技术领域technical field
本发明属于生物教学模型领域，尤其是一种可以演示有丝分裂和减数分裂过程中染色体形态结构、动态变化，演示染色体与（DNA）基因的行为关系，说明减数分裂与遗传规律关系，演示细胞分裂末期细胞质分裂、无丝分裂过程中细胞膜、细胞核缢裂的动态教学模型。The invention belongs to the field of biological teaching models, in particular, it can demonstrate the morphological structure and dynamic changes of chromosomes in the process of mitosis and meiosis, demonstrate the behavioral relationship between chromosomes and (DNA) genes, illustrate the relationship between meiosis and genetic laws, and demonstrate cell A dynamic teaching model of cell membrane and nucleus constriction in the end stage of cytoplasmic division and amitosis.
背景技术Background technique
教学中，细胞的有丝分裂和减数分裂中，染色体的形态结构、行为变化，染色体与染色单体，染色体与DNA数量的关系，减数分裂与遗传基本定律的关系，是教学中的重难点内容。据有关资料查阅，现有染色体模型和细胞分裂（包括有丝分裂和减数分裂）模型，主要存在以下问题：In teaching, during mitosis and meiosis of cells, the morphological structure and behavior changes of chromosomes, the relationship between chromosomes and chromatids, the relationship between chromosomes and DNA quantity, and the relationship between meiosis and the basic laws of inheritance are important and difficult contents in teaching . According to relevant information, the existing chromosome models and cell division (including mitosis and meiosis) models mainly have the following problems:
一、现有染色体结构模型多数是用细铁丝、塑料片、木片、陶土等硬质材料制成，缺乏柔韧性，这与活细胞中染色体具有的柔韧性不相符合，硬质材料制成的染色体不能形象地演示染色体在纺锤丝的牵引下着丝点在前、染色体臂托在后方的动态变化，许多染色体模型不能重复、长久使用；1. Most of the existing chromosome structure models are made of hard materials such as thin iron wires, plastic chips, wood chips, and clay, which lack flexibility. This is inconsistent with the flexibility of chromosomes in living cells. Hard materials Chromosomes cannot vividly demonstrate the dynamic changes of chromosomes with the centromere at the front and the chromosome arms at the rear under the traction of the spindle, and many chromosome models cannot be repeated and used for a long time;
二、现有染色体结构模型，不能演示减数分裂的四分体时期同源染色体的非姊妹染色单体之间的交叉互换导致基因重组现象；现有的染色体模型未能明显呈现染色体、DNA和基因的平行关系，因而难以演示减数分裂与三大遗传定律之间的关系；2. The existing chromosome structure model cannot demonstrate the phenomenon of genetic recombination caused by the crossover and exchange between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes in the tetrad stage of meiosis; the existing chromosome model fails to clearly show chromosomes, DNA The parallel relationship with genes, so it is difficult to demonstrate the relationship between meiosis and the three major laws of inheritance;
三、现有细胞分裂模型重在演示细胞分裂过程中细胞核中染色体的变化，对于动物细胞分裂后期由于细胞膜中部凹陷使细胞缢裂为两个细胞，以及植物细胞分裂末期赤道板附近出现细胞板扩展为新的细胞壁的演示模型未见报道；3. The existing cell division model focuses on demonstrating the changes of chromosomes in the nucleus during the process of cell division. For animal cells in the late stage of cell division, the cell is constricted and split into two cells due to the depression in the middle of the cell membrane, and the cell plate expands near the equatorial plate at the end of plant cell division. Demonstration models for new cell walls have not been reported;
四、现有细胞分裂模型一般作为教具供教师使用，由于限量配置，不能满足全体学生自主、合作、探究学习的需要，不能充分体现以学生为主体的教学理念，不利于学生生物学核心科学素养和创新精神和实践能力的培养。4. The existing cell division models are generally used as teaching aids for teachers. Due to the limited configuration, they cannot meet the needs of all students for autonomy, cooperation, and inquiry learning. They cannot fully reflect the teaching concept of taking students as the main body, which is not conducive to the core scientific literacy of students in biology. And the cultivation of innovative spirit and practical ability.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为解决上述问题，本发明提供用于生物教学中的有丝分裂、减数分裂与遗传规律关系教学具来突破这些难点。In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides teaching tools for the relationship between mitosis, meiosis and genetic laws used in biology teaching to break through these difficulties.
