技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种钻井液地层漏失量监测方法，特别是一种应用于石油与天然气的勘探钻井或者开采钻井领域的钻井液地层漏失量监测方法。The invention relates to a method for monitoring the leakage amount of a drilling fluid formation, in particular to a method for monitoring the leakage amount of a drilling fluid formation applied in the field of oil and natural gas exploration drilling or production drilling.
背景技术Background technique
在石油与天然气的勘探钻井或者开采钻井过程中，当井底压力大于地层压力时，钻井液在压差作用下会进入地层，产生井漏；当井底压力小于地层压力时，地层中的流体就会进入井筒，产生溢流。井漏的直观表现是地面钻井液罐液面的下降，或井口无钻井液返出，或井口钻井液返出量小于注入量。漏失是钻井过程中的一种常见现象，特别是在不清楚地层压力的情况下，很容易产生钻井液漏失，而按漏失量分类可分为渗透性漏失、轻微漏失以及严重漏失。漏失可能造成钻井液和堵漏材料大量消耗，也有可能引发井塌、卡钻、埋钻及井涌等事故，如果处理不当甚至可能导致井眼的报废，造成重大经济损失，在高效安全的钻井过程中要注意避免，一旦发生后要注意采取针对措施进行解决。During oil and natural gas exploration drilling or production drilling, when the bottom hole pressure is greater than the formation pressure, the drilling fluid will enter the formation under the action of pressure difference, resulting in lost circulation; when the bottom hole pressure is lower than the formation pressure, the fluid in the formation It will enter the wellbore and produce overflow. The intuitive manifestation of lost circulation is the drop of the liquid level of the drilling fluid tank on the ground, or no drilling fluid is returned from the wellhead, or the amount of drilling fluid returned from the wellhead is less than the injection amount. Loss is a common phenomenon in the drilling process, especially when the formation pressure is not known, it is easy to cause drilling fluid loss, and it can be classified into permeability loss, slight loss and serious loss according to the amount of loss. Leakage may cause massive consumption of drilling fluid and plugging materials, and may also cause accidents such as well collapse, drill stuck, buried drill and well kick. Pay attention to avoiding it during the process, and take specific measures to solve it once it happens.
目前，国内外都对钻井液早期漏失监测有一定研究，能在一定程度上实现复杂井条件下针对不同工况的早期漏失的监测。常规漏失的监测方法主要分为地面和井下两种：地面监测方法主要基于泥浆膨胀原理，具有简单实用的优点，但时间上存在滞后性，对于水平井、深井超深井滞后时间更长。井下监测方法主要采取随钻环空压力监测，较地面监测及时准确，但综合要求较高。目前的检测手段主要是定性评价，缺乏定量分析，地层漏失发生后采取何种措施主要依赖于操作人员经验判断，缺乏数据支撑，不能够及时有效地采取针对措施，因此现有技术中还没有一种可以对地层漏失进行及时检测和准确定量检测，以便工程人员根据地层漏失情况快速有效采取针对措施，有效降低钻井风险、减少损失的钻井液地层漏失量监测方法。At present, there are some researches on the early loss monitoring of drilling fluid both at home and abroad, which can realize the early loss monitoring for different working conditions under complex well conditions to a certain extent. Conventional leakage monitoring methods are mainly divided into two types: surface and downhole: the surface monitoring method is mainly based on the principle of mud expansion, which has the advantages of simplicity and practicality, but there is a lag in time, and the lag time is longer for horizontal wells, deep wells and ultra-deep wells. The downhole monitoring method mainly adopts annular pressure monitoring while drilling, which is more timely and accurate than surface monitoring, but has higher comprehensive requirements. The current detection methods are mainly qualitative evaluation, lack of quantitative analysis, what measures to take after formation leakage occurs mainly depends on the operator's experience and judgment, lack of data support, and timely and effective targeted measures cannot be taken, so there is no one in the prior art A drilling fluid formation loss monitoring method that can detect formation loss in time and accurately quantitatively detect it, so that engineers can quickly and effectively take targeted measures according to the formation loss situation, effectively reduce drilling risks and losses.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种可以对地层漏失进行及时检测和准确定量检测，以便工程人员根据地层漏失情况快速有效采取针对措施，有效降低钻井风险、减少损失的钻井液地层漏失量监测方法。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a monitoring of drilling fluid formation leakage that can detect formation leakage in time and accurately and quantitatively, so that engineers can quickly and effectively take targeted measures according to the formation leakage situation, effectively reduce drilling risks and losses method.
