背景background
水泥组合物可在多种地下操作中使用。例如，在地下井施工中，管柱(例如，套管、衬管、膨胀管等)可伸入井筒中并且用水泥固定在适当位置。将管柱用水泥固定在适当位置的方法通常称为“初次注水泥”。在典型的初次注水泥方法中，水泥组合物可被泵送入井筒的壁与设置在井筒中的管柱的外表面之间的环带中。水泥组合物可在环状空间中凝固，由此形成具有硬化的、大致上不可透水泥的环状护套(即水泥护套)，所述环状护套可将管柱支撑并定位在井筒中并且可将管柱的外表面粘结到地下地层。除了其他情况之外，围绕管柱的水泥护套起作用防止环带中流体的迁移，以及保护管柱不受腐蚀。水泥组合物还可用于补注水泥方法中，例如，用于密封管柱或水泥护套中的裂痕或孔洞，用于密封高渗透地层区域或断口，用于放置水泥塞等等。Cementitious compositions can be used in a variety of subterranean operations. For example, in subterranean well construction, a tubular string (eg, casing, liner, expansion tube, etc.) may be run into the wellbore and cemented in place. The method of cementing the pipe string in place is often referred to as "prime cementing". In a typical primary cementing method, a cement composition may be pumped into the annulus between the wall of the wellbore and the outer surface of a tubular string disposed in the wellbore. The cement composition can set in the annulus, thereby forming a hardened, substantially cement-impermeable annular jacket (ie, a cement jacket) that can support and position the tubular string in the wellbore and can bond the outer surface of the string to the subterranean formation. The cement jacket surrounding the pipe string acts to prevent migration of fluids in the annulus and protects the pipe string from corrosion, among other things. The cement compositions can also be used in re-cementing methods, for example, for sealing cracks or holes in pipe strings or cement sheaths, for sealing areas or fractures in high permeability formations, for placing cement plugs, and the like.
广泛多种的水泥组合物已用于地下注水泥操作中。在一些情况中，已使用延迟凝固的水泥组合物。延迟凝固的水泥组合物由保持在可泵送流体状态达延长时间段(例如，至少约1天至约2周或更长)来表征。当需要使用时，延迟凝固的水泥组合物应能够被活化，由此产生合理的抗压强度。例如，水泥凝固活化剂可被加入延迟凝固的水泥组合物中，由此所述组合物凝固成硬化块。除了其他情况之外，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可适合用于井筒应用中，例如，当希望提前制备水泥组合物时的情况。这可允许例如水泥组合物在使用之前被存储。此外，这可允许例如在方便的位置处制备水泥组合物并且接着将其运输到工作地点。因此，由于对现场大容量存储与混合设备的需要的减少，可减少资本支出。这可尤其适用于船载容器的空间可能很有限的海上注水泥操作。A wide variety of cement compositions have been used in underground cementing operations. In some cases, delayed-setting cement compositions have been used. A delayed-setting cement composition is characterized by remaining in a pumpable fluid state for an extended period of time (eg, at least about 1 day to about 2 weeks or longer). When required for use, the delayed set cementitious composition should be capable of being activated, thereby developing a reasonable compressive strength. For example, a cement set activator may be added to a delayed-setting cement composition whereby the composition sets into a hardened mass. A delayed-setting cement composition may be suitable for use in wellbore applications, for example, when it is desired to prepare the cement composition in advance, among other circumstances. This may allow, for example, cementitious compositions to be stored prior to use. Furthermore, this may allow, for example, the cement composition to be prepared at a convenient location and then transported to the job site. Accordingly, capital expenditures can be reduced due to the reduced need for on-site bulk storage and mixing equipment. This may be particularly applicable to offshore cementing operations where space on board vessels may be limited.
钻井需要使用钻井液或也被称为钻探泥浆。与钻井相关联的一个问题可能是钻井液流向地层的不合需要漏失。这类损失的流体通常可进入由过大泥浆压力诱发的裂缝中，进入预先存在的开口裂缝中或进入地层中具有结构强度的大开口中。这个问题可被称为“井漏(lostcirculation)”并且钻井液可能漏失到其中的地层的区段可被称为“井漏区”。除了钻井液之外，关于井漏的问题还可在利用其他处理流体的情况下遇到，所述其他处理流体例如隔离液、完井液(例如，完井盐水)、压裂液和可引入井筒中的水泥组合物。Drilling requires the use of drilling fluid or also known as drilling mud. One problem associated with drilling may be the undesirable loss of drilling fluid to the formation. Such lost fluids can often enter fractures induced by excessive mud pressure, into pre-existing open fractures or into large openings in the formation that have structural strength. This problem may be referred to as "lost circulation" and the section of the formation into which drilling fluid may be lost may be referred to as a "lost circulation zone." In addition to drilling fluids, problems with lost circulation can also be encountered with the use of other treatment fluids, such as spacer fluids, completion fluids (e.g., completion brines), fracturing fluids, and Cement composition in a wellbore.
进入地层中的处理流体的漏失是不合需要的，特别是因为与进入地层中的处理流体相关联的花费、耗时、极端条件、弃井。处理流体更换不仅会产生操作停工，还可能需要另外的流体存储、另外的人力和另外的设备。除了增加的操作花费之外，流体更换可能产生另外的工作地点问题，诸如较高的环境负担和在流体和材料的相应操作部分已完成的情况下所述流体和材料不能再循环。Loss of treatment fluid into the formation is undesirable, particularly because of the expense, time consuming, extreme conditions, well abandonment associated with treatment fluid into the formation. Handling fluid changes not only creates operational downtime, but may also require additional fluid storage, additional manpower, and additional equipment. In addition to increased operating costs, fluid replacement may create additional workplace problems, such as a higher environmental burden and the inability to recycle fluids and materials if the corresponding operating portion of the fluids and materials has been completed.
附图简述Brief description of the drawings
这些图示出本发明方法的一些实施方案的某些方面，并且不应用来限制或限定所述方法。These figures illustrate certain aspects of some embodiments of the methods of the invention and should not be used to limit or define the methods.
图1示出根据某些实施方案的在钻井设备存在于井筒中的同时使用井漏处理流体的系统。1 illustrates a system for using lost circulation management fluid while drilling equipment is present in a wellbore, according to certain embodiments.
图2示出根据某些实施方案的可用在将井漏处理流体放置到井筒中的井漏区中的地面设备。2 illustrates surface equipment that may be used to place lost circulation treatment fluid into a lost circulation zone in a wellbore, according to certain embodiments.
图3示出根据某些实施方案的将井漏处理流体放置到井筒中的井漏区中。3 illustrates placement of a lost circulation treatment fluid into a lost circulation zone in a wellbore, according to certain embodiments.
详述detail
本实施方案涉及地下操作，并且更具体来说，在某些实施方案中，涉及延迟凝固的水泥组合物和在地下地层中使用延迟凝固的水泥组合物的方法。包含延迟凝固的水泥组合物的堵漏液(lost circulationfluid)可用来防止多种处理流体的漏失。这些方法和组合物的许多潜在优势中的一个是它们可通过在短时间框内产生足够的静态凝胶强度来立即填堵或桥接井漏区以便在井漏控制方面实现有效性。其他优势是它们可凝固来形成硬化块，具有足够的抗压强度来支撑井结构，可隔离地下区域，并且可具有触变性(例如，剪切稀化性或剪切敏感性)使得流体应保持可泵送状态足够长时间以供放置，但是当处于静态时应快速产生凝胶强度。The present embodiments relate to subterranean operations, and more particularly, in certain embodiments, to delayed-setting cement compositions and methods of using delayed-setting cement compositions in subterranean formations. Lost circulation fluids comprising delayed-setting cement compositions can be used to prevent loss of various treatment fluids. One of the many potential advantages of these methods and compositions is that they can immediately plug or bridge lost circulation zones by developing sufficient static gel strength within a short time frame to achieve effectiveness in lost circulation control. Other advantages are that they can set to form a hardened mass, have sufficient compressive strength to support well structures, can isolate subterranean zones, and can be thixotropic (e.g., shear thinning or shear sensitive) such that fluids should remain The pumpable state is long enough for settling, but should rapidly develop gel strength when left at rest.
延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案通常可包含水、浮石、水合石灰和凝固缓凝剂。任选地，延迟凝固的水泥组合物还可包含分散剂。有利地，延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可能能够保持在可泵送流体状态达延长时间段。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可保持在可泵送流体状态达至少约1天或更长。有利地，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可在活化后产生合理的抗压强度。延迟凝固的水泥组合物可适用于多种地下注水泥操作，包括那些在具有约100℉至约450℉或甚至更大的范围内的底孔静态温度的地下地层中的操作。在一些实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可用于具有相对低的底孔静态温度(例如，小于约200℉的温度)的地下地层中。Embodiments of the delayed-set cement composition may generally include water, pumice, hydrated lime, and a set retarder. Optionally, the delayed-setting cement composition may further comprise a dispersant. Advantageously, embodiments of delayed-setting cement compositions may be capable of remaining in a pumpable fluid state for extended periods of time. For example, the delayed-setting cement composition can remain in a pumpable fluid state for at least about 1 day or longer. Advantageously, delayed-setting cement compositions can develop reasonable compressive strength after activation. The delayed-setting cement compositions are suitable for use in a variety of subterranean cementing operations, including those in subterranean formations having bottom hole static temperatures in the range of about 100°F to about 450°F or even greater. In some embodiments, delayed-setting cement compositions are useful in subterranean formations having relatively low bottom-hole static temperatures (eg, temperatures of less than about 200°F).
用在延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案中的水可来自于任何来源，只要所述来源不含可能不合需要地影响延迟凝固的水泥组合物中的其他组分的过量化合物即可。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可包含淡水或盐水(salt water)。盐水中通常可包括一种或多种溶解的盐并且可根据特定应用的需要为饱和或不饱和的。海水或盐水(brine)可适合在某些实施方案中使用。此外，水可以足以形成可泵送浆液的量存在。在某些实施方案中，水可以在浮石的约33重量％至约200重量％范围内的量存在于延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。在某些实施方案中，水可以在浮石的约35重量％至约70重量％范围内的量存在于延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。受益于本公开的益处的本领域的普通技术人员将会认识到用于选定应用的水的适当量。The water used in embodiments of the delayed-setting cement composition may be from any source so long as the source is free of excess compounds that might undesirably affect other components in the delayed-setting cement composition. For example, the delayed-setting cement composition may contain fresh water or salt water. The brine can generally include one or more dissolved salts and can be saturated or unsaturated as desired for a particular application. Seawater or brine may be suitable for use in certain embodiments. Additionally, water may be present in an amount sufficient to form a pumpable slurry. In certain embodiments, water may be present in the delayed-setting cement composition in an amount ranging from about 33% to about 200% by weight of the pumice. In certain embodiments, water may be present in the delayed-setting cement composition in an amount ranging from about 35% to about 70% by weight of the pumice. Those of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of water for a selected application.
延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可包含浮石。通常，浮石是可展现出胶结特性的火山岩，这是因为它可在水合石灰和水的存在下凝固并硬化。浮石还可例如被研磨。通常，根据对特定应用的需要，浮石可具有任何粒度分布。在某些实施方案中，浮石可具有在约1微米至约200微米范围内的d50粒度分布。d50粒度分布对应于d50值，如通过粒度分析器来测量，所述粒度分析器诸如由MalvernInstruments,Worcestershire,United Kingdom制造的那些分析器。在具体实施方案中，浮石可具有约1微米至约200微米、约5微米至约100微米或约10微米至约50微米范围内的d50粒度分布。在一个特定实施方案中，浮石可具有约15微米或更小的d50粒度分布。适合浮石的实例可以DS-325轻骨料购自Hess Pumice Products,Inc.,Malad,Idaho，所述轻骨料具有约15微米或更小的d50粒度分布。应当理解，过小的粒度可能具有可混合性问题，而过大的粒度可能不能有效悬浮在组合物中。受益于本公开益处的本领域的普通技术人员应能够选择适用于所选应用的浮石的粒度。Embodiments of the delayed-setting cement composition may include pumice. In general, pumice is a volcanic rock that can exhibit cementitious properties because it sets and hardens in the presence of hydrated lime and water. Pumice can also be ground, for example. In general, pumice can have any particle size distribution as desired for a particular application. In certain embodiments, the pumice can have a d50 particle size distribution in the range of about 1 micron to about 200 microns. The d50 particle size distribution corresponds to the d50 value as measured by a particle size analyzer such as those manufactured by Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, United Kingdom. In particular embodiments, the pumice can have a d50 particle size distribution in the range of about 1 micron to about 200 microns, about 5 microns to about 100 microns, or about 10 microns to about 50 microns. In a particular embodiment, the pumice can have a d50 particle size distribution of about 15 microns or less. An example of a suitable pumice stone is commercially available from Hess Pumice Products, Inc., Malad, Idaho as DS-325 lightweight aggregate having a d50 particle size distribution of about 15 microns or less. It should be understood that a particle size that is too small may have miscibility issues, while a particle size that is too large may not effectively suspend in the composition. One of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to select the particle size of pumice suitable for a chosen application.
