技术领域technical field
本发明属于土木工程领域的本科教学试验仪器，用于演示平面流网绘制原理及方法、渗流破坏原理和发展过程以及土体渗透系数测定的多功能教学试验装置。本发明可供土木工程、水利工程等专业进行教学演示，属于高等教育土木工程类教学试验仪器。The invention belongs to the undergraduate teaching test instrument in the field of civil engineering, and is a multifunctional teaching test device for demonstrating the principle and method of plane flow network drawing, the principle and development process of seepage damage, and the measurement of soil permeability coefficient. The invention can be used for teaching and demonstration of civil engineering, water conservancy engineering and other majors, and belongs to the teaching and testing instrument of civil engineering for higher education.
背景技术Background technique
渗流问题是土力学教学及研究的重点内容，土的渗流理论是土力学理论体系的重要组成部分。渗流问题几乎涵盖所有的实际工程建设，从基坑、大坝的稳定性、软土地基的排水固结到海洋吸力式基础的沉贯等方面都涉及到渗流问题。The problem of seepage is the key content of soil mechanics teaching and research, and the theory of soil seepage is an important part of the theoretical system of soil mechanics. The seepage problem covers almost all practical engineering constructions, from the stability of foundation pits and dams, the drainage and consolidation of soft soil foundations to the sinking and penetrating of marine suction foundations.
描述土体中渗流问题的主要方法之一为绘制渗流流网。流网由多条流线与等势线正交而成，流网的绘制主要通过计算法、内切圆法及数值模拟等方法，但上述方法难以满足课堂教学的直观性及操作演示的要求。比如中国专利公开号CN2012205649175公开的一种水位可控式渗流模型试验箱。所述试验箱包含双室容器、进排水系统以及底座。所述双室容器两侧放置砂土。所述砂土表面布置多个针孔。所述针孔放置不同颜色颜料。通过打开容器排水系统使土体产生渗流，从而观察渗流场流线。该专利公开的模型试验箱仅能通过颜料颗粒运动轨迹观察渗流场流线分布，然而却无法绘制渗流场另一个重要组成部分—等势线，从而无法绘制完整的渗流流网，难以揭示土体中渗流场产生的实质。此外，若土体中水力梯度过大，则渗流将由层流转变为紊流，从而导致颜料颗粒运动紊乱，导致模型试验箱内无法观察到流线。One of the main methods for describing seepage problems in soils is to draw the seepage flow network. The flow network is formed by a plurality of streamlines and equipotential lines orthogonal to each other. The drawing of the flow network is mainly through calculation method, inscribed circle method and numerical simulation, but the above methods are difficult to meet the requirements of intuitiveness of classroom teaching and operation demonstration . For example, the Chinese Patent Publication No. CN2012205649175 discloses a water level controllable seepage model test chamber. The test chamber includes a double-chamber container, an inlet and outlet system, and a base. Sand and soil are placed on both sides of the double-chamber container. A plurality of pinholes are arranged on the surface of the sandy soil. Pigments of different colors are placed in the pinholes. The seepage field streamlines were observed by opening the container drainage system to generate seepage in the soil. The model test box disclosed in this patent can only observe the flow line distribution of the seepage field through the trajectory of the pigment particles, but it cannot draw another important component of the seepage field—the equipotential line, so that it cannot draw a complete seepage flow network and it is difficult to reveal the soil The essence of medium seepage field. In addition, if the hydraulic gradient in the soil is too large, the seepage flow will change from laminar flow to turbulent flow, which will cause the movement of pigment particles to be disordered, and the streamline cannot be observed in the model test box.
因此，有必要开发一套平面流网绘制试验演示装置，用直观的方法绘制土体中二维流网的等势线和流线，增强对渗流问题的理解，掌握土体中流网和渗流场产生的实质，加强学生动手实践能力。本发明装置还可以演示流砂发展过程及测定土体渗透系数，使学生进一步直观掌握渗流理论的实质，并运用渗流原理分析解决实际工程问题。Therefore, it is necessary to develop a set of planar flow network drawing test demonstration device, use an intuitive method to draw the equipotential lines and streamlines of the two-dimensional flow network in the soil, enhance the understanding of seepage problems, and master the flow network and seepage field in the soil. The essence generated, strengthen students' hands-on practical ability. The device of the invention can also demonstrate the development process of quicksand and measure the permeability coefficient of soil, so that students can further intuitively grasp the essence of seepage theory, and use the seepage principle to analyze and solve practical engineering problems.
通过查新，尚未发现类似试验装置及试验方法的专利及文献报道。Through the novelty search, no patents and literature reports of similar test devices and test methods have been found.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了用直观的方法绘制完整的渗流流网，揭示土体中渗流场产生的实质，提高教学质量，本发明基于土体中渗流原理及流网的性质和特点，提供一种平面流网绘制及渗流原理演示教学试验装置。In order to use an intuitive method to draw a complete seepage flow network, reveal the essence of the seepage field in the soil, and improve the teaching quality, this invention provides a planar flow network drawing and Seepage principle demonstration teaching test device.
本发明同时提供利用这种试验装置进行平面流网绘制的试验方法，以及进行流砂原理演示以及渗透系数测定的试验方法。The invention also provides a test method for drawing a planar flow network by using the test device, and a test method for demonstrating the principle of quicksand and measuring the permeability coefficient.
为达到上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案是：For achieving the above object, the technical scheme that the present invention takes is:
一种平面流网绘制及渗流原理演示教学试验装置：它包括一个透明模型箱和一台注水泵，模型箱中填充有饱和砂土，填充高度为200-250mm；模型箱砂土中心竖立有一块高于模型箱顶部的透明隔板用于模拟板桩，透明隔板将模型箱分隔为左右两个相等的隔间，其中一个隔间称为A隔间，另一个称为B隔间，要求透明隔板一方面能与模型箱前后壁和底部紧密接触，从而保证当隔板插入模型箱底板时将A、B隔间完全隔离，另一方面又能沿着模型箱前后壁上下抽动；在A隔间的模型箱侧壁的最底部、中部和上部分别设有三个排水口，在A隔间的侧壁上还从外部插入有两只用于测量砂土渗透系数的带阀门的透明水头量测管；在B隔间的模型箱侧壁上部设有竖向排列的三个排水口；另外还包括多只可移动的透明水头量测管，用于测量测砂土中不同点的总水头高度，多只水头量测管内部设置有浮标，浮标可随量测管内水面变化而自由升降，浮标顶面与试验模型箱底面之间距离即为所测土体中一点的总水头高度。A teaching experiment device for plane flow network drawing and seepage principle demonstration: it includes a transparent model box and a water injection pump, the model box is filled with saturated sand, and the filling height is 200-250mm; the center of the model box is erected with a The transparent partition higher than the top of the model box is used to simulate sheet piles. The transparent partition divides the model box into two equal compartments on the left and right, one of which is called A compartment and the other is called B compartment. Requirements On the one hand, the transparent partition can be in close contact with the front and rear walls and bottom of the model box, so as to ensure that compartments A and B are completely isolated when the partition is inserted into the bottom plate of the model box; on the other hand, it can move up and down along the front and rear walls of the model box; The bottom, middle and upper part of the side wall of the model box in compartment A are respectively provided with three drainage outlets, and two transparent water heads with valves for measuring the permeability coefficient of sand and soil are inserted from the outside on the side wall of compartment A Measuring tube; there are three drains arranged vertically on the upper part of the side wall of the model box in compartment B; in addition, it also includes a number of movable transparent water head measuring tubes, which are used to measure the total volume of different points in the sand and soil. The height of the water head. There are buoys inside the water head measuring tubes. The buoys can rise and fall freely with the change of the water surface in the measuring tubes. The distance between the top surface of the buoys and the bottom surface of the test model box is the total head height of a point in the soil to be measured.
为了A、B隔间产生总水头差，要求B隔间的三个排水口高度必须高于A隔间中部的排水口。In order to generate a total water head difference between compartments A and B, it is required that the height of the three drains in compartment B must be higher than the drain in the middle of compartment A.
所述透明模型箱、透明隔板以及透明水头量测管优先选用有机玻璃材料。透明模型箱长度优选为400-500mm，宽度优选为250-300mm，高度优选为350-400mm。The transparent model box, transparent partition and transparent water head measuring tube are preferably made of plexiglass. The length of the transparent model box is preferably 400-500mm, the width is preferably 250-300mm, and the height is preferably 350-400mm.
所述试验用砂土粒径优选0.1～0.25mm的均匀细砂。The sand used for the test is preferably uniform fine sand with a particle size of 0.1-0.25 mm.
所述透明隔板高度优选高于模型箱高100mm。The height of the transparent partition is preferably 100 mm higher than that of the model box.
