技术领域technical field
本发明属于直流输电系统可靠性评估方法技术领域，具体涉及背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统的可靠性评估方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of reliability assessment methods for direct current transmission systems, and in particular relates to a reliability assessment method for back-to-back asynchronously networked hybrid direct current transmission systems.
背景技术Background technique
传统背靠背异步联网直流输电系统是输电线路长度为零的直流输电系统。这种类型的直流输电主要用于两个非同步运行(不同频率或相同频率但非同步)的交流电力系统之间的联网或送电，也称为非同步联络站。背靠背直流输电的整流站设备和逆变站设备通常装设在一个换流站内，也称为背靠背换流站。在背靠背换流站内，整流器和逆变器的直流侧通过平波电抗器相连，构成直流侧的闭环回路；而其交流侧则分别与两端交流系统相连，从而形成两个电力系统的非同步联网。被联交流系统之间交换功率的大小和方向均由控制系统快速方便地进行控制。The traditional back-to-back asynchronous grid DC transmission system is a DC transmission system with zero transmission line length. This type of DC transmission is mainly used for networking or power transmission between two asynchronously operating (different frequency or the same frequency but asynchronous) AC power systems, also known as asynchronous contact stations. The rectifier station equipment and inverter station equipment for back-to-back DC transmission are usually installed in one converter station, also known as back-to-back converter station. In the back-to-back converter station, the DC side of the rectifier and the inverter are connected through a smoothing reactor to form a closed-loop circuit on the DC side; while the AC side is connected to the AC system at both ends, thereby forming an asynchronous power system. networking. The magnitude and direction of the exchanged power between the connected AC systems are quickly and conveniently controlled by the control system.
本发明研究的对象为背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统，其组成结构与传统背靠背直流输电系统不同。背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统由并联的两回直流构成，如图1所示，一回为常规单12脉波单极接线，一回为柔性单换流器接线。各回共用两侧的交流场。各回线路间可以相互独立运行，其中一回线路故障不会影响其他回线路，运行方式较传统双极接线直流输电系统更加灵活。The research object of the present invention is a back-to-back asynchronous networking hybrid direct current transmission system, and its composition structure is different from that of a traditional back-to-back direct current transmission system. The back-to-back asynchronous grid-connected hybrid DC transmission system consists of two parallel DC circuits, as shown in Figure 1, one circuit is a conventional single 12-pulse unipolar connection, and the other circuit is a flexible single converter connection. Each round shares the communication field on both sides. Each circuit can operate independently of each other, and the failure of one circuit will not affect other circuits. The operation mode is more flexible than the traditional bipolar DC transmission system.
背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统主要包括以下几种运行方式：The back-to-back asynchronous grid hybrid DC transmission system mainly includes the following operation modes:
1、2回运行，一回传统直流与柔性直流完全运行。输电功率为100％容量1, 2 rounds of operation, one round of traditional DC and flexible DC fully running. Transmission power is 100% capacity
2、1回运行，一回传统直流运行而柔性直流停运，或者，单回的传统直流停运，而柔性直流运行。输电功率为50％容量2. One cycle of operation, one cycle of traditional DC operation and flexible DC outage, or single circuit of traditional DC outage and flexible DC operation. Transmission power is 50% capacity
3、0回运行，传统直流和柔性直流均停运，输送功率为0％容量3. 0-cycle operation, both traditional DC and flexible DC are out of service, and the transmission power is 0% capacity
4、其他降额运行形式4. Other forms of derating operation
背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统同时采用了传统直流输电和柔性直流输电两种技术，因此，背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统的可靠性评估方法将参考传统高压直流输电系统和柔性直流输电系统的评估方法。The back-to-back asynchronous grid hybrid HVDC transmission system adopts both traditional HVDC and flexible HVDC technologies. Therefore, the reliability assessment method of the back-to-back asynchronous grid hybrid HVDC system will refer to the evaluation methods of the traditional high-voltage DC transmission system and the flexible HVDC system .