延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可包含水合石灰。如本文所使用，术语“水合石灰”将理解为是指氢氧化钙。水合石灰可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案中例如以便形成具有浮石的水硬组合物。例如，水合石灰可以约10:1至约1:1或3:1至约5:1的浮石对水合石灰重量比率被包括。在存在时，水合石灰可例如以在浮石的约10重量％至约100重量％范围内的量包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。在一些实施方案中，水合石灰可以在浮石的约10重量％、约20重量％、约40重量％、约60重量％、约80重量％或约100重量％的任何量之间的范围内和/或包括任何量的量存在。在一些实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物中存在的胶结组分可基本上由浮石和水合石灰组成。例如，胶结组分可主要包含浮石和水合石灰，而没有在水的存在下水硬地凝固的任何另外组分(例如，波特兰水泥、粉煤灰、矿渣水泥)。受益于本公开的益处的本领域的普通技术人员将会认识到针对选定应用来包括的水合石灰的适当量。Embodiments of the delayed-setting cement composition may include hydrated lime. As used herein, the term "hydrated lime" will be understood to mean calcium hydroxide. Hydrated lime may be included in embodiments of the delayed-setting cement composition, for example, to form a hydraulically settable composition with pumice. For example, hydrated lime may be included in a pumice to hydrated lime weight ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1 or 3:1 to about 5:1. When present, hydrated lime can be included in the delayed-setting cement composition, for example, in an amount ranging from about 10% to about 100% by weight of the pumice. In some embodiments, the hydrated lime can range from any amount between about 10%, about 20%, about 40%, about 60%, about 80%, or about 100% by weight of the pumice and /or present in amounts including any amount. In some embodiments, the cementitious component present in the delayed-set cement composition may consist essentially of pumice and hydrated lime. For example, the cementitious component may consist essentially of pumice and hydrated lime without any additional components that hydraulically set in the presence of water (eg, Portland cement, fly ash, slag cement). Those of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of hydrated lime to include for a selected application.
延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可包含凝固缓凝剂。广泛多种的凝固缓凝剂可适合在延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案中使用。例如，凝固缓凝剂可包含膦酸、膦酸衍生物、木质素磺酸盐、有机酸、羧甲基化羟乙基化纤维素、包含磺酸酯基和羧酸基的合成共聚物或三元聚合物、硼酸盐化合物、其衍生物或其混合物。适合的凝固缓凝剂的实例包括膦酸衍生物，其可以Micro水泥缓凝剂购自Halliburton Energy Services,Houston,TX。通常，凝固缓凝剂可以足够延迟凝固一段所需时间的量存在于延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。在一些实施方案中，凝固缓凝剂可以在浮石的约0.01重量％至约10重量％范围内的量存在于延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。在具体实施方案中，凝固缓凝剂可以在浮石的约0.01重量％、约0.1重量％、约1重量％、约2重量％、约4重量％、约6重量％、约8重量％或约10重量％的任何量之间的范围内和/或包括任何量的量存在。受益于本公开的益处的本领域的普通技术人员将会认识到针对选定应用来包括的凝固缓凝剂的适当量。Embodiments of the delayed-set cement composition may include a set retarder. A wide variety of set retarders are suitable for use in embodiments of the delayed-set cement composition. For example, the set retarder may comprise phosphonic acid, phosphonic acid derivatives, lignosulfonates, organic acids, carboxymethylated hydroxyethylated cellulose, synthetic copolymers containing sulfonate and carboxylic acid groups or Terpolymers, borate compounds, derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable setting retarders include phosphonic acid derivatives, which can be Micro Cement retarders were purchased from Halliburton Energy Services, Houston, TX. Generally, the set retarder can be present in the delayed-set cement composition in an amount sufficient to delay setting for a desired period of time. In some embodiments, the set retarder may be present in the delayed-set cement composition in an amount ranging from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the pumice. In particular embodiments, the set retarder can be present at about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 1%, about 2%, about 4%, about 6%, about 8%, or about Any amount ranging between and/or including any amount of 10% by weight is present. Those of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of set retarder to include for a selected application.
如先前所提及，延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可任选地包含分散剂。适合的分散剂的实例包括但不限于基于磺化甲醛的分散剂和聚羧酸醚分散剂。可为适合的基于磺化甲醛的分散剂的一个实例是磺化丙酮甲醛缩合物，其可以CFRTM-3分散剂购自Halliburton EnergyServices,Houston,TX。可为适合的聚羧酸醚分散剂的一个实例是可购自BASF Corporation,Houston,Texas的514L分散剂，其可包含溶于水中的36重量％的聚羧酸醚。尽管多种分散剂可根据某些实施方案来使用，聚羧酸醚分散剂可特别适合在一些实施方案中使用。在不受理论限制的情况下，据信聚羧酸醚分散剂可协同地与延迟凝固的水泥组合物的其他组分相互作用。例如，据信聚羧酸醚分散剂可与某些凝固缓凝剂(例如，膦酸衍生物)反应，从而引起在延长的时间段内悬浮组合物中的浮石和水合石灰的凝胶的形成。As previously mentioned, embodiments of the delayed-setting cement composition may optionally include a dispersant. Examples of suitable dispersants include, but are not limited to, sulfonated formaldehyde-based dispersants and polycarboxylate ether dispersants. One example of a sulfonated formaldehyde-based dispersant that may be suitable is sulfonated acetone formaldehyde condensate, which is available as CFR™ -3 dispersant from Halliburton Energy Services, Houston, TX. An example of a polycarboxylate ether dispersant that may be suitable is ® ® , available from BASF Corporation, Houston, Texas 514L Dispersion which may contain 36% by weight polycarboxylate ether dissolved in water. Although a variety of dispersants may be used according to certain embodiments, polycarboxylate ether dispersants may be particularly suitable for use in some embodiments. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the polycarboxylate ether dispersant can interact synergistically with the other components of the delayed set cementitious composition. For example, it is believed that polycarboxylate ether dispersants can react with certain set retarders (e.g., phosphonic acid derivatives) to cause the formation of gels of pumice and hydrated lime in the suspension composition over an extended period of time .
在一些实施方案中，分散剂可以在浮石的约0.01重量％至约5重量％范围内的量包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。在具体实施方案中，分散剂可以在浮石的约0.01重量％、约0.1重量％、0.5重量％、约1重量％、约2重量％、约3重量％、约4重量％或约5重量％的任何量之间的范围内和/或包括任何量的量范围存在。受益于本公开的益处的本领域的普通技术人员将会认识到针对选定应用来包括的分散剂的适当量。In some embodiments, the dispersant may be included in the retarded-set cement composition in an amount ranging from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the pumice. In particular embodiments, the dispersant can be present at about 0.01%, about 0.1%, 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, or about 5% by weight of the pumice A range of amounts between and/or including any amount exists. Those of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of dispersant to include for a chosen application.
适合于在地下注水泥操作中使用的其他添加剂还可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案中。这类添加剂的实例包括但不限于：加重剂、轻质添加剂、产气添加剂、机械性能增强添加剂、堵漏材料、过滤控制添加剂、失液量控制添加剂、消泡剂、发泡剂、触变性添加剂和其组合。在实施方案中，这些添加剂的一种或多种可在存储之后但是在将延迟凝固的水泥组合物放置到地下地层中之前加入延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。受益于本公开的益处的本领域的普通技术人员将很容易能够确定用于特定应用并实现所需结果的添加剂的类型和量。Other additives suitable for use in subterranean cementing operations may also be included in embodiments of the delayed-set cement composition. Examples of such additives include, but are not limited to: weighting agents, lightweight additives, gas generating additives, mechanical performance enhancing additives, leak stoppage materials, filtration control additives, fluid loss control additives, defoamers, blowing agents, thixotropic Additives and combinations thereof. In embodiments, one or more of these additives may be added to the delayed-setting cement composition after storage but prior to placement of the delayed-setting cement composition in the subterranean formation. Those of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will readily be able to determine the type and amount of additive to use in a particular application and to achieve the desired result.
任选地，发泡添加剂可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中以便例如促进和/或稳定利用所述发泡添加剂所形成的所得泡沫。具体来说，水泥组合物可利用发泡添加剂和气体来发泡。发泡添加剂可包括减小水的表面张力的表面活性剂或表面活性剂的组合。例如，发泡剂可包含阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、两性表面活性剂(包括两性离子表面活性剂)、阳离子表面活性剂或其混合物。适合的发泡添加剂的实例包括但不限于：甜菜碱；阴离子表面活性剂，诸如水解角蛋白；氧化胺，诸如烷基或烯烃二甲基氧化胺；椰油酰氨基丙基二甲基氧化胺；磺酸甲酯；烷基或烯烃酰氨基甜菜碱，诸如椰油酰氨基丙基甜菜碱；α-烯烃磺酸盐；季铵型表面活性剂，诸如氯化三甲基牛脂铵和氯化三甲基可可铵；C8至C22烷基乙氧基化硫酸盐；和其组合。适合的发泡添加剂的具体实例包括但不限于：烷基醚硫酸盐的铵盐、椰油酰氨基丙基甜菜碱表面活性剂、椰油酰氨基丙基二甲基氧化胺表面活性剂、氯化钠和水的混合物；烷基醚硫酸盐表面活性剂的铵盐、椰油酰氨基丙基羟基甜菜碱表面活性剂、椰油酰氨基丙基二甲基氧化胺表面活性剂、氯化钠和水的混合物；水解角蛋白；乙氧基化醇醚硫酸盐表面活性剂、烷基或烯烃酰氨基丙基甜菜碱表面活性剂和烷基或烯烃二甲基氧化胺表面活性剂的混合物；α烯系磺酸酯表面活性剂和甜菜碱表面活性剂的水溶液；和其组合。适合的发泡添加剂的实例是可购自Halliburton Energy Services,Inc的ZONESEALANTTM2000试剂。Optionally, a foaming additive may be included in the retarded-set cement composition, for example, to facilitate and/or stabilize the resulting foam formed using the foaming additive. Specifically, the cementitious composition can be foamed using a foaming additive and a gas. The foaming additive may include a surfactant or combination of surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water. For example, the blowing agent may comprise anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants (including zwitterionic surfactants), cationic surfactants, or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable foaming additives include, but are not limited to: betaines; anionic surfactants, such as hydrolyzed keratin; amine oxides, such as alkyl or olefin dimethyl amine oxides; cocamidopropyl dimethyl amine oxides ; methyl sulfonate; alkyl or alkene amido betaine, such as cocamidopropyl betaine; alpha-olefin sulfonate; quaternary ammonium surfactants, such as trimethyl tallow ammonium chloride and chloride trimethylcocoammonium; C8 to C22 alkyl ethoxylated sulfates; and combinations thereof. Specific examples of suitable foaming additives include, but are not limited to: ammonium salts of alkyl ether sulfates, cocamidopropyl betaine surfactant, cocamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide surfactant, chlorine Mixture of Sodium Chloride and Water; Ammonium Salt of Alkyl Ether Sulfate Surfactant, Cocamidopropyl Hydroxybetaine Surfactant, Cocamidopropyl Dimethylamine Oxide Surfactant, Sodium Chloride Mixtures with water; hydrolyzed keratin; mixtures of ethoxylated alcohol ether sulfate surfactants, alkyl or alkene amidopropyl betaine surfactants and alkyl or alkene dimethylamine oxide surfactants; Aqueous solutions of alpha olefin sulfonate surfactants and betaine surfactants; and combinations thereof. An example of a suitable foaming additive is ZONESEALANT™ 2000 reagent available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
任选地，强度衰退添加剂可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中以便例如在已使水泥组合物发展抗压强度后防止在水泥组合物暴露于高温时强度的衰退。这些添加剂可允许水泥组合物按预期来形成，从而防止胶结组合物的裂纹和过早断裂。适合的强度衰退添加剂的实例可包括但不限于无定形二氧化硅、粗晶粒结晶二氧化硅、细晶粒结晶二氧化硅或其组合。Optionally, a strength decay additive may be included in the retarded-set cement composition to prevent a decline in strength when the cement composition is exposed to elevated temperatures, for example after the cement composition has been allowed to develop compressive strength. These additives may allow the cementitious composition to form as intended, thereby preventing cracking and premature failure of the cementitious composition. Examples of suitable strength decay additives may include, but are not limited to, amorphous silica, coarse grain crystalline silica, fine grain crystalline silica, or combinations thereof.