所述透明隔板与模型箱前后壁和底部紧密接触结构优选是：在模型箱前后侧壁中间位置沿高度方向、以及在模型箱底板上中部位置沿宽度方向分别设有密封卡槽，密封卡槽内侧设置O型密封圈，透明隔板竖向插入密封卡槽可在密封卡槽内自由上下滑动，当隔板插入底板密封卡槽后，隔板A、B隔间完全隔离。The structure of the close contact between the transparent partition and the front and rear walls and bottom of the model box is preferably: the middle position of the front and rear side walls of the model box along the height direction, and the middle position on the bottom plate of the model box along the width direction are respectively provided with sealing slots, sealing cards An O-ring seal is set on the inner side of the groove, and the transparent partition is vertically inserted into the sealing slot and can slide freely up and down in the sealing slot. When the partition is inserted into the sealing slot of the bottom plate, compartments A and B of the partition are completely isolated.
为了增加试验的准确性，在模型箱底部布置厚度为3cm的透水版。In order to increase the accuracy of the test, a permeable plate with a thickness of 3 cm is arranged at the bottom of the model box.
为了便于水头量测管刺入砂土，所述的水头量测管底部成锥形。In order to facilitate the piercing of the water head measuring tube into the sand, the bottom of the water head measuring tube is tapered.
为了便于砂土中水进入水头量测管，所述的水头量测管底部设有若干透水孔。In order to facilitate the water in the sand to enter the water head measuring pipe, the bottom of the water head measuring pipe is provided with a plurality of permeable holes.
为了防止细小土颗粒进入水头量测管，在水头量测管底部布置一层滤网。In order to prevent fine soil particles from entering the head measuring tube, a filter screen is arranged at the bottom of the head measuring tube.
本发明利用上述试验装置进行平面流网绘制试验的方法是：The method that the present invention utilizes above-mentioned test device to carry out plane flow network drawing test is:
注释：所述的前壁是以面对操作者的一面为准Note: The front wall mentioned is the side facing the operator
方案一：Option One:
第一步：首先备齐透明模型箱、透明隔板、水头量测管以及水泵，并检查水头量测管内部浮标及滤网是否完好；Step 1: First prepare the transparent model box, transparent partition, water head measuring tube and water pump, and check whether the internal buoy and filter screen of the water head measuring tube are intact;
第二步：关闭模型箱A隔间上部及下部排水口以及A隔间的两只水头量测管阀门，并打开微型水泵，向模型箱内注水，当模型箱内水位高度为100mm时，关闭水泵，检查模型箱底部及侧壁的密水性；Step 2: Close the upper and lower drain outlets of compartment A of the model box and the two water head measuring pipe valves of compartment A, and turn on the micro water pump to inject water into the model box. When the water level in the model box is 100mm, close Water pump, check the water tightness of the bottom and side walls of the model box;
第三步：检查无误后，向模型箱内缓慢均匀播撒砂土，播撒砂土过程中水泵始终向模型箱内注水，以确保模型箱内砂土处于饱和状态，当模型箱内砂土高度为200mm时，停止向模型箱内撒砂，同时关闭水泵，此后将砂土表面抚平；Step 3: After the inspection is correct, slowly and evenly spread sand into the model box. During the process of spreading sand, the water pump always injects water into the model box to ensure that the sand in the model box is in a saturated state. When the height of sand in the model box is When the thickness is 200mm, stop sanding into the model box and turn off the water pump at the same time, and then smooth the surface of the sand;
第四步：将透明隔板插入砂土表面以下100mm，此时，模型箱A、B隔间透明隔板以下部分是连通的；Step 4: Insert the transparent partition 100mm below the surface of the sand. At this time, the parts below the transparent partition of compartments A and B of the model box are connected;
第五步：根据试验要求选择性开启模型箱B隔间的一个排水口，此时A隔间中部排水口是打开的，以产生总水头差；同时，将B隔间其余两个排水口阀门均关闭；Step 5: Selectively open a drain port of compartment B of the model box according to the test requirements. At this time, the drain port in the middle of compartment A is opened to generate a total water head difference; at the same time, open the valves of the other two drain ports of compartment B are closed;
第六步：打开水泵，向模型箱B隔间内注水，调整注水速度，确保总水头差的恒定，当模型箱A、B隔间打开的排水口均有水均匀流出时，保持此时注水速度恒定；Step 6: Turn on the water pump, inject water into compartment B of the model box, adjust the water injection speed, and ensure a constant total water head difference. When water flows out evenly from the open drains of compartments A and B of the model box, keep injecting water at this time constant speed;
第七步：绘制二维流网等势线，绘制时选择模型箱底面作为基准面，水头量测管内浮标顶面至模型箱底面垂直距离作为测点总水头高度；Step 7: Draw the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network. When drawing, select the bottom of the model box as the reference plane, and the vertical distance from the top surface of the buoy in the head measuring tube to the bottom of the model box as the total head height of the measuring point;
第7.1步：首先绘制模型箱B隔间的砂土二维流网等势线，具体方法如下：Step 7.1: First draw the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of the sandy soil in compartment B of the model box, the specific method is as follows:
第7.1.1步：将多只可移动水头量测管沿模型箱前侧壁内侧一字排开放置于B隔间，相邻量测管均匀间隔；Step 7.1.1: Place multiple movable head measuring tubes in a row along the inner side of the front side wall of the model box and place them in compartment B, with evenly spaced adjacent measuring tubes;
第7.1.2步：首先将第一只可移动水头量测管刺入B隔间的砂土100mm，待第一只可移动水头量测管内浮标稳定后，将此时浮标顶面与模型箱底面之间垂直距离作为所绘等势线的总水头高度，然后分别调整B隔间其余所有可移动水头量测管的刺入砂土深度，使得其余所有可移动水头量测管的浮标顶面与模型箱底面之间垂直距离与第一只可移动水头量测管浮标顶面与模型箱底面之间垂直距离相同，记录此时所有可移动水头量测管入土深度，并将所有可移动水头量测管端点位置对应标记于模型箱前侧外壁，上述所有标记点即为总水头相等的点，即位于渗流场流网中同一条等势线上；Step 7.1.2: First, insert the first movable head measuring tube into the sandy soil of compartment B by 100mm. After the buoy in the first movable head measuring tube is stabilized, connect the top surface of the buoy to the model box at this time. Take the vertical distance between the bottom surfaces as the total head height of the drawn equipotential line, and then adjust the piercing depth of all other movable head measuring tubes in compartment B respectively so that the buoy top surface of all other movable head measuring tubes The vertical distance between the bottom surface of the model box and the first movable head measuring tube buoy is the same as the vertical distance between the top surface of the model box and the bottom surface of the model box. The position of the end point of the measuring tube is correspondingly marked on the outer wall of the front side of the model box, and all the above-mentioned marked points are the points where the total water head is equal, that is, they are located on the same equipotential line in the flow network of the seepage field;
第7.1.3步：用平滑曲线将模型箱前侧外壁所标记的所有总水头相等点连接，该平滑曲线即为一条等势线的一部分，由于隔板外边缘及模型箱底边均为二维流网流线，故等势线应与板桩外边缘及模型箱底边正交，将上述所绘平滑曲线两端延长，使其分别与隔板左侧面及模型箱底面垂直相交，从而绘制出一条完整的等势线；Step 7.1.3: Use a smooth curve to connect all the equal points of the total water head marked on the front outer wall of the model box. The smooth curve is a part of an equipotential line. Since the outer edge of the partition and the bottom edge of the model box are two-dimensional Therefore, the equipotential line should be perpendicular to the outer edge of the sheet pile and the bottom of the model box. Extend the two ends of the smooth curve drawn above so that they intersect perpendicularly with the left side of the partition and the bottom of the model box respectively, thus drawing Draw a complete equipotential line;
第7.1.4步：采用上述方法，通过改变所有可移动水头量测管刺入砂土的深度，另外绘制3-4条等势线，此外，B隔间砂土表面也为一条等势线，将砂土表面轮廓线均标记于模型箱前侧外壁；Step 7.1.4: Using the above method, draw 3-4 additional equipotential lines by changing the penetration depth of all movable head measuring tubes into the sand. In addition, the sand surface of compartment B is also an equipotential line , mark the contour line of the sandy soil surface on the outer wall of the front side of the model box;
至此，B隔间的砂土二维流网等势线绘制完毕；So far, the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of sandy soil in compartment B has been drawn;
第7.2步：绘制模型箱A隔间的砂土二维流网等势线；Step 7.2: Draw the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of the sand in compartment A of the model box;
首先将多只可移动水头量测管沿模型箱前侧壁内侧一字排开放置于A隔间，相邻量测管均匀间隔；然后按照第7.1.2-7.1.4步骤操作即可；First, put several movable head measuring tubes in a row along the inner side of the front side wall of the model box and place them in compartment A, with adjacent measuring tubes evenly spaced; then follow steps 7.1.2-7.1.4;
至此，A隔间的砂土二维流网等势线绘制完毕；So far, the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of sandy soil in compartment A has been drawn;
第7.3步：在模型箱前侧外壁绘制一条同时与隔板前壁底边及模型箱底边正交的竖直线，该条直线也是一条等势线；Step 7.3: Draw a vertical line on the outer wall of the front side of the model box that is perpendicular to the bottom edge of the front wall of the partition and the bottom edge of the model box at the same time, and this line is also an equipotential line;
至此，模型箱内砂土二维流网等势线绘制完毕；So far, the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of sand in the model box has been drawn;
第八步：当A、B隔间砂土二维流网势线绘制完毕后，绘制多条与各条等势线正交的平滑曲线，一条平滑曲线即为二维流网的一条流线，这样就绘制多条流线，此外，透明隔板插入土体部分、模型箱侧壁与土体接触部分边及模型箱底边均为流线，将上述流线也标记于模型箱前侧外壁，至此，一个完整的二维渗流流网绘制完毕；Step 8: After the potential lines of the two-dimensional flow network of sandy soil in compartments A and B are drawn, draw several smooth curves orthogonal to each equipotential line, and one smooth curve is a streamline of the two-dimensional flow network , so that multiple streamlines are drawn. In addition, the part where the transparent partition is inserted into the soil, the edge of the side wall of the model box in contact with the soil, and the bottom edge of the model box are all streamlines, and the above streamlines are also marked on the outer wall of the front side of the model box , so far, a complete two-dimensional seepage flow network has been drawn;
第九步：改变模型箱B隔间模型箱排水口位置，重复上述第5-8步骤可绘制不同总水头差条件下的二维渗流流网，从而对比不同总水头差下渗流流网的异同。Step 9: Change the position of the outlet of the model box in compartment B of the model box, and repeat steps 5-8 above to draw the two-dimensional seepage flow network under different total head differences, so as to compare the similarities and differences of the seepage flow network under different total head differences .
