Regulation and/or control of hazardous emissions varies from country to country around the world. However, it is difficult, if not impossible, for one country to impose controls on another country in a humble attempt to encourage emitters to take steps to reduce harmful emissions that may be produced in that country, even if those emissions may be deposited in another country. nation.
自20世纪70年代以来，日本一直是减少汞生产和含汞排放物的全球领导者。日本制定了一些法规，对大型全球经济体如何解决与汞生产特别相关的环境问题产生了影响。日本努力推动国际上对汞立法，为防止基于汞的紊乱带来了希望。除了日本，美国还有一些由美国环境保护局(EPA)实施的世界上最严格并限制性的法律法规。金属蒸气排放物中最严重的污染物之一是汞。环保局已经发布了新的修订程序，例如“汞和空气中有毒物质的标准”，规范美国各种设施产生的汞排放物，目标是到2016年将燃煤电厂排放的汞的含量减少91％。即使法规持续成为政策和法律辩论主题，掩盖的问题仍然是必须处理有害的污染物。Japan has been a global leader in reducing mercury production and mercury-containing emissions since the 1970s. Japan has developed regulations that have had an impact on how large global economies address environmental issues particularly related to mercury production. Japan's efforts to promote international mercury legislation offer hope for the prevention of mercury-based disorders. Besides Japan, the US has some of the most stringent and restrictive laws and regulations in the world enforced by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). One of the most serious pollutants in metal vapor emissions is mercury. The EPA has issued new revised procedures, such as the "Mercury and Airborne Toxic Standards," to regulate mercury emissions from various facilities in the United States, with the goal of reducing the amount of mercury emitted by coal-fired power plants by 91% by 2016 . Even as regulations continue to be the subject of policy and legal debate, the masked problem remains the need to deal with harmful pollutants.
环保局执行的管辖权不适用于工业化国家如印度、中国、欧洲和其他国家的有害排放物的制造者。因此，联合国(UN)试图向其成员国施加压力，减少有害金属蒸气的排放。至少140个成员国的代表同意根据2013年生效的条约减少全球汞排放。然而，尽管在一些国家已经见到一些全球性的改善，但新兴工业化国家的扩张似乎大大超过了提高减排力度。The jurisdiction exercised by the EPA does not apply to producers of harmful emissions in industrialized countries such as India, China, Europe and others. Therefore, the United Nations (UN) is trying to put pressure on its member states to reduce emissions of harmful metal vapors. Representatives of at least 140 member states agreed to reduce global mercury emissions under the treaty that came into force in 2013. However, while some global improvements have been seen in some countries, the expansion of the newly industrialized countries appears to be significantly outpacing increased emissions reductions.
虽然主要关注汞不会减少金属蒸气排放中的其他污染物的危险影响，但汞可能是最普遍的，对动物和人类最有害。汞是一种自然存在的元素，遍布世界各地的植物、土壤和动物中。然而，人类的工业过程大大增加了汞和/或汞沉积物的积累，浓度远远高于自然存在的水平。在全球范围内，据估计，人类活动释放的汞总量高达每年1960公吨。这个数字是根据2010年分析的数据计算的。在全球范围内，据估计，人类活动释放的汞总量每年高达1960公吨。这个数字是从2010年分析的数据计算出来的。在世界范围内，这种特殊类型排放的主要因素是燃煤(24％)和金矿开采(37％)活动。在美国，燃煤比金矿开采活动的排放所占比例更高。While the main focus on mercury does not reduce the dangerous effects of other pollutants in metal vapor emissions, mercury is probably the most prevalent and most harmful to animals and humans. Mercury is a naturally occurring element found in plants, soil and animals around the world. However, human industrial processes have greatly increased the accumulation of mercury and/or mercury deposits in concentrations much higher than naturally occurring levels. Globally, it is estimated that the total amount of mercury released by human activities is as high as 1960 metric tons per year. This figure is calculated based on data analyzed in 2010. Globally, it is estimated that the total amount of mercury released by human activities is as high as 1960 metric tons per year. This figure was calculated from data analyzed in 2010. Worldwide, the main contributors to this particular type of emissions are coal burning (24%) and gold mining (37%) activities. In the United States, coal burning accounts for a higher proportion of emissions than gold mining activities.
动物和人类接触汞的主要问题是它是生物累积物质。因此，鱼或其他动物所摄入的不论多少数量的汞都残留在动物体内(即积累)，当前者被人类或其他动物摄入后传递给后者。此外，汞不会从摄取宿主体内排出。在食物链中，较大的捕食者，其寿命最长和/或摄取大量其他动物，面临过度汞积累的最大风险。人类摄入过多含汞的动物，尤其是鱼，面临广泛的众所周知的医学问题，包括神经系统疾病和/或生殖问题。The main concern with exposure of animals and humans to mercury is that it bioaccumulates. Thus, whatever amount of mercury ingested by a fish or other animal remains (ie, accumulates) in the animal and is passed on to humans or other animals when the former is ingested. In addition, mercury is not excreted from the ingested host. In the food chain, larger predators, which live the longest and/or ingest large quantities of other animals, face the greatest risk of excessive mercury accumulation. Humans face a wide range of well-known medical problems, including neurological disorders and/or reproductive problems, from animals, especially fish, that consume too much mercury.
汞排放有三种主要类型：人为排放、再排放和自然发生的排放。人为排放主要是工业活动的结果。人为排放源包括工业燃煤电厂、天然气燃烧设施、水泥生产厂、炼油设施、氯碱工业、氯乙烯工业、采矿作业和冶炼作业。当土壤中沉积的汞通过洪水或森林火灾重新分散时，会发生再排放。在土壤中吸收和/或沉积在土壤中的汞可以通过雨水径流和/或洪水释放回水中。因此，水土流失会助长这个问题。森林火灾，无论是自然灾害、纵火、或故意毁林焚烧，都会将汞重新释放回空气和/或水源中，再次沉积在其他地方。自然发生的排放包括火山和地热喷口。据估计，释放到大气中的所有汞大约一半来自于自然发生的事件，例如火山和热喷口。There are three main types of mercury releases: anthropogenic releases, re-emissions, and naturally occurring releases. Anthropogenic emissions are mainly the result of industrial activities. Anthropogenic sources of emissions include industrial coal-fired power plants, natural gas-fired facilities, cement production plants, oil refining facilities, chlor-alkali industries, vinyl chloride industries, mining operations, and smelting operations. Re-emissions occur when mercury deposited in soil is redispersed by flooding or forest fires. Mercury absorbed and/or deposited in soil can be released back into water through stormwater runoff and/or flooding. So soil erosion contributes to the problem. Forest fires, whether natural disasters, arson, or deliberate deforestation, can re-release mercury back into the air and/or water sources where it can be re-deposited elsewhere. Naturally occurring emissions include volcanic and geothermal vents. It is estimated that about half of all mercury released into the atmosphere comes from naturally occurring events, such as volcanoes and thermal vents.
如上所述，燃煤电厂每年向环境中释放大量的汞和其他污染物。因此，正在进行持续不断的努力，以减少燃煤电厂产生的烟道气排放物中有害污染物的量。美国的许多燃煤电厂配备了排放控制系统，捕获、容纳和/或回收有害元素，例如汞。在燃煤电厂中，燃烧煤炭烧水，将水变成蒸汽，用于运行发电机。煤燃烧的烟道气排放物通常通过管道系统输送到液气脱硫装置和/或喷雾干燥器系统，从烟道气中除去一些排放物和一些有毒烟雾，例如二氧化硫(SO2)和氯化氢(HCL)。然后，典型的管道系统将烟道气流输送到湿式或干式洗涤器，除去更多的二氧化硫、氯化氢和飞灰。烟道气流穿过袋式除尘器，将微粒从烟道气流中分离，类似于家用真空吸尘器袋的工作方式。烟道气通过过滤袋，该过滤袋具有允许气流通过的孔隙率，气流中较大的微粒不能通过。摇动和/或清洁过滤袋的表面，收集捕获的微粒，使得它们可以被处理。通常，这些沉积物本身是有害排放物，必须相应处理。然后，通过这种类型的排放控制系统剩余的烟道气允许通过高烟囱逸出并释放到大气中。As mentioned above, coal-fired power plants release large amounts of mercury and other pollutants into the environment each year. Accordingly, ongoing efforts are underway to reduce the amount of harmful pollutants in the flue gas emissions produced by coal-fired power plants. Many coal-fired power plants in the United States are equipped with emission control systems that capture, contain and/or recycle harmful elements such as mercury. In a coal-fired power plant, coal is burned to heat water, which is turned into steam that is used to run an electric generator. Flue gas emissions from coal combustion are typically sent through a piping system to a liquid gas desulfurization unit and/or a spray dryer system, which removes some emissions and some toxic fumes such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCL) from the flue gas . Typical ductwork then sends the flue gas stream to wet or dry scrubbers, which remove additional sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and fly ash. The flue airflow is passed through the baghouse, which separates the particulates from the flue airflow, similar to how a household vacuum cleaner bag works. The flue gas passes through the filter bag, which has a porosity that allows the airflow to pass through, and larger particles in the airflow cannot pass through. Shaking and/or cleaning the surface of the filter bag collects the captured particles so they can be disposed of. Often these deposits are themselves hazardous emissions and must be dealt with accordingly. The flue gases remaining through this type of emission control system are then allowed to escape through tall stacks and released into the atmosphere.
这种类型的排放控制系统的问题是，捕获和/或收集金属蒸气和金属化合物蒸气形式中包含的重金属，例如汞，实际上是无效的。由于燃煤燃烧系统在接近1,500华氏度的相对高的温度燃烧煤，汞被转化为纳米尺寸的蒸气颗粒，其甚至能够穿过最强的过滤系统。结果，由空气携带的汞和其他有害污染物的大量排放物释放到大气中。The problem with this type of emission control system is that it is practically ineffective to capture and/or collect heavy metals, such as mercury, contained in the vapor form of metal vapors and metal compounds. As coal combustion systems burn the coal at relatively high temperatures near 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit, the mercury is converted to nano-sized vapor particles that are able to pass through even the strongest filtration systems. As a result, large emissions of mercury and other harmful pollutants carried by the air are released into the atmosphere.
为了从燃煤系统和/或其他汞排放源中捕获和收集汞，已经开发了若干已知的系统来解决该问题，一般分为三类。To capture and collect mercury from coal combustion systems and/or other sources of mercury emissions, several known systems have been developed to address this problem, generally falling into three categories.
第一类是通过将吸附剂注入到烟道气流中来捕获汞的一组方法和/或系统。除了贵金属之外，使用的最常见的吸附剂材料是通常用溴卤化的活性炭。将吸附剂注入烟道气是试图捕获以下典型排放控制装置的一种和/或任意组合中的污染物：如静电除尘器、流化气体脱硫系统、洗涤器系统或织物过滤系统。这些系统略有不同，需要在煤燃烧后，在排放控制系统的不同点注入活性炭。第一类的一些示例性方法和/或系统在美国专利7578869、7575629、7494632、7306774、7850764、7704920、7141091、6905534、6712878、6695894、6558454、6451094、6136072、7618603、7494632、8747676、8241398、8728974、8728217、8721777、8685351、和8029600中公开。在这些示例性专利中阐述的所有方法和/或系统产生有害的和/或不可用的废物，处置这些废物成为一个问题。此外，这些方法和/或系统一般不具有经济上的可行性，并且不能满足环保局和/或其他全球机构预定的监管排放要求。The first category is a set of methods and/or systems for capturing mercury by injecting sorbents into the flue gas stream. Besides noble metals, the most common sorbent material used is activated carbon, usually halogenated with bromine. The injection of sorbents into the flue gas is an attempt to capture pollutants in one and/or any combination of typical emission control devices such as electrostatic precipitators, fluidization gas desulfurization systems, scrubber systems, or fabric filter systems. These systems are slightly different and require activated carbon to be injected at various points in the emission control system after the coal is burned.第一类的一些示例性方法和/或系统在美国专利7578869、7575629、7494632、7306774、7850764、7704920、7141091、6905534、6712878、6695894、6558454、6451094、6136072、7618603、7494632、8747676、8241398、8728974 , 8728217, 8721777, 8685351, and 8029600. All of the methods and/or systems set forth in these exemplary patents generate hazardous and/or unusable waste, the disposal of which becomes a problem. Furthermore, these methods and/or systems are generally not economically viable and cannot meet regulatory emissions requirements predetermined by EPA and/or other global agencies.
第一类已知解决方案的方法和/或系统的主要问题是使用活性炭是昂贵和低效的。因为当通过并流过系统时，仅有约10％的活性炭与金属蒸气相互作用，所以活性炭的初始费用被放大。因此，高达90％的昂贵的活性炭作为损失的费用释放到烟道气中，主要是一氧化碳(CO)和/或二氧化碳(CO2)的形式。另一个缺点是活性炭经常使飞灰不适合作为制造混凝土或其它工业产品所需填料的原材料。虽然飞灰的销售不是大的收入来源，但是在大批量的情况下，燃煤电厂的这种副产品确实提供了额外的收入来源。不适合在混凝土中用作填料的飞灰的副产品的数量必须归类为危险废物，因此需要处置费用。另一方面，适合在混凝土中用作填料的飞灰的副产品的数量不被归类为危险废物，因此是可销售的产品，不需要处置费用。The main problem with the methods and/or systems of the first class of known solutions is that the use of activated carbon is expensive and inefficient. The initial cost of activated carbon is magnified because only about 10% of the activated carbon interacts with the metal vapor as it passes through and flows through the system. Consequently, up to 90% of the expensive activated carbon is released into the flue gas as lost costs, mainly in the form of carbon monoxide (CO) and/or carbon dioxide (CO2 ). Another disadvantage is that activated carbon often renders fly ash unsuitable as a raw material for the filler needed to make concrete or other industrial products. While the sale of fly ash is not a large source of revenue, in large quantities this by-product of coal-fired power plants does provide an additional revenue stream. The quantity of by-products of fly ash that is not suitable for use as filler in concrete must be classified as hazardous waste and therefore subject to disposal costs. On the other hand, quantities of by-products of fly ash suitable for use as filler in concrete are not classified as hazardous waste and are therefore salable products that do not require disposal costs.
第一类已知解决方案的方法和/或系统的另一个问题是烟道气中多达10％的汞没被除去，释放到环境中。这个百分比高于环保局和其他全球机构允许的汞释放量。因此，第一类已知解决方案中的方法和/或系统没有一个满足在燃煤电厂或类似工业应用中收集和/或捕获汞的现行规定。Another problem with the methods and/or systems of the first type of known solutions is that up to 10% of the mercury in the flue gas is not removed and is released into the environment. This percentage is higher than the mercury releases allowed by the EPA and other global agencies. Therefore, none of the methods and/or systems in the first class of known solutions fulfills the current regulations for the collection and/or capture of mercury in coal-fired power plants or similar industrial applications.
然而，使用活性炭的另一个问题是，当活性炭燃烧时，产生一氧化碳和/或二氧化碳并释放到大气中。据估计，在美国，仅仅由于在燃煤电厂中使用活性炭，每年就会产生高达28亿吨的二氧化碳。在世界范围内，估计由于在燃煤电厂中使用活性炭，每年就会产生高达144亿吨的二氧化碳。此外，活性炭从其他形式的非气态排放物中去除汞是相对无效的，因此必须应用替代方法。However, another problem with using activated carbon is that when the activated carbon is burned, carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide are produced and released into the atmosphere. It is estimated that in the United States, as much as 2.8 billion tons of carbon dioxide are produced annually due to the use of activated carbon in coal-fired power plants alone. Worldwide, it is estimated that up to 14.4 billion tons of carbon dioxide are produced annually due to the use of activated carbon in coal-fired power plants. Furthermore, activated carbon is relatively ineffective in removing mercury from other forms of non-gaseous emissions, so alternative methods must be applied.
第二类是在燃烧之前预处理煤燃料以便降低煤燃料中的汞含量的一组方法和/或系统。第二类的一些示例性方法和/或系统在美国专利7540384、7275644、8651282、8523963、8579999、8062410和7987613中有描述。在这些示例性专利中阐述的所有方法和/或系统产生大量不可用的煤，也被认为是危险废物。结果，第二类已知解决方案的方法和/或系统操作效率低且昂贵。此外，煤的预处理通常需要大量的资金和物理空间，使得用必要的设备改装许多现有的排放控制系统是不切实际的。The second category is a set of methods and/or systems for pre-treating coal fuel prior to combustion in order to reduce the mercury content of the coal fuel. Some exemplary methods and/or systems of the second class are described in US Pat. All of the methods and/or systems set forth in these exemplary patents generate large amounts of unusable coal, also considered hazardous waste. As a result, the methods and/or systems of known solutions of the second type are inefficient and expensive to operate. In addition, coal pretreatment typically requires significant capital and physical space, making it impractical to retrofit many existing emission control systems with the necessary equipment.
第三类是将催化剂注入到活性炭注入系统上游的排放控制设备中的一组方法和/或系统。这些方法和/或系统中的催化剂使汞离子化，更容易从烟道气中收集和除去汞。然而，这些方法和/或系统的效率低并且操作成本高，所以第三类已知解决方案的方法和/或系统不节省成本。第三类例子在美国专利8480791、8241398、7753992和7731781中有描述。除了这些实施例外，美国专利7214254公开了一种通过使用微波和流化床反应器来再生昂贵的吸附剂材料的方法和装置。该方法选择性地从吸附剂中蒸发汞，使汞可以在专门的过滤器中被捕获、或冷凝并收集。使用微波生成使得该方法用于大规模的商业应用是不切实际的，因此仅用于昂贵的吸附剂的再生。另一个例子是美国专利申请公开号2006/0120935，它公开了一种使用几种基质材料中的任一种在烟道气通过排放控制设备时对汞形成化学吸引力的方法除去烟道气中的汞。这种方法用于大规模商业应用也是不切实际的。The third category is a set of methods and/or systems for injecting catalyst into an emission control device upstream of an activated carbon injection system. The catalysts in these methods and/or systems ionize the mercury, making it easier to collect and remove the mercury from the flue gas. However, these methods and/or systems are inefficient and costly to operate, so the methods and/or systems of the third class of known solutions are not cost-effective. Examples of the third class are described in US Pat. In addition to these examples, US Patent 7214254 discloses a method and apparatus for regenerating expensive adsorbent materials through the use of microwaves and fluidized bed reactors. The method selectively evaporates mercury from the sorbent so that it can be captured, or condensed and collected, in specialized filters. The use of microwave generation makes this method impractical for large-scale commercial applications and is therefore only used for the regeneration of expensive adsorbents. Another example is U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0120935, which discloses a method for removing mercury from flue gases using any of several matrix materials that chemically attract mercury as it passes through emission control devices. of mercury. This approach is also impractical for large-scale commercial applications.
因此，当前的排放控制系统和方法通常通过将有害污染物从气态排放物转化为非气态排放物，这产生另一组排放控制问题。Accordingly, current emission control systems and methods typically work by converting harmful pollutants from gaseous emissions to non-gaseous emissions, which creates another set of emission control problems.
虽然许多法律法规专注于金属蒸气排放物，但是含有有害污染物的其它形式的排放物，例如泥浆和/或浆状排放物、污泥和/或污泥状排放物、液体和/或液体状排放物以及其他形式的排放不应该被忽视。While many laws and regulations focus on metal vapor emissions, other forms of emissions that contain hazardous pollutants, such as slurry and/or paste-like emissions, sludge and/or Emissions, as well as other forms of emissions, should not be ignored.