任选地，轻质添加剂可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中以便例如降低水泥组合物的密度。适合的轻质添加剂的实例包括但不限于膨润土、煤、硅藻土、膨胀珍珠岩、粉煤灰、黑沥青、中空微球、低密度弹性珠、氮、火山灰膨润土、硅酸钠、其组合或本领域已知的其他轻质添加剂。Optionally, lightweight additives may be included in the delayed-setting cement composition, for example, to reduce the density of the cement composition. Examples of suitable lightweight additives include, but are not limited to, bentonite, coal, diatomaceous earth, expanded perlite, fly ash, black pitch, hollow microspheres, low density elastic beads, nitrogen, pozzolan bentonite, sodium silicate, combinations thereof or other lightweight additives known in the art.
任选地，产气添加剂可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中以便在预先确定的时间释放气体，这可有益于防止气体在水泥组合物硬化之前从地层迁移穿过水泥组合物。所产生的气体可与水泥组合物结合或抑制水泥组合物由地层气体渗透。适合的产气添加剂的实例包括但不限于金属颗粒(例如，铝粉)，所述金属颗粒与碱性溶液反应以产生气体。Optionally, gas generating additives may be included in the delayed-set cement composition to release gas at a predetermined time, which may be beneficial in preventing migration of gas from the formation through the cement composition before the cement composition hardens. The gas produced can bind to the cement composition or inhibit the penetration of the cement composition by formation gases. Examples of suitable gas generating additives include, but are not limited to, metal particles (eg, aluminum powder) that react with the alkaline solution to generate gas.
任选地，机械性能增强添加剂可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中以便例如确保足够的抗压强度和长期结构完整性。这些特性可受应变、应力、温度、压力以及来自地下环境的撞击效应的影响。机械性能增强添加剂的实例可包括但不限于碳纤维、玻璃纤维、金属纤维、矿物纤维、二氧化硅纤维、聚合物弹性体、乳胶和其组合。Optionally, mechanical property enhancing additives may be included in the delayed-set cement composition, for example, to ensure adequate compressive strength and long-term structural integrity. These properties can be affected by strain, stress, temperature, pressure, and impact effects from the subterranean environment. Examples of mechanical property enhancing additives may include, but are not limited to, carbon fibers, glass fibers, metal fibers, mineral fibers, silica fibers, polymeric elastomers, latex, and combinations thereof.
任选地，堵漏材料可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中以便例如有助于防止进入地下地层中的流体循环损失。堵漏材料的实例包括但不限于雪松树皮、碎甘蔗茎、矿物纤维、云母片、赛璐玢、碳酸钙、废胶末、聚合物材料、塑料块、磨碎大理石、木材、坚果壳、三聚氰胺层合材料(例如，层合材料)、玉米穗轴、棉壳和其组合。Optionally, lost circulation materials may be included in the delayed-set cement composition, for example, to help prevent loss of fluid circulation into the subterranean formation. Examples of lost circulation materials include, but are not limited to, cedar bark, crushed sugarcane stalks, mineral fibers, mica flakes, cellophane, calcium carbonate, rubber waste, polymeric materials, plastic blocks, ground marble, wood, nut shells, Melamine laminates (for example, laminates), corn cobs, cotton hulls, and combinations thereof.
任选地，失液量控制添加剂可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中以便例如降低流失到地下地层中的流体的体积。水泥组合物的特性可受到其含水量的显著影响。流体的损失可使水泥组合物遭受设计特性的降级或完全失效。适合的失液量控制添加剂的实例包括但不限于某些聚合物，诸如羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基羟乙基纤维素、2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸和丙烯酰胺或N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺的聚合物，以及接枝共聚物，所述接枝共聚物包含木质素或褐煤的主链和侧基，所述侧基包括选自由以下组成的组的至少一个成员：2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸、丙烯腈和N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺。Optionally, fluid loss control additives may be included in the delayed set cement composition, for example, to reduce the volume of fluid lost into the subterranean formation. The properties of a cement composition can be significantly affected by its water content. Loss of fluid can subject cementitious compositions to degradation of designed properties or complete failure. Examples of suitable fluid loss control additives include, but are not limited to, certain polymers such as hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, and acrylamide or a polymer of N,N-dimethylacrylamide, and a graft copolymer comprising a main chain of lignin or lignite and side groups comprising a group selected from the group consisting of At least one member: 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acrylonitrile and N,N-dimethylacrylamide.
任选地，消泡添加剂可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中以便例如在水泥组合物的混合和泵送期间降低水泥组合物发泡的趋势。适合的消泡添加剂的实例包括但不限于多元醇有机硅化合物。适合的消泡添加剂可以产品名D-AIRTM消泡剂购自Halliburton Energy Services,Inc。Optionally, antifoaming additives may be included in the delayed-setting cement composition to reduce the tendency of the cement composition to foam, for example, during mixing and pumping of the cement composition. Examples of suitable antifoam additives include, but are not limited to, polyol silicone compounds. Suitable antifoam additives are commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc under the product designation D-AIR™ Antifoam.
任选地，触变性添加剂可包括在延迟凝固的水泥组合物中以便例如提供可作为稀流体或低粘度流体泵送，但在使之保持静态时获得相对高粘度的水泥组合物。除了其他情况外，触变性添加剂可用来帮助控制游离水，随着浆液凝固而产生快速胶凝作用，抵抗循环量损失，防止环状柱中的“落后”，并且最小化气体迁移。适合的触变性添加剂的实例包括但不限于石膏、水溶性羧基烷基纤维素、羟烷基纤维素、混合羧基烷基羟烷基纤维素、多价金属盐、具有羟乙基纤维素的氯氧化锆或其组合。Optionally, thixotropic additives may be included in the delayed-setting cement composition, for example to provide a cement composition that is pumpable as a dilute or low viscosity fluid, but achieves a relatively high viscosity when left static. Among other things, thixotropic additives can be used to help control free water, produce rapid gelation as the slurry sets, resist loss of circulation volume, prevent "lagging" in annular columns, and minimize gas migration. Examples of suitable thixotropic additives include, but are not limited to, gypsum, water-soluble carboxyalkyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose, mixed carboxyalkyl hydroxyalkyl cellulose, polyvalent metal salts, chlorine with hydroxyethyl cellulose Zirconia or combinations thereof.
本领域的普通技术人员将理解延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案应通常具有适合用于特定应用的密度。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可具有约4磅每加仑(“lb/gal”)至约20lb/gal范围内的密度。在某些实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可具有约8lb/gal至约17lb/gal范围内的密度。延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可为发泡的或未发泡的，或者可包含其他方式来降低它们的密度，诸如中空微球、低密度弹性珠或本领域已知的其他降低密度的添加剂。在实施方案中，密度可在存储组合物之后，但在放置在地下地层之前被降低。受益于本公开的益处的本领域的普通技术人员将会认识到用于特定应用的适当密度。Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that embodiments of delayed-set cement compositions should generally have a density suitable for a particular application. For example, the delayed-set cement composition can have a density in the range of about 4 pounds per gallon ("lb/gal") to about 20 lb/gal. In certain embodiments, the delayed-set cement composition may have a density in the range of about 8 lb/gal to about 17 lb/gal. Embodiments of the delayed-setting cementitious compositions may be foamed or unfoamed, or may contain other means to reduce their density, such as hollow microspheres, low-density elastomeric beads, or other density-reducing compounds known in the art. additive. In embodiments, the density may be reduced after storing the composition, but prior to placement in a subterranean formation. Those of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate density for a particular application.
如先前所提及，延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可快速产生静态凝胶强度。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可由约50℉至约200℉下的至少约100lb/100ft2至约500lb/100ft2的静态凝胶强度来表征。另举一例，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可由约50℉至约200℉下的至少约200lb/100ft2至约350lb/100ft2的静态凝胶强度来表征。As previously mentioned, embodiments of the delayed-setting cement composition can rapidly develop static gel strength. For example, a delayed-setting cement composition can be characterized by a static gel strength of at least about 100 lb/100ft2 to about 500 lb/100ft2 at about 50°F to about 200°F. As another example, a delayed-setting cement composition can be characterized by a static gel strength of at least about 200 lb/100ft2 to about 350 lb/100ft2 at about 50°F to about 200°F.
如先前所提及，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可具有延迟的凝固，只要它们保持在可泵送流体状态达延长时间段即可。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可在例如约100℉的温度下保持在可泵送流体状态达约1天至约7天或更长的一段时间。在一些实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可在例如约100℉的温度下保持在可泵送流体状态达至少约1天、约7天、约10天、约20天、约30天、约40天、约50天、约60天或更长。在流体具有小于70伯登稠度单位(“Bc”)的稠度的情况下，所述流体被认为处于可泵送流体状态，所述稠度是在室温(例如80℉)下，根据API RP Practice 10B-2,Recommended Practice for Testing WellCements,第一版,2005年7月中阐述的用于测定水泥增稠时间的程序在高温高压稠度计上测量。As previously mentioned, delayed-set cement compositions can have delayed set as long as they remain in a pumpable fluid state for an extended period of time. For example, the delayed-setting cement composition may remain in a pumpable fluid state at a temperature of, for example, about 100°F for a period of time from about 1 day to about 7 days or longer. In some embodiments, the delayed-setting cement composition can be maintained in a pumpable fluid state at a temperature of, for example, about 100°F for at least about 1 day, about 7 days, about 10 days, about 20 days, about 30 days, About 40 days, about 50 days, about 60 days or longer. A fluid is considered to be in a pumpable fluid state when it has a consistency of less than 70 Bourden units of consistency ("Bc"), at room temperature (e.g., 80°F), according to API RP Practice 10B -2, Recommended Practice for Testing WellCements, First Edition, July 2005 The procedure for determining the cement thickening time is measured on a high temperature and high pressure consistency meter.
当需要使用时，延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可被活化(例如，通过与水泥凝固活化剂组合)来由此凝固成硬化块。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可被活化来在约2小时至约12小时范围内的时间段中凝固以形成硬化块。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可凝固来在约2小时、约4小时、约6小时、约8小时、约10小时或约12小时的任何时间之间的范围内和/或包括任何时间的时间段内形成硬化块。在活化之后，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可产生在约50psi至约5000psi、替代地在约100psi至约4500psi或替代地在约500psi至约4000psi范围内的24小时抗压强度。在一些实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可在24小时内产生至少约50psi、至少约100psi、至少约500psi或更大的抗压强度。抗压强度可根据API RP 10B-2,Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements,第一版,2005年7月，在140℉下、在维持在3000psi下的同时使用UCA来确定。When desired for use, embodiments of delayed-setting cement compositions may be activated (eg, by combination with a cement-setting activator) to thereby set into a hardened mass. For example, embodiments of the delayed-set cement composition may be activated to set to form a hardened mass over a period of time ranging from about 2 hours to about 12 hours. For example, embodiments of the delayed-setting cement composition may set to range between any time of about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours, or about 12 hours and/or include A hardened mass forms over any period of time. After activation, the delayed-set cement composition can develop a 24-hour compressive strength in the range of about 50 psi to about 5000 psi, alternatively about 100 psi to about 4500 psi, or alternatively about 500 psi to about 4000 psi. In some embodiments, the delayed-set cement composition can develop a compressive strength of at least about 50 psi, at least about 100 psi, at least about 500 psi, or greater within 24 hours. Compressive strength may be determined according to API RP 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements, First Edition, July 2005, using UCA while maintained at 3000 psi at 140°F.