本发明解决技术问题的技术方案是：本套教具由柔性透明染色体模型（3对常染色体、1对性染色体）、交叉互换染色体模型、细胞分裂伸缩绳、中心体、带有英文字母（基因）的粘性贴纸和磁性白板组成。The technical scheme of the present invention to solve the technical problem is: this set of teaching aids consists of a flexible transparent chromosome model (3 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes), a cross-exchange chromosome model, a cell division stretchable rope, a centrosome, with English letters (gene ) of sticky stickers and a magnetic whiteboard.
柔性透明染色体模型制作。每条染色体模型由透明、有色、具有弹性的一段硅胶管制成，3对常染色体大小形状相同，1对性染色体大小不同，颜色不同代表来源不同；每条染色体的中部有1个扁圆形磁铁代表着丝粒，扁圆形磁铁可以向两端移动，代表不同种类的染色体，2个短柱形磁铁位于硅胶管的两端，为防止染色体间异性磁极互联，两端的短柱形磁铁统一N极朝外，S极朝里，两端留有一段空隙，确保染色体可以吸附在磁性白板上，每条染色体中装有用2根黑色塑料编织绳拧成的双螺旋状的一个DNA分子。Flexible transparent chromosome model making. Each chromosome model is made of a transparent, colored, and elastic silicone tube. The three pairs of autosomes have the same size and shape, and one pair of sex chromosomes is different in size. Different colors represent different sources; there is a flat magnet in the middle of each chromosome Represents the centromere, flat circular magnets can move to both ends, representing different types of chromosomes, two short cylindrical magnets are located at both ends of the silicone tube, in order to prevent the interconnection of opposite-sex magnetic poles between chromosomes, the short cylindrical magnets at both ends are unified N The pole faces outward, the S pole faces inward, and there is a gap at both ends to ensure that the chromosome can be adsorbed on the magnetic whiteboard. Each chromosome is equipped with a double-helix DNA molecule twisted by 2 black plastic braided ropes.
交叉互换染色体模型制作。交叉互换染色体模型由一对中号中间着丝点的同源染色体和交叉互换组件构成。中号中间着丝点同源染色体制作，除两端的短柱形磁铁外端与染色体末端平齐外，其他结构同上述染色体模型。交叉互换组件的制作：选择与一对中号同源染色体相同规格、颜色的软管，截取约为该中号染色体1/3长度的软管，管内装入黑色塑料绳制作的双链DNA分子，靠近硅胶管的一端装有短柱状磁铁，磁铁的S极朝外，以便与上述中号染色体的两端相连，用于演示同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体之间的交叉互换。Cross-exchange chromosome model making. The crossover-exchange chromosome model consists of a pair of homologous chromosomes with a medium mesocentre and crossover components. The medium-sized centromere homologous chromosome is made, except that the outer ends of the short cylindrical magnets at both ends are flush with the chromosome ends, and the other structures are the same as the above-mentioned chromosome model. Fabrication of cross-exchange components: Select a hose with the same specification and color as a pair of medium-sized homologous chromosomes, cut off a hose about 1/3 of the length of the medium-sized chromosome, and fill the tube with double-stranded DNA made of black plastic rope Molecule, near the end of the silicone tube is equipped with a short columnar magnet, the S pole of the magnet is facing outwards, so as to connect with the two ends of the above-mentioned medium chromosome, which is used to demonstrate the crossing exchange between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
细胞分裂伸缩绳的制作。细胞分裂伸缩绳（细胞分裂轮廓绳）分成4段，每段细胞分裂伸缩绳由套在一起的2根伸缩塑料软管构成，拉伸前长40cm，拉伸长度60cm，每段伸缩绳两端各固定一粒直径1cm的短柱状磁铁。Fabrication of cell division stretchable ropes. The cell division telescopic rope (cell division contour rope) is divided into 4 sections, and each section of the cell division telescopic rope is composed of 2 telescopic plastic hoses that are set together. The length before stretching is 40cm, and the stretching length is 60cm. Each fixes a short columnar magnet with a diameter of 1 cm.
中心体的制作。将2个柱性磁铁插入两段硅胶管，相互垂直吸附在一起，代表1组中心体。Fabrication of the centrosome. Insert two columnar magnets into two sections of silicone tubes, and attach them perpendicular to each other, representing a group of centrosomes.