列出的所有类型的排放也需要处理，它们包含的有害污染物可以通过各种方式中和、捕获、收集、去除、处置、和/或适当地容纳。历史上，用于去除有害污染物的最经济有效和最广泛使用的方法是使用让排放物穿过的活性炭(以种形式)。因此，预计到2017年美国对活性炭的需求每年增长超过10亿磅，工业成本超过1美元至1.50美元/磅。这相当于每年约10亿美元。预计活性炭需求增长的大部分是由于实施了环保局颁布的法规，要求设施和工业制造商升级燃煤发电厂以满足更严格的要求。All types of emissions listed also require treatment, and they contain harmful pollutants that can be neutralized, captured, collected, removed, disposed of, and/or properly contained by various means. Historically, the most cost-effective and widely used method for removing harmful pollutants has been the use of activated carbon (in a form) that lets emissions pass through. As a result, U.S. demand for activated carbon is expected to grow by more than 1 billion pounds per year by 2017, at an industry cost of more than $1 to $1.50/lb. This equates to about $1 billion per year. Much of the projected growth in activated carbon demand is due to the implementation of regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Agency requiring facilities and industrial manufacturers to upgrade coal-fired power plants to meet more stringent requirements.
除了日益严格的气态排放法规之外，环保局还通过“清洁水法案”实施了更严格的非气态排放法规，到2016年必须完全遵守该法案。对所有类型的排放物实施的不断增加的法规组合对多种不同工业产生的多种类型的排放产生影响。一些工业，例如，电力生产商，燃烧燃料发电，主要产生含有有害污染物的气态排放物。根据工业标准，这些气态排放物暴露于活性炭材料，捕获足够体积的有害污染物，使气态排放物等于或低于污染物的允许限度。从燃烧这些燃料产生的气态排放物中除去有害污染物的过程导致和/或产生含有有害污染物的液体状或浆状物质形式的二次非气态排放物。二次非气态排放物中的有害污染物也必须被适当地捕获和/或容纳，防止有害污染物排放到环境中。初始气态排放物和二次非气态排放物都需要适当地捕获和/或回收和/或限制足够的有害污染物以符合环境法规。与能够实现从二次非气态排放物中去除有害污染物的已知的可用方法相关的工业成本是如此高昂，以致一些工业如果不能将成本转嫁给消费者，则被迫关闭设施。In addition to increasingly stringent gaseous emissions regulations, EPA has implemented stricter non-gaseous emissions regulations through the Clean Water Act, which must be fully complied with by 2016. The ever-increasing mix of regulations imposed on all types of emissions has an impact on many types of emissions produced by many different industries. Some industries, for example, electricity producers, burn fuels to generate electricity, producing mainly gaseous emissions containing harmful pollutants. These gaseous emissions are exposed to activated carbon materials that capture sufficient volumes of harmful pollutants to keep the gaseous emissions at or below the pollutant's allowable limits, according to industry standards. The process of removing harmful pollutants from the gaseous emissions produced by the combustion of these fuels results in and/or produces secondary non-gaseous emissions in the form of liquid or slurry-like substances containing the harmful pollutants. Hazardous pollutants in secondary non-gaseous emissions must also be properly captured and/or contained to prevent discharge of harmful pollutants into the environment. Both primary gaseous emissions and secondary non-gaseous emissions require proper capture and/or recovery and/or containment of sufficient harmful pollutants to comply with environmental regulations. The industry costs associated with known available methods of enabling the removal of harmful pollutants from secondary non-gaseous emissions are so high that some industries are forced to close facilities if they cannot pass the costs on to consumers.
因为非气态排放物含有较高浓度的污染物，所以被认为是危险的，根据惯例，它们被放置容纳在池塘、堆或干燥床中长期储存。虽然这种做法隔离了有害污染物，但它们昂贵并且消耗土地面积，不能中和有害污染物本身，这可能导致储存有害污染物的场所的环境危害。非气态排放物的一个例子是飞灰，是燃煤的天然产物。飞灰与火山灰的组成基本相同。飞灰含有许多重金属和其他已知有害有毒污染物，包括汞、铍，镉，钡，铬，铜，铅，钼，镍，镭，硒，钍，铀，钒和锌的痕量浓度(即量)。一些估计表明，在美国多达10％的燃煤中含有不可燃物质，成为灰。结果，煤灰中有害微量元素的浓度比原煤中这些元素的浓度高10倍。Non-gaseous effluents are considered hazardous because they contain higher concentrations of pollutants and are conventionally placed in ponds, heaps or dry beds for long-term storage. While such practices sequester hazardous pollutants, they are expensive and consume land area, fail to neutralize the hazardous pollutants themselves, which can lead to environmental hazards at sites where hazardous pollutants are stored. An example of a non-gaseous emission is fly ash, a natural product of coal combustion. Fly ash has essentially the same composition as volcanic ash. Fly ash contains many heavy metals and other known hazardous and toxic pollutants, including trace concentrations of mercury, beryllium, cadmium, barium, chromium, copper, lead, molybdenum, nickel, radium, selenium, thorium, uranium, vanadium, and zinc (i.e. quantity). Some estimates suggest that as much as 10 percent of coal burned in the United States contains non-combustible material that becomes ash. As a result, the concentration of harmful trace elements in coal ash was 10 times higher than the concentration of these elements in raw coal.
飞灰被认为是火山灰，具有用于生产混凝土的悠久历史，因为当其与氢氧化钙混合时形成胶凝材料，与水和其他化合物聚合产生非常适合道路、机场跑道和桥梁的混凝土混合物。燃煤电厂产生的飞灰是烟灰，由与烟道气一起上升的非常细的颗粒组成。不上升的灰通常称为底灰。在早期的燃煤电厂，飞灰被简单地释放到大气中。近几十年来，环境法规要求安装排放控制，防止飞灰释放到大气中。在许多电厂，使用静电除尘器在飞灰到达并离开烟囱进入大气之前捕获飞灰。通常，底灰与捕获的飞灰混合形成所谓的煤灰。通常，飞灰比底灰含有更高浓度的有害污染物，这就是为什么将底灰与飞灰混合使得有害污染物的浓度符合大多数非气态排放标准。然而未来的标准可能将飞灰重新分类为有害材料。如果飞灰被重新分类为有害材料，将避免将其用于水泥、沥青和许多其它广泛的应用中。据一些研究估计，由于禁止在混凝土生产中使用飞灰，仅在美国，混凝土的成本增长将超过每年50亿美元。成本的增加是用更昂贵的替代材料代替飞灰的直接结果。此外，由于其独特的物理性质，没有其它已知材料适合作为水泥中飞灰的直接替代物。Fly ash, considered pozzolan, has a long history of use in the production of concrete because it forms a cementitious material when mixed with calcium hydroxide, which polymerizes with water and other compounds to produce concrete mixtures well suited for roads, airport runways and bridges. Fly ash produced by coal-fired power plants is soot, consisting of very fine particles that rise with the flue gas. Ash that does not rise is often referred to as bottom ash. In early coal-fired power plants, the fly ash was simply released into the atmosphere. In recent decades, environmental regulations have required the installation of emission controls to prevent fly ash from being released into the atmosphere. At many power plants, electrostatic precipitators are used to capture fly ash before it reaches and exits the stack into the atmosphere. Typically, bottom ash is mixed with captured fly ash to form so-called coal ash. In general, fly ash contains higher concentrations of hazardous pollutants than bottom ash, which is why mixing bottom ash with fly ash produces concentrations of hazardous pollutants that meet most non-gaseous emission standards. However, future standards may reclassify fly ash as a hazardous material. If fly ash were reclassified as a hazardous material, its use in cement, asphalt and many other broad applications would be avoided. Some studies estimate that the cost of concrete will increase by more than $5 billion per year in the U.S. alone due to the ban on the use of fly ash in concrete production. The increased cost is a direct result of replacing fly ash with more expensive alternative materials. Furthermore, due to its unique physical properties, no other known material is suitable as a direct replacement for fly ash in cement.
报告显示，在美国，超过450个燃煤发电厂每年产生超过1.3亿吨飞灰。一些报告估计，只有40％的这种飞灰被重复使用，表明多达5200万吨的飞灰被重复使用，每年多达7800万吨大量储存在泥浆池塘和堆积。飞灰通常储存在潮湿的泥浆池，以尽量减少挥发性微粒变成空气传播的可能性，以免将污染物从大容量储存器输送到大气和周围环境中。除了大量储存的飞灰排放到空中之外，还存在长期容纳飞灰所需的封闭系统的破裂和/或故障的威胁。2008年在田纳西州发生了一个著名的破裂事件，湿贮灰池的堤坝崩塌，溢出540万立方码的粉煤灰。溢出损坏了数间民居，污染了附近的河流。清理费用在提交本申请时仍在进行，可能超过12亿美元。In the United States, more than 450 coal-fired power plants generate more than 130 million tons of fly ash annually, the report shows. Some reports estimate that only 40% of this fly ash is reused, suggesting that as much as 52 million tons of fly ash is reused and as much as 78 million tons are stored in large quantities each year in mud ponds and stockpiles. Fly ash is typically stored in wet slurry ponds to minimize the potential for volatile particulates to become airborne, transporting pollutants from bulk storage into the atmosphere and surrounding environment. In addition to the release of large quantities of stored fly ash into the air, there is also the threat of rupture and/or failure of the closed systems required to contain the fly ash for long periods of time. A notable rupture occurred in Tennessee in 2008 when a wet storage ash pond's levee collapsed, spilling 5.4 million cubic yards of fly ash. The spill damaged several homes and polluted a nearby river. Cleanup costs, still ongoing at the time of this filing, could exceed $1.2 billion.
在另一个实例中，非气态排放物可以是燃煤设备的典型废水产生系统中的副产物。在典型的废水产生系统中，大量的水来自锅炉排污和冷却水过程。这些大量的废水含有相对低浓度的污染物，用于稀释其他含有高浓度污染物的废水。通常由净化系统排出的被污染的废水，由大量来自锅炉排污和冷却水过程的水稀释，然后，在大的连续的混合槽中用石灰处理形成石膏，然后将其泵入沉淀池中。在这个过程中，一定量的汞和其他重金属夹带在石膏中，稳定用于墙板和水泥中。这种石膏通常被认为是非浸出的，并且不被认为是污染危害物。然而，沉降池的水通常排放到水道中。现行的法规允许这种持续的排放，但是即将出台的规定提出将某些污染物和/或这些污染物浓度强制规定为有害污染物。In another example, the non-gaseous emissions may be by-products in a typical wastewater generation system of a coal burning facility. In a typical wastewater generation system, large volumes of water come from boiler blowdown and cooling water processes. These large volumes of wastewater contain relatively low concentrations of pollutants and are used to dilute other wastewaters containing higher concentrations of pollutants. Contaminated wastewater, usually discharged from the purification system, is diluted with large volumes of water from boiler blowdown and cooling water processes, then treated with lime in large continuous mixing tanks to form gypsum, which is then pumped into sedimentation tanks. During this process, certain amounts of mercury and other heavy metals are entrained in the plaster, stabilized for use in wallboard and cement. This gypsum is generally considered non-leaching and is not considered a pollution hazard. However, the water from the settling tanks is usually discharged into a waterway. Current regulations allow for such continued emissions, but forthcoming regulations propose mandating certain pollutants and/or concentrations of those pollutants as hazardous.
对于从非气态工业水流中去除汞和重金属，经常使用碳酸盐、磷酸盐、硫化物，使有害污染物降低到低残留水平。一种已知的从工业废水流中除去汞和其他有害污染物的方法是化学沉淀反应。另一种已知的方法是利用离子交换。化学沉淀反应和离子交换方法的一个主要问题是，当污染物含量较高时，例如处理飞灰浆液排放时，这些方法不够完全符合日益严格的环保局非气态排放法规。For the removal of mercury and heavy metals from non-gaseous industrial water streams, carbonates, phosphates, sulfides are often used to reduce harmful pollutants to low residual levels. One known method for removing mercury and other harmful pollutants from industrial wastewater streams is chemical precipitation. Another known method is to use ion exchange. A major problem with chemical precipitation and ion exchange methods is that they do not fully comply with increasingly stringent EPA non-gaseous emissions regulations when pollutant levels are high, such as when treating fly ash slurry discharges.
也有各种已知的商业排放控制方法和系统，以不同的商标名称销售，用于处理二次非气态排放物。一种商标名称为蓝色PRO(Blue PRO)的处理方法是反应性过滤过程，使用共沉淀和吸收，除去二次非气态排放中的汞。另一种商标名称为MERSORB-LW的处理方法是使用碎粒煤为基础的吸收剂，通过共沉淀和吸收，除去二次非气态排放物中的汞。另一种称为氯碱电解废水的处理方法在氯气电解生产过程中从二次非气态排放物中除去汞。另一种处理方法使用吸收动力学和来自于化肥废物的活性炭，从二次非气态排放物中除去汞。另一种处理方法使用改性聚乙烯亚胺多孔纤维素载体作为吸附剂，从二次非气态排放物中除去汞。另一种处理方法使用酶还原的微生物，从二次非气态排放物中除去汞。而另一种已知商标名称为MerCURxE的处理方法使用化学沉淀反应处理污染的液体状非气态排放物。There are also various known commercial emission control methods and systems, sold under different trade names, for treating secondary non-gaseous emissions. One treatment, traded under the trade name Blue PRO (Blue PRO), is a reactive filtration process that uses co-precipitation and absorption to remove mercury from secondary non-gaseous emissions. Another treatment, trade name MERSORB-LW, uses pulverized coal-based absorbents to remove mercury from secondary non-gaseous emissions by co-precipitation and absorption. Another treatment method called chlor-alkali electrolysis wastewater removes mercury from secondary non-gaseous emissions during the electrolytic production of chlorine gas. Another treatment method uses absorption kinetics and activated carbon from fertilizer waste to remove mercury from secondary non-gaseous emissions. Another treatment method uses a modified polyethyleneimine porous cellulose support as an adsorbent to remove mercury from secondary nongaseous emissions. Another treatment method uses enzyme-reducing microorganisms to remove mercury from secondary non-gaseous emissions. Yet another treatment method known under the trade name MerCURx E uses a chemical precipitation reaction to treat polluted liquid non-gaseous effluents.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本部分提供了本发明的一般概述，不是其全部范围或其所有特征的全面公开。This section provides a general overview of the invention, not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features.
根据本发明的一个方面，公开了用于从排放物中去除污染物的装置。该装置包括形状为反向文丘里管的外壳。具体地，该外壳包括用于以预定的进入流速接收排放物的入口部、用于以预定的排出流速排出排放物的出口部、和设置在外壳的入口部和出口部之间用于捕获排放物中的污染物的扩大部。外壳的入口部、出口部和扩大部彼此流体连通。另外，外壳的入口部具有入口部横截面，外壳的出口部具有出口部横截面，外壳的扩大部具有扩大部横截面。根据外壳的反向文丘里形状，扩大部横截面大于入口部横截面和出口部横截面。由于外壳的几何形状，进入外壳扩大部的排放物减速，并以相对于排放物通过外壳的入口部和出口部较低的速度通过外壳的扩大部。因为外壳的扩大部中的排放物的流动减慢，排放物在外壳的扩大部中的停留时间增加了。装置还包括设置在外壳扩大部内的大量反应材料。该大量反应材料具有设置成与排放物接触的反应性外表面。此外，该大量反应材料在反应性外表面包含汞齐形成金属。该大量反应材料中的汞齐形成金属与通过外壳的扩大部的排放物中的至少一些污染物化学结合到该大量反应材料的反应性外表面。According to one aspect of the invention, an apparatus for removing pollutants from effluent is disclosed. The device includes a housing in the shape of an inverted venturi. Specifically, the housing includes an inlet portion for receiving exhaust at a predetermined incoming flow rate, an outlet portion for discharging exhaust at a predetermined outlet flow rate, and an outlet portion disposed between the inlet portion and the outlet portion of the housing for capturing exhaust. The enlarged part of the pollutants in the food. The inlet, outlet and enlargement of the housing are in fluid communication with one another. Furthermore, the inlet of the housing has an inlet cross-section, the outlet of the housing has an outlet cross-section, and the enlargement of the housing has an enlargement cross-section. According to the reverse Venturi shape of the housing, the enlargement cross-section is larger than the inlet cross-section and the outlet cross-section. Due to the geometry of the enclosure, exhaust entering the enclosure enlargement is decelerated and passes through the enclosure enlargement at a lower velocity relative to exhaust passing through the enclosure's inlet and outlet portions. Because the flow of the exhaust in the enlarged portion of the housing is slowed down, the residence time of the exhaust in the enlarged portion of the housing is increased. The device also includes a mass of reactive material disposed within the housing enlargement. The mass of reactive material has a reactive outer surface disposed in contact with the effluent. In addition, the bulk reactive material comprises amalgam-forming metals on the reactive outer surface. Amalgam-forming metals in the mass of reactive material chemically bond to the reactive outer surface of the mass of reactive material with at least some of the pollutants in the discharge through the enlarged portion of the enclosure.
根据本发明的另一个方面，公开了从气态排放物中去除污染物的排放控制方法。该方法包括以下步骤：在熔炉中燃烧燃料，产生含有污染物的气态排放物，使气态排放物穿过静电除尘器，用静电除尘器去除气态排放物中的第一部分颗粒污染物，然后使气态排放物穿过硫化气体脱硫单元，用硫化气体脱硫单元去除气态排放物中的二氧化硫污染物，然后使气态排放物穿过织物过滤器单元，用织物过滤器单元去除气态排放物中的第二部分颗粒污染物。该方法还包括以下步骤：使气态排放物穿过反向文丘里装置，用反向文丘里装置去除气态排放物中的重金属污染物。使气态排放物穿过反向文丘里装置并用反向文丘里装置去除气态排放物中的重金属污染物这一步骤包括使气态排放物穿过设置在反向文丘里装置中的大量反应材料。该大量反应材料含有与气态排放物中的重金属污染物化学结合的汞齐形成金属。因此，当重金属污染物与大量反应材料中的汞齐结合时，重金属污染物在反向文丘里装置中被捕获。该方法可进一步包括以下步骤：将气态排放物输送到烟囱，将气态排放物排放到周围大气中。According to another aspect of the invention, an emission control method for removing pollutants from gaseous emissions is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of burning a fuel in a furnace to produce a gaseous discharge containing pollutants, passing the gaseous discharge through an electrostatic precipitator, using the electrostatic precipitator to remove a first portion of the particulate pollutants in the gaseous discharge, and then passing the gaseous The effluent is passed through a sulfurized gas desulfurization unit, which removes the sulfur dioxide pollutant from the gaseous effluent, and then passes the gaseous effluent through a fabric filter unit, which removes a second part of the gaseous effluent particulate pollution. The method also includes the step of passing the gaseous effluent through a reverse venturi device, and using the reverse venturi device to remove heavy metal pollutants from the gaseous effluent. Passing the gaseous effluent through a reverse venturi device and using the reverse venturi device to remove heavy metal contaminants from the gaseous effluent includes passing the gaseous effluent through a mass of reactive material disposed in the reverse venturi device. The bulk reactive material contains amalgam-forming metals that are chemically bound to the heavy metal pollutants in the gaseous emissions. Therefore, heavy metal pollutants are trapped in reverse venturi devices when they combine with amalgam in bulk reacting materials. The method may further include the steps of: delivering the gaseous emissions to a chimney, and discharging the gaseous emissions into the surrounding atmosphere.