实施方案可包括将水泥凝固活化剂加入延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。适合的水泥凝固活化剂的实例包括但不限于：氯化钙、三乙醇胺、硅酸钠、甲酸锌、乙酸钙、氢氧化钠、一价盐、纳米二氧化硅(即，具有小于或等于约100纳米的粒度的二氧化硅)、多磷酸盐和其组合。在一些实施方案中，多磷酸盐和一价盐的组合可用于活化。所使用的一价盐可以是解离来形成一价阳离子的任何盐，诸如钠盐和钾盐。适合的一价盐的具体实例包括硫酸钾、氯化钙和硫酸钠。多种不同的多磷酸盐可与一价盐组合使用以用于延迟凝固的水泥组合物的活化，所述多磷酸盐包括例如偏磷酸聚合物盐、磷酸盐和其组合。可以使用的聚合的偏磷酸盐的具体实例包括六偏磷酸钠、三偏磷酸钠、四偏磷酸钠、五偏磷酸钠、七偏磷酸钠、八偏磷酸钠和其组合。适合的水泥凝固活化剂的具体实例包含硫酸钠和六偏磷酸钠的组合。在特定实施方案中，可提供活化剂并将活化剂作为液体添加剂加入延迟凝固的水泥组合物中，所述液体添加剂例如包含一价盐、多磷酸盐和任选地分散剂的液体添加剂。Embodiments may include adding cement set activators to delayed set cement compositions. Examples of suitable cement-setting activators include, but are not limited to: calcium chloride, triethanolamine, sodium silicate, zinc formate, calcium acetate, sodium hydroxide, monovalent salts, nanosilica (i.e., having a concentration less than or equal to about 100 nm particle size silica), polyphosphates, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a combination of polyphosphates and monovalent salts may be used for activation. The monovalent salt used may be any salt that dissociates to form a monovalent cation, such as sodium and potassium salts. Specific examples of suitable monovalent salts include potassium sulfate, calcium chloride and sodium sulfate. A variety of polyphosphates can be used in combination with monovalent salts for activation of delayed set cementitious compositions including, for example, metaphosphate polymer salts, phosphate salts, and combinations thereof. Specific examples of polymeric metaphosphates that may be used include sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate, sodium tetrametaphosphate, sodium pentametaphosphate, sodium heptametaphosphate, sodium octametaphosphate, and combinations thereof. Specific examples of suitable cement set activators include combinations of sodium sulfate and sodium hexametaphosphate. In particular embodiments, an activator may be provided and added to the delayed-set cement composition as a liquid additive, such as a liquid additive comprising a monovalent salt, a polyphosphate, and optionally a dispersant.
水泥凝固活化剂应以足以活化可延长凝固的水泥组合物凝固成硬化块的量加入延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案中。在某些实施方案中，水泥凝固活化剂可以在浮石的约1重量％至约20重量％范围内的量加入延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。在具体实施方案中，水泥凝固活化剂可以在浮石的约1重量％、约5重量％、约10重量％、约15重量％或约20重量％的任何量之间的范围内和/或包括任何量的量存在。受益于本公开的益处的本领域的普通技术人员将会认识到针对选定应用来包括的水泥凝固活化剂的适当量。The cement-setting activator should be added to the delayed-setting cement composition embodiments in an amount sufficient to activate the prolonged-setting cement composition to set into a hardened mass. In certain embodiments, the cement set activator may be added to the delayed-set cement composition in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the pumice. In particular embodiments, the cement set activator can range between any amount of about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, or about 20% by weight of the pumice and/or include Amounts of any amount are present. Those of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of cement-setting activator to include for a selected application.
如本领域的普通技术人员将理解的，延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可用于多种地下操作中，包括钻井、流体更换和初次注水泥以及补注水泥。总的来说，这些类型的操作可使用延迟凝固的水泥组合物作为“处理流体”。如本文所使用，术语“处理(treatment)”或“处理(treating)”流体是指结合所需功能和/或达到所需目的来使用流体的任何地下操作。术语“处理(treatment)”或“处理(treating)”不暗示由流体进行的任何特定动作。As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, embodiments of delayed-setting cement compositions may be used in a variety of subterranean operations, including drilling, fluid replacement, and primary and re-cementing. Collectively, these types of operations may use delayed-set cement compositions as "treatment fluids." As used herein, the term "treatment" or "treating" a fluid refers to any subterranean operation that uses a fluid in conjunction with a desired function and/or to achieve a desired purpose. The terms "treatment" or "treating" do not imply any specific action by the fluid.
在一些实施方案中，可提供包含水、浮石、水合石灰、凝固缓凝剂和任选地分散剂的延迟凝固的水泥组合物。延迟凝固的水泥组合物可存储在例如器皿或其他适合的容器中。可允许延迟凝固的水泥组合物保持存储达所需时间段。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可保持存储达约1天或更长的时间段。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可保持存储达约1天、约2天、约5天、约7天、约10天、约20天、约30天、约40天、约50天、约60天或更长的时间段。在一些实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可保持存储达约1天至约7天或更长范围的时间段。然后，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可例如通过添加水泥凝固活化剂而活化，引入地下地层中并且使其在地下地层中凝固。In some embodiments, a delayed-set cement composition comprising water, pumice, hydrated lime, a set retarder, and optionally a dispersant may be provided. The delayed-setting cement composition may be stored, for example, in a vessel or other suitable container. The delayed-setting cement composition may be allowed to remain in storage for a desired period of time. For example, the delayed-setting cement composition can be kept in storage for a period of about 1 day or longer. For example, the delayed setting cement composition can be kept in storage for about 1 day, about 2 days, about 5 days, about 7 days, about 10 days, about 20 days, about 30 days, about 40 days, about 50 days, about 60 days days or longer. In some embodiments, the delayed-setting cement composition can be kept in storage for a period of time ranging from about 1 day to about 7 days or longer. The delayed-setting cement composition can then be activated, eg, by adding a cement-setting activator, introduced into the subterranean formation and allowed to set in the subterranean formation.
延迟凝固的水泥组合物可包括将对于用作井漏处理流体有益的特性。例如，堵漏组合物可在短时间框内产生静态凝胶强度，从而允许所述堵漏组合物在井漏控制方面实现有效性。另举一例，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可凝固来形成硬化块，所述硬化块具有足够的抗压强度来支撑井结构。此外，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可具有触变性(例如，剪切稀化性或剪切敏感性)使得流体应保持可泵送状态足够长时间以供放置，但是当处于静态时应快速产生凝胶强度。The delayed-setting cement composition may include properties that would be beneficial for use as a lost circulation fluid. For example, lost circulation compositions can develop static gel strength within a short time frame, allowing the lost circulation compositions to achieve effectiveness in lost circulation control. As another example, a delayed-setting cement composition can set to form a hardened mass having sufficient compressive strength to support a well structure. In addition, delayed-setting cement compositions can be thixotropic (e.g., shear-thinning or shear-sensitive) such that the fluid should remain pumpable long enough to be placed, but should rapidly set when at rest. Glue strength.
因此，实施方案提供包含延迟凝固的水泥组合物的井漏处理流体。井漏处理流体可在地下地层中钻探井筒的过程中使用；井漏处理流体可包含延迟凝固的水泥组合物，所述延迟凝固的水泥组合物可包含水、浮石、水合石灰、凝固缓凝剂和任选地分散剂。井漏处理流体还可包含水泥凝固活化剂。井漏处理流体可用于减少钻井液进入地下地层的井漏区中的漏失。在其他实施方案中，井漏处理流体可在任何时间以及任何井筒操作期间使用。井漏处理流体可用来减少任何处理流体到任何地层特征的漏失。Accordingly, embodiments provide a lost circulation fluid comprising a delayed-setting cement composition. The lost circulation treatment fluid may be used during the drilling of a wellbore in a subterranean formation; the lost circulation treatment fluid may comprise a delayed-setting cement composition which may comprise water, pumice, hydrated lime, a setting retarder and optionally a dispersant. The lost circulation fluid may also contain cement setting activators. Lost circulation management fluids may be used to reduce the loss of drilling fluid into the lost circulation zone of a subterranean formation. In other embodiments, the lost circulation management fluid may be used at any time and during any wellbore operation. Lost circulation treatment fluids can be used to reduce the loss of any treatment fluid to any formation feature.
井漏处理流体可以是触变性剪切稀化流体。触变性流体通常被描述为在流动停止时变得更粘稠的流体。通常可产生凝胶，所述凝胶需要足够的剪切应力来克服这种静态胶凝现象以便使流动开始。一旦流动开始，剪切稀化或假塑性流体是其表观粘度(表观粘度被定义为剪切应力与剪切速率的比率)随着剪切速率的增加而降低的一种流体。胀性(剪切稠化)流体是其表观粘度随着剪切速率的增加而增加的流体。赫谢尔-巴尔克莱(HB)流体模型可用来以粘度测量方式将流体分类为剪切稀化(假塑性)的或剪切增稠(胀性)的。HB模型表示为：The lost circulation management fluid may be a thixotropic shear thinning fluid. Thixotropic fluids are generally described as fluids that become more viscous when flow ceases. Gels can often be produced which require sufficient shear stress to overcome this static gelation for flow to begin. Once flow begins, a shear-thinning or pseudoplastic fluid is one whose apparent viscosity (apparent viscosity is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate) decreases as the shear rate increases. Dilatant (shear thickening) fluids are fluids whose apparent viscosity increases with increasing shear rate. The Herschel-Balkley (HB) fluid model can be used to classify fluids viscometrically as shear thinning (pseudoplastic) or shear thickening (dilatation). The HB model is expressed as:
τ＝μ∞γn+τ0τ=μ∞ γn +τ0
其中τ是剪切应力，μ∞是流体的稠度系数，γ是剪切速率，n是剪切稀化指数并且τ0是屈服应力。小于1的剪切稀化指数指示流体是剪切稀化的，而大于1的n的值指示流体是剪切稠化的。因此，当根据赫谢尔-巴尔克莱模型测量时，剪切稀化流体必须具有小于1的剪切稀化指数。井漏处理流体的触变性和剪切稀化双重性质将因此在暴露于泵送的搅动(或任何其他搅动)的同时保持为流体，然而，当井漏处理流体流入井漏区并且远离搅动源时，井漏处理流体将稠化来密封井漏区并且防止流体迁移进入相邻于密封井漏区流动的任何流体的井漏区中。where τ is the shear stress,μ∞ is the consistency coefficient of the fluid, γ is the shear rate, n is the shear thinning exponent andτ0 is the yield stress. A shear thinning index of less than 1 indicates that the fluid is shear thinning, while a value of n greater than 1 indicates that the fluid is shear thickening. Thus, a shear-thinning fluid must have a shear-thinning exponent of less than 1 when measured according to the Herschel-Burkley model. The dual thixotropic and shear-thinning nature of the lost circulation management fluid will thus remain fluid while exposed to pumped agitation (or any other agitation), however, when the lost circulation management fluid flows into the lost circulation zone and away from the source of the agitation , the lost circulation treatment fluid will thicken to seal the lost circulation zone and prevent fluid migration into the lost circulation zone of any fluid flowing adjacent to the sealed lost circulation zone.
在井漏处理流体实施方案中，可使用包含延迟凝固的水泥组合物的井漏处理流体。例如，井漏处理流体实施方案包含本文描述的所公开延迟凝固的水泥组合物的制剂。在实施方案中，井漏处理流体可完全由延迟凝固的水泥组合物构成。因此，在实施方案中，所公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物可用来例如通过在钻探井筒的同时循环延迟凝固的水泥组合物而减少地下地层中处理流体的漏失，井漏处理流体可减少钻井液到地下地层的井漏区的漏失。实施方案可提供在地下地层中钻探井筒的方法，所述方法包括：在钻探井筒的同时在所述井筒中循环包含延迟凝固的水泥组合物的井漏处理流体，其中所述延迟凝固的水泥组合物包含：浮石、水合石灰、凝固缓凝剂和水。在其他实施方案中，允许延迟凝固的水泥组合物的所有或一部分在地下地层的井漏区中凝固。In lost circulation fluid embodiments, a lost circulation fluid comprising a delayed setting cement composition may be used. For example, lost circulation fluid embodiments comprise formulations of the disclosed delayed-set cement compositions described herein. In embodiments, the lost circulation fluid may consist entirely of a delayed-setting cement composition. Thus, in embodiments, the disclosed delayed-setting cement compositions can be used to reduce the loss of treatment fluids in subterranean formations, for example, by circulating the delayed-setting cement compositions while drilling a wellbore, the lost circulation treatment fluids reducing the amount of drilling fluid lost. Loss to a lost circulation zone of a subsurface formation. Embodiments may provide a method of drilling a wellbore in a subterranean formation, the method comprising: circulating a lost circulation treatment fluid comprising a delayed-setting cement composition in the wellbore while drilling the wellbore, wherein the delayed-setting cement composition Contains: pumice, hydrated lime, setting retarder and water. In other embodiments, all or a portion of the delayed-set cement composition is allowed to set in the lost circulation zone of the subterranean formation.