方案(二)Option II)
第一步：首先备齐透明模型箱、透明隔板、水头量测管以及水泵，并检查水头量测管内部浮标及滤网是否完好；Step 1: First prepare the transparent model box, transparent partition, water head measuring tube and water pump, and check whether the internal buoy and filter screen of the water head measuring tube are intact;
第二步：关闭模型箱A隔间上部及下部排水口以及A隔间侧壁从外部插入的两只水头量测管阀门，并打开微型水泵，向模型箱内注水，当模型箱内水位高度为100mm时，关闭水泵，检查模型箱底部及侧壁的密水性；Step 2: Close the drain outlets on the upper and lower parts of compartment A of the model box and the two water head measuring tube valves inserted from the outside on the side wall of compartment A, and turn on the micro pump to fill the model box with water. When the water level in the model box is high When it is 100mm, turn off the water pump and check the water tightness of the bottom and side walls of the model box;
第三步：检查无误后，向模型箱内缓慢均匀播撒砂土，播撒砂土过程中水泵始终向模型箱内注水，以确保模型箱内砂土处于饱和状态，当模型箱内砂土高度为200mm时，停止向模型箱内撒砂，同时关闭水泵，此后将砂土表面抚平；Step 3: After the inspection is correct, slowly and evenly spread sand into the model box. During the process of spreading sand, the water pump always injects water into the model box to ensure that the sand in the model box is in a saturated state. When the height of sand in the model box is When the thickness is 200mm, stop sanding into the model box and turn off the water pump at the same time, and then smooth the surface of the sand;
第四步：将透明隔板插入砂土表面以下100mm，此时，模型箱A、B隔间在透明隔板以下部分是连通的；Step 4: Insert the transparent partition 100mm below the surface of the sand. At this time, the compartments A and B of the model box are connected below the transparent partition;
第五步：根据试验要求选择性开启模型箱B隔间的一个排水口，此时A隔间中部排水口是打开的，以产生总水头差；同时，将B隔间的其余两个排水口均关闭；Step 5: According to the test requirements, selectively open a drain port of compartment B of the model box. At this time, the drain port in the middle of compartment A is opened to generate a total water head difference; at the same time, open the remaining two drain ports of compartment B. are closed;
第六步：打开水泵，向模型箱B隔间内注水，调整注水速度，确保总水头差的恒定，当模型箱A、B隔间打开的排水口均有水均匀流出时，保持此时注水速度恒定；Step 6: Turn on the water pump, inject water into compartment B of the model box, adjust the water injection speed, and ensure a constant total water head difference. When water flows out evenly from the open drains of compartments A and B of the model box, keep injecting water at this time constant speed;
第七步：计算隔板两侧总水头差，根据总水头差的大小确定等势线的条数n，其中等势线条数n为奇数；并将总水头差(n-1)等分，从而相邻等势线间的总水头差值为隔板两侧总水头差的1/(n-1)；Step 7: Calculate the total head difference on both sides of the partition, and determine the number n of equipotential lines according to the size of the total head difference, wherein the number n of equipotential lines is an odd number; divide the total head difference (n-1) equally, Thus the total head difference between adjacent equipotential lines is 1/(n-1) of the total head difference on both sides of the partition;
第八步：绘制二维流网等势线Step 8: Draw two-dimensional flow network equipotential lines
第8.1步：绘制模型箱B隔间的砂土二维流网(n-1)/2条等势线，具体方法如下：Step 8.1: Draw the two-dimensional flow network (n-1)/2 equipotential lines of the sand in compartment B of the model box, the specific method is as follows:
第8.1.1步：在B隔间二维渗流场中，测量隔板两侧自由水面高度差，即板桩两侧总水头差，将所有可移动水头量测管沿模型箱前侧壁内侧一字排开放置于B隔间，所有可移动水头量测管均匀间隔；将最外侧(也就是第一只)可移动水头量测管底端接触B隔间砂土表面，记录此时第一只可移动水头量测管浮标顶面与模型箱底面之间的垂直高度，然后将第一只可移动水头量测管刺入砂土，此时管内浮标开始下降，待浮标下降幅度达到隔板两侧总水头差高度的1/(n-1)倍时，固定第一只可移动水头量测管位置保持不变；Step 8.1.1: In the two-dimensional seepage field of compartment B, measure the height difference of the free water surface on both sides of the partition, that is, the total water head difference on both sides of the sheet pile. Open and place in compartment B in a row, and all movable head measuring tubes are evenly spaced; put the bottom end of the outermost (that is, the first) movable head measuring tube in contact with the sandy soil surface of compartment B, and record the first A movable head measuring tube is used to measure the vertical height between the top surface of the buoy and the bottom surface of the model box, and then the first movable head measuring tube is pierced into the sand. When the height of the total water head difference on both sides of the plate is 1/(n-1) times, the position of the fixed first movable head measuring tube remains unchanged;
第8.1.2步：分别将其余所有可移动水头量测管刺入B隔间砂土，当管内浮标顶面与模型箱底面之间垂直距离与第一只可移动水头量测管浮标顶面与模型箱底面之间垂直距离相同时，将其固定，同时记录所有可移动水头量测管刺入砂土深度，并将所有水可移动头量测管的尖端入土深度分别标记于模型箱前壁；Step 8.1.2: Pierce all the remaining movable head measuring tubes into the sand of compartment B, when the vertical distance between the top surface of the buoy in the tube and the bottom surface of the model box is the same as the top surface of the buoy of the first movable head measuring tube When the vertical distance is the same as the bottom surface of the model box, fix it, and record the penetration depth of all movable water head measuring tubes into the sand, and mark the penetration depth of the tips of all water head measuring tubes on the front of the model box respectively wall;
第8.1.3步：用平滑曲线将模型箱前侧外壁所确定的所有总水头高度相等点连接，并将所绘平滑曲线两端延长，使其分别与隔板前壁边界及模型箱前壁底面边界垂直相交，从而绘制出一条完整的等势线；Step 8.1.3: Use a smooth curve to connect all points of equal total head height determined on the front outer wall of the model box, and extend the two ends of the drawn smooth curve so that they are respectively connected to the boundary of the front wall of the partition and the front wall of the model box The base boundaries intersect perpendicularly, thus drawing a complete equipotential line;
第8.1.4步：重复步骤8.1.1-8.1.3步骤，依次绘制出可移动水头量测管内浮标下降幅度达到板桩两侧总水头差2/(n-1)、3/(n-1)至(n-3)/2(n-1)倍时所对应的共(n-5)/2条等势线，此外，B隔间砂土表面为一条等势线，将其轮廓线绘制于有机玻璃模型箱前侧外壁，加上第8.1.3步所绘制的一条等势线，至此，模型箱B隔间的二维流网的等势线全部绘出，共(n-1)/2条；Step 8.1.4: Repeat steps 8.1.1-8.1.3 to draw in turn the drop range of the buoy in the movable head measuring tube to reach the total head difference of 2/(n-1), 3/(n- 1) to (n-3)/2(n-1) times corresponding to a total of (n-5)/2 equipotential lines, in addition, the surface of the sandy soil in compartment B is an equipotential line, and its contour The line is drawn on the outer wall of the front side of the plexiglass model box, plus an equipotential line drawn in step 8.1.3, so far, all the equipotential lines of the two-dimensional flow network in compartment B of the model box are drawn, a total of (n- 1)/2 articles;
第8.2步：绘制模型箱A隔间的砂土二维流网(n-1)/2等势线；Step 8.2: draw the two-dimensional flow network (n-1)/2 equipotential line of the sand in compartment A of the model box;
将所有可移动水头量测管插入A隔间，按照第8.1.1-8.1.4步骤操作，依次绘制出模型箱A隔间砂土中可移动水头量测管内浮标下降幅度达到板桩两侧总水头差(n+1)/2(n-1)、(n+3)/2(n-1)至(n-2)/(n-1)倍时所对应的共(n-3)/2条等势线；此外，模型箱A隔间砂土表面为一条等势线，将其轮廓线绘制于有机玻璃模型箱前侧外壁，至此，模型箱A隔间的二维流网的等势线全部绘出，共(n-1)/2条；Insert all the movable head measuring tubes into compartment A, and follow steps 8.1.1-8.1.4 to draw in turn the drop range of the buoys in the movable head measuring tubes in the sand and soil in compartment A of the model box to reach both sides of the sheet pile (n-3 )/2 equipotential lines; in addition, the sand surface of compartment A of the model box is an equipotential line, and its contour line is drawn on the outer wall of the front side of the plexiglass model box. So far, the two-dimensional flow network of compartment A of the model box All the equipotential lines of are drawn, a total of (n-1)/2;
第8.3步：绘制一条等势线分别与隔板前壁下边缘和模型箱前壁底边垂直，加上8.1步绘制B隔间的(n-1)/2条等势线和8.2步绘制A隔间的(n-1)/2条等势线，至此，二维流网的n条等势线全部绘出；Step 8.3: Draw an equipotential line perpendicular to the lower edge of the front wall of the partition and the bottom edge of the front wall of the model box, plus step 8.1 to draw (n-1)/2 equipotential lines for compartment B and step 8.2 to draw (n-1)/2 equipotential lines in compartment A, so far, all n equipotential lines of the two-dimensional flow network are drawn;
第九步：等势线绘制完毕后，绘制多条与各条等势线正交的平滑曲线，一条平滑曲线即为二维流网的一条流线，这样就绘制多条流线，相邻流线应间隔均匀，此外，透明隔板插入土体部分、模型箱侧壁与土体接触部分边及模型箱底边均为流线，将上述流线也标记于模型箱前侧外壁，至此，一个完整的二维渗流流网绘制完毕；Step 9: After the equipotential lines are drawn, draw multiple smooth curves orthogonal to each equipotential line. A smooth curve is a streamline of the two-dimensional flow network, so draw multiple streamlines adjacent to each other. The streamlines should be evenly spaced. In addition, the part where the transparent partition is inserted into the soil, the side wall of the model box in contact with the soil, and the bottom edge of the model box are all streamlines. Mark the above streamlines on the front outer wall of the model box. So far, A complete two-dimensional seepage flow network is drawn;
第十步：改变模型箱B隔间模型箱排水口位置，重复上述第五-九步骤可绘制不同总水头差条件下的二维渗流流网，从而对比不同总水头差下渗流流网的异同。Step 10: Change the position of the outlet of the model box in compartment B of the model box, and repeat the above steps 5-9 to draw the two-dimensional seepage flow network under different total head differences, so as to compare the similarities and differences of the seepage flow network under different total head differences .