根据本发明内容的另一个方面，公开了从非气态排放物中去除污染物的排放控制方法。该方法还包括以下步骤：将含有污染物的非气态排放物存放在沉降池，非气态排放物中的一些污染物通过沉降被去除，使沉降池中的非气态排放物的第一部分脱水，并且在二次工业过程中使用脱水的副产物，以及从沉降池中除去非气态排放物的第二部分，并使非气态排放物的第二部分经受干燥处理过程。该方法还包括以下步骤：将沉降池中的非气态排放物的第三部分输送到含有吸附剂的处理罐。吸附剂含有与非气态排放物的第三部分中的重金属污染物结合的汞齐形成金属。因此，当重金属污染物与吸附剂中的汞齐形成金属结合时，吸附剂捕获处理罐中的重金属污染物。该方法可进一步包括以下步骤：将非气态排放物从处理罐输送到水道进行排放。According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an emission control method for removing pollutants from non-gaseous emissions is disclosed. The method also includes the steps of: storing the non-gaseous effluent containing pollutants in a settling tank, some of the pollutants in the non-gaseous effluent are removed by settling, dehydrating a first portion of the non-gaseous effluent in the settling tank, and The by-products of the dehydration are used in a secondary industrial process and a second part of the non-gaseous effluent is removed from the settling tank and subjected to a drying process. The method also includes the step of delivering a third portion of the non-gaseous effluent from the settling tank to a treatment tank containing an adsorbent. The sorbent contains amalgam-forming metals that bind to the heavy metal pollutants in the third portion of the non-gaseous emissions. Thus, the sorbent captures the heavy metal contaminants in the treatment tank when they form a metal bond with the amalgam in the sorbent. The method may further include the step of conveying the non-gaseous effluent from the treatment tank to a waterway for discharge.
本文阐述的装置和方法提供了优于已知排放控制系统和方法的许多优点。本发明公开的装置和方法明显减少和/或消除了在燃烧煤的排放物中使用活性炭的需要。目前，本文公开的大量反应性材料和吸附剂中的汞齐形成金属的初始成本略高于活性炭的1-1.5美元每磅的获取成本。然而，由于汞齐形成金属可以再生，并且有害污染物可以被收获再利用，所以增加的成本是一次性成本。结果，本文公开的含有汞齐形成金属的材料的第一年初始成本，结合回收和再生成本，估计为活性炭的年成本的1.5倍，或就全美国而言总成本为15亿美元。然而，在初始第一年投资之后，估计年度成本仅包括年度回收和再生成本，估计整个美国为2.5亿美元。因此，在10年期间，美国工业的第一年成本为15亿美元，未来九年的回收和再生成本为每年2.5亿美元，10年期总额为37.5亿美元。与使用活性炭的超过100亿美元的成本相比，该数量较低，可以实现在10年期间工业大幅节省65亿美元。The devices and methods set forth herein provide a number of advantages over known emission control systems and methods. The apparatus and methods disclosed herein significantly reduce and/or eliminate the need for the use of activated carbon in the emissions of coal combustion. Currently, the initial cost of amalgam-forming metals in the bulk of the reactive materials and sorbents disclosed herein is slightly higher than the $1-1.5 per pound acquisition cost of activated carbon. However, the added cost is a one-time cost since the amalgam-forming metals can be regenerated and harmful pollutants can be harvested for reuse. As a result, the first-year initial cost of the amalgam-forming metal-containing materials disclosed herein, combined with recovery and regeneration costs, is estimated to be 1.5 times the annual cost of activated carbon, or a total cost of $1.5 billion for the entire United States. However, after the initial first year investment, the estimated annual cost includes only annual recycling and regeneration costs, estimated at $250 million across the United States. Thus, over a 10-year period, the cost to the US industry for the first year is $1.5 billion, and the cost of recycling and regeneration for the next nine years is $250 million per year, for a total of $3.75 billion over the 10-year period. Compared to the over $10 billion cost of using activated carbon, this amount is low and could result in substantial industry savings of $6.5 billion over a 10-year period.
除了明显节约的优点之外，与已知的排放控制系统和方法相比，在从气态和非气态排放物中去除有害污染物方面，本发明的装置和方法更有效。据估计，这些改进明显足够使工业能够满足和/或超过预计的监管要求，这在当前技术下不是经济可行的。因此，即使管制要求将飞灰重新分类为危险材料，本发明的装置和方法具有允许继续使用飞灰的潜力，因此避免了产生非气态飞灰型副产物的建筑工业、公用发电工业和其他工业明显增加的成本。In addition to the advantage of significant savings, the apparatus and method of the present invention are more efficient at removing harmful pollutants from gaseous and non-gaseous emissions than known emission control systems and methods. These improvements are estimated to be significantly sufficient to enable industry to meet and/or exceed projected regulatory requirements, which are not economically feasible with current technology. Thus, even if regulations require fly ash to be reclassified as a hazardous material, the apparatus and method of the present invention have the potential to allow the continued use of fly ash, thus avoiding the construction industry, utility power generation industry, and other industries that produce non-gaseous fly ash type by-products. Significantly increased costs.
本发明公开的装置和方法还明显降低了从气态排放物中去除有害污染物时对活性炭使用的依赖性，即使不是完全不使用活性炭。有利地，估计在排放控制系统中减少活性炭的使用仅在美国减少二氧化碳的年产生量就多达20亿吨。The apparatus and method disclosed herein also significantly reduces, if not completely eliminates, the reliance on the use of activated carbon in the removal of harmful pollutants from gaseous emissions. Advantageously, reducing the use of activated carbon in emission control systems is estimated to reduce the annual production of carbon dioxide by as much as 2 billion tons in the United States alone.
结合所公开的装置和方法，本文描述的专用吸附剂还具有许多优点。一般来说，吸附剂改进了所公开的排放设备的能力，更好地捕获、容纳和/或再循环汞和其它危险材料，具有以前使用已知的排放控制系统和方法不可能有的效率。本文公开的吸附剂的另一个明显益处是吸附剂可用于处理气态和非气态排放物，因此克服了用于处理污染的非气态排放物的已知方法的许多缺点，包括用于处理气态排放的主要排放控制方法产生的二次排放物。此外，本文所述的吸附剂改进了有效处理气态排放物的能力，足以避免需要二次处理主要气态排放物处理程序产生的副产物。本文公开的吸附剂也是有益的，因为其是可重复使用的。通过再生过程，可以从吸附剂中收获(即去除)与吸附剂中的汞齐形成金属化学结合的危险污染物，从而恢复吸附剂从气态和/或非气态排放物中去除污染物的能力。There are also many advantages to the specialized sorbents described herein in conjunction with the disclosed apparatus and methods. In general, the sorbent improves the ability of the disclosed emission devices to better capture, contain and/or recycle mercury and other hazardous materials with efficiencies not previously possible using known emission control systems and methods. Another significant benefit of the sorbents disclosed herein is that the sorbents can be used to treat both gaseous and non-gaseous emissions, thus overcoming many of the shortcomings of known methods for treating polluting non-gaseous emissions, including those used to treat gaseous emissions. Secondary emissions from primary emission control methods. In addition, the sorbents described herein improve the ability to effectively treat gaseous emissions sufficiently to avoid the need for secondary treatment of by-products from primary gaseous emissions treatment procedures. The sorbents disclosed herein are also beneficial because they are reusable. Hazardous pollutants that form metal chemical bonds with amalgam in the sorbent can be harvested (i.e., removed) from the sorbent through the regeneration process, thereby restoring the sorbent's ability to remove pollutants from gaseous and/or non-gaseous emissions.
附图说明Description of drawings
结合附图，通过参照以下详细描述更好理解，所以，本发明的其它优点将容易理解。Other advantages of the present invention will be readily understood as they are better understood by referring to the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
图1示出了用于燃煤发电厂的已知布局的示意图；Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a known layout for a coal fired power plant;
图2示出了用于从图1所示类型的燃煤发电厂产生的排放物中去除污染物的排放控制系统的已知布局的示意图；Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of a known layout of an emission control system for removing pollutants from emissions produced by a coal-fired power plant of the type shown in Figure 1;
图3是修改了图2所示的排放控制系统的示意图，增加了构成本发明内容的示例的反向文丘里装置；FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the emission control system shown in FIG. 2 modified with the addition of a reverse venturi device forming an example of the teachings of the present invention;
图4A是构成本发明内容的示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，包括外壳，该外壳具有入口部、扩大部和出口部；Figure 4A is a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary inverted venturi device comprising a housing having an inlet section, an enlarged section, and an outlet section;
图4B是图4A所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的外壳入口部的前视剖视图；Figure 4B is a front cross-sectional view of the housing inlet portion of the exemplary reverse venturi device shown in Figure 4A;
图4C是图4A所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的外壳扩大部的前视剖视图；FIG. 4C is a front cross-sectional view of the housing enlargement of the exemplary inverted Venturi device shown in FIG. 4A;
图4D是图4A所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的外壳出口部的前视剖视图；Figure 4D is a front cross-sectional view of the housing outlet portion of the exemplary reverse venturi device shown in Figure 4A;
图5是构成本发明内容的又一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，其中，一连串交错隔板设置在外壳的扩大部，为排放物创建蜿蜒型流道；Figure 5 is a side cross-sectional view of yet another example of an inverted Venturi device forming the subject of the present invention, wherein a series of staggered baffles are provided in an enlarged portion of the housing to create a serpentine flow path for the discharge;
图6A是构成本发明内容的又一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，其中，螺旋形隔板设置在外壳的扩大部，为排放物创建螺旋型流道；Figure 6A is a side cross-sectional view of yet another example of an inverted Venturi device comprising a subject matter of the present invention, wherein a helical baffle is provided in an enlarged portion of the housing to create a helical flow path for the discharge;
图6B是图6A所示示例的反向文丘里装置中的螺旋形隔板的前视立体图；6B is a front perspective view of a helical baffle in the example reverse venturi device shown in FIG. 6A;
图7A是构成本发明内容的又一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，其中，多个隔开的隔板设置在外壳的扩大部；7A is a side cross-sectional view of yet another example of an inverted Venturi device comprising a plurality of spaced apart baffles provided in an enlarged portion of the housing;
图7B是图7A所示的示例的反向文丘里装置沿剖面线AA的前视剖视图，示出了一个隔板上的孔；7B is a front cross-sectional view of the exemplary reverse venturi device shown in FIG. 7A along section line AA, showing a hole in one of the bulkheads;
图8是构成本发明内容的又一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，其中，多个碎片设置在外壳的扩大部；Fig. 8 is a side cross-sectional view of yet another example of an inverted venturi device comprising a plurality of fragments provided in an enlarged portion of the housing;
图9是构成本发明内容的又一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，其中，多股纠缠的股线设置在外壳的扩大部，在其中形成羊毛状材料；Figure 9 is a side cross-sectional view of yet another example of an inverted Venturi device forming the subject of the present invention, wherein a plurality of intertwined strands are disposed in an enlarged portion of the housing forming a fleece-like material therein;
图10是构成本发明内容的又一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，其中，过滤元件设置在外壳的扩大部；Figure 10 is a side cross-sectional view of yet another example of an inverted venturi device forming the subject of the present invention, wherein the filter element is disposed in an enlarged portion of the housing;
图11是构成本发明内容的又一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，其中，外壳的扩大部含有多个隔板和设置在相邻隔板之间的多个不同尺寸的碎片；11 is a side cross-sectional view of yet another example of an inverted Venturi device comprising the teachings of the present invention, wherein the enlarged portion of the housing contains a plurality of baffles and a plurality of fragments of different sizes disposed between adjacent baffles;
图12A是图11所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的外壳扩大部中的碎片的一种示例尺寸的正视图；12A is a front view of an exemplary dimension of fragments in the housing enlargement of the exemplary inverted Venturi device shown in FIG. 11;
图12B是图11所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的外壳扩大部中的碎片的另一示例尺寸的正视图；12B is a front view of another example dimension of fragments in the housing enlargement of the example inverted venturi device shown in FIG. 11;
图12C是图11所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的外壳扩大部中的碎片的另一示例尺寸的正视图；12C is a front view of another example dimension of a fragment in the housing enlargement of the example inverted venturi device shown in FIG. 11;
图12D是图11所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的外壳扩大部中的碎片的另一示例尺寸的正视图；12D is a front view of another example dimension of a fragment in the housing enlargement of the example inverted venturi device shown in FIG. 11;
图13A是星号状松散材料的示例的正视图，与其它材料结合可用于替换图8和图11所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的碎片；Figure 13A is a front view of an example of star-shaped bulk material that may be used in combination with other materials to replace fragments of the example reverse venturi device shown in Figures 8 and 11;
图13B是示例晶片的正视图，与其它晶片结合可用于替换图8和图11所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的碎片；Figure 13B is a front view of an example wafer that may be used in combination with other wafers to replace fragments of the example inverted Venturi devices shown in Figures 8 and 11;
图13C是示例线圈的正视图，与其它线圈结合可用于替换图8和图11所示的示例的反向文丘里装置的碎片；Figure 13C is a front view of an example coil that may be used in combination with other coils to replace fragments of the example reverse venturi device shown in Figures 8 and 11;
图14是构成本发明内容的另一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，包括两个独立的扩大部串联在一起；Figure 14 is a side cross-sectional view of another example of an inverted Venturi device comprising two separate enlargements connected in series to form another example of the teachings of the present invention;
图15是构成本发明内容的另一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图，包括两个独立的扩大部并联在一起；Fig. 15 is a side cross-sectional view of another example of an inverted venturi device comprising two separate enlargements connected in parallel;
图16是构成本发明内容的另一示例的反向文丘里装置的侧视剖视图；Figure 16 is a side cross-sectional view of an inverted venturi device forming another example of the teachings of the present invention;
图17是用于从气态排放物去除污染物的已知方法的流程框图；Figure 17 is a block flow diagram of a known method for removing pollutants from gaseous emissions;
图18A是修改了图17所示的用于从气态排放物中去除污染物的方法的框图，其中增加了以下步骤：在初始注入点增加了向气态排放物中注入吸附剂，随后使气态排放物穿过反向文丘里装置；18A is a block diagram of the method for removing pollutants from gaseous emissions modified from that shown in FIG. The object passes through the reverse venturi device;
图18B是修改了图17所示的用于从气态排放物去除污染物的方法的框图，其中增加了以下步骤：在第二注入点增加了向气态排放物中注入吸附剂，随后使气态排放物穿过反向文丘里装置；18B is a block diagram of the method for removing pollutants from gaseous emissions shown in FIG. The object passes through the reverse venturi device;
图19是用于从非气态排放物中去除污染物的已知方法的框图，要求在沉淀池中沉淀非气态排放物；Figure 19 is a block diagram of a known method for removing pollutants from non-gaseous emissions, requiring sedimentation of the non-gaseous emissions in a sedimentation tank;
图20是修改了图19所示的从用于非气态排放物去除污染物的方法的框图，其中增加了以下步骤：用吸附剂处理从沉淀池中提取的一部分非气态排放物；Figure 20 is a block diagram of the method for removing pollutants from non-gaseous emissions shown in Figure 19 modified, wherein the following steps are added: treating a portion of the non-gaseous emissions extracted from the sedimentation tank with an adsorbent;
图21是一个图表，显示由已知的排放控制系统从排放物中去除污染物的百分比，和由本申请公开的装置和方法从排放物中去除污染物的百分比。Figure 21 is a graph showing the percentage of pollutants removed from effluent by known emission control systems and the percentage of pollutants removed from effluent by the devices and methods disclosed herein.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
参照附图，其中，同样的数字表示视图中的相应部分，阐述了用于从工业排放物中去除污染物的装置和方法。Referring to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the views, there is illustrated an apparatus and method for removing pollutants from industrial effluents.
参照附图更详细地描述实施例。提供这些示例性实施例使得对本领域技术人员来说本发明是彻底的，并且充分表现本发明的范围。阐述了诸如具体部件、装置和方法的示例的许多具体细节，以提供对本发明的实施例的透彻理解。对于本领域的技术人员来说显而易见的是不需要采用具体细节，可以以许多不同形式来体现示例性实施例，并且不应将任一者理解为限制本发明的范围。在某些示例性实施例中，未详细地描述熟知的过程、熟知的装置结构和熟知的技术。Embodiments are described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. These exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth, such as examples of specific components, devices and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the invention. In some example embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies are not described in detail.
这里使用的术语仅用于描述特定实施例的目的，并非用于限制本发明的示例性实施例。这里，单数形式“一”、“一个”、和“所述”也包括复数形式，除非上下文明确指出。术语“包括”、“包含”、“含有”、和/或“具有”在使用时指定所述特征、整数、步骤、操作、元素、和/或组件的存在，但并不排除存在或添加有一个或多个其他特征、整数、步骤、操作、元素、组件和/或它们的组合。在此描述的方法的步骤、过程和操作不被理解为必须要求其按讨论或说明的特定顺序执行，除非明确地作为一种执行顺序来识别。也应理解可采用另外的或可选择的步骤。The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Here, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" also include plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms "comprising", "comprising", "containing", and/or "having" when used specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of One or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or combinations thereof. The steps, procedures, and operations of the methods described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless explicitly identified as an order of performance. It should also be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.
当元件或者层被称为在另一元件或者层“上”、或“接合至”、“连接至”或者“联接至”另一元件或者层时，它可以是直接在所述另一元件或者层上、或直接接合、连接或者联接至所述另一元件或者层，或者可以存在中间元件或者层。相反，当元件被称为“直接”在另一元件或者层上、或“直接接合至”、“直接连接至”或者“直接联接至”另一元件或者层时，可以不存在中间元件或者层。用于描述元件之间的关系的其它词语也应该以相似的方式解释(例如“在…之间”对“直接在…之间”、“相邻”对“直接相邻”等)。如本文所使用的，术语“和/或”包括相关联的列举项目中的一个或多个的任意和所有组合。When an element or layer is referred to as being "on," "bonded to," "connected to," or "coupled to" another element or layer, it can be directly on the other element or layer. A layer may be on, or directly joined, connected or coupled to, another element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on," "directly engaged to," "directly connected to," or "directly coupled to" another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. . Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (eg, "between" versus "directly between," "adjacent" versus "directly adjacent," etc.). As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
虽然在本文可以使用第一、第二、第三等术语来描述各元件、部件、区域、层和/或部段，但是这些元件、部件、区域、层和/或部段不应该被这些术语限制。这些术语可以只用于区分一个元件、部件、区域、层或部段与另一区域、层或部段。当在本文中使用时，比如“第一”、“第二”和其它序数词等术语并不暗示序列或者顺序，除非上下文有明确说明。因此，以下讨论的第一元件、部件、区域、层或部段可以被称为第二元件、部件、区域、层或部段，而不背离示例性实施例的教导。Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be referred to by these terms. limit. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Terms such as "first," "second," and other ordinal numbers when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.
