技术领域technical field
本发明属于有机固体废弃物厌氧消化领域，具体涉及一种通过生化预处理玉米秸秆提高秸秆与粪便混合厌氧消化产气性能的方法。The invention belongs to the field of anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste, and in particular relates to a method for improving the gas production performance of mixed anaerobic digestion of straw and feces through biochemical pretreatment of corn straw.
背景技术Background technique
我国是传统的农业大国，年产农作物秸秆量达8亿多吨，其中玉米秸秆产量达2.84亿吨。因不能及时有效利用，绝大多数玉米秸秆被露天焚烧或野外堆放，严重污染大气环境，同时浪费了资源。厌氧消化技术已被证明为有效获取生物质能源的重要方法，具有低能耗、高产能等优点，目前已在我国广泛的工业化应用和规模化示范。my country is a traditional large agricultural country, with an annual output of more than 800 million tons of crop straw, of which 284 million tons of corn straw. Most of the corn stalks are burned in open air or stacked in the field because they cannot be used effectively in a timely manner, which seriously pollutes the atmospheric environment and wastes resources. Anaerobic digestion technology has been proven to be an important method to effectively obtain biomass energy, and has the advantages of low energy consumption and high production capacity. It has been widely used in industrial applications and large-scale demonstrations in my country.
以秸秆为原料进行厌氧发酵，产量低、周期长。其主要原因为：(1)秸秆的主要组成成分(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)结构复杂，难以被微生物直接利用；(2)营养不均衡，C/N比过高。Anaerobic fermentation using straw as raw material has low yield and long cycle. The main reasons are: (1) The main components of straw (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) are complex in structure and difficult to be directly utilized by microorganisms; (2) The nutrition is unbalanced and the C/N ratio is too high.
一般通过对秸秆进行预处理的来提高微生物对秸秆的利用率。物理法以剪切、粉碎为主，简易快捷，但没从根本上改变木质纤维素的晶体结构。化学法以酸碱处理为主，投入产出比较高，但存在废液处理、设备要求高、碱液抑制产甲烷杆菌生长风险等问题。生物法具有非化学、低能耗、环境友好等优势成为研究热点，但现有白腐真菌或复合菌剂预处理法成本高、技术难度大。Generally, the utilization rate of microorganisms to straw is improved by pretreatment of straw. The physical method is mainly shearing and crushing, which is simple and fast, but it does not fundamentally change the crystal structure of lignocellulose. The chemical method is mainly based on acid-alkali treatment, with relatively high input and output, but there are problems such as waste liquid treatment, high equipment requirements, and the risk that lye inhibits the growth of methanogenic bacteria. The biological method has the advantages of non-chemical, low energy consumption, and environmental friendliness and has become a research hotspot. However, the existing white-rot fungus or compound bacterial agent pretreatment method is costly and technically difficult.
沼液一般为高浓度有机废水，不仅含有大量的氮、磷、钾及有机物，而且富含酶和木质纤维素降解菌。文献：楚莉莉等.沼液预处理小麦秸秆厌氧发酵产气特性的影响(干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):247-251.)的研究发现：使用沼液预处理麦秸8-15天后进行厌氧发酵的VS累积产气量增加15.42％-31.53％，甲烷平均含量为64％-71％。其不足之处是沼液预处理时间太长，原料损失太多，甲烷总产量较低。Biogas slurry is generally high-concentration organic wastewater, which not only contains a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter, but also is rich in enzymes and lignocellulose-degrading bacteria. Literature: Chu Lili et al. Effect of biogas slurry pretreatment on the gas production characteristics of anaerobic fermentation of wheat straw (Agricultural Research in Arid Areas, 2011, 29(1): 247-251.) The research found that using biogas slurry to pretreat wheat straw 8- After 15 days of anaerobic fermentation, the cumulative gas production of VS increased by 15.42%-31.53%, and the average methane content was 64%-71%. The disadvantage is that the pretreatment time of biogas slurry is too long, the loss of raw materials is too much, and the total methane production is low.
