技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种大米预处理装置及方法，具体为带有具有降低铅、汞含量功能的大米预处理装置及方法，本发明通过控制大米洗涤的过程，不额外添加任何化学物质，来降低大米中铅、汞的含量。The invention relates to a rice pretreatment device and method, specifically a rice pretreatment device and method with the function of reducing the content of lead and mercury. The invention controls the process of rice washing without adding any additional chemical substances to reduce the content of lead and mercury.
背景技术Background technique
随着经济和技术的发展，人类改造自然和利用自然的幅度越来越强了，向自然排放的各类污染物也越来越多。如工业“三废”的排放、城市生活污水、农业耕种过程中的化肥和农药不合理使用等可使农田土壤环境日益恶化,进入农田土壤的铅、汞经过溶解、沉淀、凝聚、络合、吸附等各种反应,形成了不同形态的铅、汞,表现出不同的活性和生物毒性并通过稻谷、蔬菜等作物的吸收和累积而直接进入食物链,威胁人类的健康和生命安全。With the development of economy and technology, human beings are transforming and utilizing nature more and more, and more and more pollutants are discharged into nature. For example, the discharge of industrial "three wastes", urban domestic sewage, and unreasonable use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural cultivation can make the farmland soil environment worsen day by day. The lead and mercury entering the farmland soil undergo dissolution, precipitation, condensation, complexation, and adsorption Various reactions such as lead and mercury have formed different forms of lead and mercury, showing different activities and biological toxicity, and directly enter the food chain through the absorption and accumulation of crops such as rice and vegetables, threatening human health and life safety.
铅、汞可引发人类癌症，且已被国际癌症研究机构(IARC)列为人类Ⅱ类致癌物。Lead and mercury can cause human cancer, and have been listed as human II carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
在某水稻种植示范基地,实验田面积为50亩,由当地农户在专业技术人员的指导下,对50种不同水稻稻种进行育秧、插秧、施肥、灌溉等田间耕作,实验基地灌溉水质检测值符合农田灌溉水质标准；稻田土壤重金属本底值铅、镉、铬、砷、铜的含量中,仅镉含量超出食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准，结果表明50种稻米镉、铅含量均超出稻米污染物限量标准[1]。In a rice planting demonstration base, the area of the experimental field is 50 mu. Under the guidance of professional and technical personnel, local farmers conduct field cultivation, transplanting, fertilization, and irrigation for 50 different rice species. The water quality detection value of the experimental base is Conforms to the water quality standard for farmland irrigation; Among the heavy metal background values of lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and copper in paddy field soil, only cadmium content exceeds the environmental quality assessment standard for edible agricultural products. The results show that the cadmium and lead content of 50 kinds of rice exceed rice pollution Material limit standard[1] .
Cheng Fangmin等(2006)年对我国华南地区粳稻镉和铅污染进行调研，他们对269个采样点的粳稻进行调查，对3个不同生态系统的12个品种的粳稻进行田间种植试验，结果发现，精米中的镉含量在0.01-0.34mg/kg之间，算术平均值为0.081mg/kg，铅含量在0.01-1.136mg/kg之间，算术平均值为0.1135mg/kg。Qian Yongzhong等2005-2008年间对中国市场销售大米铅、汞污染调查，发现大米铅、汞平均含量：镉为0.05mg/kg、铅为0.062mg/kg、汞为0.0058mg/kg、As为0.119mg/kg。Cheng Fangmin et al. (2006) investigated cadmium and lead pollution in japonica rice in South China. They investigated japonica rice at 269 sampling points and conducted field planting experiments on 12 varieties of japonica rice in 3 different ecosystems. The results found that, The cadmium content in polished rice is between 0.01-0.34mg/kg, with an arithmetic mean of 0.081mg/kg, and the lead content is between 0.01-1.136mg/kg, with an arithmetic mean of 0.1135mg/kg. Qian Yongzhong et al. investigated lead and mercury pollution in rice sold in the Chinese market from 2005 to 2008, and found that the average content of lead and mercury in rice was: 0.05mg/kg for cadmium, 0.062mg/kg for lead, 0.0058mg/kg for mercury, and 0.119 for As. mg/kg.