可以在本文中使用空间上相对的术语，比如“内”、“外”、“下方”、“以下”、“下”、“上方”、“上”等，以便描述如图所示的一个元件或者特征与其它元件或者特征的关系。空间上相对的术语可以旨在包含使用或者操作中的装置的除了图中示出的取向之外的不同取向。例如，如果图中的装置被翻转，则被描述为在其它元件或者特征“以下”或者“下方”的元件于是将取向为在其它元件或者特征“上方”。因此，示例性的术语“以下”可以包含上方和下方这两个取向。装置可以按其它方式取向(旋转90度或者处于其它取向)，并且在此使用的空间描述语相应地被解释。Spatially relative terms such as "inner," "outer," "below," "under," "under," "above," "on," etc. may be used herein to describe an element as shown in the figures. Or the relationship of a feature to other elements or features. Spatially relative terms may be intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as "below" or "beneath" other elements or features would then be oriented "above" the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term "below" can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatial descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
另外，这里使用的术语“管道”旨在涵盖所有涉及的管道，可能通常输送液体、和/或液体状排放物和气态和/或气态状排放物。关于输送排放物的实际方法，不论排放的类型，没有优先考虑或暗示。Additionally, the term "pipeline" as used herein is intended to cover all referenced pipelines, which may typically convey liquid, and/or liquid-like discharges and gaseous and/or gaseous discharges. There is no preference or implication regarding the actual method of transporting the emissions, regardless of the type of emissions.
参考图1，示出了典型的燃煤发电厂100的示意图。燃煤发电厂100包括工业设施流化床反应器1，燃烧一种或多种类型的煤燃料2，产生电力7。然后，电力7可通过电线8向电网分配。流化床反应器1内的燃烧由空气3、火焰4和煤燃料2驱动。燃烧过程用于加热水并产生蒸汽5。然后，蒸汽用于转动发电机6，产生电力7。燃烧过程产生的气态排放物10通过烟囱9释放到环境中。当燃煤发电厂100没有装备任何排放控制系统(图1)时，排放物10包括许多有害污染物，例如飞灰、汞(Hg)、金属蒸气、二氧化硫(SO2)、氯化氢(HCl)和其它有毒烟雾。Referring to FIG. 1 , a schematic diagram of a typical coal fired power plant 100 is shown. A coal fired power plant 100 comprises an industrial facility fluidized bed reactor 1 burning one or more types of coal fuel 2 to generate electricity 7 . The electricity 7 can then be distributed to the grid via wires 8 . Combustion in fluidized bed reactor 1 is driven by air 3 , flame 4 and coal fuel 2 . The combustion process is used to heat water and generate steam5. The steam is then used to turn a generator 6 which produces electricity 7 . Gaseous emissions 10 from the combustion process are released into the environment through the chimney 9 . When coal-fired power plant 100 is not equipped with any emission control system (FIG. 1), emissions 10 include many harmful pollutants such as fly ash, mercury (Hg), metal vapors, sulfurdioxide (SO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl) and Other toxic fumes.
参考图2，示出了最新的燃煤发电厂200，包括典型的排放控制系统202。排放控制系统202帮助在气态排放物10中捕获和收集一些有害污染物。排放控制系统202将气态排放物10从发生燃烧的流化床反应器1输送到湿式或干式洗涤器11中，从气态排放物10中除去一些二氧化硫和飞灰污染物。作为将气态排放物10输送到湿式或干式洗涤器11的替代或补充，排放控制系统202可以将气态排放物10输送到喷雾干燥器12中，在其中捕获和收集一些二氧化硫、有害烟雾和其它污染物。排放物还可以通过织物过滤器单元13(即袋式除尘器)，使用过滤袋从气态排放物10流中去除微粒。在气态排放物10通过烟囱9释放到周围大气(即环境)中之前，该系统从气态排放物10中收集并去除许多污染物。图2所示的典型排放控制系统202的问题在于包含在金属蒸汽排放物中的纳米尺寸污染物，例如汞，很容易通过排放控制系统202的湿式或干式洗涤器11、喷雾干燥器12和织物过滤器单元13。Referring to FIG. 2 , a state-of-the-art coal fired power plant 200 including a typical emission control system 202 is shown. Emission control system 202 helps capture and collect some harmful pollutants in gaseous emissions 10 . Emission control system 202 transports gaseous emissions 10 from fluidized bed reactor 1 where combustion occurs to wet or dry scrubber 11 to remove some sulfur dioxide and fly ash pollutants from gaseous emissions 10 . As an alternative or in addition to routing gaseous emissions 10 to wet or dry scrubber 11, emission control system 202 may route gaseous emissions 10 to spray dryer 12 where some sulfur dioxide, noxious fumes, and other pollutants. The effluent may also pass through a fabric filter unit 13 (ie, a baghouse) using filter bags to remove particulates from the gaseous effluent 10 stream. The system collects and removes many pollutants from the gaseous emissions 10 before they are released through the stack 9 into the surrounding atmosphere (ie, the environment). A problem with the typical emission control system 202 shown in FIG. 2 is that nano-sized pollutants, such as mercury, contained in metal vapor emissions can easily pass through the wet or dry scrubber 11, spray dryer 12, and Fabric filter unit 13.
参考图3，示出了改良的燃煤发电厂300，除了图2所示的排放控制系统202之外，还包括吸附剂注射器14和反向文丘里装置15。吸附剂注射器14运行，将吸附剂添加到气态排放物10中，并且可选择地设置在反向文丘里装置15的上游。更具体地，在图3所示的示例中，吸附剂注射器位于喷雾干燥器12和织物过滤器单元13之间。尽管反向文丘里装置15可有另一个位置，但在图3中，反向文丘里装置定位在织物过滤器单元13和烟囱9之间。该位置的一个主要优点是能够在现有设施上安装反向文丘里装置15并且简单地申请“修改现有许可证”，与为完全新的排放控制系统申请新的许可证相比节省了时间和金钱。在操作中，气态排放物10从织物过滤器单元13运送到反向文丘里装置15。下面将有更详细的解释，反向文丘里装置15安装有适于收集和捕获大量汞、重金属、纳米尺寸颗粒和其它污染物的内部特征。因此，离开烟囱9的气态排放物10几乎清除了所有有害污染物。Referring to FIG. 3 , there is shown a modified coal fired power plant 300 including a sorbent injector 14 and a reverse venturi device 15 in addition to the emission control system 202 shown in FIG. 2 . A sorbent injector 14 operates to add sorbent to the gaseous effluent 10 and is optionally provided upstream of a reverse venturi device 15 . More specifically, in the example shown in FIG. 3 , the sorbent injector is located between the spray dryer 12 and the fabric filter unit 13 . In FIG. 3 the reverse venturi is positioned between the fabric filter unit 13 and the chimney 9 , although another location is possible for the reverse venturi 15 . A major advantage of this location is the ability to install a reverse venturi 15 on an existing facility and simply apply for a "modification of an existing permit", saving time compared to applying for a new permit for an entirely new emission control system and money. In operation, gaseous exhaust 10 is conveyed from fabric filter unit 13 to reverse venturi device 15 . As explained in more detail below, the reverse venturi device 15 is fitted with internal features suitable for collecting and trapping large quantities of mercury, heavy metals, nano-sized particles and other pollutants. Thus, the gaseous emissions 10 leaving the chimney 9 are cleaned of nearly all harmful pollutants.
参考图4A-D，反向文丘里装置15包括形状为反向文丘里管的外壳16。应当理解，文丘里管通常可以被描述为管道，管道首先从较大横截面向下变窄到较小横截面，然后从较小横截面膨胀回较大的横截面。因此，如本文所使用的术语“反向文丘里管”描述了相反的导管，首先从较小横截面膨胀到较大横截面，然后，从较大横截面缩窄回较小横截面。具体地，所公开的反向文丘里装置15的外壳16沿中心轴线17延伸，并且具有入口部18、扩大部19和出口部20。外壳16的入口部18的尺寸被设置成以预定的进入流速接收气态排放物10，其特征在于进入速度V1和压力P1。外壳16的出口部20的尺寸设定成以预定的排出流速排出气态排放物10，其特征在于出口V3和压力P3。扩大部19设置在外壳16的入口部18和出口部20之间，在其中限定了扩大腔21，用于捕获气态排放物10中的污染物。外壳16的扩大部19具有大致面向中心轴线17的内表面68。外壳16的入口部18、扩大部19和出口部20沿着中心轴线17依次设置，使得外壳16的入口部18、扩大部19和出口部20彼此流体连通。换句话说，外壳16的入口部18、扩大部19和出口部20配合形成沿中心轴线17延伸的导管。Referring to Figures 4A-D, the reverse venturi device 15 includes a housing 16 in the shape of a reverse venturi. It should be understood that a venturi can generally be described as a pipe that first narrows down from a larger cross-section to a smaller cross-section and then expands from the smaller cross-section back to a larger cross-section. Thus, the term "reverse venturi" as used herein describes a reverse conduit, first expanding from a smaller cross-section to a larger cross-section, and then narrowing from the larger cross-section back to the smaller cross-section. Specifically, the housing 16 of the disclosed reverse venturi device 15 extends along a central axis 17 and has an inlet portion 18 , an enlarged portion 19 and an outlet portion 20 . Inlet portion 18 of housing 16 is sized to receive gaseous exhaust 10 at a predetermined incoming flow rate, characterized by incoming velocity V1 and pressure P1 . Outlet portion 20 of housing 16 is sized to discharge gaseous exhaust 10 at a predetermined discharge flow rate, characterized by outletV3 and pressureP3 . The enlarged portion 19 is disposed between the inlet portion 18 and the outlet portion 20 of the housing 16 , defining an enlarged cavity 21 therein for trapping pollutants in the gaseous exhaust 10 . The enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 has an inner surface 68 generally facing the central axis 17 . The inlet portion 18 , the enlarged portion 19 and the outlet portion 20 of the housing 16 are sequentially arranged along the central axis 17 such that the inlet portion 18 , the enlarged portion 19 and the outlet portion 20 of the housing 16 are in fluid communication with each other. In other words, the inlet portion 18 , enlarged portion 19 and outlet portion 20 of the housing 16 cooperate to form a conduit extending along the central axis 17 .
外壳16的入口部18具有横向于中心轴线17的入口部横截面A1，外壳16的出口部20具有横向于中心轴线17的出口部横截面A3。入口部横截面A1可以等于(即可以是一样的)出口部横截面A3，使得预定入口流速等于(即，是一样的)预定出口部流速。或者，入口部横截面A1可以不同于出口部横截面A3(即可以大于或小于)，使得预定的入口流速不同于(即小于或大于)预定的出口流速。应当理解，如本文所使用的术语“流速”是指排放物的体积流速。The inlet 18 of the housing 16 has an inlet cross-section A1 transverse to the central axis 17 , and the outlet 20 of the housing 16 has an outlet cross-section A3 transverse to the central axis 17 . The inlet cross-section A1 may be equal to (ie may be the same as) the outlet cross-section A3 such that the predetermined inlet flow rate is equal to (ie may be the same) the predetermined outlet flow rate. Alternatively, the inlet cross-section A1 may be different (ie may be larger or smaller) than the outlet cross-section A3 such that the predetermined inlet flow rate is different (ie smaller or larger) than the predetermined outlet flow rate. It should be understood that the term "flow rate" as used herein refers to the volumetric flow rate of the effluent.
外壳16的扩大部19具有横向于中心轴线17并且大于入口部横截面A1和出口部横截面A3的扩大部横截面A2。因此，扩大部19的尺寸设置成使得外壳16的扩大部19内的气态排放物10的流速V2小于外壳16的入口部18中的气态排放物10的流速V1以及小于外壳16的出口部20中的气态排放物10的流速V3。相应地，该减小的流速又增加了气态排放物10在外壳16的扩大部19内的停留时间。应当理解，本文所用的术语“停留时间”是指气态排放物10中的分子通过外壳16的扩大部19所需的平均时间。换句话说，外壳16的扩大部19的“停留时间”等于更新扩大腔21中的所有排放物所需的时间。还应当理解，如本文所使用的术语“横截面”是指内部横截面(即，外壳16内部的空间)，内部横截面不论外壳16的厚度变化始终保持相同。因此，扩大部横截面A2反映扩大腔21的尺寸并且由内表面68界定。The enlargement 19 of the housing 16 has an enlargement cross-section A2 transverse to the center axis 17 and larger than the inlet cross-section A1 and the outlet cross-section A3 . Accordingly, the enlarged portion 19 is dimensioned such that the flow velocity V of the gaseous exhaust 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing16 is less than the flow velocity V of the gaseous exhaust 10 in the inlet portion 18 of the housing16 and less than in the outlet portion of the housing 16 The flow rate V3 of the gaseous exhaust 10 in 20 . Correspondingly, this reduced flow rate in turn increases the residence time of the gaseous exhaust 10 within the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . It should be understood that the term "residence time" as used herein refers to the average time required for molecules in the gaseous exhaust 10 to pass through the enlarged portion 19 of the enclosure 16 . In other words, the “residence time” of the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 is equal to the time required to refresh all discharges in the enlarged chamber 21 . It should also be understood that the term "cross-section" as used herein refers to an interior cross-section (ie, the space inside the housing 16 ) that remains the same regardless of variations in the thickness of the housing 16 . Accordingly, the enlarged portion cross-section A2 reflects the dimensions of the enlarged lumen 21 and is bounded by the inner surface 68 .
由于外壳16的几何形状，通过外壳16的入口部18的气态排放物10的内部压力P1和通过外壳16的出口部20的气态排放物10的内部压力P3比通过外壳16的扩大部19的气态排放物10的内部压力P2大。该压力差与外壳16的扩大部19内的气态排放物10的流速V2小于外壳16的入口部18中的气态排放物10的流速V1并且小于外壳16的出口部20中的气态排放物10的流速V3的事实相结合，使得气态排放物10停留在外壳16的扩大部19中。由于上述压力和速度差，并且因为气态排放物10将自然地膨胀，占据扩大腔21的整个体积，因此膨胀力被施加到外壳16的扩大部19中的气态排放物10上。这与层流、气动力学和气体行为物理学的效果相结合，由此增加的停留时间提高了反向文丘里装置15有效捕获并从而从气态排放物10去除污染物的能力。Due to the geometry of the housing 16, the internal pressure P1 of the gaseous discharge 10 through the inlet part 18 of the housing16 and the internal pressureP3 of the gaseous discharge 10 through the outlet part 20 of the housing 16 are higher than those through the enlarged part 19 of the housing 16. The internal pressure P2 of the gaseous discharge10 is large. This pressure difference and the flow velocity V of the gaseous discharge 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the enclosure 16 are less than the flow velocity V1 of the gaseous discharge 10 in the inlet portion 18 of the enclosure16 and less than the flow velocity V of the gaseous discharge 10 in the outlet portion 20 of the enclosure 16 Combined with the fact that the flow rate V3 of 10 is such that the gaseous exhaust 10 resides in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Due to the aforementioned pressure and velocity differences, and because the gaseous discharge 10 will naturally expand to occupy the entire volume of the enlarged chamber 21 , an expansion force is exerted on the gaseous discharge 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . This is combined with the effects of laminar flow, aerodynamics, and the physics of gas behavior whereby the increased residence time increases the ability of the reverse venturi device 15 to efficiently capture and thereby remove pollutants from the gaseous exhaust 10 .
外壳16可以具有各种不同的形状和构造。例如但不限于，图4A-D中所示的外壳16的入口部18、扩大部19和出口部20都具有圆形横截面A1、A2、A3。或者，外壳16的入口部18、扩大部19和出口部20中的一个或多个的横截面A1、A2、A3可以具有非圆形形状，其中可能有圆形和非圆形横截面，这些都被认为在本发明公开的范围内。在一些构造中，外壳16的扩大部19可以具有发散端22和收敛端23。根据这些构造，外壳16的扩大部19在发散端22从入口部横截面A1向扩大部横截面A2向外逐渐扩大。换句话说，外壳16的扩大部19的横截面在发散端22处沿远离外壳16的入口部18的方向移动而增加。相反，外壳16的扩大部19在收敛端23从扩大部横截面A2到出口部横截面A3向内逐渐变小。换句话说，外壳16的扩大部19的横截面在收敛端23处沿朝向外壳16的出口部20的方向移动而减小。因此，应当理解，外壳16的扩大部19中的气态排放物10通常从发散端22流到收敛端23。在外壳16的入口部18、扩大部19和出口部20都具有圆形横截面A1、A2、A3的实施例中，外壳16的发散端和收敛端22、23通常具有圆锥形状。尽管如此，外壳16的扩大部19的发散端22和收敛端23可能有其它可选形状。通过示例而非限制的方式，发散端22和收敛端23可以具有多边形形状，改善了制造便利性，同时避免对通过反向文丘里装置15的外壳16的气态排放物10的流动产生任何显著的不利影响。在另一替代构造中，外壳16的扩大部19可具有类似于香肠的形状，在入口部18和发散端22与收敛端23和出口部20之间具有相对陡峭的过渡。可以预计的是，平滑过渡优选于陡峭过渡，因为气态排放物10的层流行为是优选的。然而，在突然过渡处对气态排放物10的层流产生的轻微扰动不被认为是严重的害处，反而可以在不需要增加停留时间的区域提供增强流动。Housing 16 can have a variety of different shapes and configurations. For example and without limitation, the inlet portion 18, enlarged portion 19 and outlet portion 20 of the housing 16 shown in Figures 4A-D all have circular cross- sections A1, A2, A3. Alternatively, the cross-sections A1 , A2 , A3 of one or more of the inlet portion 18 , enlarged portion 19 and outlet portion 20 of the housing 16 may have a non-circular shape, with circular and non-circular cross-sections possible. Cross-sections, these are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure. In some configurations, the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 may have a diverging end 22 and a converging end 23 . According to these configurations, the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 gradually widens outwardly at the diverging end 22 from the inlet portion cross-section A1 to the enlarged portion cross-section A2 . In other words, the cross-section of the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 increases at the diverging end 22 moving away from the inlet portion 18 of the housing 16 . Conversely, the enlargement 19 of the housing 16 tapers inwardly at the converging end23 from the enlargement cross- section A2 to the outlet cross-section A3. In other words, the cross-section of the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 decreases at the converging end 23 moving in a direction towards the outlet portion 20 of the housing 16 . Accordingly, it should be understood that the gaseous exhaust 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 generally flows from the diverging end 22 to the converging end 23 .In embodiments where the inlet portion 18, enlarged portion 19 and outlet portion 20 of the housing 16 all have circular cross- sections A1, A2, A3, the diverging and converging ends22 , 23 of the housing 16 have a generally conical shape. Nevertheless, alternative shapes for the diverging end 22 and the converging end 23 of the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 are possible. By way of example and not limitation, the diverging end 22 and the converging end 23 may have a polygonal shape, improving ease of manufacture while avoiding any significant impact on the flow of the gaseous exhaust 10 through the housing 16 of the reverse venturi device 15. Negative Effects. In another alternative configuration, the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 may have a sausage-like shape with a relatively steep transition between the inlet portion 18 and divergent end 22 and the convergent end 23 and outlet portion 20 . It is expected that a smooth transition is preferred over a steep transition because the laminar flow behavior of the gaseous exhaust 10 is preferred. However, slight perturbations to the laminar flow of gaseous exhaust 10 at abrupt transitions are not considered to be a serious detriment, but instead provide enhanced flow in areas where increased residence time is not desired.