中国专利CN101899474A采用沼液作为促进剂，对秸秆进行预处理，然而预处理时间长。专利CN102586333A通过回用部分沼液预处理麦秸，但氨氮的积累抑制厌氧菌的生长，但是指标多、操作难度大。Chinese patent CN101899474A uses biogas slurry as an accelerator to pretreat straw, but the pretreatment takes a long time. Patent CN102586333A pretreats wheat straw by reusing part of the biogas slurry, but the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen inhibits the growth of anaerobic bacteria, but there are many indicators and difficult operation.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对厌氧发酵过程中难降解和营养不均衡的缺陷，提出本发明。本发明的目的在于提供一种通过生化预处理玉米秸秆提高秸秆与粪便混合厌氧产气性能的方法，具有操作简单、降解速率快、预处理时间短及发酵底物C/N比均衡的特点。The present invention is proposed aiming at the defects of refractory degradation and nutritional imbalance in the anaerobic fermentation process. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for improving the anaerobic gas production performance of mixed straw and feces by biochemical pretreatment of corn straw, which has the characteristics of simple operation, fast degradation rate, short pretreatment time and balanced C/N ratio of fermentation substrate .
本发明技术方案包含如下内容：The technical solution of the present invention comprises the following contents:
(1)秸秆原料准备(1) Raw material preparation of straw
取风干的玉米秸秆，先切成3～4厘米，再用带20目筛网的粉碎机粉碎干燥保存备用。Take the air-dried corn stalks, first cut them into 3-4 cm, and then crush them with a grinder with a 20-mesh sieve, dry them and save them for later use.
(2)沼液制备方法(2) Biogas slurry preparation method
沼液取自正常运转一年以上发酵稳定的厌氧发酵沼气池出料(沼液pH在6.9-7.2，氨氮在200-1500mg/L，碱度在2000-6000mg/L)，静置沉降2-7天，滤掉一部分水后，保证沼液干重TS在2％-4％，然后分别将沼液过5-40目筛网，制备好的沼液放入4℃冰箱备用。The biogas slurry is taken from the output of anaerobic fermentation biogas digesters that have been in normal operation for more than one year (the pH of the biogas slurry is 6.9-7.2, the ammonia nitrogen is 200-1500mg/L, and the alkalinity is 2000-6000mg/L), and it is allowed to settle for 2 -7 days, after filtering off part of the water, ensure that the dry weight TS of the biogas slurry is at 2%-4%, and then pass the biogas slurry through a 5-40 mesh screen, and put the prepared biogas slurry in a 4°C refrigerator for later use.
(3)预处理方法(3) Pretreatment method
称取玉米秸秆若干份分别置于密封容器中，加入玉米秸秆干重TS1-6倍的不同浓度的沼液(过5-40目筛网)混合，同时控制每份玉米秸秆预处理后的总固体浓度范围为10％-25％，搅拌均匀后密封置于35℃恒温箱预处理1-6天。Weigh several portions of corn stalks and place them in airtight containers respectively, add biogas slurry of different concentrations (through 5-40 mesh sieves) of 1-6 times the dry weight of corn stalks and mix them, and at the same time control the total amount of each portion of corn stalks pretreated. The solid concentration ranges from 10% to 25%, and after being evenly stirred, it is sealed and placed in a 35°C thermostat for pretreatment for 1-6 days.
(4)预处理时间确定方法(4) Determination method of preprocessing time
称取一定质量的玉米秸秆，置于密封容器中，按不同沼液浓度(过5-40目滤网的沼液)和预处理过程中总固体浓度(10％-25％)两个因子加入沼液(固体含量10％-25％就是含水率75％-90％)，用玻璃棒搅拌均匀，分别密封置于35℃恒温箱预处理1-6天，每天测定密闭容器中物料的pH，当pH值不在下降时视为预处理完成。本方法所得最佳预处理时间为1-3天，(见图1)。Weigh a certain quality of corn stalks, put them in a sealed container, and add them according to two factors: Biogas slurry (solid content 10%-25% means water content 75%-90%), stirred evenly with a glass rod, sealed and placed in a 35°C incubator for pretreatment for 1-6 days, and measured the pH of the material in the airtight container every day. Pretreatment was considered complete when the pH value was no longer dropping. The optimal pretreatment time obtained by this method is 1-3 days, (seeing Fig. 1).