本发明模拟细胞的有丝分裂过程、减数分裂过程、受精作用以及无丝分裂的动态变化过程；模拟演示减数分裂与基因分离定律、自由组合定律、连锁互换定律之间的关系，有助于理解染色体、染色单体、同源染色体、四分体、交叉互换等重要概念，理解染色体、染色单体、DNA、基因之间的关系，构建有丝分裂、无丝分裂、减数分裂与遗传定律的概念模型，为高中生物教学提供一款新颖、使用广泛的教学具。The invention simulates the mitosis process, meiosis process, fertilization and the dynamic change process of amitosis of cells; simulates and demonstrates the relationship between meiosis and the law of gene segregation, the law of free combination, and the law of chain exchange, which is helpful to Understand important concepts such as chromosomes, chromatids, homologous chromosomes, tetrads, and crossover, understand the relationship between chromosomes, chromatids, DNA, and genes, and construct the laws of mitosis, amitosis, meiosis, and inheritance It provides a novel and widely used teaching tool for high school biology teaching.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1、柔性透明染色体模型；Figure 1. Flexible transparent chromosome model;
图2、柔性透明染色体模型；Figure 2. Flexible transparent chromosome model;
图3、同源染色体交叉互换模型；Figure 3. Homologous chromosome crossover model;
图4、细胞分裂伸缩绳；Figure 4. Cell division telescopic rope;
图5、有丝分裂模拟演示示意图。Figure 5. Schematic diagram of mitosis simulation demonstration.
图中：1、圆柱形磁铁，2、双链DNA分子，3、着丝点，4、染色体臂，5、6、姐妹染色单体，7、8、姐妹染色单体，10、11、12、磁铁，13、交叉互换的染色体短壁，14、内塑料软管，15、外塑料软管，16、外观上滑动槽，17、滑动钉，18、短柱状磁铁，19、中心体，20、染色体，A与a、B与b是2对等位基因，C、D、E和F是一段细胞分裂伸缩绳。In the figure: 1. Cylindrical magnet, 2. Double-stranded DNA molecule, 3. Centromere, 4. Chromosome arm, 5, 6, sister chromatid, 7, 8, sister chromatid, 10, 11, 12 , magnet, 13, cross-exchanged chromosome short wall, 14, inner plastic hose, 15, outer plastic hose, 16, sliding groove on appearance, 17, sliding nail, 18, short columnar magnet, 19, centrosome, 20. Chromosomes, A and a, B and b are 2 pairs of alleles, C, D, E and F are a stretching rope for cell division.
具体实施方式detailed description
为使本发明的技术方案更加清楚明白，下面结合附图具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。In order to make the technical solution of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments of the accompanying drawings.
本发明由带有DNA、基因的染色体形态结构模型（见图1-2），演示四分体时期交叉互换的同源染色体模型，演示动物细胞有丝分裂过程中细胞膜缢裂、植物细胞分裂壁及分裂末期细胞板扩展为细胞壁，以及演示细胞无丝分裂的细胞分裂伸缩绳组成。The present invention demonstrates the homologous chromosome model of cross exchange in the tetrad period from the chromosome morphological structure model with DNA and genes (see Figure 1-2), demonstrates the cell membrane constriction cracking in the process of animal cell mitosis, plant cell division wall and The telophase cell plate is expanded into the cell wall, and consists of cell division retractable cords that demonstrate cell amitosis.
应用一、演示染色体的形态结构，染色体、染色单体、DNA（基因）的关系：Application 1. Demonstrate the morphological structure of chromosomes, the relationship between chromosomes, chromatids, and DNA (genes):
(a)利用未复制的染色体可演示染色体由1个着丝点和臂组成，可看到一条染色体有1个双链DNA分子，DNA分子上有许多个基因（如A或a）（见图1）；(a) Using unreplicated chromosomes, it can be demonstrated that chromosomes are composed of a centromere and arms. It can be seen that a chromosome has a double-stranded DNA molecule, and there are many genes (such as A or a) on the DNA molecule (see Figure 1);
(b)利用复制过的染色体可演示1条染色体有1个着丝点（2个着丝粒），带有2个姐妹染色单体，含有2个DNA分子（见图2）。(b) Using replicated chromosomes, it can be demonstrated that 1 chromosome has 1 centromere (2 centromeres), with 2 sister chromatids, containing 2 DNA molecules (see Figure 2).