在任选的井漏处理流体实施方案中，硫酸铝(即Al2(SO4)3)可用来增强井漏处理流体的流变性。这种增强可通过应用早前描述的赫谢尔-巴尔克莱模型来测量，其中硫酸铝的添加诱导剪切稀化指数的值的净减小。井漏处理流体可包含呈浮石的约0.1重量％至约10重量％的量的硫酸铝。在具体实施方案中，硫酸铝可以在浮石的约0.1重量％、约0.5重量％、约1重量％、约2重量％、约5重量％、约7重量％或约10重量％的任何量之间的范围内和/或包括任何量的量存在。受益于本公开的益处的本领域的普通技术人员将认识到针对选定应用来包括的硫酸铝的适当量。硫酸铝在井漏处理流体中诱导钙矾石的形成。在不受理论限制的情况下，据信钙矾石形成针状晶体，所述针状晶体的流动特性诱导触变性，因为它们在剪切场中对准并且在静态时变得随机化。因此，在实施方案中，诱导钙矾石的形成的任何其他材料可以类似于硫酸铝的方式使用。In an optional lost circulation fluid embodiment, aluminum sulfate (ie, Al2 (SO4 )3 ) may be used to enhance the rheology of the lost circulation fluid. This enhancement can be measured by applying the Herschel-Bulkley model described earlier, where the addition of aluminum sulfate induces a net decrease in the value of the shear thinning index. The lost circulation treatment fluid may comprise aluminum sulfate in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the pumice. In particular embodiments, the aluminum sulfate can be present in any amount of about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 7%, or about 10% by weight of the pumice There is an amount within a range between and/or including any amount. Those of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of aluminum sulfate to include for a selected application. Aluminum sulfate induces ettringite formation in lost circulation treatment fluids. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that ettringite forms needle-like crystals whose flow properties induce thixotropy as they align in a shear field and become randomized at rest. Thus, in embodiments, any other material that induces the formation of ettringite may be used in a manner similar to aluminum sulfate.
如先前所提及，通常会遇到井漏区，钻井液可能漏失到所述井漏区中。因此，钻井通常必须利用修补程序的实现而终止，例如。根据实施方案，井漏处理流体可用来密封井漏区以便防止处理流体不受控制地流入或流出井漏区，例如钻井液循环漏失、交叉流动、地下井喷等等。在实施方案中，可制备包含延迟凝固的水泥组合物的井漏处理流体。在制备之后，井漏处理流体可被引入井漏区中。在实施方案中，井漏处理流体被泵送通过位于钻管的管柱末端处的一个或多个开口。例如，井漏处理流体可被泵送通过钻头。一旦放置到井漏处理流体中，井漏处理流体应凝固来在井漏区内部形成硬化块。这种硬化块应密封所述区域并且控制随后泵送的钻井液的漏失，所述随后泵送的钻井液允许用于持续钻井。除了钻井液之外，井漏处理流体的实施方案还可用来控制在利用其他处理流体的情况下遇到的井漏问题，所述其他处理流体例如隔离液、完井液(例如，完井盐水)、压裂液和可放置到井筒中的水泥组合物(延迟凝固或其他类型)。As previously mentioned, lost circulation zones are commonly encountered into which drilling fluid may be lost. Therefore, drilling usually has to be terminated with the implementation of a patch, eg. According to embodiments, the lost circulation treatment fluid may be used to seal the lost circulation zone to prevent uncontrolled flow of treatment fluid into or out of the lost circulation zone, such as drilling fluid circulation loss, cross flow, subterranean blowout, and the like. In embodiments, a lost circulation fluid may be prepared comprising a delayed-setting cement composition. After preparation, the lost circulation treatment fluid can be introduced into the lost circulation zone. In an embodiment, lost circulation management fluid is pumped through one or more openings at the end of the string of drill pipe. For example, lost circulation treatment fluid may be pumped through the drill bit. Once placed in the lost circulation management fluid, the lost circulation management fluid should solidify to form a hardened mass inside the lost circulation zone. This hardened mass should seal the area and control the loss of subsequent pumped drilling fluid that allows for continued drilling. In addition to drilling fluids, lost circulation management fluid embodiments may also be used to control lost circulation problems encountered with other treatment fluids, such as spacer fluids, completion fluids (e.g., completion brine ), fracturing fluids, and cement compositions (delayed setting or other types) that can be placed into the wellbore.
可提供密封井漏区的方法。方法可包括在井筒中循环井漏处理流体，其中井漏处理流体包含浮石、水合石灰、凝固缓凝剂和水；以及使井漏处理流体在井漏区中凝固以便密封所述井漏区。在密封井漏的这种方法中使用的井漏处理流体可含有本文描述的井漏处理流体的实施方案的各种特征。A method of sealing a lost circulation zone may be provided. The method may include circulating a lost circulation management fluid in the wellbore, wherein the lost circulation management fluid comprises pumice, hydrated lime, a set retarder, and water; and setting the lost circulation treatment fluid in the lost circulation zone to seal the lost circulation zone. The lost circulation management fluid used in this method of sealing a lost circulation may contain various features of the embodiments of the lost circulation management fluid described herein.
可提供井漏处理流体。井漏处理流体可包含浮石、水合石灰、凝固缓凝剂和水。井漏处理流体可含有本文描述的井漏处理流体的实施方案的各种特征。Lost circulation fluids are available. The lost circulation treatment fluid may comprise pumice, hydrated lime, setting retarder and water. The lost circulation management fluid may contain various features of the embodiments of the lost circulation management fluid described herein.
可提供密封地下地层中的井漏区的系统。系统可包括用于放置到井漏区中的井漏处理流体。井漏处理流体可包含浮石、水合石灰和凝固缓凝剂。井漏处理流体还可包括能够混合井漏处理流体的混合设备；以及能够将井漏处理流体泵送到井漏区中的泵送设备。A system may be provided for sealing a lost circulation zone in a subterranean formation. The system can include a lost circulation treatment fluid for placement into the lost circulation zone. The lost circulation treatment fluid may contain pumice, hydrated lime, and a set retarder. The lost circulation management fluid may also include a mixing device capable of mixing the lost circulation management fluid; and a pumping device capable of pumping the lost circulation management fluid into the lost circulation zone.
图1示出用于在钻井设备存在于井筒116中的同时将井漏处理流体122引入井漏区125中的示例性技术，所述井漏处理流体122包含本文公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物。例如，当需要减少钻井液进入井漏区125中的漏失时，可使用这样的实施方案。因此，包含本文所公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物的示例性井漏处理流体可直接或间接影响与所公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物的制备、输送、取回(recapture)、再循环、重复使用和/或处置相关联的设备的一个或多个部件或零件。例如并参考图1，根据一个或多个实施方案，井漏处理流体122可直接或间接影响与示例性井筒钻井组件100相关联的设备的一个或多个部件或零件。应注意，尽管图1大体上示出陆上钻井组件，但是本领域的技术人员将容易认识到，在不脱离本公开的范围的情况下，本文描述的原理同等地适用于水下钻井操作，所述水下钻井操作采用浮动或海上平台和钻机。1 illustrates an exemplary technique for introducing a lost circulation management fluid 122 comprising the delayed-setting cement composition disclosed herein into a lost circulation zone 125 while drilling equipment is present in the wellbore 116 . Such an embodiment may be used, for example, when it is desired to reduce the loss of drilling fluid into the lost circulation zone 125 . Accordingly, exemplary lost circulation treatment fluids comprising the delayed-setting cement compositions disclosed herein can directly or indirectly affect the preparation, delivery, recapture, recirculation, and repetition of the disclosed delayed-setting cement compositions. Use and/or dispose of one or more components or parts of an associated device. For example and with reference to FIG. 1 , lost circulation treatment fluid 122 may directly or indirectly affect one or more components or parts of equipment associated with exemplary wellbore drilling assembly 100 , according to one or more embodiments. It should be noted that although FIG. 1 generally illustrates an onshore drilling assembly, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the principles described herein are equally applicable to subsea drilling operations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, The subsea drilling operations employ floating or offshore platforms and drilling rigs.
如图所示，钻井组件100可包括支撑井架104的钻井平台102，所述井架104具有用于升起和降低钻柱108的游动滑车106。钻柱108可包括但不限于钻杆和连续油管，如本领域的技术人员通常已知的。方钻杆110在钻柱108通过旋转台112降低时支撑钻柱108。钻头114被附接到钻柱108的远端并且通过井下马达和/或由钻柱108从井表面的旋转来驱动。当钻头114旋转时，所述钻头产生穿透各种地下地层118的井筒116。As shown, the drilling assembly 100 may include a drilling platform 102 supporting a derrick 104 having a traveling block 106 for raising and lowering a drill string 108 . Drill string 108 may include, but is not limited to, drill pipe and coiled tubing, as generally known to those skilled in the art. The kelly 110 supports the drill string 108 as the drill string 108 is lowered by the rotary table 112 . Drill bit 114 is attached to the distal end of drill string 108 and is driven by a downhole motor and/or by rotation of drill string 108 from the well surface. As the drill bit 114 rotates, the drill bit creates a wellbore 116 that penetrates various subterranean formations 118 .
泵120(例如，泥浆泵)使井漏处理流体122循环通过进料管124并循环到方钻杆110，所述方钻杆110将井漏处理流体122向井下运送通过钻柱108的内部并且通过钻头114中的一个或多个孔口。井漏处理流体122可在将钻井液或其他处理流体(未示出)引入井筒之前、同时或之后被引入。井漏处理流体122可接着接触井漏区125。接触井漏区125的井漏处理流体122可不再暴露于足够的剪切力以便保持为流体，并且一旦静止，井漏处理流体122可稠化来密封井漏区125并且最终凝固来形成硬化块。不接触井漏区125的井漏处理流体122可接着在存在或不存在另一种流体(例如，钻井液)的情况下，由界定在钻柱108与井筒116的壁之间的环带126循环回到地面。在地面处，再循环或用过的井漏处理流体122退出环带126并且可由互连流动管线130运送到一个或多个流体处理单元128。在通过流体处理单元128之后，“被清洁的”井漏处理流体122可沉积到邻近保持坑132(即，泥坑)中。尽管被示出为由环带126布置在井筒116的出口处，但是本领域的技术人员将容易理解，在不脱离本公开的范围的范围的情况下，流体处理单元128可被布置在钻井组件100中的任何其他位置处以便利于其正确功能。A pump 120 (e.g., a mud pump) circulates the lost circulation treatment fluid 122 through the feed tube 124 and to the kelly 110, which carries the lost circulation treatment fluid 122 downhole through the interior of the drill string 108 and through one or more apertures in the drill bit 114 . Lost circulation treatment fluid 122 may be introduced before, simultaneously with, or after introducing drilling fluid or other treatment fluid (not shown) into the wellbore. Lost circulation treatment fluid 122 may then contact lost circulation region 125 . The lost circulation treatment fluid 122 that contacts the lost circulation zone 125 may no longer be exposed to sufficient shear forces to remain fluid, and once at rest, the lost circulation treatment fluid 122 may thicken to seal the lost circulation zone 125 and eventually solidify to form a hardened mass . The lost circulation treatment fluid 122 that does not contact the lost circulation zone 125 may then be injected from the annulus 126 defined between the drill string 108 and the wall of the wellbore 116 in the presence or absence of another fluid (e.g., drilling fluid). Loop back to the ground. At the surface, recirculated or spent lost circulation treatment fluid 122 exits annulus 126 and may be transported by interconnecting flow lines 130 to one or more fluid treatment units 128 . After passing through the fluid treatment unit 128, the "cleaned" lost circulation treatment fluid 122 may be deposited into an adjacent holding pit 132 (ie, a mud pit). Although shown as being disposed at the outlet of the wellbore 116 by the annulus 126, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the fluid handling unit 128 may be disposed in the drilling assembly without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 100 in any other position to facilitate its correct function.