GB2762-2012食品安全国家标准--食品中污染物限量中规定，大米中的铅限量为小于0.2mg/kg，大米中的汞的限量为小于0.02mg/kg。日常大米中，是无法杜绝铅、汞等重金属的，国家规定小于这个限量标准就是合格。但是由于铅、汞在人体内无法有效排出，会发生富集作用。也就是说，虽然限量值很低，但生活中每天都要摄入大米，人体内铅、汞含量也就会越多，对人体健康存在很大的隐患。因此，寻找合适的方式降低大米中铅、汞含量，对人们的健康显得尤为重要。GB2762-2012 National Food Safety Standard - Limits of Contaminants in Food stipulates that the limit of lead in rice is less than 0.2mg/kg, and the limit of mercury in rice is less than 0.02mg/kg. It is impossible to eliminate heavy metals such as lead and mercury in daily rice, and the national regulations are less than this limit standard to be qualified. However, because lead and mercury cannot be effectively discharged in the human body, enrichment will occur. In other words, although the limit value is very low, if rice is consumed every day in daily life, the content of lead and mercury in the human body will increase, which poses a great hidden danger to human health. Therefore, it is particularly important for people's health to find a suitable way to reduce the lead and mercury content in rice.
目前，研究较多的是如何降低农田灌溉用水的铅、汞含量、如何对受污染农田进行修复、降低铅、汞的作物利用活性、培育低铅、汞富集谷物品种等来控制谷物重金属污染，但目前尚未大规模推广应用。At present, there are many researches on how to reduce the lead and mercury content in farmland irrigation water, how to restore the polluted farmland, reduce the crop utilization activity of lead and mercury, and cultivate low-lead and mercury-enriched grain varieties to control heavy metal pollution in grains. , but has not yet been widely used.
有一些研究通过用添加化学制剂或酶的水，通过洗涤等方法降低大米及谷物中的铅、汞含量，如CN201310502447.4，一种消减谷物重金属的方法；CN201310676269.7一种降低大米及其制品重金属含量的方法等。但为去除或降低铅、汞含量，添加化学制剂或酶，安全性尚无可靠评估，并且按照这种方法对大米的性状产生了一定影响，不利于销售。There are some studies that reduce the lead and mercury content in rice and grains by washing and other methods with water added with chemicals or enzymes, such as CN201310502447.4, a method for reducing heavy metals in grains; CN201310676269.7, a method for reducing rice and grains. The method of heavy metal content in products, etc. However, in order to remove or reduce the content of lead and mercury, chemical agents or enzymes are added, and the safety has not yet been reliably evaluated, and this method has a certain impact on the properties of rice, which is not conducive to sales.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了克服现有大米中铅、汞去除或降低方法的操作复杂、添加化学药剂及对大米外观产生影响等不足，本发明提供了一种家庭条件下可以实现的、快速、有效并且不添加任何额外化学成分的，降低大米中铅、汞含量的大米预处理装置及方法。具体地，大米中铅、汞的存在状态可以分为有机物和无机物两类。超声洗涤过程中，大米中无机状态的铅、汞和部分含有铅、汞的有机物会逐渐渗出，从而达到降低大米中铅、汞含量的效果。引入超声发生器，在浸泡的过程中通过超声发生器产生的超声波，利用超声波在水中传播时的空化、声流等物理效应，大米和水发生剧烈作用，产生洗涤效果。In order to overcome the shortcomings of the existing methods for removing or reducing lead and mercury in rice, such as complex operation, addition of chemical agents, and impact on the appearance of rice, the present invention provides a fast, effective and non-additional method that can be realized under household conditions. The invention relates to a rice pretreatment device and method for reducing the content of lead and mercury in rice based on the chemical composition. Specifically, the existing states of lead and mercury in rice can be divided into two categories: organic matter and inorganic matter. During the ultrasonic washing process, the lead and mercury in the inorganic state and some organic substances containing lead and mercury in the rice will gradually seep out, so as to achieve the effect of reducing the content of lead and mercury in the rice. The ultrasonic generator is introduced, and the ultrasonic wave generated by the ultrasonic generator during the soaking process uses physical effects such as cavitation and acoustic flow when the ultrasonic wave propagates in water, and the rice and water interact violently to produce a washing effect.
所述大米预处理装置设有进水管1、阀门2、阀门3、阀门4、超声发生器5、排水管6、控制面板7、中央处理单元8、超声发生器9、同电饭锅连接管道10、容器11，通过用户自主设定操作要求，可以自动的完成大米的超声洗涤功能，通过这些步骤达到降低大米中铅、汞含量的效果。Described rice pretreatment device is provided with water inlet pipe 1, valve 2, valve 3, valve 4, ultrasonic generator 5, drainpipe 6, control panel 7, central processing unit 8, ultrasonic generator 9, connecting pipeline with electric rice cooker 10. The container 11 can automatically complete the ultrasonic washing function of rice through the user's independent setting of operation requirements, and achieve the effect of reducing the content of lead and mercury in rice through these steps.