继续参考图4A-D并且另外参考图5-11，将大量反应材料24设置在外壳16的扩大部19内。该大量反应材料24具有与气态排放物10接触的反应性外表面25。另外，该大量反应材料24的反应性外表面25包含汞齐形成金属，使通过外壳16的扩大部19的气态排放物10中的至少一些污染物化学结合到该大量反应材料24的反应性外表面25。这样，结合到该大量反应材料24的反应性外表面25上的污染物保存在外壳16的扩大部19中，从而，从离开扩大部19并进入外壳16的出口部20的气态排放流10中被去除。应当理解，本文所使用的术语“汞齐形成金属”描述了选自一组金属的材料，能够与气态排放物10中的一种或多种污染物形成化合物。作为非限制性实例，形成汞齐的金属可以是锌，气态排放物10中的污染物可以是汞，使得当气态排放物10与该大量反应材料24的反应性外表面25接触时形成锌和汞的汞齐。With continued reference to FIGS. 4A-D and additional reference to FIGS. 5-11 , a mass of reactive material 24 is disposed within enlarged portion 19 of housing 16 . The mass of reactive material 24 has a reactive outer surface 25 in contact with the gaseous exhaust 10 . Additionally, the reactive outer surface 25 of the mass of reactive material 24 includes an amalgam-forming metal such that at least some of the pollutants in the gaseous emissions 10 passing through the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 are chemically bound to the reactive outer surface of the mass of reactive material 24. Surface 25. In this way, contaminants bound to the reactive outer surface 25 of the mass of reactive material 24 are retained within the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16, thereby dissipating the gaseous discharge stream 10 from the enlarged portion 19 and entering the outlet portion 20 of the housing 16. be removed. It should be understood that the term "amalgam-forming metal" as used herein describes a material selected from a group of metals capable of forming compounds with one or more pollutants in the gaseous emissions 10 . As a non-limiting example, the amalgam-forming metal may be zinc and the pollutant in the gaseous exhaust 10 may be mercury such that zinc and Amalgam of mercury.
应当理解，外壳16的扩大部19必须确定尺寸以适应气态排放物10的预定进入流速，同时提供足够长的停留时间，使得该大量反应材料24中的汞齐形成金属能够与气态排放物10中的污染物化学结合。因此，为了实现这种平衡，扩大部横截面A2可以在3平方英尺到330平方英尺的范围内，以便实现从1秒到2.5秒的停留时间。需要特定的停留时间，使气态排放物10中的污染物有足够的时间与该大量反应材料24中的汞齐形成金属化学结合。因此，计算扩大部横截面A2的范围，获得具有输出范围从1兆瓦(MW)至6000兆瓦(MW)的燃煤发电厂100的停留时间。众所周知，在化学领域，形成汞齐的金属可以是各种不同的材料。作为非限制性实例，形成汞齐的金属可选自由锌，铁和铝组成的组。还应当理解，外壳16由与该大量反应材料24不同的材料制成。作为非限制性示例，外壳16可以由钢，塑料或玻璃纤维制成。It should be appreciated that the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 must be sized to accommodate the intended incoming flow rate of the gaseous effluent 10 while providing a residence time long enough that the amalgam-forming metals in the bulk of the reactive material 24 can interact with the gaseous effluent 10. chemical combination of pollutants. Thus, to achieve this balance, the enlargement cross-section A2 may range from3 square feet to 330 square feet in order to achieve a dwell time of from 1 second to 2.5 seconds. A specific residence time is required to allow sufficient time for the pollutants in the gaseous exhaust 10 to form a metallic chemical bond with the amalgam in the bulk of reactive material 24 . Therefore, calculating the range of expansion cross- section A2, residence times for coal-fired power plants 100 having outputs ranging from 1 megawatt (MW) to 6000 megawatts (MW) are obtained. It is well known in the field of chemistry that the metals forming the amalgam can be of various materials. As a non-limiting example, the amalgam-forming metal may be selected from the group consisting of zinc, iron and aluminum. It should also be understood that the housing 16 is made of a different material than the bulk reactive material 24 . As non-limiting examples, housing 16 may be made of steel, plastic or fiberglass.
该大量反应材料24可以设置在各种不同的非限制性构造中。参考图4A，示出了该大量反应材料24涂覆外壳16的内表面68。或者，参考图5-11，该大量反应材料24可形成一个或多个阻塞元件26a-j，设置在外壳16的扩大部19内。因此，阻塞元件26a-j创建了用于气态排放物10通过外壳16的扩大部19的曲折流道27。因此，阻塞元件26a-j增加了气态排放物10通过外壳16的扩大部19的停留时间。以下讨论的几个实施例完全分散了通过外壳16的扩大部19的气态排放物10的流动，使得所产生的曲折流道27完全是随意的，这极大地增强了气态排放物10中的污染物和该大量反应材料24中的汞齐形成金属之间化学反应的机会。The plurality of reactive materials 24 may be provided in a variety of different non-limiting configurations. Referring to FIG. 4A , the mass of reactive material 24 is shown coating the interior surface 68 of the housing 16 . Alternatively, referring to FIGS. 5-11 , the mass of reactive material 24 may form one or more blocking elements 26a - j disposed within the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Thus, the blocking elements 26 a - j create a tortuous flow path 27 for the gaseous exhaust 10 to pass through the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Thus, the blocking elements 26 a - j increase the residence time of the gaseous exhaust 10 through the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Several of the embodiments discussed below completely disperse the flow of gaseous exhaust 10 through the enlarged portion 19 of housing 16 such that the resulting tortuous flow path 27 is completely random, which greatly enhances contamination in the gaseous exhaust 10 opportunities for chemical reactions between the amalgam-forming metals in the mass of reactive material 24 and the amalgam.
在图5-11所示的每个结构中的阻塞元件26a-j呈现大的表面积，使得该大量反应材料24的反应性外表面25大。这是有利的，因为该大量反应材料24的反应性外表面25中的汞齐形成金属与气态排放物10中的污染物之间的化学反应允许外壳16的扩大部19保存、捕获和/或收集污染物，从而从气态排放物10去除/消除它们。因此，外壳16的扩大部19可以从穿过扩大腔21的气态排放物10中去除的污染物的量与外壳16的扩大部19中的大量反应材料24的反应性外表面25的大小成比例。此外，阻塞件26a-j的复杂表面形状和/或纹理可提供额外的表面，以便于物理捕获污染物，而不管捕获是否是污染物和汞齐形成金属之间的化学反应的结果。The blocking elements 26a-j in each of the configurations shown in Figures 5-11 exhibit a large surface area such that the reactive outer surface 25 of the mass of reactive material 24 is large. This is advantageous because the chemical reaction between the amalgam-forming metals in the reactive outer surface 25 of the bulk reactive material 24 and the pollutants in the gaseous exhaust 10 allows the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 to retain, capture and/or Pollutants are collected so that they are removed/eliminated from the gaseous emissions 10 . Thus, the amount of pollutants that the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 can remove from the gaseous exhaust 10 passing through the enlarged chamber 21 is proportional to the size of the reactive outer surface 25 of the bulk of reactive material 24 in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Additionally, the complex surface shape and/or texture of the obstructions 26a-j may provide additional surfaces to facilitate physical capture of contaminants, whether or not the capture is the result of a chemical reaction between the contaminants and the amalgam-forming metal.
再次参考图3，通过吸附剂注射器14添加到排放物中的吸附剂含有汞齐形成金属。因此，在气态排放物10进入外壳16的扩大部19之前，吸附剂中的汞齐形成金属与气态排放物10中的至少一些污染物化学结合。尽管吸附剂可以具有许多不同的组成，但吸附剂可以是例如锌(Zn)粉或铜，锌，锡，硫(CZTS)化合物。因为在气态排放物10进入外壳16的扩大部19之前，吸附剂与气态排放物10中的至少一些污染物化学结合，所以吸附剂帮助大量反应材料24从气态排放物10去除污染物。Referring again to FIG. 3 , the sorbent added to the effluent via sorbent injector 14 contains amalgam forming metals. Thus, the amalgam-forming metals in the sorbent chemically bond with at least some of the pollutants in the gaseous emissions 10 before the gaseous emissions 10 enter the enlarged portion 19 of the enclosure 16 . The sorbent can be, for example, zinc (Zn) powder or a copper, zinc, tin, sulfur (CZTS) compound, although the sorbent can have many different compositions. Because the sorbent chemically binds with at least some of the pollutants in the gaseous effluent 10 before the gaseous effluent 10 enters the enlarged portion 19 of the enclosure 16 , the sorbent assists the mass of reactive material 24 to remove pollutants from the gaseous effluent 10 .
参考图5，阻塞元件26a-j以一系列交错的隔板26a的形式设置，隔板26a从外壳16的扩大部19的内表面68延伸。一系列交错的隔板26a横向于中心轴线17，并使曲折流道27具有蛇形形状。曲折流道27的蛇形形状增加了气态排放物10在外壳16的扩大部19中的停留时间，通过形成一系列交错隔板26a的大量反应材料24，相应地改进了气态排放物10中的污染物的捕获和去除。在一个变型中，一系列交错隔板26a由锌制成。在另一变型中，一系列交错隔板26a由镀锌的非锌材料制成。应当理解，交错隔板26a的放置不需要沿着中心轴线17长度相等或对称地定向，因为一些应用可以受益于相邻隔板26a之间的较大空间，而其他应用可以受益于相邻隔板26a之间的较小空间。还应当理解，在反向文丘里装置15的操作期间，如果交错隔板26a饱和了，则可以根据需要更换和/或清洁该系列交错隔板26a。Referring to FIG. 5 , the blocking elements 26 a - j are arranged in the form of a series of interleaved baffles 26 a extending from the inner surface 68 of the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . A series of staggered partitions 26a are transverse to the central axis 17 and give the meandering flow channel 27 a serpentine shape. The serpentine shape of the tortuous flow path 27 increases the residence time of the gaseous exhaust 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16, and correspondingly improves the retention time of the gaseous exhaust 10 by forming a series of staggered bulkheads 26a of a large amount of reactive material 24. Contaminant capture and removal. In a variant, the series of alternating partitions 26a are made of zinc. In another variation, the series of alternating partitions 26a are made of galvanized non-zinc material. It should be appreciated that the placement of staggered baffles 26a need not be oriented with equal length or symmetrically along the central axis 17, as some applications may benefit from greater space between adjacent baffles 26a, while other applications may benefit from adjacent baffles 26a. Smaller space between plates 26a. It should also be understood that if the interleaved baffles 26a become saturated during operation of the reverse venturi device 15, the series of interleaved baffles 26a may be replaced and/or cleaned as desired.
参考图6A-B，至少一个阻塞元件26a-j可选地是螺旋状隔板26b的形式。螺旋状隔板26b沿着并围绕中心轴线17在外壳16的扩大部19内螺旋延伸。因此，螺旋状隔板26b使曲折流道27成螺旋形状。曲折流道27的螺旋形状增加了气态排放物10在外壳16的扩大部19中的停留时间，通过形成一系列螺旋状隔板26b的大量反应材料24，相应地改进了气态排放物10中的污染物的捕获和去除。在一个变型中，螺旋状隔板26b由锌制成。在另一变型中，螺旋状隔板26b由镀锌的非锌材料制成。在又一变型中，螺旋状隔板26b被机械地驱动，使得螺旋状隔板26b围绕中心轴线17在外壳16的扩大部19内旋转。螺旋状隔板26b的旋转可以人为地加速或人为地减慢气态排放物10通过外壳16的扩大部19的流动，这取决于螺旋状隔板旋转的方向。应当理解，在反向文丘里装置15的操作期间，如果螺旋状隔板26b饱和了，则可以根据需要更换和/或清洁该螺旋状隔板26b。Referring to Figures 6A-B, at least one blocking element 26a-j is optionally in the form of a helical septum 26b. The helical partition 26b extends helically within the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 along and around the central axis 17 . Therefore, the spiral partition 26b makes the meandering flow path 27 into a spiral shape. The helical shape of the tortuous flow channel 27 increases the residence time of the gaseous discharge 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16, and correspondingly improves the retention time of the gaseous discharge 10 by forming a series of helical partitions 26b of a large amount of reactive material 24. Contaminant capture and removal. In a variant, the helical partition 26b is made of zinc. In another variant, the helical partition 26b is made of a galvanized non-zinc material. In yet another variant, the helical partition 26 b is mechanically driven such that the helical partition 26 b rotates about the central axis 17 within the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Rotation of the helical baffle 26b may artificially speed up or artificially slow the flow of gaseous exhaust 10 through the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16, depending on the direction of rotation of the helical baffle. It should be understood that during operation of the reverse venturi device 15, if the helical baffle 26b becomes saturated, the helical baffle 26b may be replaced and/or cleaned as required.
参考图7A-B，至少一个阻塞元件26a-j是多个隔板26c。每个隔板26c从外壳16的扩大部19的内表面68横向延伸横越外壳16的扩大部19。隔板26c沿着中心轴线17彼此间隔开，并且每个隔板26c包括允许气态排放物10流过隔板26c的孔28。当然应当理解，可以有任何数量的隔板26c，包括仅包含单个隔板26c的构造。还应当理解，每个隔板26c中的孔28的尺寸、形状和数量可以各不相同。例如，隔板26c可以设置成丝网的形式，其中孔28形成在丝网的交叉丝之间。隔板26c中的孔28限制外壳16的扩大部19中的气态排放物10的流动，因此增加气态排放物10在外壳16的扩大部19中的停留时间。通过形成隔板26c的大量反应材料24，改进了气态排放物10中的污染物的捕获和去除。在一个变型中，螺旋状隔板26b由锌制成。在另一变型中，螺旋状隔板26b由镀锌的非锌材料制成。应当理解，在反向文丘里装置15的操作期间，如果隔板26c饱和了，则可以根据需要更换和/或清洁该隔板26c。在另一变型中，隔板26c中的一个孔28的尺寸不同于相邻的一个隔板26c中的孔28的尺寸。通过在不同的隔板26c中使用不同尺寸的孔28，可以加速和/或限制气态排放物10的流动，以改进由隔板26c中的大量反应材料捕获和去除气态排放物10中的污染物。类似地，隔板26c不需要在扩大室21中等距地间隔开，一个隔板26c中的孔28也不需要具有与相邻的隔板26c中的孔28相同的尺寸、形状或相同的位置。通过利用一个隔板26c中孔28的的尺寸、形状和位置与另一个隔板不同，并且通过利用隔板26c的不同间隔距离，可以增加气态排放物10在外壳16的扩大部19中的停留时间，以便促进增加沿大量反应材料24与物理和化学捕获和收集点的接触。Referring to Figures 7A-B, the at least one blocking element 26a-j is a plurality of baffles 26c. Each partition 26c extends laterally across the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 from the inner surface 68 of the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . The baffles 26c are spaced apart from each other along the central axis 17, and each baffle 26c includes an aperture 28 that allows the gaseous exhaust 10 to flow through the baffle 26c. It should of course be understood that there may be any number of baffles 26c, including configurations comprising only a single baffle 26c. It should also be understood that the size, shape and number of holes 28 in each partition 26c may vary. For example, the spacer 26c may be provided in the form of a wire mesh with holes 28 formed between the crossing filaments of the wire mesh. The holes 28 in the partition 26c restrict the flow of the gaseous exhaust 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 , thus increasing the residence time of the gaseous exhaust 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Capture and removal of pollutants in the gaseous exhaust 10 is improved by the bulk of the reactive material 24 forming the barrier 26c. In a variant, the helical partition 26b is made of zinc. In another variant, the helical partition 26b is made of a galvanized non-zinc material. It should be understood that if the diaphragm 26c becomes saturated during operation of the reverse venturi device 15, the diaphragm 26c may be replaced and/or cleaned as necessary. In another variant, the size of one hole 28 in a partition 26c is different from the size of the hole 28 in an adjacent one of the partitions 26c. By using different sized holes 28 in different partitions 26c, the flow of gaseous exhaust 10 can be accelerated and/or restricted to improve the capture and removal of pollutants in gaseous exhaust 10 by the bulk of reactive material in partitions 26c . Similarly, the partitions 26c need not be equally spaced in the enlarged chamber 21, nor do the holes 28 in one partition 26c need to be the same size, shape, or in the same location as the holes 28 in an adjacent partition 26c. . By utilizing a different size, shape and location of the holes 28 in one partition 26c than the other partition, and by utilizing different separation distances of the partitions 26c, the retention of the gaseous exhaust 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 can be increased. time to facilitate increased contact with physical and chemical capture and collection points along the mass of reactive material 24 .
在图8-11所示的其它替代配置中，至少一个阻塞物26a-j可以不固定到外壳16本身，而是可以自由地定位在外壳16的扩大部19内。在这样的配置中，至少一个阻塞元件26a-j可以包括不同形式的阻塞介质26d-j。像阻塞元件26a-c一样，阻塞介质26d-j能够由锌或由镀锌的非锌材料制成。锌容易熔化，能够使用常规模制方法、失蜡投料工艺、离心工艺等浇铸复杂形状。其他构造方法将包括机械加工、挤压、烧结、冲压、热锻成形、激光切割等。或者，可以使用钢来产生下面的形状，然后将其随后涂覆或镀覆锌作为表面覆盖物。阻塞介质26d-j可以用于完全填充整个扩大腔21，部分地填充扩大腔21，或者填充在之前结合图7A-B描述的隔板26c之间。In other alternative configurations shown in FIGS. 8-11 , the at least one obstruction 26 a - j may not be fixed to the housing 16 itself, but may be freely positioned within the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . In such a configuration, at least one blocking element 26a-j may comprise different forms of blocking media 26d-j. Like the blocking elements 26a-c, the blocking media 26d-j can be made of zinc or of a galvanized non-zinc material. Zinc melts easily and can cast complex shapes using conventional molding methods, lost-wax feeding processes, centrifugal processes, etc. Other construction methods will include machining, extrusion, sintering, stamping, hot forging, laser cutting, etc. Alternatively, steel can be used to create the underlying shape, which is then subsequently coated or galvanized as a surface covering. The blocking medium 26d-j may be used to completely fill the entire enlarged cavity 21, partially fill the enlarged cavity 21, or fill between the partitions 26c previously described in connection with Figs. 7A-B.
图8示出了其中至少一个阻塞元件26a-j是容纳在外壳16的扩大部19中的多个碎片26d的构造。根据这种构造，当气态排放物10从外壳16的入口部18通过外壳16的扩大部19行进到出口部20期间，气态排放物10穿过相邻碎片26d之间的空间。为此，多个碎片26d可以设置有不规则形状，使得碎片26d在外壳16的扩大部19中松散地彼此堆叠。在一个非限制性示例中，多个碎片26d可以由海绵状锌制成。海绵状锌是通过将熔融锌浸入诸如水的冷却液体中而产生的爆米花状锌构造。所得到的熔融锌滴凝固成相对小的球状结构，具有极高表面积与体积比。此外，所得结构的表面积具有苔藓状表面纹理。这些结构可以生产成一定范围大小，用于特定的应用。一些钢工艺可以生产类似于海绵状锌的钢版本的复杂球状结构，可以是镀锌的。FIG. 8 shows a configuration in which at least one blocking element 26a - j is a plurality of fragments 26d housed in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . According to this configuration, the gaseous emissions 10 pass through the spaces between adjacent fragments 26d as they travel from the inlet portion 18 of the housing 16 through the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 to the outlet portion 20 . To this end, the plurality of fragments 26d may be provided with an irregular shape such that the fragments 26d are loosely stacked on top of each other in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . In one non-limiting example, the plurality of fragments 26d may be made of spongy zinc. Sponge zinc is a popcorn-like zinc formation created by immersing molten zinc in a cooling liquid such as water. The resulting molten zinc droplets solidify into relatively small spherical structures with extremely high surface area to volume ratios. Furthermore, the surface area of the resulting structures has a moss-like surface texture. These structures can be produced in a range of sizes for specific applications. Some steel processes can produce complex spherical structures similar to the steel version of sponge zinc, which can be galvanized.