利用本发明本装置除具有绘制二维流网功能外，还可向学生演示流砂演变发展过程，同时计算发生流砂时土体临界水力梯度，使学生形象的理解和掌握流砂实质。试验方案如下：In addition to the function of drawing two-dimensional flow nets, the device of the present invention can also demonstrate the evolution and development process of quicksand to students, and at the same time calculate the critical hydraulic gradient of soil when quicksand occurs, so that students can understand and grasp the essence of quicksand. The test plan is as follows:
第一步：首先备齐透明模型箱、透明隔板、水头量测管以及水泵，并检查水头量测管内部浮标及滤网是否完好；Step 1: First prepare the transparent model box, transparent partition, water head measuring tube and water pump, and check whether the internal buoy and filter screen of the water head measuring tube are intact;
第二步：打开微型水泵，向模型箱内注水，当模型箱内水位高度为100mm时，关闭水泵，检查模型箱底部及侧壁的密水性，此时关闭模型箱A隔间上部及下部排水口以及A隔间的两只水头量测管阀门；Step 2: Turn on the miniature water pump and inject water into the model box. When the water level in the model box is 100mm, turn off the water pump and check the water tightness of the bottom and side walls of the model box. At this time, close the drainage of the upper and lower parts of the compartment A of the model box. and the valves of the two head measuring pipes in the A compartment;
第三步：检查无误后，向模型箱内缓慢均匀播撒砂土，播撒砂土过程中水泵始终向模型箱内注水，以确保模型箱内砂土处于饱和状态，当模型箱内砂土高度为200mm时，停止向模型箱内撒砂，同时关闭水泵，此后将砂土表面抚平；Step 3: After the inspection is correct, slowly and evenly spread sand into the model box. During the process of spreading sand, the water pump always injects water into the model box to ensure that the sand in the model box is in a saturated state. When the height of sand in the model box is When the thickness is 200mm, stop sanding into the model box and turn off the water pump at the same time, and then smooth the surface of the sand;
第四步：将透明隔板插入砂土表面以下100mm，此时，模型箱A、B隔间底部是连通的；Step 4: Insert the transparent partition 100mm below the surface of the sand. At this time, the bottom of the compartments A and B of the model box are connected;
第五步：根据试验要求选择性开启模型箱B隔间的一个排水口，此时A隔间中部排水口是打开的，以产生总水头差；同时，将B隔间的其余两个排水口阀门均关闭；Step 5: According to the test requirements, selectively open a drain port of compartment B of the model box. At this time, the drain port in the middle of compartment A is opened to generate a total water head difference; at the same time, open the remaining two drain ports of compartment B. All valves are closed;
第六步：打开水泵，向模型箱B隔间内注水，调整注水速度，确保总水头差的恒定，当模型箱A、B隔间所有打开的排水口均有水均匀流出时，保持此时注水速度恒定；Step 6: Turn on the water pump, inject water into compartment B of the model box, adjust the water injection speed, and ensure that the total water head difference is constant. The water injection speed is constant;
第七步：将隔板缓慢上提，同时观察隔板周围部砂土变化，当隔板底部砂土颗粒开始向A隔间翻涌时，此时流砂现象发生，停止上提隔板，记录此时隔板插入砂土深度，从而可以计算土体临界水力梯度，临界水力梯度可由下式计算：式中：Step 7: Lift up the partition slowly, and observe the sand and soil changes around the partition at the same time. When the sand and soil particles at the bottom of the partition begin to surge toward compartment A, the phenomenon of quicksand occurs at this time, stop lifting the partition, and record this When the diaphragm is inserted into the sand, the critical hydraulic gradient of the soil can be calculated, and the critical hydraulic gradient can be calculated by the following formula: In the formula:
icr砂土临界水力梯度；icr critical hydraulic gradient of sandy soil;
Δh为隔板两侧砂土总水头差，即A、B隔间水面高度差；Δh is the total water head difference of the sandy soil on both sides of the partition, that is, the water surface height difference between compartments A and B;
l为隔板插入砂土深度；l is the depth of the clapboard inserted into the sand;
t为隔板厚度。t is the thickness of the separator.
此外，利用本发明本装置还可进行砂土及粗颗粒土的渗透系数测量试验，试验步骤如下：In addition, using the device of the present invention can also carry out the permeability coefficient measurement test of sandy soil and coarse grained soil, and the test steps are as follows:
第一步：将隔板插至模型箱底部密封卡槽中，此时A、B隔间完全隔离，同时关闭模型箱A隔间三个排水口以及A隔间的两只水头量测管阀门；Step 1: Insert the partition into the sealing groove at the bottom of the model box. At this time, the A and B compartments are completely isolated, and at the same time close the three drains of the model box A compartment and the two water head measuring pipe valves of the A compartment. ;
第二步：打开微型水泵，向模型箱A隔间内注水，当模型箱A隔间内水位高度为100mm时，关闭水泵，检查模型箱底部及侧壁的密水性；Step 2: Turn on the micro-water pump and inject water into compartment A of the model box. When the water level in compartment A of the model box is 100 mm, turn off the water pump and check the water tightness of the bottom and side walls of the model box;
第三步：检查无误后，向模型箱A隔间内缓慢均匀播撒砂土，播撒砂土过程中水泵始终向模型箱内注水，以确保模型箱内砂土处于饱和状态，当模型箱A隔间内砂土高度为200mm时，停止向模型箱内撒砂，同时关闭水泵；Step 3: After the inspection is correct, slowly and evenly spread the sand in the compartment of the model box A. During the process of spreading the sand, the water pump always injects water into the model box to ensure that the sand in the model box is in a saturated state. When the model box A compartment When the sand height in the room is 200mm, stop sanding into the model box and turn off the water pump at the same time;
第四步：打开模型箱A隔间上部排水口，保持中间排水口、下部排水口以及A隔间的两只水头量测管阀门继续关闭；Step 4: Open the upper drain of compartment A of the model box, and keep the valves of the middle drain, the lower drain and the two head measuring pipes of compartment A closed;
第五步：打开水泵，向模型箱A隔间内注水，要求注水速度恒定，确保A隔间上部排水口有水均匀流出；Step 5: Turn on the water pump and inject water into compartment A of the model box. The water injection speed is required to be constant to ensure that water flows out evenly from the upper drain of compartment A;
第六步：打开模型箱A隔间的两只水头量测管阀门以及底部排水口阀门，此时有水从下部排水口均匀流出并收集流出的水，记录相对应时间，同时模型箱A隔间的两只水头量测管内水位产生高度差，待水头量测管内水位稳定后，记录两只水头量测管水位高度差，即为砂土中总水头损失；Step 6: Open the valves of the two water head measuring pipes and the valve of the bottom drain in the compartment A of the model box. At this time, water flows out evenly from the drain at the lower part and collects the outflowing water. Record the corresponding time. At the same time, the compartment A of the model box There is a height difference between the water levels in the two head measuring tubes. After the water level in the head measuring tubes stabilizes, record the water level difference between the two water head measuring tubes, which is the total head loss in the sandy soil;
第七步：测量收集到的模型箱A隔间下部排水口在相对应时间内排出的水量，至此，土体渗透系数可由下式进行计算：Step 7: Measure the amount of water collected from the outlet of the lower part of compartment A of the model box within a corresponding period of time. So far, the soil permeability coefficient can be calculated by the following formula:
式中：k为砂土渗透系数；In the formula: k is the permeability coefficient of sandy soil;
Q为量杯收集总排水量；Q is the total drainage collected by the measuring cup;
l为2只水头量测管之间竖向距离；l is the vertical distance between two head measuring tubes;
A为模型箱底板面积的0.5倍；A is 0.5 times the area of the bottom plate of the model box;
T为收集排水量所用时间。T is the time taken to collect the displacement.