为解决上述技术问题本发明采用的钻井液地层漏失量监测方法，包括以下几个步骤：For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the drilling fluid formation leakage monitoring method adopted by the present invention comprises the following steps:
A、根据钻井工况选择多相流体计算模型，如果钻井工况为过平衡钻井则选用SPE20630模型或者SPE35676模型，如果钻井工况为欠平衡模钻井则选用全过程欠平衡钻井井筒流动模型或者欠平衡钻井过程地层溢流量或流失量反演计算模型；A. Select the multiphase fluid calculation model according to the drilling conditions. If the drilling condition is overbalanced drilling, use the SPE20630 model or SPE35676 model. If the drilling condition is underbalanced drilling, use the whole process underbalanced drilling wellbore flow model or under Inversion calculation model of formation overflow or loss during balanced drilling;
B、根据前述步骤选择的多相流体模型计算井口立压，其中地层漏失量初始值设为0；B. Calculate the wellhead standing pressure according to the multiphase fluid model selected in the preceding steps, wherein the initial value of formation leakage is set to 0;
C、将上一步骤计算出的井口立压值与实际测得的井口立压值进行比较，如果计算出的井口立压等于实际测得的井口立压值，则得出漏失量为0，如果计算出的井口立压不等于实际测得的井口立压值则进行D步骤；C. Compare the wellhead vertical pressure value calculated in the previous step with the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure value. If the calculated wellhead vertical pressure value is equal to the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure value, the leakage is 0. If the calculated wellhead vertical pressure is not equal to the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure value, then carry out D step;
D、如果计算出的井口立压大于实际测得的井口立压值，则加大地层漏失量，如果计算出的井口立压小于实际测得的井口立压值，则减小地层漏失量；D. If the calculated wellhead vertical pressure is greater than the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure, then increase the formation leakage; if the calculated wellhead vertical pressure is smaller than the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure, then reduce the formation leakage;
E、将前一步骤调整后的地层漏矢量带入多相流体模型中重新计算井口立压值；E. Bring the formation leakage vector adjusted in the previous step into the multiphase fluid model to recalculate the wellhead standing pressure value;
F、重复步骤E至F直至计算井口立压值与实际测得井口立压值相等，取此时所对应的地层漏矢量为计算输出的地层漏矢量值。F. Repeat steps E to F until the calculated wellhead vertical pressure value is equal to the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure value, and the formation leakage vector corresponding to this time is taken as the formation leakage vector value output by calculation.
进一步的是，每隔1分钟进行一次漏失量计算，当时调整为每隔5秒进行一次漏失量计算，当时调整为每隔1秒进行一次漏失量计算，其中P为立压变化前的立压值，P′为立压变化后的立压值。Further, the leakage calculation is performed every 1 minute, when The time is adjusted to calculate the leakage amount every 5 seconds, when The time is adjusted to calculate the leakage amount every 1 second, where P is the standing pressure value before the standing pressure change, and P' is the standing pressure value after the standing pressure change.