在实施方案中，包含本文公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物的井漏处理流体122可被加入混合漏斗134中，所述混合漏斗134可以连通方式联接到保持坑132或以其他方式与保持坑132流体连通。混合漏斗134可包括但不限于混合器和本领域的技术人员通常已知的相关混合设备。在替代实施方案中，井漏处理流体122可不被加入混合漏斗中。在至少一个实施方案中，例如，可存在超过一个保持坑132，诸如串联的多个保持坑132。此外，保持坑132可表示一个或多个流体存储设施和/或单元，其中可存储、重新调整和/或调节所公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物直到需要使用时为止，例如，需要用作井漏处理流体122为止。In embodiments, lost circulation treatment fluid 122 comprising a delayed setting cement composition disclosed herein may be added to mixing funnel 134, which may be communicatively coupled to or otherwise communicated with holding well 132. fluid communication. Mixing funnel 134 may include, but is not limited to, mixers and related mixing equipment generally known to those skilled in the art. In alternative embodiments, lost circulation fluid 122 may not be added to the mixing funnel. In at least one embodiment, for example, there may be more than one retention pit 132 , such as a plurality of retention pits 132 in series. Additionally, holding pit 132 may represent one or more fluid storage facilities and/or units in which the disclosed delayed-setting cement compositions may be stored, reconditioned, and/or conditioned until required for use, e.g., as required for use as a well until the treatment fluid 122 is leaked.
如上文所提及，包含本文公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物的所公开的井漏处理流体122可直接或间接影响钻井组件100的部件和设备。例如，所公开的井漏处理流体122可直接或间接影响流体处理单元128，所述流体处理单元128可包括但不限于以下各项中的一个或多个：振动器(例如，页岩振动器)、离心机、水力旋流器、分离器(包括磁分离器和电分离器)、除泥器、除砂器、分离器、过滤器(例如，硅藻土过滤器)、换热器、任何流体回收设备。流体处理单元128还可包括用来存储、监测、调节和/或重新调整示例性井漏处理流体122的一个或多个传感器、计量器具、泵、压缩机等等。As mentioned above, the disclosed lost circulation fluid 122 comprising the delayed-setting cement composition disclosed herein can directly or indirectly affect the components and equipment of the drilling assembly 100 . For example, the disclosed lost circulation treatment fluid 122 can directly or indirectly affect a fluid treatment unit 128, which can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: a vibrator (e.g., a shale vibrator ), centrifuges, hydrocyclones, separators (including magnetic separators and electric separators), desilters, desanders, separators, filters (eg diatomaceous earth filters), heat exchangers, Any fluid recovery equipment. The fluid handling unit 128 may also include one or more sensors, meters, pumps, compressors, etc. for storing, monitoring, regulating, and/or reconditioning the exemplary lost circulation treatment fluid 122 .
井漏处理流体122可直接或间接影响：泵120，所述泵120代表性地包括用来以流体方式向井下运送井漏处理流体122的任何管道、管路、卡车、管件和/或管具；用来驱动井漏处理流体122运动的任何泵、压缩机或马达(例如，在井上或井下)；用来调节井漏处理流体122的压力或流率的任何阀门或相关接头；以及任何传感器(即，压力传感器、温度传感器、流率传感器等)、计量器具和/或其组合等等。所公开的井漏处理流体122还可直接或间接影响混合漏斗134和保持坑132和它们的分类变化形式。Lost circulation treatment fluid 122 may directly or indirectly affect: Pump 120, which typically includes any pipe, line, truck, tubing, and/or tubing used to fluidly transport lost circulation treatment fluid 122 downhole ; any pumps, compressors, or motors (e.g., uphole or downhole) used to drive movement of the lost circulation treatment fluid 122; any valves or related connections used to regulate the pressure or flow rate of the lost circulation treatment fluid 122; and any sensors (ie, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, flow rate sensors, etc.), gauges, and/or combinations thereof, and the like. The disclosed lost circulation treatment fluid 122 can also directly or indirectly affect the mixing funnel 134 and holding well 132 and their assortment variations.
所公开的井漏处理流体122还可直接或间接影响可与井漏处理流体122进行接触的各种井下设备和工具，所述井下设备和工具诸如但不限于钻柱108、任何漂浮物、钻铤、泥浆马达、与钻柱108相关联的井下马达和/或泵和与钻柱108相关联的任何MWD/LWD工具和相关的遥测设备、传感器或分布式传感器。所公开的井漏处理流体122还可直接或间接影响与井筒116相关联的任何井下换热器、阀门和对应致动装置、工具密封件、封隔器(packer)和其他井筒隔离装置或部件等等。所公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物还可直接或间接影响钻头114，所述钻头114可包括但不限于牙轮钻头、PDC钻头、天然金刚石钻头、任何扩眼器、钻孔器、取芯钻头等。The disclosed lost circulation management fluid 122 can also directly or indirectly affect various downhole equipment and tools that can come into contact with the lost circulation management fluid 122, such as, but not limited to, the drill string 108, any floating objects, drill Collars, mud motors, downhole motors and/or pumps associated with the drill string 108 and any MWD/LWD tools associated with the drill string 108 and associated telemetry devices, sensors or distributed sensors. The disclosed lost circulation treatment fluid 122 can also directly or indirectly affect any downhole heat exchangers, valves and corresponding actuators, tool seals, packers, and other wellbore isolation devices or components associated with the wellbore 116 etc. The disclosed delayed setting cement compositions may also directly or indirectly affect drill bits 114 which may include, but are not limited to, roller cone bits, PDC bits, natural diamond bits, any reamers, reamers, coring bits Wait.
尽管本文未明确示出，但是所公开的井漏处理流体122还可直接或间接影响用来将井漏处理流体122运送到钻井组件100的任何运输或输送设备，例如像用来将井漏处理流体122从一个位置以流体方式移动到另一位置的任何运输器皿、管道、管路、卡车、管件和/或管具；用来驱动井漏处理流体122运动的任何泵、压缩机或马达；用来调节井漏处理流体122的压力或流率的任何阀门或相关接头；以及任何传感器(即，压力和温度)、计量器具和/或其组合等等。Although not explicitly shown herein, the disclosed lost circulation management fluid 122 can also directly or indirectly affect any transportation or delivery device used to deliver the lost circulation management fluid 122 to the drilling assembly 100, such as for Any transport vessel, pipe, line, truck, fitting, and/or tubing that fluidly moves fluid 122 from one location to another; any pump, compressor, or motor used to drive movement of lost circulation fluid 122; Any valves or associated joints used to regulate the pressure or flow rate of lost circulation treatment fluid 122; and any sensors (ie, pressure and temperature), gauges, and/or combinations thereof, and the like.
图2和图3示出用于在注水泥设备和套管存在于井筒222中的同时将包含本文公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物的井漏处理流体214放置到井漏区225中的示例性技术。例如，当需要减少置换液进入井漏区225中的漏失时，可使用这样的实施方案。图2示出根据某些实施方案的可用在井漏处理流体214的放置中的地面设备210。应注意，尽管图2大体上示出陆上操作，但是本领域的技术人员将容易认识到，在不脱离本公开的范围的情况下，本文描述的原理同等地适用于水下操作，所述水下操作采用浮动或海上平台和井架。此外应注意，井漏处理流体214可在将任何其他处理流体(例如，置换液、完井夜)引入井筒222中之前、同时或之后被引入。如由图2所示，地面设备210可包括注水泥单元212，所述注水泥单元212可包括一辆或多辆水泥卡车。注水泥单元212可包括混合设备204和泵送设备206，如对于本领域的普通技术人员明显的。注水泥单元212可泵送井漏处理流体214通过进料管216并泵送到注水泥头218，所述注水泥头218将井漏处理流体214向井下运送。2 and 3 illustrate exemplary lost circulation treatment fluid 214 for placing a lost circulation treatment fluid 214 comprising a delayed-setting cement composition disclosed herein into a lost circulation zone 225 while cementing equipment and casing are present in a wellbore 222. technology. Such an embodiment may be used, for example, when it is desired to reduce loss of displacement fluid into lost circulation zone 225 . Figure 2 illustrates surface equipment 210 that may be used in the placement of lost circulation treatment fluid 214, according to certain embodiments. It should be noted that although FIG. 2 generally illustrates operations on land, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the principles described herein are equally applicable to subsea operations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, which Subsea operations employ floating or offshore platforms and derricks. It should also be noted that lost circulation treatment fluid 214 may be introduced before, simultaneously with, or after any other treatment fluid (eg, displacement fluid, completion fluid) is introduced into wellbore 222 . As shown by FIG. 2 , surface equipment 210 may include a cementing unit 212 , which may include one or more cement trucks. The cementing unit 212 may include a mixing device 204 and a pumping device 206, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. The cementing unit 212 may pump the lost circulation treatment fluid 214 through the feed tube 216 and to the cementing head 218, which carries the lost circulation treatment fluid 214 downhole.
现在转向图3，根据示例性实施方案，包含本文公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物的井漏处理流体214可被放置到地下地层220中。如图所示，井筒222可被钻入地下地层220中。尽管井筒222被示出为大体上垂直地延伸到地下地层220中，但是本文描述的原理还适用于以一个角度延伸通过地下地层220的井筒，诸如水平或倾斜井筒。如图所示，井筒222包括带有井漏区225的壁224。在所示出的实施方案中，地面套管226已被插入井筒222中。地面套管226可由水泥护套228用水泥固定到井筒222的壁224。在所示出的实施方案中，这里被示出为套管230的一个或多个另外的管道(例如，中间套管、生产套管、衬管等)还可被设置在井筒222中。如图所示，存在形成于套管230与井筒222的壁224和/或地面套管226之间的井筒环带232。一个或多个定心器234可被附接到套管230，例如，以便在注水泥操作之前和期间使套管230位于井筒222的中心。Turning now to FIG. 3 , a lost circulation treatment fluid 214 comprising a delayed setting cement composition disclosed herein may be placed into a subterranean formation 220 according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown, a wellbore 222 may be drilled into subterranean formation 220 . Although wellbores 222 are shown extending generally vertically into subterranean formation 220, the principles described herein are also applicable to wellbores extending through subterranean formation 220 at an angle, such as horizontal or inclined wellbores. As shown, the wellbore 222 includes a wall 224 with a lost circulation zone 225 . In the illustrated embodiment, surface casing 226 has been inserted into wellbore 222 . Surface casing 226 may be cemented to wall 224 of wellbore 222 by cement jacket 228 . In the illustrated embodiment, one or more additional conduits, shown here as casing 230 (eg, intermediate casing, production casing, liner, etc.), may also be disposed in wellbore 222 . As shown, there is a wellbore annulus 232 formed between casing 230 and wall 224 of wellbore 222 and/or surface casing 226 . One or more centralizers 234 may be attached to casing 230, eg, to center casing 230 in wellbore 222 before and during cementing operations.