本发明的优点是：The advantages of the present invention are:
1)采用简便直观的方法绘制砂土中二维渗流流网，使抽象的二维流网概念变得通俗易懂，揭示土体中渗流理论的实质以及展现土体中渗流场的分布形式。1) Use a simple and intuitive method to draw two-dimensional seepage flow network in sandy soil, making the abstract concept of two-dimensional flow network easy to understand, revealing the essence of seepage theory in soil and showing the distribution form of seepage field in soil.
2)通过试验方法展示流砂现象的形成过程，直观揭示临界水力梯度概念。同时，也形象的展现了板桩在岩土工程及其他岩土工程实践中所起的重要作用。2) Demonstrate the formation process of quicksand phenomenon through experimental methods, and intuitively reveal the concept of critical hydraulic gradient. At the same time, it also vividly shows the important role played by sheet piles in geotechnical engineering and other geotechnical engineering practices.
3)通过改变不同总水头差进行多次绘制流网试验，揭示引起土体渗流的实质—土体中产生总水头差。3) By changing the total water head difference and conducting multiple flownet experiments, the essence of soil seepage is revealed—the total water head difference in the soil.
4)本发明能将复杂的工程问题，变成直观的模型操作试验，本试验装置制作简便，成本低廉，操作方便、利于观察。此装置利于实验室推广应用，同时能满足不同场合的教学使用，产生较好的教学效果和经济效益。4) The present invention can turn complex engineering problems into an intuitive model operation test. The test device is easy to manufacture, low in cost, convenient in operation, and convenient for observation. The device is beneficial to the popularization and application of the laboratory, and can meet the teaching use in different occasions at the same time, and produces better teaching effect and economic benefit.
本发明应用范围为与人们生活息息相关的土木建筑领域，对本领域学习的高校学生、科研工作者及技术人员而言，此装置可作为一种直观分析渗流问题及观察渗流引起的工程现象的工具。此外，通过对试验现象及试验结果的分析，可以将本装置的用途加以拓展，从而更加全面的展现土体渗流理论，使抽象理论变得直观。此装置所具有突出特点和显著进步为土木教学试验提供了一种全新的模型试验设备，具备专利法第22条第3款规定的创造性。The scope of application of the present invention is the field of civil engineering that is closely related to people's lives. For college students, scientific researchers and technicians studying in this field, the device can be used as a tool for visually analyzing seepage problems and observing engineering phenomena caused by seepage. In addition, through the analysis of test phenomena and test results, the use of this device can be expanded, so as to more comprehensively display the theory of soil seepage and make the abstract theory intuitive. The outstanding features and significant progress of this device provide a brand-new model test equipment for civil engineering teaching experiments, and it has the creativity stipulated in Article 22, paragraph 3 of the Patent Law.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明试验装置实施例的结构示意图，图中以隔板左侧为B隔间、右侧为A隔间为例。Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of an embodiment of the test device of the present invention, in which the left side of the partition is compartment B and the right side is compartment A as an example.
图2是图1中可移动水头量测管的结构示意图。Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the movable head measuring tube in Fig. 1 .
图中：1-隔板，2-注水泵，3-B隔间排水口，4-可移动水头量测管，5-模型箱，6-砂土，7-透水板，8-密封卡槽，9-A隔间水头量测管，10-A隔间上部排水口，11-A隔间中部排水口，12-A隔间下部排水口，13-等势线，14-流线，15-透水口，16-滤网，17-浮标。In the figure: 1-partition, 2-water injection pump, 3-B compartment drain, 4-removable head measuring tube, 5-model box, 6-sand, 7-permeable plate, 8-sealed slot , 9-A compartment water head measuring tube, 10-A compartment upper drain, 11-A compartment middle drain, 12-A compartment lower drain, 13-equipotential line, 14-streamline, 15 -permeable port, 16-filter, 17-buoy.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面结合附图和具体实施方式进一步说明本发明的技术方案。The technical solutions of the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
如图1-2所示，本发明的平面流网绘制及渗流原理演示教学试验装置包括一个有机玻璃模型箱5和可移动的注水泵2，在模型箱5底部布置有3cm厚的透水板7，模型箱5中填充有高度为200-250mm的饱和砂土6；饱和砂土6中心竖立有一块高于模型箱5顶部的有机玻璃隔板1用于模拟板桩，隔板1将模型箱5完全隔离为左右两个相等的隔间，其中左隔间称为B隔间，右隔间称为A隔间，在模型箱5右侧壁的最底部、中部和上部分别设有三个排水口，分别称为A隔间下部排水口12、A隔间中部排水口11、A隔间上部排水口10，在模型箱5右侧壁上还从外部插入有两只带阀门的水头量测管9；在模型箱5左侧壁上部设有竖向排列的三个B隔间排水口3，从图1中可以看出：三个B隔间排水口3高度高于A隔间中部排水口11。As shown in Fig. 1-2, the drawing of planar flow network and the demonstration teaching test device of seepage principle of the present invention comprise a plexiglass model box 5 and movable water injection pump 2, and the permeable plate 7 with 3cm thickness is arranged at the bottom of model box 5 , the model box 5 is filled with saturated sand 6 with a height of 200-250 mm; the center of the saturated sand 6 is erected with a plexiglass partition 1 higher than the top of the model box 5 for simulating sheet piles, and the partition 1 connects the model box 5. It is completely isolated into two equal compartments on the left and right, wherein the left compartment is called the B compartment, and the right compartment is called the A compartment. There are three drains on the bottom, middle and upper part of the right wall of the model box 5 respectively. They are respectively called the lower drain port 12 of the A compartment, the middle drain port 11 of the A compartment, and the upper drain port 10 of the A compartment. On the right side wall of the model box 5, two water head measuring devices with valves are inserted from the outside. Pipe 9; three vertically arranged drain outlets 3 of compartment B are arranged on the upper part of the left side wall of the model box 5, as can be seen from Figure 1: the height of the drain outlet 3 of the three compartment B is higher than that of the middle part of the compartment A Mouth 11.
本发明另外还包括四只可移动水头量测管4，结构见图2，从图2看出，可移动水头量测管4底部成锥形，在可移动水头量测管4底部设有若干透水孔15，在内部布置有一层滤网16和浮标。The present invention also includes four movable water head measuring tubes 4, the structure is shown in Figure 2, as can be seen from Figure 2, the bottom of the movable water head measuring tube 4 is tapered, and several Water permeable hole 15 is arranged with one deck filter screen 16 and buoy inside.
上述隔板1插入模型箱将其完全隔离为左右两个相等的隔间采取的结构是：在模型箱5前后侧壁内侧中间位置沿高度方向、以及在模型箱5底板上中部位置沿宽度方向分别设有密封卡槽8，密封卡槽8内侧设置O型密封圈，隔板1竖向插入密封卡槽可在密封卡槽内自由上下滑动，当隔板插入底板密封卡槽后，隔板A、B隔间完全隔离。The above-mentioned dividing plate 1 is inserted into the model box to completely isolate it into two equal compartments on the left and right. There are sealing card slots 8 respectively, and an O-ring is arranged on the inner side of the sealing card slot 8. The partition 1 is inserted vertically into the sealing card slot and can freely slide up and down in the sealing card slot. When the partition board is inserted into the sealing card slot of the bottom plate, the partition A and B compartments are completely isolated.
实施例中各部件尺寸：Each part size in the embodiment:
模型箱长度400-500mm，宽度250-300mm，高度350-400mm。The length of the model box is 400-500mm, the width is 250-300mm, and the height is 350-400mm.
隔板高度高于模型箱高100mm。The height of the partition is 100mm higher than that of the model box.
本发明利用上述试验装置进行平面流网绘制试验的方法有两个。In the present invention, there are two methods for carrying out the planar flow network drawing test using the above-mentioned test device.