(5)操作步骤(5) Operation steps
具体做法：将自然风干的玉米秸秆先切成3～4厘米，再用带20目筛网的粉碎机粉碎后保存备用。分别称取玉米秸秆39g(按TS计算)若干份，分别置于1L蓝盖瓶中，按不同沼液浓度(过5-40目滤网的沼液)和总固体浓度(10％-25％)两个因子加入取自正常运转一年发酵稳定的厌氧发酵沼气池出料且保证沼液干重TS在2％-4％的沼液，用玻璃棒搅拌均匀，密封置于35℃恒温箱预处理1-3天。Specific method: first cut the naturally air-dried corn stalks into 3-4 cm, then crush them with a grinder with a 20-mesh screen and save them for later use. Weigh several portions of 39g of corn stalks (calculated according to TS), put them in 1L blue-capped bottles, and adjust according to different concentrations of biogas slurry (biogas slurry passed through a 5-40 mesh filter) and total solids concentration (10%-25%) ) Two factors are added to the biogas slurry from an anaerobic fermentation biogas digester that has been in normal operation for one year and has a stable fermentation and ensures that the dry weight TS of the biogas slurry is at 2%-4%. Stir evenly with a glass rod, seal and place at a constant temperature of 35°C Boxes are pretreated for 1-3 days.
(6)厌氧消化(6) Anaerobic digestion
将预处理所得的玉米秸秆与来自养殖场的新鲜牛粪或猪粪混匀(按TS干重3：1混合)，加入正常运行污水处理厂厌氧消化池污泥(pH在7.0-8.0，氨氮在200-1500mg/L，碱度在2000-6000mg/L)接种物15gMLSS/L，调节pH至pH6.8-7.2，加水稀释至体积为反应器总体积的80％-90％后密封在35±1℃的恒温反应器中进行中温厌氧消化过程50天。Mix the pretreated corn stalks with fresh cow manure or pig manure from the farm (3:1 according to the dry weight of TS), and add the sludge from the anaerobic digester of the sewage treatment plant in normal operation (pH at 7.0-8.0, Ammonia nitrogen at 200-1500mg/L, alkalinity at 2000-6000mg/L) inoculum 15gMLSS/L, adjust the pH to pH6.8-7.2, add water to dilute to a volume of 80%-90% of the total volume of the reactor and seal it in The mesophilic anaerobic digestion process was carried out in a constant temperature reactor at 35±1°C for 50 days.
测定预处理前后和厌氧消化前后木质纤维素含量、总固体含量TS、总挥发性固体含量VS、pH、氨氮、碱度、甲烷百分含量和日产沼气量。所有数据用于评价沼液预处理玉米秸秆后与粪便混合厌氧消化的效果。The lignocellulose content, total solid content TS, total volatile solid content VS, pH, ammonia nitrogen, alkalinity, methane percentage and daily biogas production were measured before and after pretreatment and anaerobic digestion. All data were used to evaluate the effect of biogas slurry pretreatment of corn stover mixed with manure for anaerobic digestion.
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1)预处理时间明显缩短。本发明的预处理时间仅为1-3天，而楚莉莉等发明中预处理时间为8-15天，缩短了5-14天。此外，相对于碱预处理法，本发明操作简单，成本低廉，且不需要调节C/N，是一种经济高效的预处理方法。(1) The pretreatment time is significantly shortened. The pretreatment time of the present invention is only 1-3 days, and the pretreatment time in inventions such as Chu Lili is 8-15 days, has shortened 5-14 days. In addition, compared with the alkali pretreatment method, the present invention is simple in operation, low in cost, and does not need to adjust C/N, and is an economical and efficient pretreatment method.