其中，所述进水管1为装置提供清水；Wherein, the water inlet pipe 1 provides clear water for the device;
所述阀门2控制进水管1的连通和关闭；The valve 2 controls the connection and closure of the water inlet pipe 1;
所述阀门3控制同电饭锅连接管道10的连通和关闭；The valve 3 controls the connection and closure of the connecting pipeline 10 with the electric rice cooker;
所述阀门4控制排水管6的连通和关闭；The valve 4 controls the connection and closure of the drain pipe 6;
所述中央处理单元8完成控制整个烹饪装置运行和存储预定程序的功能；The central processing unit 8 completes the functions of controlling the operation of the entire cooking device and storing predetermined programs;
所述控制面板7提供人机交互接口，用户可以自由的选择所需功能，如设定超声洗涤时间、加入水量、超声功率等；The control panel 7 provides a human-computer interaction interface, and the user can freely select required functions, such as setting ultrasonic washing time, adding water, ultrasonic power, etc.;
所述超声发生器5、超声发生器9用来产生超声洗涤过程中需要的超声波。The ultrasonic generator 5 and the ultrasonic generator 9 are used to generate the ultrasonic waves required in the ultrasonic cleaning process.
优选地，所述超声发生器5选择耐高温压电陶瓷超声换能器。Preferably, the ultrasonic generator 5 selects a high temperature resistant piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducer.
所述大米预处理方法为通过超声洗涤，将大米中无机状态的铅、汞和部分含有铅、汞的有机物逐渐溶出，从而达到降低大米中铅、汞含量的效果。The rice pretreatment method is to gradually dissolve lead and mercury in the inorganic state and some organic matter containing lead and mercury in the rice by ultrasonic washing, thereby achieving the effect of reducing the content of lead and mercury in the rice.
具体地，所述超声洗涤过程具体操作方法为，在容器11中加入一定量的大米，并在控制面板7设定超声洗涤参数，如时间、水量、功率等参数，在容器11中，加入一定量的水；使超声发生器5、超声发生器9开始工作，开始超声洗涤；达预定的超声洗涤时间后，将容器11中水排出，完成预处理过程。Specifically, the specific operation method of the ultrasonic washing process is to add a certain amount of rice into the container 11, and set the ultrasonic washing parameters on the control panel 7, such as time, water volume, power and other parameters, and add a certain amount of rice to the container 11 amount of water; make ultrasonic generator 5, ultrasonic generator 9 start to work, start ultrasonic cleaning; after reaching the predetermined ultrasonic cleaning time, the water in the container 11 is discharged, and the pretreatment process is completed.
优选地，为加强铅、汞的去除效果，加入大米和水的体积比值可以为1：6到1：10，因为水量越大，大米和水中铅、汞的浓度差就越大，能促进铅、汞的溶出；Preferably, in order to enhance the removal effect of lead and mercury, the volume ratio of adding rice to water can be 1:6 to 1:10, because the larger the water volume, the greater the concentration difference of lead and mercury between rice and water, which can promote the removal of lead. , the dissolution of mercury;
优选地，水在所述超声洗涤时间可以选择1-30分钟；Preferably, the water can be selected for 1-30 minutes in the ultrasonic washing time;
优选地，进行一次超声洗涤后，可以重复此步骤，增强铅、汞的去除效果；Preferably, after ultrasonic cleaning once, this step can be repeated to enhance the removal effect of lead and mercury;
优选地，进行一次超声洗涤后，可以用水冲洗大米，增强铅、汞的去除效果；Preferably, after ultrasonic washing once, the rice can be rinsed with water to enhance the removal effect of lead and mercury;
本发明的有益效果为，采用上述步骤的预处理装置和方法得到的大米，铅的含量可以去除55％-86％，汞的含量可以去除39％-89％。所有操作步骤不添加任何化学制剂。The beneficial effect of the present invention is that, in the rice obtained by using the pretreatment device and method of the above steps, 55%-86% of the lead content can be removed, and 39%-89% of the mercury content can be removed. All operation steps do not add any chemical preparations.