应用二、模拟演示真核细胞有丝分裂和减数分裂过程中染色体行为的动态变化和染色体、染色单体、DNA的数量变化（以动物细胞2N=4为例，减数分裂以精子形成为例）：Application 2. Simulation demonstration of dynamic changes in chromosome behavior and changes in the number of chromosomes, chromatids, and DNA during eukaryotic cell mitosis and meiosis (take animal cells 2N=4 as an example, meiosis takes sperm formation as an example) :
(a)演示有丝分裂和减数第一次分裂间期染色体的复制。将2段细胞分裂伸缩绳吸附在磁性白板上，展开成圆形，使得首位相连的2对磁铁，位于赤道板两侧，代表细胞膜；把2组中心体放在细胞一端；把2对未复制的同源染色体随意放在细胞内，将大小、形状、颜色相同的染色体的着丝点相连，形成复制的染色体；(a) Demonstration of mitotic and meiotic first interphase chromosome duplication. Adsorb the two segments of cell division stretchable ropes on the magnetic whiteboard, and unfold them into a circle, so that the two pairs of magnets connected at the first place are located on both sides of the equatorial plate, representing the cell membrane; two sets of centrosomes are placed at one end of the cell; two pairs of unreplicated magnets are placed Homologous chromosomes are randomly placed in the cell, and the centromeres of chromosomes of the same size, shape, and color are connected to form duplicated chromosomes;
(b)演示分裂前期染色体行为变化。有丝分裂前期，一组中心体位置不动，另一组移向另一极。有丝分裂前期，将2对同源染色体随机分散排列。减Ⅰ前期，将同源染色体两两配对，形成四分体。减Ⅱ前期染色体减半，2条非同源染色体随机排列；(b) Demonstrates changes in chromosome behavior during prophase. In the prophase of mitosis, one group of centrosomes does not move, and the other group moves to the opposite pole. During the prophase of mitosis, two pairs of homologous chromosomes are randomly dispersed and arranged. During minus I prophase, homologous chromosomes are paired in pairs to form tetrads. Chromosomes are halved in the prophase II stage, and the two non-homologous chromosomes are randomly arranged;
(c)演示分裂中期染色体行为变化。有丝分裂中期，将2对同源染色体移到赤道板位置，使得每条染色体的着丝点整齐地排列在赤道板上。减Ⅰ中期，四分体排列在赤道板上。减Ⅱ中期2条非同源染色体排列在赤道板上；(c) Demonstrates changes in chromosome behavior during metaphase. In metaphase of mitosis, the two pairs of homologous chromosomes are moved to the position of the equatorial plate, so that the kinetochores of each chromosome are neatly arranged on the equatorial plate. In the middle minus I phase, the tetrads are arranged on the equatorial plate. Two non-homologous chromosomes are arranged on the equatorial plate in minus II metaphase;
(d)演示分裂后期染色体行为变化。有丝分裂后期，一人用两只手的拇指和食指分别捏住在磁性白板上的每条染色体上的2条染色单体的着丝粒，向细胞两极方向拉开，使着丝点一分为二，2条染色单体分离成为2条染色体，移向细胞两极；同时，另一人两手向内推动细胞分裂伸缩绳两侧的两对磁铁，使细胞膜中部凹陷。减Ⅰ后期，用两只手的拇指和食指分别捏住在磁性白板上2条同源染色体的着丝点，向细胞两极方向拉开，此时同源染色体分离，非同源染色体自由组合，移向细胞两极；同时，另一人两手向内推动细胞分裂伸缩绳两侧的两对磁铁，使细胞膜中部凹陷。减Ⅱ后期，2条非同源染色体的着丝点一分为二，同时，另一人两手向内推动细胞分裂伸缩绳两侧的两对磁铁，使细胞膜中部凹陷；(d) Demonstrates changes in chromosome behavior during anaphase. In the late stage of mitosis, one person pinches the centromeres of the two chromatids on each chromosome on the magnetic whiteboard with the thumb and forefinger of both hands, and pulls them towards the two poles of the cell to divide the centromere into two , the two chromatids separate into two chromosomes and move to the two poles of the cell; at the same time, the other person pushes inward the two pairs of magnets on both sides of the cell division stretchable rope with both hands, causing the middle of the cell membrane to sag. In the late stage of subtraction I, pinch the centromere of two homologous chromosomes on the magnetic whiteboard with the thumb and index finger of both hands, and pull them apart towards the two poles of the cell. At this time, the homologous chromosomes are separated, and the non-homologous chromosomes are freely combined. Move to the two poles of the cell; at the same time, the other person pushes the two pairs of magnets on both sides of the cell division stretchable rope inward with both hands, so that the middle part of the cell membrane is depressed. At the late stage of subtraction II, the centromere of the two non-homologous chromosomes is divided into two, and at the same time, the other person pushes the two pairs of magnets on both sides of the cell division stretching rope inward with both hands, causing the middle part of the cell membrane to sag;