(2)厌氧发酵周期明显缩短。35±1℃条件下沼液预处理玉米秸秆与牛粪混合厌氧消化酸化延滞期不明显，迅速进入产甲烷高峰期，明显缩短厌氧消化周期。对于预处理温度为35℃，预处理时间1-3天的沼液预处理秸秆与牛粪混合的厌氧消化，T80为22-30天，比未预处理组39天缩短23.08％-43.59％，大大节约了运行成本，更适合工业生产。(2) The anaerobic fermentation cycle was significantly shortened. Under the condition of 35±1℃, the lag period of anaerobic digestion and acidification of corn stalks and cow dung mixed with biogas slurry pretreatment was not obvious, and it quickly entered the peak period of methane production, which significantly shortened the anaerobic digestion cycle. For the anaerobic digestion of biogas slurry pretreated straw mixed with cow dung with a pretreatment temperature of 35°C and a pretreatment time of 1-3 days, the T80 was 22-30 days, which was 23.08%-43.59 days shorter than that of the unpretreated group of 39 days %, which greatly saves operating costs and is more suitable for industrial production.
(3)甲烷产量明显提高。整个厌氧消化过程中，经各浓度沼液(5-40目)按不同固体浓度(10％-25％)预处理玉米秸秆与牛粪混合厌氧消化的VS产甲烷量分别获得的36.55％、25.72％、29.31％和32.58％的极显著提升相对未预处理组。(3) The production of methane is obviously increased. During the entire anaerobic digestion process, the VS methane production of mixed anaerobic digestion of corn stalks and cow dung pretreated by various concentrations of biogas slurry (5-40 mesh) and different solid concentrations (10%-25%) is 36.55% , 25.72%, 29.31% and 32.58% were significantly improved relative to the unpretreated group.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1pH随预处理时间的变化图Figure 1 pH variation with pretreatment time
图2日产甲烷量随时间的变化Figure 2 Changes of daily methane production over time
具体实施方式detailed description
在以下所有实验中，厌氧消化实验装置为容积为1L蓝盖瓶，1L广口瓶、1L烧杯和玻璃管、乳胶管连接组成。秸秆为过20目筛网粉碎机粉碎的玉米秸秆，添加量为39gTS。沼液取自正常运行厌氧发酵池，粪便为来自养殖场的新鲜牛粪或猪粪。接种物为正常运行污水处理厂厌氧消化池，加入量为15gMLSS/L。In all the following experiments, the anaerobic digestion experimental device is composed of a blue cap bottle with a volume of 1L, a 1L jar, a 1L beaker, glass tubes, and latex tubes. The stalks are corn stalks crushed by a 20-mesh sieve grinder, and the addition amount is 39gTS. The biogas slurry is taken from the anaerobic fermentation tank in normal operation, and the manure is fresh cow manure or pig manure from the farm. The inoculum is the anaerobic digester of the sewage treatment plant in normal operation, and the addition amount is 15gMLSS/L.
实施例1Example 1
取48份重量为39g玉米秸秆(以TS计)，用干重TS在2％-4％的沼液(过5目、10目、20目和40目滤网的沼液)和总固体浓度(10％、15％、20％和25％)两个因子设计全因子预处理实验。将上述沼液分别加入48份玉米秸秆中密封在35℃预处理3天。Get 48 parts by weight of 39g corn stalks (calculated as TS), use dry weight TS in 2%-4% biogas slurry (biogas slurry that passes through 5 mesh, 10 mesh, 20 mesh and 40 mesh filter screen) and total solids concentration (10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) two factorial design full factorial pretreatment experiments. The above biogas slurry was added to 48 parts of corn stalks and sealed at 35°C for 3 days.