图8中的多个碎片26d的松散包装性质给予曲折流道27随意形状，增加了气态排放物10在外壳16的扩大部19中的停留时间。通过形成大量碎片26d的大量反应材料24，相应地改进了气态排放物10中的污染物的捕获和去除。在反向文丘里装置15的操作期间，如果大量碎片26d饱和了，则可以根据需要更换和/或清洁图8中的大量碎片26d。The loosely packed nature of the plurality of fragments 26d in FIG. 8 gives the tortuous flow path 27 a random shape, increasing the residence time of the gaseous emissions 10 in the enlarged portion 19 of the enclosure 16 . The capture and removal of pollutants in the gaseous exhaust 10 is correspondingly improved by the large amount of reactive material 24 forming a large number of fragments 26d. During operation of the reverse venturi device 15, the mass of debris 26d in FIG. 8 may be replaced and/or cleaned as required if the mass of debris 26d becomes saturated.
在图9所示的另一个替代配置中，至少一个阻塞元件26a-j是多股纠缠的股线26e，设置在外壳16的扩大部19内。因此，多股缠结的股线26e在外壳16的扩大部19中形成类似羊毛的材料。根据一种可能的构造，多股缠结股线26e如钢丝棉一样折叠和起皱，形成具有非常大的表面积的一团。缠结股线26e本身可以具有相同的组成、厚度和长度，或者可以是不同组成、厚度和/或长度的混合物。在一个示例中，多个缠结股线26e由锌丝制成并且随意缠结以形成锌绒。锌绒可以由不同程度的密度和/或大小的线材制成，提供特定的流动限制能力。在另一个示例中，多个缠结股线26e由钢丝制成并且随意缠结以形成钢丝绒。钢丝绒可以是镀锌的。图9中的多股缠结股线26e的相对松散的包装性质使得曲折流道27为任意形状，这增加了气态排放物10穿过外壳16的扩大部19的停留时间。通过形成多股缠结股线26e的大量反应材料24，相应地改进了气态排放物10中的污染物的捕获和去除。在反向文丘里装置15的操作期间，如果多股缠结股线26e饱和了，则可以根据需要更换和/或清洁图9中的多股缠结股线26e。In another alternative configuration shown in FIG. 9 , the at least one blocking element 26 a - j is a plurality of intertwined strands 26 e disposed within the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Thus, the plurality of tangled strands 26e forms a wool-like material in the enlarged portion 19 of the outer shell 16 . According to one possible construction, the multiple entangled strands 26e are folded and crimped like steel wool, forming a mass with a very large surface area. The entangled strands 26e may themselves be of the same composition, thickness and length, or may be a mixture of different compositions, thicknesses and/or lengths. In one example, the plurality of entangled strands 26e are made of zinc wire and randomly entangled to form zinc fleece. Zinc wool can be made from wires of varying degrees of density and/or size, providing specific flow restriction capabilities. In another example, the plurality of entangled strands 26e are made of steel wire and randomly entangled to form steel wool. Steel wool can be galvanized. The relatively loosely packed nature of the multiple tangled strands 26e in FIG. The capture and removal of pollutants in the gaseous exhaust 10 is correspondingly improved by the large amount of reactive material 24 forming multiple entangled strands 26e. During operation of the reverse venturi device 15, if the plurality of entangled strands 26e becomes saturated, the plurality of entangled strands 26e in FIG. 9 can be replaced and/or cleaned as needed.
参考图10，示出了另一个替代配置，其中至少一个阻塞元件26a-j是过滤器元件26f。过滤器元件26f相对于中心轴线17横向地延伸横越外壳16的扩大部19。过滤器元件26f是多孔的，当气态排放物10从外壳16的入口部18流过外壳16的扩大部19到达出口部20期间，过滤器元件26f中的孔允许气态排放物10通过过滤器元件26f。可由烧结金属制成过滤器元件26f的设置，使得曲折流道27具有任意形状，这增加了气态排放物10穿过外壳16的扩大部19的停留时间。通过形成过滤器元件26f的大量反应材料24，相应地改进了气态排放物10中的污染物的捕获和去除。过滤元件26f的烧结金属优选由锌或涂覆有锌的非锌材料制成。应当理解，在反向文丘里装置15的操作期间，如果过滤器元件26f饱和了，则可以根据需要更换和/或清洁过滤器元件26f。Referring to Figure 10, another alternative configuration is shown in which at least one blocking element 26a-j is a filter element 26f. The filter element 26f extends transversely relative to the central axis 17 across the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . The filter element 26f is porous, the pores in the filter element 26f allowing the gaseous emissions 10 to pass through the filter element during the flow of the gaseous emissions 10 from the inlet portion 18 of the housing 16 through the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 to the outlet portion 20 26f. The arrangement of the filter element 26 f , which can be made of sintered metal, allows the tortuous flow path 27 to have an arbitrary shape, which increases the residence time of the gaseous emissions 10 through the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . The capture and removal of pollutants in the gaseous exhaust 10 is correspondingly improved by the large amount of reactive material 24 forming the filter element 26f. The sintered metal of the filter element 26f is preferably made of zinc or a non-zinc material coated with zinc. It should be understood that during operation of the reverse venturi device 15, if the filter element 26f becomes saturated, the filter element 26f may be replaced and/or cleaned as necessary.
图11示出了至少一个阻碍元件26a-j，其是图7A-B中所示的多个隔板26c和具有不同的尺寸并且类似于图8所示的多个碎片26d的多个碎片26g-j的组合。根据该替代构造，多个隔板26c和多个碎片26g-j设置在外壳16的扩大部19中。类似于图7A-B，图11中所示的多个隔板26c从外壳16的扩大部19的内表面68横向延伸横越外壳16的扩大部19。另外，多个隔板26c沿着中心轴线17彼此间隔开，使得隔板26c将扩大腔21分成多个部分。每个隔板26c的孔28允许气态排放物10流过隔板26c。多个碎片26g-j设置在相邻隔板26c之间(即，设置在扩大腔21的多个部分中)。FIG. 11 shows at least one obstructing element 26a-j which is a plurality of baffles 26c shown in FIGS. 7A-B and a plurality of fragments 26g having different sizes and similar to the plurality of fragments 26d shown in FIG. -j combination. According to this alternative configuration, a plurality of baffles 26c and a plurality of fragments 26g-j are provided in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Similar to FIGS. 7A-B , a plurality of baffles 26 c shown in FIG. 11 extend laterally across the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 from the inner surface 68 of the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . In addition, the plurality of partitions 26c are spaced apart from each other along the central axis 17 such that the partitions 26c divide the enlarged chamber 21 into a plurality of sections. Apertures 28 in each partition 26c allow gaseous exhaust 10 to flow through the partition 26c. A plurality of fragments 26g-j are disposed between adjacent partitions 26c (ie, in portions of the enlarged cavity 21).
如图11和图12A-D所示，多个碎片26g-j形成大量反应材料24。可以提供多个不同大小的碎片26g-j，其中多个碎片26g-j以类似的大小分组(即碎片26g，26h，26i和26j在不同的组中)，并且通过隔板26c与另一大小的碎片组分开。例如，碎片组26g-j可以设置成碎片26g-j的尺寸随着远离外壳16的入口部18并向外壳16的出口部20移动而减小。换句话说，各组中的碎片26g-j的尺寸可以是分级的，并且在外壳16的扩大部19中沿气态排放物10的总体流动方向移动而减小。在一个示例中，碎片26g-j由锌制成。例如，碎片26g-j可以通过将熔融锌滴入冷却液体中而形成，以产生具有特别大的表面积和随意的苔藓状表面纹理的爆米花状结构。应当理解，在另一示例中，不同尺寸的碎片26g-j可以混合在一起，因此不根据大小分组。As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12A-D , the plurality of fragments 26g-j form a mass of reactive material 24 . A plurality of fragments 26g-j of different sizes may be provided, wherein the plurality of fragments 26g-j are grouped in similar sizes (i.e., fragments 26g, 26h, 26i and 26j are in different groups) and communicated to another size by a separator 26c. fragments are separated. For example, groups of fragments 26g-j may be arranged such that the size of fragments 26g-j decreases as one moves away from the inlet portion 18 of the housing 16 and toward the outlet portion 20 of the housing 16. In other words, the fragments 26 g - j in each group may be graded in size and decrease moving in the general direction of flow of the gaseous exhaust 10 within the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . In one example, pieces 26g-j are made of zinc. For example, fragments 26g-j may be formed by dropping molten zinc into a cooling liquid to create popcorn-like structures with exceptionally large surface areas and random moss-like surface textures. It should be understood that in another example, pieces 26g-j of different sizes may be mixed together and thus not grouped by size.
如图13A-C所示，示出了松散材料形式的几个替代形状的阻塞元件26k-m，可以用于图8和图11所示的多个碎片26d和26g-j的补充或替代。图13A示出了阻塞物26k形成大量反应材料24并且具有类星形形状的示例，其类似于被称为“千斤顶”的儿童玩具的形状。图13B示出了另一个示例，其中替代形状的阻塞元件26k-m是形成大量反应材料24的多个结晶薄片26l(示出一个)，并且可以如图8和11所示的碎片26d和26g-j一样位于外壳16的扩大部19中。结晶薄片261具有类似于雪花的形状。图13C示出了另一个示例，其中替代形状的阻塞元件26k-m是形成大量反应材料24的多个线圈26m(示出一个)，并且可以如图8和11所示的碎片26d和26g-j一样位于外壳16的扩大部19中。应当理解，阻塞物26k和多个结晶薄片26l可以由锌制成，或使用各种工艺，包括但不限于失蜡锻造和3D打印，进行锌涂覆的非锌材料制成。例如，多个线圈26m可以通过围绕类似于弹簧形状的芯轴缠绕锌丝制成，除了在缠绕芯轴之后，缠绕的线的整个线圈沿着芯轴的长度被切开，从而产生线圈的单个环。还应当理解，替代形状的阻塞元件26k-m可能完全填充扩大腔21或可能不完全填充扩大腔21。As shown in Figures 13A-C, several alternative shapes of blocking elements 26k-m in the form of loose material are shown that may be used in addition to or instead of the plurality of fragments 26d and 26g-j shown in Figures 8 and 11 . Figure 13A shows an example of a blockage 26k forming a mass of reactive material 24 and having a quasar shape, similar to the shape of a children's toy known as a "jack". FIG. 13B shows another example, where alternatively shaped blocking elements 26k-m are multiple crystalline flakes 261 (one shown) that form a mass of reactive material 24, and can be fragments 26d and 26g as shown in FIGS. 8 and 11 . -j is also located in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 . Crystallized flakes 261 have a shape similar to snowflakes. FIG. 13C shows another example where alternatively shaped blocking elements 26k-m are multiple coils 26m (one shown) forming a mass of reactive material 24, and can be fragments 26d and 26g- as shown in FIGS. 8 and 11- j is likewise located in the enlargement 19 of the housing 16 . It should be understood that the plug 26k and the plurality of crystalline flakes 261 may be made of zinc, or a non-zinc material coated with zinc using various processes including, but not limited to, lost wax forging and 3D printing. For example, the plurality of coils 26m may be made by winding zinc wire around a mandrel shaped like a spring, except that after the mandrel is wound, the entire coil of wound wire is slit along the length of the mandrel, thereby producing individual coils of coil ring. It should also be understood that alternatively shaped blocking elements 26k-m may or may not completely fill the enlarged lumen 21 .
应当理解，上述各种类型的阻塞元件26a-k可以混合和匹配产生各种组合。混合和匹配的实例包括将图5、6A-B和7A-B中所示的一个或多个隔板26a-c与图8和11中所示的多个碎片26d和26g-j组合。混合和匹配的其它实例包括将图9所示的多股缠结股线26e与图8和11所示的多个碎片26d和26g-j组合。可有其它替代配置，将上述各种类型的阻塞元件26a-k与其它过滤材料，诸如活性炭，组合。通过表面接触，活性炭像海绵一样并且通过表面接触收集污染物。因此，可以将有限量的活性炭注入外壳16的扩大部19中，与上述各种类型的阻塞元件26a-k结合起作用。有利的是，阻塞元件26a-k将活性炭保持在外壳16的扩大部19中，使得活性炭相对静态地设置在整个扩大腔21中。这种情况与典型的排放控制系统相反，典型的排放控制系统是将活性炭释放到气态排放流10中。因为活性炭不能随气态排放物自由流动，所以可以更有效地使用活性炭。本领域技术人员将容易理解，本申请公开的反向文丘里装置15的变型仅仅是示例性的，可能有远远超出本文公开的少数实施例的许多组合，用作针对特定的应用情况。It should be understood that the various types of blocking elements 26a-k described above can be mixed and matched to create various combinations. Examples of mixing and matching include combining one or more of the partitions 26a-c shown in FIGS. 5, 6A-B, and 7A-B with multiple pieces 26d and 26g-j shown in FIGS. Other examples of mixing and matching include combining multiple entangled strands 26e shown in FIG. 9 with multiple pieces 26d and 26g-j shown in FIGS. 8 and 11 . Other alternative arrangements are possible combining the various types of blocking elements 26a-k described above with other filter materials, such as activated carbon. Activated carbon acts like a sponge and collects pollutants through surface contact. Thus, a limited amount of activated carbon can be injected into the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16, acting in conjunction with the various types of blocking elements 26a-k described above. Advantageously, the blocking elements 26a-k retain the activated carbon in the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 such that the activated carbon is relatively statically disposed throughout the enlarged cavity 21 . This situation is in contrast to typical emission control systems that release activated carbon into the gaseous exhaust stream 10 . Activated carbon can be used more efficiently because it does not flow freely with gaseous emissions. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the variations of the reverse venturi device 15 disclosed in this application are exemplary only and that many combinations are possible far beyond the few embodiments disclosed herein for a particular application.
参考图14，示出了另一示例性反向文丘里装置15′，其包括通过导管38串联在一起的两个扩大部19、19′。外壳16的一个扩大部19在外壳16的入口部18和导管38之间，而另一个扩大部19′在导管38和外壳16的出口部20之间。因此，用于气态排放物10的曲折流道27被拉长。根据这种构造，气态排放物10从扩大部19通过导管38进入到扩大部19′，在那里收集和/或捕获额外的污染物。还应当理解，本发明内容不限于仅使用一个或两个串联的扩大部19、19′，因为具有大量排放物和/或重污染水平的一些应用可能需要串联连接大量的扩大部。Referring to FIG. 14 , another exemplary reverse venturi device 15 ′ is shown comprising two enlargements 19 , 19 ′ connected in series by a conduit 38 . One enlargement 19 of the housing 16 is between the inlet portion 18 of the housing 16 and the conduit 38 , while the other enlargement 19 ′ is between the conduit 38 and the outlet portion 20 of the housing 16 . Consequently, the tortuous flow path 27 for the gaseous exhaust 10 is elongated. According to this configuration, gaseous exhaust 10 passes from enlarged portion 19 through conduit 38 into enlarged portion 19' where additional pollutants are collected and/or trapped. It should also be understood that the present invention is not limited to the use of only one or two expansions 19, 19' in series, as some applications with large emissions and/or heavy pollution levels may require a large number of expansions connected in series.
参考图15，示出了另一示例性反向文丘里装置15″，其包括并联在一起的两个扩大部19、19″。三通入口阀(三通进气阀)39控制气态排放物10的流动，引导气态排放物10进入并通过导管41或导管42。三通出口阀40引导气态排放物10从导管41或导管42中排出，而不从导管41直接回流到导管42中，反之亦然。当气态排放物10通过管道41时，气态排放物10通过入口部18进入扩大部19并且通过出口部20排出。当气态排放物10通过导管42时，气态排放物10通过入口部18″进入扩大部19″并且通过出口部20″排出。图15所示的反向文丘里装置15″的一个优点是，当扩大部19、19″中的一个需要维护、维修或清洁时，其可以被隔离并离线，而不关闭整个系统，因为扩大部19、19″中的另一个可以保持使用。Referring to Figure 15, another exemplary reverse venturi device 15" is shown comprising two enlargements 19, 19" connected together in parallel. Three-way inlet valve (three-way inlet valve) 39 controls the flow of gaseous exhaust 10 , directing gaseous exhaust 10 into and through conduit 41 or conduit 42 . The three-way outlet valve 40 directs the gaseous exhaust 10 to exit the conduit 41 or the conduit 42 without directly flowing back from the conduit 41 into the conduit 42 and vice versa. As the gaseous exhaust 10 passes through the conduit 41 , the gaseous exhaust 10 enters the enlarged portion 19 through the inlet portion 18 and exits through the outlet portion 20 . When the gaseous exhaust 10 passes through the conduit 42, the gaseous exhaust 10 enters the enlarged section 19" through the inlet section 18" and exits through the outlet section 20". One advantage of the reverse venturi device 15" shown in Fig. 15 is that when When one of the enlargements 19, 19" needs maintenance, repair or cleaning, it can be isolated and taken offline without shutting down the whole system, since the other of the enlargements 19, 19" can remain in use.
随着时间的推移，发生在大量反应材料24的反应性外表面25上的化学反应和/或污染物的物理捕获可导致大量反应材料24的饱和点，降低反向文丘里装置15的效率。因此，图15中所示的配置允许移除、替换和/或清洁外壳16的扩大部19、19″中的大量反应材料24，恢复反向文丘里装置的饱和前的效率性能，而不需要完全关闭。Over time, chemical reactions occurring on reactive outer surface 25 of bulk reactive material 24 and/or physical trapping of contaminants can lead to a saturation point of bulk reactive material 24 , reducing the efficiency of reverse venturi device 15 . Thus, the configuration shown in FIG. 15 allows removal, replacement and/or cleaning of the bulk of reactive material 24 in the enlarged portion 19, 19″ of the housing 16, restoring the pre-saturation efficiency performance of the reverse venturi device without the need for completely off.
从大量饱和反应材料中除去污染物的过程将特别地取决于污染物的类型和所使用的汞齐形成金属的类型。接入设置在外壳16的扩大部19、19″内部的扩大腔21、21″将与所使用的阻塞的类型相适应。当使用相对较小的松散阻塞物时，将需要倾倒和/或排放型的接入方式。如果阻塞物是相对较大的块、板、隔板或组件，则需要适当的提起和处理方法和接入方式。The process of removing contaminants from the bulk saturated reaction material will depend inter alia on the type of contaminants and the type of amalgam-forming metal used. Access to the enlarged lumen 21, 21" provided inside the enlarged portion 19, 19" of the housing 16 will be adapted to the type of stopper used. When using relatively small loose obstructions, a dump and/or drain type access will be required. If the obstruction is a relatively large block, board, partition or assembly, proper lifting and handling methods and access will be required.