方案一：Option One:
第一步：首先组装试验装置，并检查水头量测管内部浮标及滤网是否完好；The first step: first assemble the test device, and check whether the buoy and filter screen inside the head measuring tube are intact;
第二步：关闭A隔间上部排水口10及下部排水口12以及A隔间水头量测管9阀门，并打开水泵2，向模型箱5内注水，当模型箱5内水位高度为100mm时，关闭水泵2，检查模型箱5底部及侧壁的密水性；Step 2: Close the upper drain port 10 and the lower drain port 12 of compartment A and the water head measuring pipe 9 valve of compartment A, and turn on the water pump 2 to inject water into the model box 5. When the water level in the model box 5 is 100mm , turn off the water pump 2, and check the watertightness of the bottom and side walls of the model box 5;
第三步：检查无误后，向模型箱5内缓慢均匀播撒砂土6，播撒砂土过程中水泵2始终向模型箱5内注水，以确保模型箱5内砂土处于饱和状态，当模型箱5内砂土高度为200mm时，停止向模型箱5内撒砂，同时关闭水泵2，此后将砂土表面抚平；Step 3: After the check is correct, slowly and evenly spread the sand 6 into the model box 5. During the process of spreading the sand, the water pump 2 always injects water into the model box 5 to ensure that the sand in the model box 5 is in a saturated state. When the model box When the height of the sand in 5 is 200mm, stop sanding in the model box 5, turn off the water pump 2 at the same time, and then smooth the surface of the sand;
第四步：将透明隔板1插入饱和的砂土6表面以下100mm，此时，A、B隔间的透明隔板1以下部分是连通的；Step 4: Insert the transparent partition 1 100 mm below the surface of the saturated sand 6. At this time, the parts below the transparent partition 1 in compartments A and B are connected;
第五步：根据试验要求选择性分别开启模型箱B隔间的一个排水口3以及A隔间中部排水口11，以产生总水头差；同时，将B隔间其余的两个排水口3阀门均关闭；Step 5: According to the test requirements, selectively open a drain port 3 of compartment B of the model box and a drain port 11 in the middle of compartment A to generate a total water head difference; at the same time, open the valves of the remaining two drain ports 3 of compartment B are closed;
第六步：打开水泵2，向模型箱B隔间内注水，调整注水速度，确保总水头差的恒定，当模型箱A、B隔间的排水口均有水均匀流出时，保持此时注水速度恒定；Step 6: Turn on the water pump 2, inject water into compartment B of the model box, adjust the water injection speed, and ensure a constant total water head difference. When water flows out evenly from the outlets of compartments A and B of the model box, keep injecting water at this time constant speed;
第七步：绘制二维流网等势线，绘制时选择模型箱5底面作为基准面；Step 7: draw the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network, and select the bottom surface of the model box 5 as the reference plane when drawing;
第7.1步：首先绘制模型箱B隔间的砂土二维流网等势线，具体方法如下：Step 7.1: First draw the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of the sandy soil in compartment B of the model box, the specific method is as follows:
第7.1.1步：将四只可移动水头量测管4沿模型箱5前侧壁内侧一字排开放置于B隔间，相邻量测管均匀间隔；Step 7.1.1: Place four movable water head measuring tubes 4 in a row along the inner side of the front side wall of the model box 5 and place them in compartment B, with the adjacent measuring tubes evenly spaced;
第7.1.2步：首先将第一只可移动水头量测管4刺入B隔间的砂土100mm，待水头量测管内浮标稳定后，将此时浮标顶面与模型箱底面之间垂直距离作为所绘等势线的总水头高度，然后分别调整B隔间其余三只可移动水头量测管4的刺入砂土深度，使得其余三只可移动水头量测管4的总水头高度与第一只可移动水头量测管的总水头高度相同，记录此时水头量测管入土深度，并将四只可移动水头量测管4端点位置对应标记于模型箱5前侧外壁，上述四个标记点即为总水头相等的点，即位于渗流场流网中同一条等势线上；Step 7.1.2: First, insert the first movable head measuring tube 4 into the sandy soil in compartment B for 100 mm. The distance is the total head height of the drawn equipotential line, and then adjust the piercing depth of the other three movable head measuring tubes 4 in compartment B respectively, so that the total head height of the remaining three movable head measuring tubes 4 It is the same as the total head height of the first movable head measuring tube, record the penetration depth of the water head measuring tube at this time, and mark the positions of the four end points of the four movable head measuring tubes on the outer wall of the front side of the model box 5 correspondingly. The four marked points are the points where the total water head is equal, that is, they are located on the same equipotential line in the flow network of the seepage field;
第7.1.3步：用平滑曲线将模型箱5前侧外壁所标记的所有总水头相等点连接，该平滑曲线即为一条等势线的一部分，由于隔板1外边缘及模型箱5底边均为二维流网流线，故等势线应与隔板1外边缘及模型箱5底边正交，将上述所绘平滑曲线两端延长，使其分别与隔板左侧面及模型箱底面垂直相交，从而绘制出一条完整的等势线；Step 7.1.3: Use a smooth curve to connect all the equal points of the total water head marked on the outer wall of the front side of the model box 5. This smooth curve is a part of an equipotential line. Because the outer edge of the partition 1 and the bottom edge of the model box 5 Both are two-dimensional flow network streamlines, so the equipotential line should be perpendicular to the outer edge of the partition 1 and the bottom edge of the model box 5, and the two ends of the smooth curve drawn above should be extended so that they are respectively connected to the left side of the partition and the model box. The bottom surfaces of the boxes intersect perpendicularly, thus drawing a complete equipotential line;
第7.1.4步：采用上述方法，通过改变所有可移动水头量测管4刺入砂土的深度，另外绘制3-4条等势线，此外，B隔间砂土表面也为一条等势线，将砂土表面轮廓线均标记于模型箱前侧外壁；Step 7.1.4: Using the above method, by changing the penetration depth of all the movable head measuring tubes 4 into the sand, draw another 3-4 equipotential lines. In addition, the sand surface of compartment B is also an equipotential line line, mark the contour line of the sandy soil surface on the outer wall of the front side of the model box;
至此，B隔间的砂土二维流网等势线绘制完毕；So far, the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of sandy soil in compartment B has been drawn;
第7.2步：绘制模型箱A隔间的砂土二维流网等势线；Step 7.2: Draw the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of the sand in compartment A of the model box;
首先将四只可移动水头量测管4沿模型箱5前壁内侧均匀间隔一字排开放置于A隔间，然后按照第7.1.2-7.1.4步骤操作即可；First, place four movable head measuring tubes 4 in a row along the inner side of the front wall of the model box 5 and place them in compartment A, and then operate according to steps 7.1.2-7.1.4;
至此，A隔间的砂土二维流网等势线绘制完毕；So far, the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of sandy soil in compartment A has been drawn;
第7.3步：在模型箱前壁沿着隔板前壁底边向下绘制一条与模型箱底边正交的竖直线；Step 7.3: Draw a vertical line perpendicular to the bottom of the model box along the bottom of the front wall of the partition on the front wall of the model box;
至此，模型箱内砂土二维流网等势线绘制完毕；So far, the equipotential line of the two-dimensional flow network of sand in the model box has been drawn;
第八步：当A、B隔间砂土二维流网势线绘制完毕后，绘制多条与各条等势线正交的平滑曲线，一条平滑曲线即为二维流网的一条流线，这样就绘制多条流线。此外，隔板1插入土体部分、模型箱5侧壁与土体接触部分边及模型箱5底边均为流线，将上述流线也标记于模型箱5前侧外壁，至此，一个完整的二维渗流流网绘制完毕；Step 8: After the potential lines of the two-dimensional flow network of sandy soil in compartments A and B are drawn, draw several smooth curves orthogonal to each equipotential line, and one smooth curve is a streamline of the two-dimensional flow network , so that multiple streamlines are drawn. In addition, the part where the partition plate 1 is inserted into the soil, the edge of the side wall of the model box 5 in contact with the soil, and the bottom edge of the model box 5 are streamlines, and the above streamlines are also marked on the outer wall of the front side of the model box 5. So far, a complete The two-dimensional seepage flow network of is drawn;
第九步：改变B隔间排水口3位置，重复上述第5-8步骤可绘制不同总水头差条件下的二维渗流流网，从而对比不同总水头差下渗流流网的异同。Step 9: Change the position of outlet 3 of compartment B, and repeat steps 5-8 above to draw two-dimensional seepage flow networks under different total head differences, so as to compare the similarities and differences of seepage flow networks under different total head differences.