本发明的有益效果是：本申请通过立压早期反演钻井地层漏失量的方法来实现钻井液地层漏失量监测。该方法通过地面立压的变化，结合井筒多相流的计算实现对地层漏失量的计算和定量评价，使得钻井漏失能够在早期被发现，从而尽快采取针对性措施进行后期处理，有效降低钻井风险、减少损失。The beneficial effects of the present invention are: the application realizes the monitoring of the drilling fluid formation leakage through the method of inverting the drilling formation leakage at an early stage by the vertical pressure. This method realizes the calculation and quantitative evaluation of formation leakage through the change of surface vertical pressure combined with the calculation of multiphase flow in the wellbore, so that the drilling loss can be discovered in the early stage, so that targeted measures can be taken as soon as possible for post-processing, and the drilling risk can be effectively reduced. , Reduce losses.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明中的井筒流动系统示意图；Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a wellbore flow system in the present invention;
图2是本发明中的通过立压早期反演钻井地层漏失量的方法示意图；Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the method for inverting the leakage rate of the drilling formation at an early stage by standing pressure in the present invention;
图3是本发明中的立压变化趋势示例图。Fig. 3 is an example diagram of the standing pressure variation trend in the present invention.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步说明。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
如图2所示，本发明的钻井液地层漏失量监测方法，包括以下几个步骤：As shown in Figure 2, the drilling fluid formation loss monitoring method of the present invention comprises the following steps:
A、根据钻井工况选择多相流体计算模型，如果钻井工况为过平衡钻井则选用SPE20630模型或者SPE35676模型，如果钻井工况为欠平衡模钻井则选用全过程欠平衡钻井井筒流动模型或者欠平衡钻井过程地层溢流量或流失量反演计算模型；A. Select the multiphase fluid calculation model according to the drilling conditions. If the drilling condition is overbalanced drilling, use the SPE20630 model or SPE35676 model. If the drilling condition is underbalanced drilling, use the whole process underbalanced drilling wellbore flow model or under Inversion calculation model of formation overflow or loss during balanced drilling;
B、根据前述步骤选择的多相流体模型计算井口立压，其中地层漏失量初始值设为0；B. Calculate the wellhead standing pressure according to the multiphase fluid model selected in the preceding steps, wherein the initial value of formation leakage is set to 0;
C、将上一步骤计算出的井口立压值与实际测得的井口立压值进行比较，如果计算出的井口立压等于实际测得的井口立压值，则得出漏失量为0，如果计算出的井口立压不等于实际测得的井口立压值则进行D步骤；C. Compare the wellhead vertical pressure value calculated in the previous step with the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure value. If the calculated wellhead vertical pressure value is equal to the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure value, the leakage is 0. If the calculated wellhead vertical pressure is not equal to the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure value, then carry out D step;
D、如果计算出的井口立压大于实际测得的井口立压值，则加大地层漏失量，如果计算出的井口立压小于实际测得的井口立压值，则减小地层漏失量；D. If the calculated wellhead vertical pressure is greater than the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure, then increase the formation leakage; if the calculated wellhead vertical pressure is smaller than the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure, then reduce the formation leakage;
E、将前一步骤调整后的地层漏矢量带入多相流体模型中重新计算井口立压值；E. Bring the formation leakage vector adjusted in the previous step into the multiphase fluid model to recalculate the wellhead standing pressure value;
F、重复步骤D至E直至计算井口立压值与实际测得井口立压值相等，取此时所对应的地层漏矢量为计算输出的地层漏矢量值。F. Repeat steps D to E until the calculated wellhead vertical pressure value is equal to the actual measured wellhead vertical pressure value, and the formation leakage vector corresponding to this time is taken as the formation leakage vector value output by calculation.
在进行钻进作业时，必须先进行工况选择(如欠平衡钻井还是过平衡钻井)，不同的工况对应不同的多相流体计算模型，确定工况之后就选择对应的模型。计算的模型中需要较多参数，一部分直接使用已知参数(如钻井液的密度，井深)，另一部分需要通过边界条件和初始条件加以计算得出，而最关键的两个参数是实测立压和计算立压，前者可以通过立压表读取，后者则需要通过多相流计算模型求解。首先假设地层漏失量为0，通过计算模型可以计算得到井口立压，如果计算立压与实际立压相一致，则不存在漏失，否则就要调整漏失量，如果计算立压偏大，则存在漏失，逐步增大漏失量，进行迭代计算，直到计算立压与实际立压一致为止。如果计算立压偏小，则有可能存在溢流现象，也可以通过多相流模型计算得到溢流量。When drilling, it is necessary to select a working condition (such as underbalanced drilling or overbalanced drilling). Different working conditions correspond to different multiphase fluid calculation models. After determining the working condition, select the corresponding model. The calculated model requires many parameters, some of which directly use known parameters (such as drilling fluid density, well depth), and the other part needs to be calculated through boundary conditions and initial conditions, and the two most critical parameters are the measured standing pressure and calculating the vertical pressure, the former can be read through the vertical pressure gauge, while the latter needs to be solved through the multiphase flow calculation model. First, assuming that the formation leakage is 0, the wellhead vertical pressure can be calculated through the calculation model. If the calculated vertical pressure is consistent with the actual vertical pressure, there is no leakage. Otherwise, the leakage must be adjusted. If the calculated vertical pressure is too large, there is Leakage, increase the amount of leakage gradually, and perform iterative calculation until the calculated vertical pressure is consistent with the actual vertical pressure. If the calculated vertical pressure is too small, there may be an overflow phenomenon, and the overflow amount can also be calculated through the multiphase flow model.