仍然参考图15，反向文丘里装置15可以包括一个或多个喷嘴81，设置成与外壳16的扩大部19、19”流体连通。安装喷嘴81，将脱氧酸喷射到外壳16的扩大部19、19”中的大量反应材料24上。在操作中，脱氧酸洗涤大量反应材料24的污染物，以便使大量的反应材料24复原。可选地，排水管82可以设置成与外壳16的扩大部19、19”流体连通，将用过的脱氧酸和污染物的溶液从外壳16的扩大部19、19”运走。有利地，无论是钢上的涂层还是固体锌结构的饱和锌，都可以回收和再生。因此，用于阻塞物的材料可以被再利用和再生。此外，捕获的许多污染物，特别是重金属例如汞，能够在照明和氯制造中再生利用。Still referring to FIG. 15 , the reverse venturi device 15 may include one or more nozzles 81 disposed in fluid communication with the enlarged portion 19 , 19 ″ of the housing 16 . The nozzles 81 are mounted to inject deoxygenated acid into the enlarged portion 19 of the housing 16 , 19" on a large amount of reactive material 24. In operation, the deoxygen acid scrubs the bulk of reactive material 24 from contamination so as to rejuvenate the bulk of reactive material 24 . Optionally, a drain 82 may be provided in fluid communication with the enlarged portion 19 , 19 ″ of the housing 16 to carry the solution of spent deoxygen acid and contaminants away from the enlarged portion 19 , 19 ″ of the housing 16 . Advantageously, both the coating on the steel and the saturated zinc of the solid zinc structure can be recovered and regenerated. Thus, the material used for the blockage can be reused and regenerated. Furthermore, many of the pollutants captured, especially heavy metals such as mercury, can be recycled in lighting and chlorine manufacturing.
参考图16，示出了另一示例性反向文丘里装置15，其中扩大室45具有与入口导管43和出口导管44的体积相比明显更大的体积。扩大部46可以是圆形，正方形，三角形，椭圆形或实际上需要的许多形状中的任何一种(图中示出矩形形状)，以便获得用于气态排放物流过扩大部46的扩大的曲折流道77。Referring to FIG. 16 , another exemplary reverse venturi device 15 is shown in which the expansion chamber 45 has a significantly larger volume compared to the volumes of the inlet conduit 43 and outlet conduit 44 . The enlarged portion 46 may be circular, square, triangular, oval or any of many shapes (rectangular shape is shown in the figure) actually required in order to obtain an enlarged meander for gaseous exhaust to flow through the enlarged portion 46 Runner 77.
参考图17，示出了典型的气态排放控制系统的框图。在气态排放物通过烟囱51释放到大气之前，从熔炉47被输送到静电除尘器(ESP)48，然后到流化气体脱硫(FGD)单元49，然后通过织物过滤器(FF)单元50。在ESP48处从气态排放物中去除污染物的第一浓缩物52。类似地，在FGD单元49处从气态排放物去除污染物的第二浓缩物53。由FGD单元49产生的通常含有汞和其它重金属的第二浓缩物53通常转移到废水中。在FF单元50处从气态排放物去除污染物的第三浓缩物54。Referring to FIG. 17 , a block diagram of a typical gaseous emissions control system is shown. From the furnace 47 , the gaseous emissions are conveyed to an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) 48 , then to a fluidization gas desulfurization (FGD) unit 49 and then through a fabric filter (FF) unit 50 before being released to the atmosphere through a stack 51 . A first concentrate 52 of pollutants is removed from the gaseous exhaust at ESP 48 . Similarly, a second concentrate 53 of pollutants is removed from the gaseous exhaust at the FGD unit 49 . The second concentrate 53 produced by the FGD unit 49, which typically contains mercury and other heavy metals, is typically diverted to wastewater. A third concentrate 54 of pollutants is removed from the gaseous exhaust at the FF unit 50 .
最后，释放到大气的最终排放物仍然不能满足环保局排放法规和要求。环保局允许的排放物要求去除至少90％的有害污染物，而目前典型的排放控制系统只能去除88％-90％的有害污染物。工业污染排放的一个主要问题是，随着时间的推移，管理排放的法规将变得更加严格，而目前的排放控制技术有可能达到其极限。因此，正在进行的技术改进的步伐跟不上越来越严格的排放法规的步伐。Finally, the final emissions released to the atmosphere still do not meet EPA emissions regulations and requirements. Emissions allowed by the EPA require the removal of at least 90% of harmful pollutants, and current typical emission control systems only remove 88%-90% of harmful pollutants. A major concern with industrial emissions is that regulations governing emissions will become more stringent over time, and current emission control technologies risk reaching their limits. As a result, the pace of ongoing technological improvements has not kept pace with increasingly stringent emissions regulations.
参考图18A-B，修改了图17的框图，引入可选的吸附剂注入点，并且增加了附加步骤，使气态排放物通过上述反向文丘里装置15。在图18A中，示出了位于熔炉47和ESP 48之间的第一吸附剂注入点55。或者，在图18B中，示出了位于FDG单元49和FF单元50之间的第二吸附剂注入点56。哪种选择对于吸附剂是最佳的将取决于工厂的现有配置和条件。除了图18A-B所示的两个选择之外，还有许多其它注入点和/或注入点的组合可以注入吸附剂，因此，这两个选项是为了说明的目的而示出的。图18A-B中的反向文丘里装置15位于FF单元50之后并且在烟囱51之前。反向文丘里装置15可以根据上述任何示例配置，可适用于各种应用。最后，在离开反向文丘里装置15之后通过烟囱51释放到大气中的最终气态排放物将能够满足并超过当前和未来的环保局排放法规和要求。Referring to Figures 18A-B, the block diagram of Figure 17 has been modified to introduce an optional sorbent injection point and an additional step to pass the gaseous exhaust through the reverse venturi device 15 described above. In Figure 18A, a first sorbent injection point 55 between the furnace 47 and the ESP 48 is shown. Alternatively, in Figure 18B, a second sorbent injection point 56 between the FDG unit 49 and the FF unit 50 is shown. Which option is best for the adsorbent will depend on the existing configuration and conditions of the plant. In addition to the two options shown in Figures 18A-B, there are many other injection points and/or combinations of injection points that can inject sorbent, so these two options are shown for illustrative purposes. The reverse venturi device 15 in FIGS. 18A-B is located after the FF unit 50 and before the chimney 51 . The reverse venturi device 15 may be configured according to any of the examples described above, suitable for a variety of applications. Ultimately, the final gaseous emissions released to the atmosphere through stack 51 after exiting reverse venturi device 15 will be able to meet and exceed current and future EPA emissions regulations and requirements.
图18A-B所示的方法包括以下步骤：在熔炉47中燃烧燃料，产生含有污染物的气态排放物，将来自熔炉47的气态排放物输送到ESP48，用ESP48去除气态排放物中的第一部分颗粒污染物。根据用ESP48去除气态排放物中的第一部分颗粒污染物这一步骤，形成第一浓缩物52，包含已经通过ESP48从气态排放物中除去的第一部分颗粒污染物。应当理解，在操作中，ESP48利用感应静电荷从气态排放物中去除细小的污染物颗粒。该方法还包括以下步骤：将气态排放物从ESP 48输送到FDG单元49，用FDG单元49去除气态排放物中的二氧化硫污染物。根据用FDG单元49去除气态排放物中的二氧化硫污染物这一步骤，形成含有由FDG单元49从气态排放物中除去的二氧化硫污染物的第二浓缩物53。该方法还包括以下步骤：将来自FDG单元49的气态排放物输送到FF单元50(即袋式除尘器)，用FF单元50去除气态排放物中的第二部分颗粒污染物。根据用FF单元50去除气态排放物中的第二部分颗粒污染物这一步骤，形成含有由FF单元50从气态排放物去除第二部分颗粒污染物的第三浓缩物54。应当理解，在操作中，当气态排放物通过FF单元50的一个或多个织物过滤器(未示出)时，从气态排放物中去除污染物颗粒。The method shown in Figures 18A-B includes the steps of: burning a fuel in a furnace 47 to generate gaseous emissions containing pollutants, delivering the gaseous emissions from the furnace 47 to an ESP 48, and removing a first portion of the gaseous emissions with the ESP 48 particulate pollution. According to the step of removing a first portion of particulate pollutants from gaseous emissions with ESP 48 , a first concentrate 52 is formed comprising a first portion of particulate pollutants that have been removed from gaseous emissions by ESP 48 . It should be understood that, in operation, the ESP 48 utilizes induced electrostatic charges to remove fine pollutant particles from gaseous emissions. The method also includes the step of conveying the gaseous effluent from the ESP 48 to an FDG unit 49, with the FDG unit 49 removing sulfur dioxide pollutants from the gaseous effluent. According to the step of removing the sulfur dioxide pollutant from the gaseous effluent with the FDG unit 49 , a second concentrate 53 is formed containing the sulfur dioxide pollutant removed from the gaseous effluent by the FDG unit 49 . The method also includes the step of: transporting the gaseous discharge from the FDG unit 49 to an FF unit 50 (ie, a bag filter), and using the FF unit 50 to remove a second portion of particulate pollutants from the gaseous discharge. According to the step of removing a second portion of the particulate pollutants from the gaseous effluent with the FF unit 50, a third concentrate 54 containing the second portion of the particulate pollutants removed from the gaseous effluent by the FF unit 50 is formed. It should be understood that, in operation, pollutant particles are removed from the gaseous exhaust as it passes through one or more fabric filters (not shown) of the FF unit 50 .
根据本发明，该方法还包括以下步骤：将来自FF单元50的气态排放物输送到反向文丘里装置15，并用反向文丘里装置15去除气态排放物中的重金属污染物。根据用反向文丘里装置15去除气态排放物中的重金属污染物这一步骤，气态排放物经过(即，流过)设置在反向文丘里装置15中的大量反应材料。大量反应材料中的汞齐形成金属与气态排放物中的重金属污染物化学结合。因此，当重金属污染物结合到大量反应材料中的汞齐形成金属时，大量反应材料捕获反向文丘里装置15中的重金属污染物。然后，该方法可以将气态排放物从反向文丘里装置15输送到烟囱51，将气态排放物排放到周围大气中。还应当理解，反向文丘里装置15有利地具有相对小的设备占地面积，能够容易地在现有系统的排放控制装置48、49、50和通向大气的烟囱51之间改进安装。According to the present invention, the method further comprises the steps of conveying the gaseous effluent from the FF unit 50 to a reverse venturi device 15 and using the reverse venturi device 15 to remove heavy metal pollutants from the gaseous effluent. According to the step of removing heavy metal pollutants in the gaseous effluent with the reverse venturi device 15 , the gaseous effluent passes (ie flows through) a mass of reactive material arranged in the reverse venturi device 15 . Amalgam-forming metals in bulk reaction materials chemically combine with heavy metal pollutants in gaseous emissions. Thus, the bulk reactive material traps the heavy metal contaminants in the reverse venturi device 15 as the heavy metal contaminants bind to the amalgam forming metals in the bulk reactive material. The method may then route the gaseous emissions from the reverse venturi device 15 to the chimney 51, which discharges the gaseous emissions into the surrounding atmosphere. It should also be appreciated that the reverse venturi device 15 advantageously has a relatively small equipment footprint, enabling easy retrofit installation between the emission control devices 48, 49, 50 and stack 51 to atmosphere of existing systems.
可选地，该方法可以包括将吸附剂注入到气态排放物中的步骤。根据该步骤并且如图18A所示，吸附剂可以在设置在炉47和ESP 48之间的第一吸附剂注入点55处被注入到气态排放物中。或者，如图18B所示，吸附剂可以在设置在FDG单元49和FF单元50之间的第二吸附剂注入点56处被注入到气态排放物中。吸附剂含有汞齐形成金属，使得吸附剂在气态排放物进入反向文丘里装置15之前与气态排放物中的至少一些重金属污染物结合。通过在第一吸附剂注入点55或第二吸附剂注入点56处将吸附剂注入到气态排放物中，可以以先前不可能达到的水平在FF单元50中收集更多的汞、重金属和酸性气体。如上所述，形成汞齐的金属可以选自由锌，铁和铝组成的组，并且吸附剂可以是例如CZTS化合物。吸附剂能够再生复原，从而可以收获和回收有害污染物。Optionally, the method may include the step of injecting a sorbent into the gaseous effluent. According to this step and as shown in FIG. 18A , the sorbent may be injected into the gaseous effluent at a first sorbent injection point 55 disposed between the furnace 47 and the ESP 48 . Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 18B , the sorbent may be injected into the gaseous effluent at a second sorbent injection point 56 disposed between the FDG unit 49 and the FF unit 50 . The sorbent contains amalgam-forming metals such that the sorbent binds at least some of the heavy metal pollutants in the gaseous effluent before the gaseous effluent enters the reverse venturi device 15 . By injecting sorbent into the gaseous effluent at either the first sorbent injection point 55 or the second sorbent injection point 56, more mercury, heavy metals, and acid can be collected in the FF unit 50 at levels not previously possible gas. As mentioned above, the amalgam-forming metal may be selected from the group consisting of zinc, iron and aluminum, and the adsorbent may be, for example, a CZTS compound. Sorbents can be regenerated so that harmful pollutants can be harvested and recycled.
参考图19，示出了典型的非气态排放控制系统的框图。在被输送到沉降池61之前，液体和/或液体状排放物可以从流化气体脱硫(FGD)单元59和/或从湿式洗涤器单元58输送到石灰处理站60。经过适当的时间，非气态排放物将从沉降池61排出到用于干燥处理准备的处理系统64或脱水系统62中。通过干燥处理过程64的非气态排放物准备在垃圾填埋场65中处置。通过脱水系统62，有时可包括再循环系统，输送的非气态排放物准备用于二次工业过程63，例如可涉及石膏和/或水泥的生产。没有从沉淀池61排出到脱水系统62或干燥处理过程64的非气态排放物被输送排放到水道66中。释放到水道66中的最终非气态排放物与其在未来几年所受到的管制不一样。与当前允许进入水道的排放物相比，拟议的环保局水排放法规和要求将是非常严格的。具有需要排放到水道中的污染液体排放的工业目前拥有的排放控制技术不可能满足和/或遵守即将拟定的环保局规定。Referring to FIG. 19 , a block diagram of a typical non-gaseous emissions control system is shown. The liquid and/or liquid-like effluent may be conveyed from the fluidization gas desulfurization (FGD) unit 59 and/or from the wet scrubber unit 58 to the lime treatment station 60 before being conveyed to the settling tank 61 . After an appropriate time, the non-gaseous effluent will be discharged from the settling tank 61 into a treatment system 64 or dewatering system 62 in preparation for drying treatment. The non-gaseous effluent passing through the drying process 64 is ready for disposal in a landfill 65 . Via a dehydration system 62, which may sometimes include a recirculation system, the conveyed non-gaseous effluent is prepared for use in a secondary industrial process 63, which may involve, for example, the production of gypsum and/or cement. The non-gaseous effluent that is not discharged from the sedimentation tank 61 to the dewatering system 62 or the drying process 64 is conveyed to the waterway 66 for discharge. Final non-gaseous emissions released into waterways 66 will not be regulated as they will be in future years. The proposed EPA water discharge regulations and requirements will be very stringent compared to the discharges currently allowed into waterways. Industries with polluting liquid discharges that need to be discharged into waterways currently have discharge control technologies that are unlikely to meet and/or comply with forthcoming EPA regulations.
参考图20，改良了图19的框图，使用包含上述吸附剂的一个或多个处理罐67。处理罐67位于非气态排放物被排出沉淀池61之后并且在它们排放到水路66中之前。图20所示的方法包括以下步骤：收集含有污染物的非气态排放物，使非气态排放物通过FGD单元59和/或湿式洗涤器58，除去非气态排放物中的一些污染物，将来自FGD单元59和/或湿式洗涤器58的非气态排放物输送到石灰处理单元60，并且使非气态排放物通过石灰处理单元60，通过克拉克过程软化非气态排放物。应当理解，在操作中，石灰处理单元60通过沉淀从非气态排放物中去除某些离子(例如钙(Ca)和镁(Mg))。该方法还包括以下步骤：将非气态排放物从石灰处理单元60输送到沉降池61，非气态排放物中的一些污染物通过沉降被去除，使沉降池61中的非气态排放物的第一部分脱水，并且在二次工业过程63中使用脱水的副产物，以及从沉降池61中除去非气态排放物的第二部分，并使非气态排放物的第二部分经受干燥处理过程64。根据使沉降池61中的非气态排放物的第一部分脱水并且在二次工业过程63中使用脱水的副产物这一步骤，脱水过程可以包括非气态排放物的第一部分的再循环，二次工业过程63可以包括例如生产石膏或生产水泥。根据从沉降池61中除去非气态排放物的第二部分并使非气态排放物的第二部分经受干燥处理过程64这一步骤，干燥处理过程64可以包括将非气态排放物的第二部分沉积在垃圾填埋场65中。Referring to Figure 20, the block diagram of Figure 19 is modified using one or more process tanks 67 containing the sorbent described above. The treatment tank 67 is located after the non-gaseous effluents are discharged from the sedimentation tank 61 and before they are discharged into the waterway 66 . The method shown in Figure 20 includes the steps of collecting non-gaseous emissions containing pollutants, passing the non-gaseous emissions through a FGD unit 59 and/or a wet scrubber 58, removing some of the pollutants from the non-gaseous emissions, and converting the non-gaseous emissions from The non-gaseous effluent from the FGD unit 59 and/or wet scrubber 58 is sent to a lime treatment unit 60 and passed through the lime treatment unit 60 to soften the non-gaseous effluent by the Clark process. It should be understood that, in operation, the lime treatment unit 60 removes certain ions (such as calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)) from the non-gaseous effluent by precipitation. The method also includes the steps of: transporting the non-gaseous effluent from the lime treatment unit 60 to a settling tank 61, some of the pollutants in the non-gaseous effluent are removed by settling, so that the first part of the non-gaseous effluent in the settling tank 61 Dehydration and use of dewatered by-products in a secondary industrial process 63 and removal of a second portion of the non-gaseous effluent from the settling tank 61 and subjecting the second portion of the non-gaseous effluent to a drying process 64 . According to the step of dehydrating the first part of the non-gaseous effluent in the settling tank 61 and using the dehydrated by-products in the secondary industrial process 63, the dehydration process may include recycling of the first part of the non-gaseous effluent, the secondary industrial Process 63 may include, for example, producing gypsum or producing cement. According to the step of removing the second portion of the non-gaseous effluent from the settling tank 61 and subjecting the second portion of the non-gaseous effluent to a drying process 64, the drying process 64 may include depositing the second portion of the non-gaseous effluent In landfill 65.
根据本发明内容，该方法还包括以下步骤：将沉降池61中的非气态排放物的第三部分输送到包含所公开的吸附剂的处理罐67。吸附剂含有与非气态排放物的第三部分中的重金属污染物结合的汞齐形成金属。因此，当重金属污染物与吸附剂结合并且脱离非气态排放物沉积/沉淀时，吸附剂捕获处理罐67中的重金属污染物。然后，该方法可以将非气态排放物从处理罐67输送到水道66进行排放。应当理解，处理罐67的设计可以允许非气态排放物(即废水流)连续通过处理罐67。In accordance with the present invention, the method also includes the step of conveying a third portion of the non-gaseous effluent from the settling tank 61 to a treatment tank 67 containing the disclosed sorbent. The sorbent contains amalgam-forming metals that bind to the heavy metal pollutants in the third portion of the non-gaseous emissions. Thus, the sorbent captures the heavy metal pollutants in the treatment tank 67 as they bind to the sorbent and deposit/precipitate from the non-gaseous effluent. The method may then route the non-gaseous effluent from the treatment tank 67 to the waterway 66 for discharge. It should be understood that the design of treatment tank 67 may allow for continuous passage of non-gaseous effluent (ie, waste water stream) through treatment tank 67 .
关于本发明的吸附剂，公开了几个示例性实施例。这些示例性实施例仅仅是几个示例，并且不代表其潜在变化的详尽列表。With regard to the adsorbent of the present invention, several exemplary embodiments are disclosed. These exemplary embodiments are merely examples, and do not represent an exhaustive list of potential variations.