所述大米中铅、汞的含量按照GB_500912-2010_食品安全国家标准食品中铅的测定方法，GB 5009.17-2014食品安全国家标准食品中总汞及有机汞的测定方法测量。The content of lead and mercury in the rice is measured according to GB_500912-2010_National Food Safety Standard for Determination of Lead in Food, and GB 5009.17-2014 National Food Safety Standard for Determination of Total Mercury and Organic Mercury in Food.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1本发明大米预处理流程图Fig. 1 rice pretreatment flowchart of the present invention
图2本发明大米预处理装置的原理图The schematic diagram of Fig. 2 rice pretreatment device of the present invention
具体实施方式detailed description
本发明的最佳实施例参照附图进行如下描述。Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
本发明中的大米预处理装置包括进水管1、阀门2、阀门3、阀门4、超声发生器5、排水管6、控制面板7、中央处理单元8、超声发生器9、同电饭锅连接管道10、容器11。The rice pretreatment device among the present invention comprises water inlet pipe 1, valve 2, valve 3, valve 4, ultrasonic generator 5, drainpipe 6, control panel 7, central processing unit 8, ultrasonic generator 9, is connected with electric rice cooker Pipeline 10, container 11.
所述进水管1、排水管6、同电饭锅连接管道10分别同容器11相连；The water inlet pipe 1, the drain pipe 6, and the connecting pipe 10 of the electric rice cooker are respectively connected with the container 11;
所述阀门3、阀门4位于容器11内部，阀门3为电控开闭的开关，用来控制米进入电饭锅的管道的连通与闭合，阀门4为电控开闭的开关，用来排水管6的连通与闭合，特别地，阀门4在容器11侧入口处需安装过滤网，防止容器11中大米随着水排出；Described valve 3, valve 4 are positioned at container 11 inside, and valve 3 is the switch of electric control opening and closing, is used for controlling the connection and closing of the pipeline that rice enters electric rice cooker, and valve 4 is the switch of electric control opening and closing, is used for drainage The connection and closure of the pipe 6, especially, the valve 4 needs to install a filter screen at the side entrance of the container 11 to prevent the rice in the container 11 from being discharged with water;
所述阀门2安装在进水管1上，用来控制进水管1的连通与断开，为容器11提供水源；The valve 2 is installed on the water inlet pipe 1, and is used to control the connection and disconnection of the water inlet pipe 1, so as to provide a water source for the container 11;
所述超声发生器5、超声发生器9通过超声换能器专用胶水紧密地粘在容器11的容器壁外侧；The ultrasonic generator 5 and the ultrasonic generator 9 are tightly adhered to the outside of the container wall of the container 11 by special glue for ultrasonic transducers;
所述控制面板7同中央控制单元相连；The control panel 7 is connected with the central control unit;
所述进水管1、阀门2、阀门3、阀门4、超声发生器5、排水管6、控制面板7、超声发生器9、同电饭锅连接管道10、容器11分别同中央处理单元8相连；The water inlet pipe 1, the valve 2, the valve 3, the valve 4, the ultrasonic generator 5, the drain pipe 6, the control panel 7, the ultrasonic generator 9, the connecting pipe 10 with the electric rice cooker, and the container 11 are respectively connected with the central processing unit 8 ;
具体的工作过程为：The specific working process is:
在容器11中加入一定量的大米，并在控制面板7设定超声洗涤参数，如时间、水量、功率等。Add a certain amount of rice in the container 11, and set ultrasonic washing parameters, such as time, water volume, power, etc., on the control panel 7.
开始超声洗涤步骤，阀门2开启，清水从进水管1加入到容器11中，达到预定水量后，阀门2关闭；使超声发生器5、超声发生器9开始工作，开始超声洗涤；达预定的超声洗涤时间后，超声发生器5、超声发生器9停止工作；阀门4开启，容器11中的水通过排水管6排出，10秒后，阀门4关闭；阀门3开启，阀门2开启，进水管1向容器11中通入少量的水，将米通过同电饭锅连接管道10冲入电饭锅中，阀门2、阀门3关闭，完成预处理过程。Start the ultrasonic washing step, the valve 2 is opened, and clear water is added into the container 11 from the water inlet pipe 1. After reaching the predetermined water volume, the valve 2 is closed; the ultrasonic generator 5 and the ultrasonic generator 9 are started to work, and the ultrasonic washing is started; After the washing time, the ultrasonic generator 5 and the ultrasonic generator 9 stop working; the valve 4 is opened, and the water in the container 11 is discharged through the drain pipe 6, and after 10 seconds, the valve 4 is closed; the valve 3 is opened, the valve 2 is opened, and the water inlet pipe 1 Pass into a small amount of water in container 11, rice is rushed in the electric cooker by connecting pipeline 10 with electric cooker, and valve 2, valve 3 are closed, and finish pretreatment process.