继续参考图3，可沿套管230的内部向下泵送井漏处理流体214。可使井漏处理流体214沿套管230的内部向下流动通过位于套管230的底部处的套管鞋242，并且围绕套管230向上流动到井筒环带232中。随着井漏处理流体214向上流动通过环带232，井漏处理流体214可接触井漏区225。如果井漏处理流体214接触井漏区225，井漏处理流体214可流入井漏区225中并且可在充分地移除剪切力的情况下变成静态。如果是静态，那么井漏处理流体214可快速产生凝胶强度。一旦充分地胶凝化，井漏处理流体214可接着密封井漏区225并且防止随后相邻于井漏区225流动的任何处理流体(未示出)的漏失。随时间推移，可使井漏处理流体214在井漏区225中硬化并凝固，例如，以便形成将套管230支撑并定位在井筒222中的水泥护套。尽管未示出，但是其他技术也可用于井漏处理流体214的引入。例如，可使用反向循环技术，所述反向循环技术包括借助于井筒环带232而不是通过套管230将井漏处理流体214引入井漏区225中。With continued reference to FIG. 3 , lost circulation treatment fluid 214 may be pumped down the interior of casing 230 . Lost circulation treatment fluid 214 may be flowed down the interior of casing 230 through casing shoe 242 at the bottom of casing 230 and upward around casing 230 into wellbore annulus 232 . As lost circulation management fluid 214 flows upward through annulus 232 , lost circulation management fluid 214 may contact lost circulation region 225 . If the lost circulation management fluid 214 contacts the lost circulation region 225, the lost circulation management fluid 214 may flow into the lost circulation region 225 and may become static with the shear force sufficiently removed. If static, the lost circulation fluid 214 can quickly develop gel strength. Once sufficiently gelled, the lost circulation treatment fluid 214 may then seal the lost circulation zone 225 and prevent the loss of any treatment fluid (not shown) subsequently flowing adjacent the lost circulation zone 225 . Over time, lost circulation treatment fluid 214 may be allowed to harden and set in lost circulation zone 225 , eg, to form a cement sheath that supports and positions casing 230 in wellbore 222 . Although not shown, other techniques may also be used for the introduction of the lost circulation treatment fluid 214 . For example, reverse circulation techniques may be used that include introducing lost circulation treatment fluid 214 into lost circulation zone 225 via wellbore annulus 232 rather than through casing 230 .
不接触井漏区225的任何井漏处理流体214可通过流动管线238退出井筒环带232，并且沉积在例如一个或多个保持坑240(例如，泥坑)中，如在图2中示出。Any lost circulation treatment fluid 214 that does not contact lost circulation zone 225 may exit wellbore annulus 232 through flow line 238 and be deposited, for example, in one or more retention pits 240 (eg, mud pits), as shown in FIG. 2 .
如本领域普通技术人员将理解的，延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可用在多种注水泥操作中，包括初次注水泥和补注水泥。在一些实施方案中，可提供包含水、浮石、水合石灰、凝固缓凝剂和任选地分散剂的延迟凝固的水泥组合物。延迟凝固的水泥组合物可被引入地下地层中并且在所述地下地层中使之凝固。如在本文所使用，将延迟凝固的水泥组合物引入地下地层中包括引入地下地层的任何部分中，包括但不限于引入钻入地下地层中的井筒中，引入围绕井筒的附近井筒区域中或引入上述两者中。实施方案还可包括延迟凝固的水泥组合物的活化。延迟凝固的水泥组合物的活化可包括例如将水泥凝固活化剂加入延迟凝固的水泥组合物中。As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, embodiments of the delayed-setting cement composition may be used in a variety of cementing operations, including primary cementing and re-cementing. In some embodiments, a delayed-set cement composition comprising water, pumice, hydrated lime, a set retarder, and optionally a dispersant may be provided. A delayed-setting cement composition may be introduced into a subterranean formation and allowed to set in the subterranean formation. As used herein, introducing a delayed-setting cement composition into a subterranean formation includes introduction into any portion of a subterranean formation, including, but not limited to, into a wellbore drilled into a subterranean formation, into a nearby wellbore region surrounding the wellbore, or into of the above two. Embodiments may also include delayed activation of the set cementitious composition. Activation of the delayed-set cement composition may include, for example, adding a cement-set activator to the delayed-set cement composition.
在初次注水泥实施方案中，例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物的实施方案可被引入到井筒的壁与定位在井筒中的管道(例如，管柱、衬管)之间的空间中，所述井筒穿透地下地层。可使延迟凝固的水泥组合物凝固以便在井筒壁与管道之间的空间中形成硬化水泥的环状护套。除了其他情况之外，凝固的水泥组合物可形成防止流体在井筒中迁移的屏障。凝固的水泥组合物还可以例如将管道支撑在井筒中。In primary cementing embodiments, for example, an embodiment of a delayed-setting cement composition may be introduced into the space between the wall of the wellbore and a tubing (e.g., pipe string, liner) positioned in the wellbore, the The wellbore penetrates the subterranean formation. The delayed-setting cement composition may be allowed to set to form an annular sheath of hardened cement in the space between the wellbore wall and the tubing. Among other things, the set cement composition can form a barrier to fluid migration in the wellbore. The set cement composition can also, for example, support a pipe in a wellbore.
在补注水泥实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可用在例如挤压注水泥操作中或替代水泥塞。例如，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可被放置在井筒中以便堵塞地层中、填砾(gravel pack)中、管道中、水泥护套中和/或水泥护套与管道之间的微环带的开口(如空隙或裂纹)。In recementing embodiments, delayed set cement compositions may be used, for example, in extrusion cementing operations or in place of cement plugs. For example, a delayed-setting cement composition may be placed in the wellbore to plug openings in the formation, in a gravel pack, in a pipeline, in a cement jacket, and/or in a microannulus between a cement jacket and a pipeline (such as voids or cracks).
在实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可用于不同的地下操作。在实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可在具体工作地点用于一个或多个的地下操作。如上文所讨论，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可用作用于这些不同地下操作的处理流体。在实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可用作井漏处理流体并且当凝固时用作可将套管支撑并定位在井筒中的注水泥组合物。在实施方案中，延迟凝固的水泥组合物可针对相同或不同的操作在井筒中重复使用或再循环。延迟凝固的水泥组合物的可重复使用性允许延迟凝固的水泥组合物的再循环。此外，关于操作之间的过渡、流体处置和流体存储，这种方法减少操作之间需要的设备量和人工量。In embodiments, the delayed-setting cement composition may be used in various subterranean operations. In embodiments, the delayed-setting cement composition may be used in one or more subterranean operations at a particular job site. As discussed above, delayed set cement compositions can be used as treatment fluids for these various subterranean operations. In embodiments, the delayed-setting cement composition can be used as a lost circulation fluid and, when set, as a cementing composition that can support and position a casing in the wellbore. In embodiments, the delayed-setting cement composition may be reused or recycled in the wellbore for the same or a different operation. The reusability of the delayed-setting cement composition allows recycling of the delayed-setting cement composition. Furthermore, with regard to transitions between operations, fluid handling and fluid storage, this approach reduces the amount of equipment and labor required between operations.
本文公开的示例性延迟凝固的水泥组合物可直接或间接影响与所公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物的制备、输送、取回、再循环、重复使用和/或处置相关联的设备的一个或多个部件或零件。例如，所公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物可直接或间接影响用来产生、存储、监测、调节和/或再调示例性延迟凝固的水泥组合物的一个或多个混合器、相关混合设备、泥坑、存储设施或单元、组合物分离器、换热器、传感器、计量器具、泵、压缩机等等。所公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物还可直接或间接影响用来将延迟凝固的水泥组合物运送到井场或井下的运输或输送设备，例如像用来在组成上将延迟凝固的水泥组合物从一个位置移动到另一位置的任何运输器皿、管道、管路、卡车、管式器具和/或管件，用来驱动延迟凝固的水泥组合物运动的任何泵、压缩机或马达(例如位于顶侧或井下)，用来调节延迟凝固的水泥组合物的压力或流率的任何阀门或相关接头，以及任何传感器(即，压力传感器和温度传感器)、计量器具和/或其组合等等。所公开的延迟凝固的水泥组合物还可直接或间接影响可与延迟凝固的水泥组合物发生接触的各种井下设备和工具，诸如但不限于井筒套管、井筒衬管、完井管柱、插入管柱、钻柱、连续油管、平直管线(slickline)、钢丝、钻杆、钻铤、泥浆马达、井下马达和/或泵、水泥泵、地面安装马达和/或泵、定心器、涡流器(turbolizer)、刮泥器、浮体(例如，浮靴、浮箍、浮阀等)、测井工具以及相关遥测设备、致动器(例如，机电装置、液力学装置等)、滑动套筒、生产套筒、塞子、筛、过滤器、流量控制装置(例如，流入控制装置、自动流入控制装置、流出控制装置等)、联轴器(例如，电动液压湿连接件、干连接件、电感耦合器)、控制线路(例如，电线、光纤线路、液压线路等)、监视线路、钻头和扩孔器、传感器或分布式传感器、井下换热器、阀门和对应的致动装置、工具密封件、封隔器(packer)、水泥塞、桥式塞以及其他井筒隔离装置或部件等等。Exemplary delayed-setting cement compositions disclosed herein may directly or indirectly affect one or more of the equipment associated with the preparation, delivery, retrieval, recycling, reuse, and/or disposal of the disclosed delayed-setting cement compositions. Multiple components or parts. For example, the disclosed delayed-setting cement compositions can directly or indirectly affect one or more mixers, associated mixing equipment, Sludge pits, storage facilities or units, composition separators, heat exchangers, sensors, metering instruments, pumps, compressors, and more. The disclosed delayed-setting cement compositions may also directly or indirectly affect the transportation or delivery equipment used to transport the delayed-setting cement compositions to the well site or downhole, such as for example, as used to compositionally delay the setting cement compositions Any transport vessel, pipe, pipe, truck, plumbing and/or fitting that moves from one location to another, any pump, compressor or motor used to drive the delayed-setting cement composition side or downhole), any valves or associated joints used to regulate the pressure or flow rate of the delayed-setting cement composition, and any sensors (i.e., pressure sensors and temperature sensors), gauges, and/or combinations thereof, and the like. The disclosed delayed-setting cement compositions can also directly or indirectly affect various downhole equipment and tools that can come into contact with the delayed-setting cement compositions, such as, but not limited to, wellbore casings, wellbore liners, completion strings, Insertion of pipe strings, drill strings, coiled tubing, slicklines, slicklines, drill pipes, drill collars, mud motors, downhole motors and/or pumps, cement pumps, surface mounted motors and/or pumps, centerers, Turbolizers, mud scrapers, floats (e.g., float shoes, float hoops, float valves, etc.), logging tools and associated telemetry equipment, actuators (e.g., electromechanical, hydraulic, etc.), sliding sleeves Barrels, production sleeves, plugs, screens, filters, flow control devices (e.g., inflow control devices, automatic inflow control devices, outflow control devices, etc.), couplings (e.g., electrohydraulic wet connections, dry connections, Inductive couplers), control lines (e.g. electrical wires, fiber optic lines, hydraulic lines, etc.), monitoring lines, drill bits and reamers, sensors or distributed sensors, downhole heat exchangers, valves and corresponding actuators, tool seals components, packers, cement plugs, bridge plugs, and other wellbore isolation devices or components, etc.
为了便于更好地理解本发明的实施方案，给出一些实施方案的特定方面的以下实施例。以下实施例决不应解读成是限制或限定实施方案的全部范围。In order to facilitate a better understanding of embodiments of the present invention, the following examples of certain aspects of some embodiments are given. The following examples should in no way be read as limiting or defining the full scope of the embodiments.
实施例1Example 1
制备包含延迟凝固的水泥组合物的井漏处理流体样本。样本包含浮石(DS-325轻骨料)、水合石灰、Micro水泥缓凝剂和水。样本的组合物构成呈现在下文表1中：A lost circulation fluid sample is prepared comprising a delayed-setting cement composition. The sample contains pumice (DS-325 lightweight aggregate), hydrated lime, Micro cement retarder and water. The composition composition of the samples is presented in Table 1 below:
表1Table 1
井漏处理流体实施例1的组合物构成The composition composition of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 1
*bwoP＝以浮石的重量计*bwoP = by weight of pumice
使样本在室温下老化并且根据在API RP Practice 10B-2,Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements中阐述的程序，通过配备范氏屈服应力适配器(FYSA)和1号弹簧的35A型范式粘度计获取流变性测量值。测量值被用来使用如上文讨论的赫谢尔-巴尔克莱流体模型计算样本老化时所述样本的剪切稀化指数(n)。这项测试的结果在下文表2中阐明。The samples were aged at room temperature and the rheological properties were obtained by means of a Paradigm Viscometer Model 35A equipped with a Fann's Yield Stress Adapter (FYSA) and Spring No. 1 according to the procedure set forth in API RP Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements. Measurements. The measured values were used to calculate the shear thinning exponent (n) of the sample as it aged using the Herschel-Burkley fluid model as discussed above. The results of this test are set forth in Table 2 below.