如上所述，一种示例性吸附剂是元素锌粉。锌粉由元素锌制成。锌可以以粉末的形式或以颗粒的形式存在。可用于在高温下延长锌粉和/或颗粒在一些气态排放应用中的有效寿命并减少和/或防止过早氧化的一种方法是将颗粒和/或粉末与固体酸混合或涂覆，例如氨基磺酸，柠檬酸或其它有机酸。粉末/酸混合物可以注入到气态排放物(例如烟道气流)中和/或置于反向文丘里装置15的适当的示例性实施例中。As noted above, one exemplary adsorbent is elemental zinc powder. Zinc dust is made from elemental zinc. Zinc can be present in powder form or in granular form. One method that can be used to extend the useful life of zinc dust and/or granules in some gaseous emissions applications at high temperatures and to reduce and/or prevent premature oxidation is to mix or coat the granules and/or powder with a solid acid, e.g. Sulfamic acid, citric acid or other organic acids. The powder/acid mixture may be injected into the gaseous effluent (eg flue gas stream) and/or placed in a suitable exemplary embodiment of the reverse venturi device 15 .
锌粉的最佳粒度为0.5纳米至7500微米。此外，已经发现具有一系列不同尺寸颗粒的粉末混合物是有益的，特别是如果颗粒尺寸在0.5纳米至7,500微米的范围内。类似地，锌颗粒的最佳粒径为7,500微米至3.0英寸。此外，已经发现具有一定范围的不同尺寸颗粒的颗粒混合物是有利的，特别是如果颗粒尺寸范围为7,500微米至3.0英寸。The optimal particle size of zinc powder is from 0.5 nanometers to 7500 microns. Furthermore, it has been found beneficial to have a powder mix with a range of different sized particles, especially if the particle size is in the range of 0.5 nanometers to 7,500 microns. Similarly, the optimum particle size for zinc particles is 7,500 microns to 3.0 inches. Furthermore, it has been found that particle mixtures having a range of different sized particles are advantageous, especially if the particle size ranges from 7,500 microns to 3.0 inches.
在另一个示例性实施方案中，吸附剂是CZTS，元素式Cu2ZnSnS4。CZTS也可以由其它相的铜，锌，锡和硫构成，这也是有益的。CZTS和/或相关相的铜，锌，锡和硫可以以化学计量比混合，然后可以在磨机中进行机械化学混合。此外，CZTS可与等量的几种粘土中的任何一种如膨润土或沸石和氢氧化钙(CaOH)混合。CZTS粉的最佳粒度为0.5纳米至7500微米。在测试和开发中已经发现，具有一系列不同尺寸颗粒的CZTS粉末混合物是有益的，特别是如果粒度在0.5纳米至7,500微米的范围内。在优选特殊CZTS颗粒的应用中，已发现最佳颗粒尺寸范围为7,500微米至3.0英寸。此外，已经发现具有一定范围的不同尺寸颗粒的CZTS颗粒混合物是有益的，特别是如果颗粒的尺寸为7500微米至3.0英寸。In another exemplary embodiment, the adsorbent is CZTS, elementalformulaCu2ZnSnS4 . CZTS can also be composed of other phases of copper, zinc, tin and sulfur, which are also beneficial. CZTS and/or related phases of copper, zinc, tin and sulfur can be mixed in a stoichiometric ratio, which can then be mechanochemically mixed in a mill. In addition, CZTS can be mixed with equal amounts of any of several clays such as bentonite or zeolites and calcium hydroxide (CaOH). The optimum particle size of CZTS powder is from 0.5 nm to 7500 microns. It has been found in testing and development that it is beneficial to have a CZTS powder blend with a range of different sized particles, especially if the particle size is in the range of 0.5 nanometers to 7,500 microns. In applications where particular CZTS particles are preferred, the optimum particle size range has been found to be 7,500 microns to 3.0 inches. Furthermore, it has been found that a mixture of CZTS particles having a range of different sized particles is beneficial, especially if the particles range in size from 7500 microns to 3.0 inches.
对于大多数污染物，CZTS在上述范围内的最小粒径以及当金属相中存在最高量的CZTS时是最有效的。应当理解，在CZTS的制造过程中，铜、锌、锡和硫的混合物不完全转化为CZTS，而是相的混合物(例如丹巴矿(CuZn2)和硫化锡(SnS))。For most contaminants, the smallest particle size of CZTS within the above range and when the highest amount of CZTS is present in the metal phase is most effective. It should be understood that during the manufacture of CZTS, a mixture of copper, zinc, tin and sulfur is not completely converted to CZTS, but rather a mixture of phases (eg danbaite (CuZn2 ) and tin sulfide (SnS)).
在CZTS的一个示例性制造方法中，将铜，锌，锡和硫不分先后加入到研磨机中。使用球磨机或某些类型的磨碎机或以顺序组合获得所需粒度的研磨设备的组合来完成研磨。示例性起始粒度范围从325标准筛网到100标准筛网，其中1标准筛网等于7,500微米。以铜∶锌∶锡∶硫＝1.7∶1.2∶1.0∶4.0的预定摩尔比进一步称重所接收的颗粒。在确认筛孔尺寸和摩尔比之后，通过研磨将颗粒机械化学地混合到CZTS和其它相中。控制研磨时间，获得用于特定应用的最佳性能。还应当理解，可以通过加入合适的溶剂如乙二醇醚、乙二醇、氨或其它醇使用湿磨法或通过在惰性气体气氛中干燥研磨进行研磨。In an exemplary manufacturing method of CZTS, copper, zinc, tin and sulfur are fed into a grinder in no particular order. Grinding is accomplished using a ball mill or some type of attritor or a combination of grinding equipment combined in sequence to obtain the desired particle size. Exemplary starting particle sizes range from 325 gauge to 100 gauge, where 1 gauge equals 7,500 microns. The received particles were further weighed at a predetermined molar ratio of Cu:Zn:Sn:S=1.7:1.2:1.0:4.0. After confirming the sieve size and molar ratio, the particles were mechanochemically mixed into CZTS and other phases by milling. Grind time is controlled to obtain optimum performance for a specific application. It should also be understood that milling can be carried out using wet milling by adding suitable solvents such as glycol ethers, glycols, ammonia or other alcohols or by dry milling under an inert gas atmosphere.
在研磨期间，进行间歇取样以使用粒度分析仪以及SEM、XRD或拉曼测定颗粒尺寸，确定相转变百分比。磨球尺寸是重要的，并且已经在测试中显示最好的是为使球-粉末重量比(电荷比)为至少5∶1。研磨球最好由钢、陶瓷、氧化锆或任何其它可实现尺寸和/或相转换而不污染最终产品的材料制成。当使用湿磨时，干燥CZTS。然后使用螺带式掺合机、V-掺合机或任何其它合适的掺合机将CZTS进一步共混，以便等量掺合膨润土或沸石和氢氧化钙。During milling, intermittent sampling is performed to measure particle size using a particle size analyzer as well as SEM, XRD or Raman to determine percent phase transition. The ball size is important and has been shown in testing to be best for a ball-to-powder weight ratio (charge ratio) of at least 5:1. Grinding balls are preferably made of steel, ceramic, zirconia, or any other material that allows size and/or phase inversion without contaminating the final product. When using wet milling, dry the CZTS. The CZTS is then further blended using a ribbon blender, V-blender or any other suitable blender to blend the bentonite or zeolite and calcium hydroxide in equal amounts.
根据上述方法，可以将吸附剂注入气态排放物中，其中气态排放物的温度为约750华氏度或更低。可以通过几种方法中的任何一种将吸附剂注入气态排放物中，例如但不限于注射、流化床、涂布的过滤器和捕集器。可以基于工厂中现有的排放控制系统来选择注入方法，以便于改装。一种方便的方法可以是，将CZTS注入到气态排放物中代替活性炭，相同的注入设备可以在有或没有改性的情况下使用。According to the method described above, the sorbent may be injected into the gaseous effluent, wherein the temperature of the gaseous effluent is about 750 degrees Fahrenheit or less. Sorbent injection into gaseous effluents can be done by any of several methods, such as but not limited to injection, fluidized beds, coated filters and traps. The injection method can be selected based on the existing emission control system in the plant for easy retrofitting. A convenient approach could be to inject CZTS into gaseous emissions instead of activated carbon, and the same injection equipment can be used with or without modification.
在一些应用中，当CZTS与膨润土混合有效去除污染物时，可优化气态排放物的处理。或者，当CZTS与沸石共混时，可以优化非气态排放应用的处理。除了与CZTS共混的特定材料之外，共混物的比例可以根据特定的应用制订，以提供优化的污染物去除能力。In some applications, the treatment of gaseous emissions can be optimized when CZTS is mixed with bentonite to effectively remove pollutants. Alternatively, when CZTS is blended with zeolites, treatment for non-gaseous emissions applications can be optimized. In addition to the specific materials blended with CZTS, the proportions of the blends can be formulated for specific applications to provide optimized contaminant removal capabilities.
如图18A-B所示，其中CZTS用于处理气态排放物，织物过滤器单元50应该放置在CZTS注入点55、56的下游，使得织物过滤器单元50捕获吸附剂颗粒并增加气态排放物与吸附剂接触的时间。织物过滤器单元50的织物过滤器(即袋)上的吸附剂的沉积使气态排放物和吸附剂之间获得额外接触的时间，并使吸附剂被收集用于随后的回收。吸附剂的小颗粒尺寸使得吸附剂沿气态排放流流动，像被风携带的灰尘。在气态排放流运送吸附剂期间，吸附剂与也在气态排放流中行进的污染物接触，因此可以与吸附剂化学反应并与吸附剂结合。在到达织物过滤器单元50时，气态排放物继续通过织物过滤器单元50中的过滤器，而结合污染物的吸附剂颗粒尺寸太大而不能通过过滤器。当CZTS颗粒小于10微米时，可能需要用更大尺寸的CZTS颗粒、活性炭、滑石、石灰或其它合适的物质在织物过滤器单元50中预涂布过滤器，使得较小的CZTS颗粒不通过过滤器。或者，可以在织物过滤器单元50中使用较低微米尺寸的过滤器。18A-B, where the CZTS is used to treat gaseous emissions, the fabric filter unit 50 should be placed downstream of the CZTS injection points 55, 56 so that the fabric filter unit 50 traps the sorbent particles and increases the gaseous emissions with the gaseous emissions. Adsorbent contact time. Deposition of the sorbent on the fabric filters (ie, bags) of the fabric filter unit 50 allows additional contact time between the gaseous emissions and the sorbent, and allows the sorbent to be collected for subsequent recovery. The small particle size of the sorbent allows the sorbent to flow along the gaseous exhaust stream, like dust carried by the wind. During the transport of the sorbent by the gaseous exhaust stream, the sorbent comes into contact with pollutants that are also traveling in the gaseous exhaust stream and thus can chemically react with and bind to the sorbent. Upon reaching the fabric filter unit 50, the gaseous emissions continue through the filters in the fabric filter unit 50, while the sorbent particles that bind the pollutants are too large to pass through the filters. When the CZTS particles are smaller than 10 microns, it may be necessary to pre-coat the filter in the fabric filter unit 50 with larger sized CZTS particles, activated carbon, talc, lime, or other suitable substance so that the smaller CZTS particles do not pass through the filter device. Alternatively, lower micron size filters may be used in the fabric filter unit 50 .
在用于非气态排放的其它应用中，CZTS可以被注入到图20所示的处理罐67中。在这种构造中，最佳的是CZTS在良好搅拌下注入处理罐67一段时间，然后非气态排放物(例如废水)在排放之前经历pH调节、絮凝和过滤。之后，处理罐67中的CZTS可经历回收过程，从CZTS收获污染物。使用过的CZTS可以通过从CZTS浸出汞或通过真空蒸馏回收。然后，收获的污染物可以在其他工业中再利用。CZTS还提供能够减少非气态排放物中的硝酸盐和氮化物水平的益处。In other applications for non-gaseous emissions, CZTS may be injected into the treatment tank 67 shown in FIG. 20 . In this configuration, it is optimal that the CZTS is injected into the treatment tank 67 for a period of time with good agitation, and then the non-gaseous effluent (eg wastewater) undergoes pH adjustment, flocculation and filtration before discharge. Afterwards, the CZTS in the treatment tank 67 may undergo a recovery process to harvest contaminants from the CZTS. Spent CZTS can be recovered by leaching mercury from CZTS or by vacuum distillation. The harvested pollutants can then be reused in other industries. CZTS also provides the benefit of being able to reduce nitrate and nitride levels in non-gaseous emissions.
环保局制定的2016年生效的排水法规比空气法规更为严格。一些当前的环保局水规范水平以毫微克/升(ng/L)，微克/升(ug/L)和/或克/升列出的是：汞@119ng/L；砷(As)@8ug/L；硒(Se)@10ug/L；二氧化氮(NO2)和硝酸盐(NO3)@0.13g/L。其他重金属如铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)也有环保局限制的水平。在许多现有的工厂，具有高于允许排放规定的污染水平的水被输送到储存池和/或其它类型的各种污泥储存容器。CZTS可以通过如本文公开的用于处理非气态排放物的相同方法处理储存池中的固体。根据重金属的离子形式、污泥组成和/或pH值，可以适当调节CZTS在储存池中的接触时间。适当的pH值调节、絮凝和随后的过滤将允许其他工业中的正常排放、处置和/或使用，以前这些都是不可能的。Drainage regulations enacted by the EPA that went into effect in 2016 are stricter than air regulations. Some current EPA water specification levels listed in nanograms per liter (ng/L), micrograms per liter (ug/L) and/or grams per liter are: Mercury @ 119ng/L; Arsenic (As) @ 8ug /L; Selenium (Se) @ 10ug/L; Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2 ) and Nitrate (NO3 ) @ 0.13g/L. Other heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) also have EPA-restricted levels. In many existing plants, water with pollution levels above allowable discharge regulations is sent to storage ponds and/or other types of various sludge storage containers. CZTS can treat solids in storage ponds by the same methods as disclosed herein for non-gaseous effluents. Depending on the ionic form of heavy metals, sludge composition and/or pH, the contact time of CZTS in the storage tank can be adjusted appropriately. Proper pH adjustment, flocculation and subsequent filtration will allow for normal discharge, disposal and/or use in other industries where this was not possible before.
应当理解，本文公开的吸附剂不含任何游离碳，包括本领域目前使用的活性炭。结果，作为所公开的方法的副产物产生的金属硫化物是不可浸出的。因此，这些副产物在石膏墙板和水泥应用中具有有价值的工业用途。环保局有关金属硫化物的浸出试验是众所周知的，并且在这些产品中的使用已有详细记录。It should be understood that the sorbents disclosed herein do not contain any free carbon, including activated carbon as currently used in the art. As a result, the metal sulfides produced as a by-product of the disclosed process are not leachable. Therefore, these by-products have valuable industrial uses in gypsum wallboard and cement applications. EPA leaching tests for metal sulphides are well known and well documented for use in these products.
虽然活性炭可用于一些替代构造，但是在这些变化型中有限地使用活性炭不会允许活性炭逃逸到排放物中。例如，在一种构造中，活性炭可以嵌入织物过滤器单元50的过滤器中。这种活性炭不能自由逃逸到气态排放流中。活性炭可能有另一有限使用，就是活性炭以其结晶形式涂覆CZTS，产生具有厚度为1.0纳米或更小的量级的碳薄层的CZTS。这有助于促进捕获特别小的汞的金属蒸气颗粒。类似地，CZTS结晶形式可以涂覆有纳米级沸石薄层或其它涂层，专门针对特定应用的特定有害污染物。同样，各种活性炭不能自由逸出到气态排放流中。While activated carbon may be used in some alternative configurations, the limited use of activated carbon in these variations would not allow the activated carbon to escape into the exhaust. For example, activated carbon may be embedded in the filter of the fabric filter unit 50 in one configuration. This activated carbon cannot escape freely into the gaseous exhaust stream. Another limited use that activated carbon may have is the coating of CZTS by activated carbon in its crystalline form, resulting in CZTS with thin layers of carbon on the order of 1.0 nm in thickness or less. This helps to facilitate the capture of particularly small mercury metal vapor particles. Similarly, CZTS crystalline forms can be coated with nanoscale zeolite thin layers or other coatings tailored to specific harmful pollutants for specific applications. Also, various activated carbons do not escape freely into the gaseous exhaust stream.
参考图21，图表示出了现有排放控制系统和本文公开的反向文丘里装置以及方法从排放物中去除的污染物的百分比。目前，环保局为气态排放建立了90％污染物去除水平78。现有的排放控制系统79有效地去除88％-90％的有害污染物。然而，环保局已经提高了多年来所要求去除污染物的最小百分比，以至于许多现有的排放控制系统不再能够满足要求，并且许多其他现有的排放控制系统仅在其以它们在当前技术下可用的最大去除能力操作时才能满足要求。Referring to FIG. 21 , a graph shows the percentage of pollutants removed from effluent by existing emission control systems and the reverse venturi devices and methods disclosed herein. Currently, EPA has established a 90% pollutant removal level78 for gaseous emissions. Existing emission control systems 79 effectively remove 88%-90% of harmful pollutants. However, the EPA has raised the minimum percentage of pollutants required to be removed over the years to the point that many existing emission control systems are no longer able to meet the requirements, and many other existing emission control systems are only as good as they are in current technology. The requirements are met only when operating at the maximum removal capacity available.
仍然参考图21，示例性排放控制系统80可以是基于本文公开的反向文丘里装置、吸附剂和/或方法的新的排放控制系统，或者可以是经修改和升级的现有排放控制系统，增加并包括本文公开的反向文丘里装置、吸附剂和方法。测试已经证实，示例性排放控制系统80是有效的并且能够去除至少98％的有害污染物，这远远高于当前环保局规定的水平。Still referring to FIG. 21 , the exemplary emission control system 80 may be a new emission control system based on the reverse venturi devices, sorbents, and/or methods disclosed herein, or may be a modified and upgraded existing emission control system, Added to and included are the reverse venturi devices, sorbents and methods disclosed herein. Testing has confirmed that the exemplary emission control system 80 is effective and capable of removing at least 98% of harmful pollutants, which is well above current EPA regulated levels.
应当理解，虽然在本文中该方法的步骤以特定的顺序描述和说明，但是该步骤可以不同的顺序执行，而不偏离本发明内容公开的范围，除非步骤的顺序另有说明。同样地，应当理解，本文描述和示出的方法可以在不包括上述所有步骤的情况下完成，或者添加未讨论的中间步骤，而不偏离本发明内容公开的范围。It should be understood that although the steps of the method are described and illustrated herein in a particular order, the steps may be performed in a different order without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, unless the order of the steps indicates otherwise. Likewise, it should be understood that the methods described and illustrated herein may be performed without all of the steps described above, or with the addition of intermediate steps not discussed, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
显然，根据上述教导，本发明可有许多修改和变化，并且可以在所附权利要求的范围内以不同于具体描述的方式实施。这些先前的叙述应当被解释为涵盖本发明的任何组合，其中发明新颖性发挥其效用。在装置权利要求中使用的词语“所述”是指先前的，意味着包括在权利要求的范围内，而词语“那个”不意味着包括在权利要求的范围内。Obviously, the invention is capable of many modifications and variations in light of the above teaching, and that within the scope of the appended claims it may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. These preceding statements should be construed to cover any combination of the invention in which the inventive novelty takes effect. The word "said" used in a device claim means antecedent and means inclusion in the scope of the claim, while the word "that" does not mean inclusion in the scope of the claim.
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