(e)演示分裂末期染色体行为变化。有丝分裂末期、减Ⅰ末期、减Ⅱ末期，两手向内推动细胞分裂伸缩绳两侧的两对磁铁接触，然后使两根细胞分裂伸缩绳之间的磁铁分开，将每根细胞分裂伸缩绳的两端磁铁相连，演示动物细胞分裂末期细胞膜中部凹陷缢裂，1个母细胞分成2个子细胞的动态变化过程；(e) Demonstrates changes in chromosome behavior during telophase. At the end of mitosis, at the end of minus I, and at the end of minus II, push the two pairs of magnets on both sides of the cell division stretching rope inward with both hands to contact, and then separate the magnets between the two cell division stretching ropes, and separate the two pairs of cell division stretching ropes. The terminal magnets are connected to demonstrate the dynamic change process of the middle part of the cell membrane of the animal cell division being depressed and constricted, and one mother cell is divided into two daughter cells;
(f)演示卵细胞形成与精子形成的区别。演示卵细胞形成时，在四根首位相连细胞分裂伸缩绳中，位于上面的两根细胞分裂伸缩绳短，下面两根细胞分裂伸缩绳长（将2根细胞分裂伸缩绳拉长），以便演示减Ⅰ后期和次级卵母细胞减Ⅱ后期，细胞膜从一端凹陷、缢裂的动态变化过程；(f) Demonstration of the difference between egg cell formation and sperm formation. When demonstrating the formation of egg cells, among the four first-connected cell division elastic ropes, the upper two cell division elastic ropes are short, and the lower two cell division elastic ropes are long (the two cell division elastic ropes are stretched), so as to demonstrate the reduction The dynamic change process of cell membrane depression and constriction from one end in the stage I and secondary oocyte minus stage II;
(g)演示植物细胞与动物细胞有丝分裂的区别。演示植物细胞的有丝分裂时，将两短、两长四根细胞分裂伸缩绳拉直，首尾相连，构成长方形的细胞壁，分离末期，用一根短的细胞分裂伸缩绳放在赤道板位置作为细胞板，拉长扩展为细胞壁，演示一个母细胞分裂成两个子细胞的过程。植物细胞无中心体，前期，可以在磁性白板上用彩色水笔由细胞两极画出纺锤丝，形成纺锤体。(g) Demonstrate the difference in mitosis between plant cells and animal cells. When demonstrating the mitosis of plant cells, straighten two short and two long four cell division telescopic ropes and connect them end to end to form a rectangular cell wall. At the end of separation, use a short cell division telescopic rope and place it at the equatorial plate as the cell plate , elongate and expand into the cell wall, demonstrating the process of a mother cell dividing into two daughter cells. Plant cells have no centrosomes. In the early stage, spindles can be drawn from the two poles of the cells with colored pens on the magnetic whiteboard to form spindles.
应用三、演示细胞的无丝分裂（以蛙的红细胞无丝分裂为例）：Application 3. Demonstration of cell amitosis (take frog's erythrocyte amitosis as an example):
(a)用2根长的细胞分裂伸缩绳首尾相连，在磁性白板上摆成圆形，代表蛙的红细胞膜；用2根短的细胞分裂伸缩绳首尾相连摆成圆形，代表蛙的红细胞核膜，放在细胞中央，使内圆的2对磁铁与外圆的2对磁铁位于一条线上；(a) Use two long cell division stretchable ropes to connect end to end, and arrange them in a circle on the magnetic whiteboard, representing the red blood cell membrane of frogs; use two short cell division stretchable ropes to connect end to end to form a circle, representing frog red blood cells The nuclear membrane is placed in the center of the cell so that the 2 pairs of magnets in the inner circle and the 2 pairs of magnets in the outer circle are in a line;
(b)演示细胞核分裂时，用手由外向内推动内圆的2对磁铁，使细胞核中部凹陷，然后缢裂为2个细胞核；同时，用手由外向内推动外圆的2对磁铁，使细胞膜中部凹陷，然后缢裂为2个细胞，每个细胞中各含有1个新的细胞核。(b) When demonstrating cell nucleus division, push the two pairs of magnets in the inner circle from the outside to the inside with your hands, so that the middle part of the nucleus is depressed, and then split into two nuclei; at the same time, push the two pairs of magnets in the outer circle from the outside to the inside with your hands to make The middle part of the cell membrane is depressed, and then split into 2 cells, each containing a new nucleus.