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明作进一步说明：Below in conjunction with embodiment and accompanying drawing, the present invention will be further described:
实施例1：Example 1:
具体实施方案及步骤Specific implementation plan and steps
本发明中的大米预处理装置包括进水管1、阀门2、阀门3、阀门4、超声发生器5、排水管6、控制面板7、中央处理单元8、超声发生器9、同电饭锅连接管道10、容器11。The rice pretreatment device among the present invention comprises water inlet pipe 1, valve 2, valve 3, valve 4, ultrasonic generator 5, drainpipe 6, control panel 7, central processing unit 8, ultrasonic generator 9, is connected with electric rice cooker Pipeline 10, container 11.
所述进水管1、排水管6、同电饭锅连接管道10，采用耐高温PE管，分别同容器11相连；Described water inlet pipe 1, drain pipe 6, connecting pipe 10 with electric rice cooker, adopt high temperature resistant PE pipe, link to each other with container 11 respectively;
所述阀门3、阀门4位于容器11内部，采用电磁阀，其中阀门3采用通称公径40mm的耐高温电磁阀，阀门4采用通称公径20mm的电磁阀，在阀门4在容器11侧入口处安装304不锈钢过滤网，防止容器11中大米随着水排出；The valve 3 and the valve 4 are located inside the container 11, and electromagnetic valves are used, wherein the valve 3 adopts a high-temperature resistant electromagnetic valve with a nominal diameter of 40 mm, and the valve 4 adopts an electromagnetic valve with a nominal diameter of 20 mm. 304 stainless steel filter screens are installed to prevent rice from being discharged with water in the container 11;
所述阀门2安装在进水管1上，为电磁阀；The valve 2 is installed on the water inlet pipe 1 and is a solenoid valve;
所述超声发生器5、超声发生器9，采用压电陶瓷式清洗用超声换能器，通过超声换能器专用胶水紧密地粘在容器11的容器壁外侧；The ultrasonic generator 5 and the ultrasonic generator 9 adopt piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducers for cleaning, and are tightly adhered to the outside of the container wall of the container 11 by special glue for ultrasonic transducers;
所述控制面板7同中央处理单元8相连；The control panel 7 is connected with the central processing unit 8;
所述中央处理单元8使用单片机来完成功能；The central processing unit 8 uses a single-chip microcomputer to complete functions;
所述进水管1、阀门2、阀门3、阀门4、超声发生器5、排水管6、控制面板7、超声发生器9、同电饭锅连接管道10、容器11分别同中央处理单元8相连；The water inlet pipe 1, the valve 2, the valve 3, the valve 4, the ultrasonic generator 5, the drain pipe 6, the control panel 7, the ultrasonic generator 9, the connecting pipe 10 with the electric rice cooker, and the container 11 are respectively connected with the central processing unit 8 ;
背景技术及参考文献Background Technology and References
[1]谢文娟.50种稻米铅、汞富集现状研究[D].中南大学湘雅公共卫生学院.2014[1] Xie Wenjuan. Research on the enrichment status of lead and mercury in 50 kinds of rice [D]. Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University. 2014
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| CN201610243597.1ACN105747882A (en) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-04-19 | Rice preprocessing device and method |
| PCT/CN2017/000245WO2017181734A1 (en) | 2016-04-19 | 2017-03-21 | Rice pre-treatment device and method |
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| CN201610243597.1ACN105747882A (en) | 2016-04-19 | 2016-04-19 | Rice preprocessing device and method |
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| CN105747881A (en)* | 2016-04-19 | 2016-07-13 | 哈尔滨工业大学深圳研究生院 | Rice preprocessing device and method |
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| CN101756078A (en)* | 2010-01-08 | 2010-06-30 | 浙江大学宁波理工学院 | Method for removing arsenic in Porphyra haitanensis |
| CN102350418A (en)* | 2011-06-24 | 2012-02-15 | 戚祖强 | ZigBee-wireless-control-based ultrasonic trough |
| CN103054093A (en)* | 2012-12-27 | 2013-04-24 | 中国计量学院 | Sargassum fusiforme arsenic removal process |
| CN104770625A (en)* | 2015-03-30 | 2015-07-15 | 中国计量学院 | Method for removing inorganic arsenic in kelp |
| CN204670308U (en)* | 2015-06-01 | 2015-09-30 | 田富亮 | A kind of super mangneto fruit and vegetable residual pesticide cleaning equipment |
| CN104920966A (en)* | 2015-06-30 | 2015-09-23 | 中南林业科技大学 | Cadmium-removed rice flour and preparation method thereof |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | Application publication date:20160713 |