A步骤中的SPE20630模型为AnsariAM于1990年提出的模型，采用该模型时需要输入井深结构，施工参数两项数据。SPE35676模型为Chokshi于1996年提出的模型，采用该模型时需要输入工作液参数和经验系数两项数据。全过程欠平衡钻井井筒流动模型为魏纳与2011年提出的模型，采用该模型需要输入井深结构、工作液参数和施工参数三项数据。欠平衡钻井过程地层溢流量或流失量反演计算模型为李杰与2010年提出的模型，采用该模型需要输入井深结构、工作液参数和施工参数三项数据。The SPE20630 model in step A is a model proposed by AnsariAM in 1990. When using this model, it is necessary to input well depth structure and construction parameters. The SPE35676 model is a model proposed by Chokshi in 1996. When using this model, two data of working fluid parameters and empirical coefficients need to be input. The wellbore flow model of the whole process of underbalanced drilling is the model proposed by Weiner and He in 2011. The use of this model requires the input of three data items: well depth structure, working fluid parameters and construction parameters. The inversion calculation model of formation overflow or loss during underbalanced drilling is the model proposed by Li Jie and 2010. The use of this model requires input of three data items: well depth structure, working fluid parameters and construction parameters.
当钻井液漏失时，井筒中的钻井液的物理性质会发生相应变化，如钻井的密度、流量等，从而影响到钻柱以及环空内的压力平衡状态，使地面上的立管压力、套管压力也发生相应变化。立压指的是作业过程中立管上的压力值，反映的是钻井液在钻柱、钻头水眼及环空中的压力损失，在数值上近似于等于整个循环系统压力损失，也近似等于循环泵压。When the drilling fluid leaks, the physical properties of the drilling fluid in the wellbore will change accordingly, such as the density and flow rate of the drilling well, which will affect the pressure balance state of the drill string and the annular space, and make the standpipe pressure on the ground, casing pressure, etc. The pipe pressure also changes accordingly. Standing pressure refers to the pressure value on the standpipe during operation, which reflects the pressure loss of drilling fluid in the drill string, drill bit water hole and annular space, which is approximately equal to the pressure loss of the entire circulation system in value, and is also approximately equal to the pressure loss of the circulating pump. pressure.
如图1所示，在正常钻进情况下，井筒内的流体循环满足质量守恒定律，即钻井液的总量不会发生变化，一旦发生漏失，钻井液循环系统质量会减少，就会引起压力波动，进而反应到立压和套压的变化。通过立压从钻柱内进行计算或者通过套压从环空内计算都可以得到钻井液的漏失量，考虑到计算的复杂性，从立压计算相对更为简便，因此选择立压作为表征参数。立压的计算可以用下式表达As shown in Figure 1, under normal drilling conditions, the fluid circulation in the wellbore satisfies the law of mass conservation, that is, the total amount of drilling fluid does not change. Once leakage occurs, the quality of the drilling fluid circulation system will decrease, causing pressure Fluctuations, and then respond to changes in standing pressure and casing pressure. The loss of drilling fluid can be obtained by calculating the vertical pressure from inside the drill string or from the annular space by casing pressure. Considering the complexity of the calculation, it is relatively easier to calculate from the vertical pressure, so the vertical pressure is selected as the characterization parameter . The calculation of standing pressure can be expressed by the following formula
ΔPS＝ΔPpi+ΔPci+ΔPb+ΔPco+ΔPpoΔPS ＝ΔPpi +ΔPci +ΔPb +ΔPco +ΔPpo