预处理结束后加入13g牛粪(以TS计)和12g正常运行污水处理厂厌氧消化池污泥(以TS计)作为接种物混合进行厌氧消化反应50天。通过排水法记录每天产沼气量，同时每天测定甲烷百分含量，计算甲烷总产量，然后计算T80。实验结果如下所示：After the pretreatment, 13g of cow manure (calculated as TS) and 12g of anaerobic digester sludge (calculated as TS) from a sewage treatment plant in normal operation were added as inoculum and mixed for anaerobic digestion reaction for 50 days. Record the daily biogas production by drainage method, and measure the percentage of methane every day, calculate the total methane production, and then calculate T80 . The experimental results are as follows:
表1厌氧消化出料液性质Table 1 Anaerobic digestion effluent properties
表1所示为厌氧消化结束后TS、VS产甲烷量，T80，pH，氨氮，碱度及VFA含量等厌氧消化性质分析。沼液预处理实验组VS产甲烷率为196.43-238.35mL/gVS，比未预处理组(163.43mL/gVS)提高20.19％-45.84％，T80为22-30，比未预处理组(39)缩短23.08％-43.59％。其中，当预处理沼液过5目筛网，固体浓度为15％时，厌氧消化VS产甲烷率最高(238.35mL/gVS)，T80最短(22)，且其TS、VS去除率分别为43.80％、53.17％，明显高于未预处理组(42.88％和50.34％)。可见，沼液预处理明显缩短了厌氧消化时间，提高了负荷产甲烷率。Table 1 shows the analysis of anaerobic digestion properties such as TS and VS methane production, T80 , pH, ammonia nitrogen, alkalinity and VFA content after anaerobic digestion. The biogas slurry pretreatment experimental group VS methane production rate was 196.43-238.35mL/gVS, which was 20.19%-45.84% higher than that of the unpretreated group (163.43mL /gVS), and T80 was 22-30, which was higher than that of the unpretreated group (39 ) was shortened by 23.08%-43.59%. Among them, when the pretreated biogas slurry passed through a 5-mesh sieve and the solid concentration was 15%, the methane production rate of anaerobic digestion VS was the highest (238.35mL/gVS), the T80 was the shortest (22), and the removal rates of TS and VS were respectively 43.80%, 53.17%, significantly higher than the non-pretreatment group (42.88% and 50.34%). It can be seen that the biogas slurry pretreatment significantly shortened the anaerobic digestion time and increased the load methane production rate.
作为评价批式厌氧消化性能及微生物新陈代谢状态的重要指标，当出料液VFA含量高于5600mg/L，pH<6.8时，系统的产甲烷过程将会受到抑制。由表1可见，本实验各组出料VFA，pH均在甲烷菌生长的适宜范围内。同时，各组氨氮和碱度也均在厌氧菌生长的最适范围(氨氮<2000mg/L、碱度>4000mg/L)，能有效提高消化系统的缓冲能力，维持系统的稳定性。As an important index for evaluating the performance of batch anaerobic digestion and the metabolic state of microorganisms, when the VFA content of the effluent liquid is higher than 5600 mg/L and the pH is less than 6.8, the methane production process of the system will be inhibited. It can be seen from Table 1 that the pH of VFA discharged from each group in this experiment is within the suitable range for the growth of methanogens. At the same time, the ammonia nitrogen and alkalinity of each group are also in the optimum range for the growth of anaerobic bacteria (ammonia nitrogen <2000mg/L, alkalinity>4000mg/L), which can effectively improve the buffer capacity of the digestive system and maintain the stability of the system.