方案(二)Option II)
第一步：首先组装试验装置，并检查水头量测管内部浮标及滤网是否完好；The first step: first assemble the test device, and check whether the buoy and filter screen inside the head measuring tube are intact;
第二步：关闭A隔间上部排水口10及下部排水口12以及A隔间水头量测管9阀门，并打开水泵2，向模型箱5内注水，当模型箱5内水位高度为100mm时，关闭水泵2，检查模型箱5底部及侧壁的密水性；Step 2: Close the upper drain port 10 and the lower drain port 12 of compartment A and the water head measuring pipe 9 valve of compartment A, and turn on the water pump 2 to inject water into the model box 5. When the water level in the model box 5 is 100mm , turn off the water pump 2, and check the watertightness of the bottom and side walls of the model box 5;
第三步：检查无误后，向模型箱5内缓慢均匀播撒砂土，播撒砂土过程中水泵2始终向模型箱5内注水，以确保模型箱5内砂土处于饱和状态，当模型箱5内砂土高度为200mm时，停止向模型箱5内撒砂，同时关闭水泵2，此后将砂土表面抚平；Step 3: After the inspection is correct, slowly and evenly spread the sand in the model box 5. During the process of spreading the sand, the water pump 2 always injects water into the model box 5 to ensure that the sand in the model box 5 is in a saturated state. When the model box 5 When the height of the inner sand is 200mm, stop sprinkling sand into the model box 5, turn off the water pump 2 at the same time, and then smooth the surface of the sand;
第四步：将透明隔板1插入饱和砂土6表面以下100mm，此时，A、B隔间的透明隔板1以下部分是连通的；Step 4: insert the transparent partition 1 100mm below the surface of the saturated sand 6, at this time, the parts below the transparent partition 1 in compartments A and B are connected;
第五步：根据试验要求选择性分别开启模型箱B隔间的一个排水口3以及A隔间中部排水口11，以产生总水头差；同时，将B隔间其余的两个排水口3阀门均关闭；Step 5: According to the test requirements, selectively open a drain port 3 of compartment B of the model box and a drain port 11 in the middle of compartment A to generate a total water head difference; at the same time, open the valves of the remaining two drain ports 3 of compartment B are closed;
第六步：打开水泵2，向模型箱B隔间内注水。调整注水速度，确保总水头差的恒定，当模型箱A、B隔间打开的排水口均有水均匀流出时，保持此时注水速度恒定；Step 6: Turn on the water pump 2 and fill water into compartment B of the model box. Adjust the water injection speed to ensure that the total water head difference is constant. When the water flows out evenly from the open drains of the compartments A and B of the model box, keep the water injection speed constant at this time;
第七步：计算有机玻璃隔板1两侧总水头差，根据总水头差的大小确定等势线的条数n，其中等势线条数n为奇数，本实施例中n＝9，；并将总水头差8等分，从而相邻等势线间的总水头差值为板桩两侧总水头差的1/8。The 7th step: calculate the total head difference on both sides of the plexiglass partition 1, determine the number n of equipotential lines according to the size of the total head difference, wherein the number n of equipotential lines is an odd number, n=9 in the present embodiment; and Divide the total water head difference into 8 equal parts, so that the total water head difference between adjacent equipotential lines is 1/8 of the total water head difference on both sides of the sheet pile.
第八步：绘制二维流网等势线Step 8: Draw two-dimensional flow network equipotential lines
第8.1步：绘制模型箱B隔间的砂土二维流网四条等势线，具体方法如下：Step 8.1: Draw the four equipotential lines of the two-dimensional flow network of sand and soil in compartment B of the model box. The specific method is as follows:
第8.1.1步：在B隔间二维渗流场中，测量隔板1两侧自由水面高度差，即板桩两侧总水头差，将四只可移动水头量测管4放置于B隔间，可移动水头量测管4沿模型箱5前侧壁内侧一字排开，四只可移动水头量测管4均匀间隔；将最外侧(也就是第一只)水头量测管底端接触B隔间砂土表面，记录此时第一只可移动水头量测管4浮标顶面与模型箱底面之间的垂直高度，然后将第一只可移动水头量测管4刺入砂土，管里浮标开始下降，待浮标下降幅度达到隔板两侧总水头差高度的1/8倍时，固定第一只可移动水头量测管4位置保持不变；Step 8.1.1: In the two-dimensional seepage field in compartment B, measure the height difference of the free water surface on both sides of the partition 1, that is, the total water head difference on both sides of the sheet pile, and place four movable head measuring tubes 4 in compartment B In between, the movable water head measuring tubes 4 are lined up along the inner side of the front side wall of the model box 5, and the four movable water head measuring tubes 4 are evenly spaced; the outermost (that is, the first) water head measuring tube bottom Touch the surface of the sandy soil in compartment B, record the vertical height between the top surface of the buoy of the first movable head measuring tube 4 and the bottom surface of the model box at this time, and then insert the first movable head measuring tube 4 into the sandy soil , the buoy in the pipe begins to descend, and when the descending range of the buoy reaches 1/8 times the height of the total water head difference on both sides of the partition, the position of the first movable head measuring pipe 4 is fixed and remains unchanged;
第8.1.2步：分别将其余三只可移动水头量测管4刺入砂土，当测管里浮标顶面与模型箱底面之间垂直距离与第一只可移动水头量测管4浮标顶面与模型箱5底面之间垂直距离相同时，将其固定，同时记录测管刺入砂土深度，并将所有可移动水头量测管的尖端入土深度分别标记于模型箱前壁；Step 8.1.2: Pierce the other three movable head measuring tubes 4 into the sand respectively, when the vertical distance between the top surface of the buoy in the measuring tube and the bottom surface of the model box is the same as the first movable head measuring tube 4 buoy When the vertical distance between the top surface and the bottom surface of the model box 5 is the same, fix it, record the penetration depth of the measuring tube into the sand at the same time, and mark the penetration depth of the tips of all movable head measuring tubes on the front wall of the model box respectively;
第8.1.3步：用平滑曲线将模型箱5前侧外壁所确定的所有总水头高度相等点连接，并将所绘平滑曲线两端延长，使其分别与隔板前壁边界及模型箱前壁底面边界垂直相交,，从而绘制出一条完整的等势线；Step 8.1.3: Use a smooth curve to connect all the equal points of the total head height determined on the outer wall of the front side of the model box 5, and extend the two ends of the drawn smooth curve so that they are respectively connected to the boundary of the front wall of the partition and the front of the model box. The wall bottom boundaries intersect perpendicularly, so that a complete equipotential line is drawn;
第8.1.4步：重复步骤8.1.1-8.1.3步骤，依次绘制出可移动水头量测管4内浮标下降幅度达到隔板两侧总水头差2/8及3/8倍时所对应的共两条等势线。此外，B隔间砂土表面为一条等势线，将其轮廓线绘制于有机玻璃模型箱5前侧外壁，加上第8.1.3步所绘制的一条等势线，至此，模型箱B隔间的二维流网的等势线全部绘出，共四条；Step 8.1.4: Repeat steps 8.1.1-8.1.3 to draw in sequence the buoys in the movable head measuring tube 4 whose descending range reaches 2/8 and 3/8 times the total head difference on both sides of the partition There are two equipotential lines in total. In addition, the surface of the sandy soil in compartment B is an equipotential line, and its contour line is drawn on the outer wall of the front side of the plexiglass model box 5, and an equipotential line drawn in step 8.1.3 is added. So far, the model box B compartment All the equipotential lines of the two-dimensional flow network between are drawn, a total of four;
第8.2步：绘制模型箱A隔间的砂土二维流网四条等势线；Step 8.2: Draw the four equipotential lines of the two-dimensional flow network of sand and soil in compartment A of the model box;
将所有可移动水头量测管4插入A隔间，按照第8.1.1-8.1.4步骤操作，依次绘制出模型箱A隔间砂土中水头量测管内浮标下降幅度达到板桩两侧总水头差5/8、6/8和7/8倍时所对应的共三条等势线。此外，模型箱A隔间砂土表面为一条等势线，将其轮廓线绘制于模型箱5前侧外壁，至此，模型箱A隔间的二维流网的等势线全部绘出，共四条；Insert all the movable head measuring tubes 4 into compartment A, and operate according to steps 8.1.1-8.1.4, and draw in turn the drop range of the buoys in the head measuring tubes in the sandy soil of compartment A of the model box to reach the total value of both sides of the sheet pile. There are three equipotential lines corresponding to the head difference of 5/8, 6/8 and 7/8 times. In addition, the surface of the sand in compartment A of the model box is an equipotential line, and its contour line is drawn on the outer wall of the front side of the model box 5. So far, the equipotential lines of the two-dimensional flow network in the compartment A of the model box are all drawn, and a total of four;
第8.3步：绘制一条等势线分别与板桩前壁下边缘和模型箱前壁底边垂直，加上8.1步绘制B隔间的四条等势线和8.2步绘制A隔间的四条等势线，至此，二维流网的九条等势线全部绘出；Step 8.3: Draw an equipotential line perpendicular to the lower edge of the front wall of the sheet pile and the bottom edge of the front wall of the model box, plus the four equipotential lines drawn in step 8.1 for compartment B and the four equipotential lines drawn in step 8.2 for compartment A Line, so far, the nine equipotential lines of the two-dimensional flow network are all drawn;
第九步：等势线绘制完毕后，绘制多条与各条等势线正交的平滑曲线，一条平滑曲线即为二维流网的一条流线，这样就绘制多条流线，相邻流线应间隔均匀。此外，透明隔板1插入土体部分、模型箱5侧壁与土体接触部分边及模型箱5底边均为流线，将上述流线也标记于模型箱5前侧外壁，至此，一个完整的二维渗流流网绘制完毕；Step 9: After the equipotential lines are drawn, draw multiple smooth curves orthogonal to each equipotential line. A smooth curve is a streamline of the two-dimensional flow network, so draw multiple streamlines adjacent to each other. Streamlines should be evenly spaced. In addition, the part where the transparent partition 1 is inserted into the soil, the edge of the side wall of the model box 5 in contact with the soil, and the bottom edge of the model box 5 are streamlines, and the above-mentioned streamlines are also marked on the outer wall of the front side of the model box 5. So far, a The complete two-dimensional seepage flow network is drawn;
第十步：改变模型箱B隔间模型箱排水口位置，重复上述第五-九步骤可绘制不同总水头差条件下的二维渗流流网，从而对比不同总水头差下渗流流网的异同。Step 10: Change the position of the outlet of the model box in compartment B of the model box, and repeat the above steps 5-9 to draw the two-dimensional seepage flow network under different total head differences, so as to compare the similarities and differences of the seepage flow network under different total head differences .