其中ΔPS是立压，ΔPpi是钻杆内压耗，ΔPci是钻挺内压耗，ΔPb是钻头压耗，ΔPco是钻挺外压耗，ΔPpo是钻杆外压耗。当钻井液发生漏失后，立压值也会发生变化，其值等于漏失端上部钻井液环空摩擦力发生变化的值。钻具内部压力损耗ΔPpi、ΔPci和ΔPb不会发生变化。如果钻铤段较短，可以将钻铤简化为钻柱的一部分以减小计算量。在反演漏失量时，采用多相流计算模型，将计算得到的环空中压力损耗的减少量与立压变化值对比，通过充分迭代即可完成钻井液漏失量的计算。Among them, ΔPS is the vertical pressure, ΔPpi is the internal pressure loss of the drill pipe, ΔPci is the internal pressure loss of the drill string, ΔPb is the pressure loss of the drill bit, ΔPco is the external pressure loss of the drill string, and ΔPpo is the external pressure loss of the drill rod. When the drilling fluid is lost, the vertical pressure value will also change, which is equal to the value of the friction force of the drilling fluid annulus above the leakage end. The internal pressure losses ΔPpi , ΔPci and ΔPb of the drilling tool will not change. If the drill collar section is short, the drill collar can be simplified as a part of the drill string to reduce the amount of calculation. When inverting the lost volume, the calculation model of multiphase flow is used to compare the calculated reduction of pressure loss in the annulus with the change in vertical pressure, and the calculation of the lost volume of drilling fluid can be completed through sufficient iterations.
每隔1分钟进行一次漏失量计算，当时调整为每隔5秒进行一次漏失量计算，当时调整为每隔1秒进行一次漏失量计算，其中P为立压变化前的立压值，P′为立压变化后的立压值。Calculate the leakage amount every 1 minute, when The time is adjusted to calculate the leakage amount every 5 seconds, when The time is adjusted to calculate the leakage amount every 1 second, where P is the standing pressure value before the standing pressure change, and P' is the standing pressure value after the standing pressure change.
在立压处于稳定状态下，每隔1分钟进行一次漏失量计算，计算得出的漏失量可能为0或者为一定值，表示没有漏失发生，或者漏失已经发生，但并没有继续产生漏失。如果压力发生变化，则需要修改计算的时间间隔。如果立压变化前后的差值与立压变化前的比值大于5％，则认定立压变化较大，修改时间间隔为1秒；如果该比值小于5％，则认定立压有变化但较小，修改时间间隔为5秒。通过压力变化后的的每个立压测试数据可以计算得到该立压的漏失量，从而通过压力的变化来表征漏失的变化，为操作人员采取下一步措施提供数据支撑。When the vertical pressure is in a stable state, the leakage calculation is performed every 1 minute. The calculated leakage may be 0 or a certain value, indicating that no leakage occurs, or the leakage has occurred, but no further leakage occurs. If the pressure changes, the calculated time interval needs to be modified. If the ratio of the difference before and after the change of the standing pressure to the value before the change of the standing pressure is greater than 5%, it is determined that the change in the standing pressure is large, and the modification time interval is 1 second; if the ratio is less than 5%, it is determined that the standing pressure has changed but is small , modify the interval to 5 seconds. Through the test data of each standing pressure after the pressure change, the leakage amount of the standing pressure can be calculated, so that the change of the pressure can be used to characterize the change of the leakage, and provide data support for the operator to take the next step.
结合图3做进一步说明，该图表示的是立压随时间的变化，其中横坐标是时间，纵坐标是立压，通过分析之后确定是地层漏失引起立压下降。A、B、C三个点是等时间间隔的3个压力点，从A点到B点，地层渗透量开始增加，增加幅度较小；从B点到C点，立压大幅减小，地层渗透量增加迅速，需要及时采取措施，避免发生更为严重的事故。Further explanation is made in conjunction with Fig. 3. This figure shows the change of vertical pressure with time, where the abscissa is time and the vertical axis is vertical pressure. After analysis, it is determined that the vertical pressure drops due to formation leakage. The three points A, B, and C are three pressure points with equal time intervals. From point A to point B, the formation seepage begins to increase, and the increase range is small; from point B to point C, the vertical pressure decreases greatly, and the formation The rapid increase in penetration required timely measures to avoid more serious accidents.
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| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | Application publication date:20160615 | |
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