表2Table 2
井漏处理流体实施例1的剪切稀化指数The shear thinning index of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 1
*以浮石的重量计，所添加的0.1％的分散剂*Based on the weight of pumice with 0.1% added dispersant
此外，移除3个单独样本并且对每个样本执行另外的测试参数，所述另外的测试参数是水泥凝固活化剂的添加或温度的增加。这些测试的结果在下文表3中阐明。In addition, 3 separate samples were removed and an additional test parameter was performed on each sample, either addition of cement set activator or increase in temperature. The results of these tests are set forth in Table 3 below.
表3table 3
井漏处理流体实施例1的剪切稀化指数The shear thinning index of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 1
结果指示：井漏处理流体样本在12天的跨度内表现出剪切稀化行为。此外，即使在水泥凝固活化剂的存在下或在高温下，样本仍保持剪切稀化。The results indicated that lost circulation treatment fluid samples exhibited shear thinning behavior over a 12 day span. Furthermore, the samples remained shear-thinning even in the presence of cement-setting activators or at elevated temperatures.
原始样本分为三份并且利用三种不同的水泥凝固活化剂测试以便测量抗压强度。三种不同的水泥凝固活化剂是六偏磷酸钠-1(SHMP-1)，六偏磷酸钠-2(SHMP-2)和10％氯化钙溶液。在下文表4中描述用于SHMP活化剂的制剂。接着将样本倾注到2”乘4”塑料圆筒中并且在140℉下在水浴中固化24小时。在样本固化以后，根据在API RP Practice 10B-2,Recommended Practice for Testing WellCements中阐述的程序，通过使用机械压机以压碎样本来测量破坏性抗压强度。结果在下文表5中呈现。The original samples were divided into three and tested with three different cement set activators in order to measure the compressive strength. Three different cement setting activators were sodium hexametaphosphate-1 (SHMP-1), sodium hexametaphosphate-2 (SHMP-2) and 10% calcium chloride solution. Formulations for SHMP activators are described in Table 4 below. The samples were then poured into 2" by 4" plastic cylinders and cured in a water bath at 140°F for 24 hours. After the samples had cured, the destructive compressive strength was measured by using a mechanical press to crush the samples according to the procedure set forth in API RP Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements. The results are presented in Table 5 below.
表4Table 4
SHMP水泥凝固活化剂制剂SHMP cement setting activator preparation
表5table 5
井漏处理流体实施例1的抗压强度值(psi)The compressive strength value (psi) of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 1
结果指示：井漏处理流体样本表现出良好的抗压强度值，尤其是利用SHMP水泥凝固活化剂的情况，并且因此除了停止井漏之外可用于支撑井结构的目的。The results indicated that lost circulation treatment fluid samples exhibited good compressive strength values, especially with SHMP cement set activators, and thus could be used for purposes other than stopping lost circulation to support the well structure.
实施例2Example 2
制备包含延迟凝固的水泥组合物的井漏处理流体样本。样本包含浮石(DS-325轻骨料)、水合石灰、Micro水泥缓凝剂和水。样本的组合物构成呈现在下文表6中：A lost circulation fluid sample is prepared comprising a delayed-setting cement composition. The sample contains pumice (DS-325 lightweight aggregate), hydrated lime, Micro cement retarder and water. The composition composition of the samples is presented in Table 6 below:
表6Table 6
井漏处理流体实施例2的组合物构成The composition composition of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 2
*bwoP＝以浮石的重量计*bwoP = by weight of pumice
使样本在室温下老化并且根据在API RP Practice 10B-2,Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements中阐述的程序，通过配备范氏屈服应力适配器(FYSA)和1号弹簧的35A型范式粘度计获取流变性测量值。测量值被用来使用如上文讨论的赫谢尔-巴尔克莱流体模型计算样本老化时所述样本的剪切稀化指数(n)。这项测试的结果在下文表7中阐明。The samples were aged at room temperature and the rheological properties were obtained by means of a Paradigm Viscometer Model 35A equipped with a Fann's Yield Stress Adapter (FYSA) and Spring No. 1 according to the procedure set forth in API RP Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements. Measurements. The measured values were used to calculate the shear thinning exponent (n) of the sample as it aged using the Herschel-Burkley fluid model as discussed above. The results of this test are set forth in Table 7 below.
表7Table 7
井漏处理流体实施例2的剪切稀化指数Shear thinning index of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 2
此外，移除3个单独样本并且对每个样本执行另外的测试参数，所述另外的测试参数是水泥凝固活化剂的添加和温度的增加。这些测试的结果在下文表8中阐明。In addition, 3 separate samples were removed and additional test parameters were performed on each sample, the addition of cement set activator and increase in temperature. The results of these tests are set forth in Table 8 below.
表8Table 8
井漏处理流体实施例2的剪切稀化指数Shear thinning index of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 2
结果指示：井漏处理流体样本在21天的跨度内表现出剪切稀化行为。此外，即使在水泥凝固活化剂的存在下和在高温下，样本仍保持剪切稀化。Results indicated that lost circulation treatment fluid samples exhibited shear thinning behavior over a span of 21 days. Furthermore, the samples remained shear-thinning even in the presence of cement-setting activators and at elevated temperatures.
使样本接着在35天时期内老化并且引入CaCl2水泥凝固活化剂或SHMP/NaSO4水泥凝固活化剂。在定期时间点获取样本的部分并且测量它们的抗压强度。接着将样本倾注到2”乘4”黄铜圆筒中并且在134℉下在水浴中固化24小时。在样本固化以后，根据在API RPPractice 10B-2,Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements中阐述的程序，通过使用机械压机以压碎样本来测量破坏性抗压强度。结果在下文表9中呈现。The samples were then aged over a period of 35 days and either CaCl2 cement set activator or SHMP/NaSO4 cement set activator introduced. Portions of the samples were taken at regular time points and their compressive strength measured. The samples were then poured into 2" by 4" brass cylinders and cured in a water bath at 134°F for 24 hours. After the samples had cured, the destructive compressive strength was measured by using a mechanical press to crush the samples according to the procedure set forth in API RPP Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements. The results are presented in Table 9 below.
表9Table 9
井漏处理流体实施例2的抗压强度值(psi)The compressive strength value (psi) of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 2
*bwoP＝以浮石的重量计*bwoP = by weight of pumice
结果指示：井漏处理流体样本表现出良好的抗压强度值，尤其是利用SHMP/NaSO4水泥凝固活化剂的情况，并且因此除了停止井漏之外可用于支撑井结构的目的。The results indicated that lost circulation treatment fluid samples exhibited good compressive strength values, especially with SHMP/NaSO4 cement set activator, and thus could be used for purposes other than stopping lost circulation to support the well structure.
实施例3Example 3
制备包含延迟凝固的水泥组合物的两个井漏处理流体样本。样本包含浮石(DS-325轻骨料)、水合石灰、Micro水泥缓凝剂和水。向实验样本中加入33％硫酸铝溶液。对照样本不包含任何硫酸铝溶液。样本的组合物构成呈现在下文表10中：Two lost circulation fluid samples comprising a delayed-setting cement composition were prepared. The sample contains pumice (DS-325 lightweight aggregate), hydrated lime, Micro cement retarder and water. A 33% aluminum sulfate solution was added to the experimental samples. The control sample did not contain any aluminum sulfate solution. The composition composition of the samples is presented in Table 10 below:
表10Table 10
井漏处理流体实施例3的组合物构成The composition composition of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 3
*bwoP＝以浮石的重量计，**Al2(SO4)3仅被加入实验样本中*bwoP = by weight of pumice, **Al2 (SO4 )3 was added to the experimental sample only
使样本在室温下老化72天。根据在API RP Practice 10B-2,Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements中阐述的程序，通过配备范氏屈服应力适配器(FYSA)和1号弹簧的35A型范式粘度计获取流变性测量值。结果在下文表11中呈现。The samples were aged for 72 days at room temperature. Rheological measurements were taken with a Model 35A Paradigm Viscometer equipped with a Fann's Yield Stress Adapter (FYSA) and a No. 1 spring according to the procedure set forth in API RP Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements. The results are presented in Table 11 below.
表11Table 11
流变学测量值Rheological measurements
测量值被用来使用如上文讨论的赫谢尔-巴尔克莱流体模型计算样本老化时所述样本的剪切稀化指数(n)。这项测试的结果在下文表12中阐明。The measured values were used to calculate the shear thinning exponent (n) of the sample as it aged using the Herschel-Burkley fluid model as discussed above. The results of this test are set forth in Table 12 below.
表12Table 12
井漏处理流体实施例3的剪切稀化指数The shear thinning index of lost circulation treatment fluid embodiment 3
这些结果指示：铝酸钠溶液大大增加流体表现出剪切稀化行为的持续时间。These results indicate that the sodium aluminate solution greatly increases the duration that the fluid exhibits shear thinning behavior.
应当理解，组合物和方法是就“包含”、“含有”或“包括”各种组分或步骤而言来描述，但是组合物和方法还可“基本上由各种组分和步骤组成”或“由各种组分和步骤组成”。此外，如权利要求书中所用的不定冠词“一个/种(a/an)”在本文中定义为意指引入的一个或一个以上的要素。It is to be understood that compositions and methods are described in terms of "comprising", "containing" or "comprising" various components or steps, but that compositions and methods may also "consist essentially of" the various components and steps Or "composed of various components and steps". Furthermore, the indefinite article "a/an" as used in the claims is defined herein to mean the introduction of one or more than one element.
为简洁起见，本文仅明确公开某些范围。然而，从任何下限起的范围可与任何上限结合来列举未明确列举的范围，并且从任何下限起的范围可与任何其他下限结合来列举未明确列举的范围，以相同的方式，从任何上限起的范围可与任何其他上限结合来列举未明确列举的范围。此外，每当公开具有下限和上限的数字范围时，就明确公开了落在范围内的任何数字和任何所包括的范围。具体地说，本文公开的值的每个范围(形式为“约a至约b”，或等效地“大致a至b”，或等效地“大致a-b”)应理解为阐述涵盖在值的较宽范围内的每个数字和范围，即使未明确列举也是如此。因此，每个点或单个值可用作其自身的下限或上限来与任何其他点或单个值或者任何其他下限或上限结合，以便列举未明确列举的范围。For the sake of brevity, only certain ranges are explicitly disclosed herein. However, a range from any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to recite a range not expressly recited, and a range from any lower limit may be combined with any other lower limit to recite a range not specifically recited, The stated range may be combined with any other upper limit to recite a range not expressly recited. Furthermore, whenever a numerical range having a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is expressly disclosed. In particular, each range of values disclosed herein (in the form "about a to about b", or equivalently "approximately a to b", or equivalently "approximately a-b") is to be understood as stating that the values encompassed Every number and range within the broader range of , even if not expressly recited. Thus, each point or individual value may be used as its own lower or upper limit in combination with any other point or individual value or any other lower or upper limit to recite a range not expressly recited.
因此，本发明非常适于达到所提到的目标和优势以及本文固有的那些目标和优势。上文所公开的特定实施方案仅仅是说明性的，因为本发明可以对受益于本文教义的本领域的技术人员来说明显的不同但等效的方式进行修改和实践。尽管讨论了个别实施方案，但是本发明涵盖所有那些实施方案的所有组合。此外，并不意图对本文示出的构造或设计的细节存在限制，而所附权利要求书中描述的除外。另外，除非专利权人另外明确并清楚地定义，否则权利要求书中的术语具有其平常、普通的含义。因此，明显的是，上文公开的特定说明性实施方案可加以改变或修改，并且所有这些变化都视为处于本发明的范围和精神内。如果在本说明书与可以引用方式并入本文的一个或多个专利或其他文件中的措词或术语的使用上存在任何冲突，那么应采用与本说明书一致的定义。Accordingly, the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent herein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. While individual embodiments are discussed, the invention encompasses all combinations of all those embodiments. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the appended claims. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. In the event of any conflict in the use of a wording or term in this specification and in one or more patent or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistent with this specification shall apply.
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| US14/202,625US9505972B2 (en) | 2012-03-09 | 2014-03-10 | Lost circulation treatment fluids comprising pumice and associated methods |
| US14/202,625 | 2014-03-10 | ||
| PCT/US2015/019709WO2015138453A1 (en) | 2014-03-10 | 2015-03-10 | Lost circulation treatment fluids comprising pumice and associated methods |
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| CN (1) | CN105934493A (en) |
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| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | Application publication date:20160907 |