利用本发明本装置除具有绘制二维流网功能外，还可向学生演示流砂现象演变发展过程，同时计算发生流砂时土体临界水力梯度，使学生形象的理解和掌握流砂现象实质。试验方案如下：In addition to the function of drawing a two-dimensional flow network, the device of the present invention can also demonstrate the evolution and development process of the quicksand phenomenon to students, and at the same time calculate the critical hydraulic gradient of the soil when the quicksand occurs, so that the students can understand and grasp the essence of the quicksand phenomenon. The test plan is as follows:
第一步：首先组装试验装置，并检查水头量测管内部浮标及滤网是否完好；The first step: first assemble the test device, and check whether the buoy and filter screen inside the head measuring tube are intact;
第二步：打开微型水泵2，向模型箱5内注水，当模型箱5内水位高度为100mm时，关闭水泵2，检查模型箱5底部及侧壁的密水性，此时关闭A隔间上部排水口10及下部排水口12以及A隔间的两只水头量测管9阀门；Step 2: Turn on the micro-water pump 2 and inject water into the model box 5. When the water level in the model box 5 is 100 mm, turn off the water pump 2 and check the water tightness of the bottom and side walls of the model box 5. At this time, close the upper part of compartment A Drain outlet 10, lower outlet outlet 12 and two water head measuring pipes 9 valves in compartment A;
第三步：检查无误后，向模型箱5内缓慢均匀播撒砂土，播撒砂土过程中水泵始终向模型箱内注水，以确保模型箱内砂土6处于饱和状态，当模型箱5内砂土高度为200mm时，停止向模型箱5内撒砂，同时关闭水泵2，此后将砂土6表面抚平；Step 3: After the inspection is correct, slowly and evenly spread sand into the model box 5. During the process of spreading sand, the water pump always injects water into the model box to ensure that the sand 6 in the model box is in a saturated state. When the sand in the model box 5 When the soil height is 200mm, stop sprinkling sand into the model box 5, turn off the water pump 2 at the same time, and then smooth the surface of the sand 6;
第四步：将隔板1插入饱和砂土6表面以下100mm，此时，模型箱A、B隔间底部是连通的；Step 4: insert the partition 1 into the saturated sand 6 100mm below the surface, at this time, the bottom of the compartments A and B of the model box are connected;
第五步：根据试验要求选择性分别开启模型箱B隔间的一个排水口以及A隔间中部排水口11，以产生总水头差；同时，将其余排水口阀门均关闭；Step 5: According to the test requirements, selectively open one drain port of compartment B of the model box and the drain port 11 in the middle of compartment A to generate a total water head difference; at the same time, close the valves of the other drain ports;
第六步：打开水泵2，向模型箱B隔间内注水，调整注水速度，确保总水头差的恒定，当模型箱A、B隔间的排水口均有水均匀流出时，保持此时注水速度恒定；Step 6: Turn on the water pump 2, inject water into compartment B of the model box, adjust the water injection speed, and ensure a constant total water head difference. When water flows out evenly from the outlets of compartments A and B of the model box, keep injecting water at this time constant speed;
第七步：将隔板1缓慢上提，同时观察隔板1周围部砂土变化，当隔板1底部砂土颗粒开始向A隔间翻涌时，此时流砂现象发生，停止上提隔板1，记录此时隔板插入砂土深度，从而可以计算土体临界水力梯度。临界水力梯度可由下式计算：式中：Step 7: Lift up the partition 1 slowly, and observe the sand and soil changes around the partition 1 at the same time. When the sand particles at the bottom of the partition 1 start to surge toward compartment A, the phenomenon of quicksand occurs at this time, and stop lifting the partition 1. Record the depth at which the diaphragm is inserted into the sand, so that the critical hydraulic gradient of the soil can be calculated. The critical hydraulic gradient can be calculated by the following formula: In the formula:
icr砂土临界水力梯度；icr critical hydraulic gradient of sandy soil;
Δh为隔板两侧砂土总水头差，即A、B隔间水面高度差；Δh is the total water head difference of the sandy soil on both sides of the partition, that is, the water surface height difference between compartments A and B;
l为隔板插入砂土深度；l is the depth of the clapboard inserted into the sand;
t为隔板厚度。t is the thickness of the separator.
此外，利用本发明本装置还可进行砂土及粗颗粒土的渗透系数测量试验，试验步骤如下：In addition, using the device of the present invention can also carry out the permeability coefficient measurement test of sandy soil and coarse grained soil, and the test steps are as follows:
第一步：将隔板1插至模型箱5底部密封卡槽8中，此时A、B隔间完全隔离，同时关闭模型箱A隔间上部、中部及下部排水口10、11、12以及A隔间两只水头量测管9阀门；Step 1: Insert the partition 1 into the sealing slot 8 at the bottom of the model box 5. At this time, the A and B compartments are completely isolated, and at the same time close the upper, middle and lower drain outlets 10, 11, 12 and Two water head measuring tubes and 9 valves in compartment A;
第二步：打开微型水泵2，向模型箱A隔间内注水，当模型箱A隔间内水位高度为100mm时，关闭水泵，检查模型箱5底部及侧壁的密水性；Step 2: Turn on the micro-water pump 2 and inject water into compartment A of the model box. When the water level in compartment A of the model box is 100 mm, turn off the water pump and check the water tightness of the bottom and side walls of the model box 5;
第三步：检查无误后，向模型箱A隔间内缓慢均匀播撒砂土，播撒砂土过程中水泵2始终向模型箱A隔间内注水，以确保模型箱内砂土处于饱和状态，当模型箱A隔间内砂土高度为200mm时，停止向模型箱内撒砂，同时关闭水泵2；Step 3: After the inspection is correct, slowly and evenly spread the sand into the compartment A of the model box. During the process of spreading the sand, the water pump 2 always injects water into the compartment A of the model box to ensure that the sand in the model box is in a saturated state. When the height of the sand in compartment A of the model box is 200mm, stop sanding into the model box and turn off the water pump 2 at the same time;
第四步：打开模型箱A隔间上部排水口10，保持中间排水口11以及下部排水口12以及A隔间两只水头量测管9阀门关闭；Step 4: Open the upper drain port 10 of compartment A of the model box, keep the middle drain port 11 and the lower drain port 12 and the valves of the two water head measuring tubes 9 of compartment A closed;
第五步：打开水泵2，继续向模型箱A隔间内注水，要求注水速度恒定，确保A隔间上部排水口10有水均匀流出；Step 5: Turn on the water pump 2 and continue to inject water into compartment A of the model box. The water injection speed is required to be constant to ensure that water flows out evenly from the drain port 10 on the upper part of compartment A;
第六步：打开模型箱A隔间两只水头两侧管9阀门以及底部排水口12阀门，此时有水从底部排水口12均匀流出并收集流出的水，记录相对应时间，同时模型箱A隔间的两只水头量测管9内水位产生高度差，待水头量测管9内水位稳定后，记录两只水头量测管9水位高度差，即为砂土中总水头损失；Step 6: Open the valves 9 of the pipes 9 on both sides of the water head in compartment A of the model box and the valve of the bottom drain 12. At this time, water flows out evenly from the bottom drain 12 and collects the outflowing water. Record the corresponding time, and at the same time the model box The water levels in the two water head measuring tubes 9 of compartment A produce a height difference. After the water level in the water head measuring tubes 9 stabilizes, record the water level height difference between the two water head measuring tubes 9, which is the total head loss in the sandy soil;
第七步：测量收集到的模型箱A隔间下部排水口在相对应时间内排出的水量，至此，土体渗透系数可由下式进行计算：Step 7: Measure the amount of water collected from the outlet of the lower part of compartment A of the model box within a corresponding period of time. So far, the soil permeability coefficient can be calculated by the following formula:
式中：k为砂土渗透系数；In the formula: k is the permeability coefficient of sandy soil;
Q为量杯收集总排水量；Q is the total drainage collected by the measuring cup;
l为2只水头量测管之间竖向距离；l is the vertical distance between two head measuring tubes;
A为模型箱底板面积的0.5倍；A is 0.5 times the area of the bottom plate of the model box;
T为收集排水量所用时间。T is the time taken to collect the displacement.
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