应用四、演示减数分裂与遗传基本定律的关系：Application 4. Demonstrate the relationship between meiosis and the basic laws of inheritance:
(a)演示基因分离定律和自由组合定律（以基因型AaBb的动物个体为例）：将带有A和a的一对等位基因的粘性贴贴在一对同源染色体上，将带有B和b的另一对等位基因的粘性贴贴在另一对同源染色体上，间期复制的结果，每条染色体上形成两条姐妹染色单体，基因加倍；减Ⅰ的后期同源染色体分离，等位基因A与a分离，B与b分离（基因分离规律的基础），非同源染色体自由组合，引起非等位基因自由组合（基因的自由组合定律的基础）；减数第二次分裂后期，着丝点一分为二，姐妹染色单体分离，相同基因（A与A，B与B）分离；(a) Demonstrate the law of gene segregation and the law of free assortment (take the animal individual of genotype AaBb as an example): paste a pair of alleles with A and a on a pair of homologous chromosomes, and put The other pair of alleles of B and b is pasted on another pair of homologous chromosomes. As a result of interphase duplication, two sister chromatids are formed on each chromosome, and the genes are doubled; the late homology of minus I Chromosomal segregation, alleles A and a are separated, B and b are separated (the basis of the law of gene segregation), non-homologous chromosomes are freely combined, resulting in the free combination of non-allelic genes (the basis of the law of free combination of genes); In the late stage of secondary division, the centromere is divided into two, sister chromatids are separated, and the same genes (A and A, B and B) are separated;
(b)演示基因的连锁互换定律（以两对等位基因A与a，B与b位于一对同源染色体上的个体为例）：使用染色体交叉互换模型，将两对等位基因A与a，B与b的粘性贴贴在位于一对同源染色体上，使得等位基因A与a位于一对同源染色体着丝点以上的姐妹染色单体的相同位点上，使得B与b位于同一对同源染色体着丝点以下用于交叉互换的姐妹染色单体的相同位点上；将上述标记号等位基因的一对用于交叉互换的同源染色体吸附在磁性白板上，使得相邻的两条非姐相互交叉，互换带有B和b的相同片段，重新与非姐妹染色单体连接，完成一次交出互换，继续完成减数分裂过程，看到由于交叉互换导致的基因重组，产生AB、Ab、aB、ab四种配子。(b) Demonstrate the law of linkage exchange of genes (taking two pairs of alleles A and a, B and b on a pair of homologous chromosomes as an example): using the chromosome crossover model, the two pairs of alleles The sticky stickers of A and a, B and b are pasted on a pair of homologous chromosomes, so that alleles A and a are located at the same position of sister chromatids above the centromere of a pair of homologous chromosomes, so that B and b are located at the same position of the sister chromatids for cross-exchange below the centromere of the same pair of homologous chromosomes; a pair of homologous chromosomes for cross-exchange of the above marker alleles are adsorbed on the magnetic On the whiteboard, make the adjacent two non-sisters cross each other, exchange the same segment with B and b, reconnect with the non-sister chromatids, complete a handover exchange, and continue to complete the meiosis process, see Due to gene recombination caused by crossover, four gametes, AB, Ab, aB, and ab, are produced.
以上所述，仅为本发明的较佳实施例，当不能限定本发明的实施范围，即凡是依本发明专利权利要求所做的均等变化与修饰等，皆应仍属于本发明专利的涵盖范围意图所保护的范畴。The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and should not limit the implementation scope of the present invention, that is, all equivalent changes and modifications made according to the claims of the patent of the present invention should still belong to the scope of the patent of the present invention. the scope of protection intended.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201610326502.2ACN105825753B (en) | 2016-05-17 | 2016-05-17 | A kind of fissional teaching mode of demonstration |
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| CN201610326502.2ACN105825753B (en) | 2016-05-17 | 2016-05-17 | A kind of fissional teaching mode of demonstration |
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| CN106257568A (en)* | 2016-08-30 | 2016-12-28 | 安徽省宿州市第二中学 | A kind of teaching demonstration method using self-control chromosome teaching aid |
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| RU218661U1 (en)* | 2022-11-17 | 2023-06-05 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Кубанский государственный аграрный университет имени И.Т. Трубилина" | Chromosome model |
| RU218653U1 (en)* | 2022-11-17 | 2023-06-05 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Кубанский государственный аграрный университет имени И.Т. Трубилина" | Chromosome Model |
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