实施例2Example 2
称取四份玉米秸秆，每份玉米秸秆量为30g(以TS计)，利用5目筛网对取自正常运转一年发酵稳定的纯秸秆、秸秆猪粪3:1混合、纯餐厨厌氧发酵沼气池出料进行过滤，将过滤后的沼液按照玉米秸秆干重TS的6倍分别与粉碎后的玉米秸秆充分混合。将预处理后的玉米秸秆密封在自封袋中，在35℃条件下预处理3天，对照组为未预处理的玉米秸秆。Weigh four parts of corn stalks, the amount of each part is 30g (calculated in TS), and use a 5-mesh sieve to collect 3:1 mixture of pure straw, straw and pig manure obtained from normal operation and stable fermentation for one year, and pure food kitchen waste. The output of the oxygen fermentation biogas digester is filtered, and the filtered biogas slurry is fully mixed with the crushed corn stalks according to 6 times the dry weight TS of the corn stalks. The pretreated corn stalks were sealed in ziplock bags, and pretreated at 35°C for 3 days, and the control group was unpretreated corn stalks.
经过预处理的玉米秸秆与10g猪粪(以TS计)以及12g正常运行污水处理厂厌氧消化池污泥作(以TS计)为接种物混合，加到厌氧消化反应器中，加自来水至反应器体积的80％。将加完物料充氮气并密封的反应器放到35℃摇床内，摇动。通过排水集气法记录每天的产气量，并测定每天产气的甲烷含量，计算总甲烷产量，日产甲烷量变化见图2。The pretreated corn stalks were mixed with 10g of pig manure (calculated in TS) and 12g of sludge from the anaerobic digestion tank of a sewage treatment plant in normal operation (calculated in TS) as the inoculum, added to the anaerobic digestion reactor, and tap water was added. to 80% of the reactor volume. Put the reactor filled with nitrogen gas and sealed after adding the materials into a shaker at 35°C, and shake. The daily gas production is recorded by the drainage gas collection method, and the methane content of the daily gas production is measured to calculate the total methane production. The change of daily methane production is shown in Figure 2.
厌氧消化反应结束后计算T80，实验结果如下表2所示Calculate T80 after the anaerobic digestion reaction, and the experimental results are shown in Table 2 below
表2厌氧消化T80产气周期Table 2 Anaerobic digestion T80 gas production cycle
从图2可以看出，经过沼液预处理的玉米秸秆甲烷产气高峰都有不同程度的提前，由表2可见，采用不同沼液进行预处理时，T80缩短到22～25天，相比于未预处理玉米秸秆提高了30.56％～38.89％。It can be seen from Figure 2 that the methane gas production peak of corn straw pretreated by biogas slurry was advanced to varying degrees. It can be seen from Table 2 that when different biogas slurry was used for pretreatment, T80 was shortened to 22-25 days, which was relatively It is 30.56%-38.89% higher than that of non-pretreated corn stalks.
计算不同沼液预处理下在各自T80时间内单位TS和单位VS产甲烷量，结果如表3：Calculate the methane production per unit TS and unit VS within the respective T80 time under different biogas slurry pretreatments, and the results are shown in Table 3:
表3单位TS、VS产甲烷量Table 3 The amount of methane produced by unit TS and VS
从表3可以看出，经过各自T80时间的厌氧消化反应，秸秆猪粪3:1混合沼液预处理后的玉米秸秆厌氧发酵甲烷产量相比于未预处理的玉米秸秆有显著提高，其单位TS产甲烷量和单位VS产甲烷量都提高了1.64倍，对于纯秸秆沼液和餐厨沼液预处理的玉米秸秆，单位TS产甲烷量和单位VS产甲烷量相比于未预处理玉米秸秆提高了1.44～1.48倍。It can be seen from Table 3 that after the anaerobic digestion reaction at the respective T80 times, the methane yield of the anaerobic fermentation of corn stalks pretreated with 3:1 mixed biogas slurry of straw and pig manure was significantly higher than that of untreated corn stalks. The methane production per unit TS and unit VS methane production increased by 1.64 times. For corn stover pretreated with pure straw biogas slurry and kitchen biogas slurry, the unit TS methane production and unit VS methane production were compared with those without pretreatment. Treatment of corn stalks increased by 1.44 to 1.48 times.
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