(1)传统高压直流输电系统的可靠性研究现状(1) Current status of research on the reliability of traditional HVDC transmission systems
高压直流系统可靠性的研究始于本世纪六十年代末期，加拿大的R.Billinton教授在1968年发表有关这方面的第一篇论文，同年，国际大电网会议(CIGRE)也成立了专门工作组，开始对高压直流输电工程进行可靠性统计和分析，经过多年的努力，国外学者在高压直流输电系统可靠性评估方面取得的成就主要有：基于Markov过程原理的频率和持续时间法(FD法)，其将Markov理论和状态空间法应用于直流系统，建立了高压直流输电系统可靠性评估的等效模型，同时对直流系统的容量模型进行探索，而且用于系统可靠性指标的计算及系统的经济性比较；为模拟元件、环境等随机特性的高压直流输电可靠性评估MonteCarlo模拟法；采用结合确定性和概率性的混合方法进行高压直流输电系统可靠性评估以及从核物理领域引进一种新的可靠性分析方法——GO法(GOmethodology)，GO法是一种以成功为导向的系统概率分析技术。同时，通过实际运行的工程获得了大量对评估高压直流输电系统可靠性方面的重要统计资料，且从实践中提出了一套比较完整的可靠性指标。这些工作为从理论上对高压直流输电系统可靠性评估进行更深入的研究创造了条件。The research on the reliability of high-voltage DC systems began in the late 1960s. Professor R.Billinton of Canada published the first paper on this aspect in 1968. In the same year, the International Conference on Large Power Grids (CIGRE) also established a special working group , began to conduct reliability statistics and analysis on HVDC transmission projects. After years of hard work, the achievements of foreign scholars in the reliability evaluation of HVDC transmission systems mainly include: frequency and duration method (FD method) based on the principle of Markov process , which applied the Markov theory and the state space method to the DC system, established an equivalent model for the reliability evaluation of the HVDC transmission system, and explored the capacity model of the DC system, and used it for the calculation of the system reliability index and the system Economic comparison; MonteCarlo simulation method for HVDC reliability assessment of stochastic characteristics such as simulating components and environments; using a hybrid method combining deterministic and probabilistic methods for HVDC reliability assessment and introducing a new method from the field of nuclear physics The reliability analysis method of GO method (GOmethodology), GO method is a success-oriented system probability analysis technique. At the same time, through the actual operation of the project, a large number of important statistical data for evaluating the reliability of HVDC transmission systems have been obtained, and a relatively complete set of reliability indicators has been proposed from practice. These works have created the conditions for more in-depth research on the reliability assessment of HVDC transmission systems theoretically.
国外高压直流输电系统可靠性评估在实际工程中的应用方面，美国GE公司在加拿大的伊尔河工程(EelRiverHVDCSystem)实现了可靠性技术在高压直流输电工程中的早期应用。In terms of the application of reliability assessment of foreign HVDC transmission systems in practical projects, the Eel River HVDC System of the American GE Company in Canada has realized the early application of reliability technology in HVDC transmission projects.
当时可靠性技术是被用来确定系统设计中所应考虑的冗余结构、备品备件管理、故障监视报警以及在线检修手段等问题如何得到妥善的解决。它所使用的可靠性技术包括：①系统可靠性预测(评估)，②可靠性指标的目标分解；⑧故障模式及后果分析(FMEA)：④冗余技术等。At that time, reliability technology was used to determine how to properly solve problems such as redundant structure, spare parts management, fault monitoring and alarm, and online maintenance methods that should be considered in system design. The reliability techniques it uses include: ①system reliability prediction (assessment), ②target decomposition of reliability indicators; ⑧failure mode and consequences analysis (FMEA): ④redundancy technology, etc.
我国对高压直流输电系统可靠性的研究开始于80年代初，研究工作针对葛洲坝可靠性指标、计算参数以及可靠性综合分析和决策等开展了较系统的理论研究。虽然我国在这方面的研究起步较晚，但经过科研人员的努力，已取得丰硕的成果，现在：根据Markov过程的基本原理，提出了累积状态之间转移频率和等效转移率等概念以及有关的性质，丰富了可靠性理论，发展了高压直流输电系统可靠性评估的FD法；针对高压直流输电系统可靠性计算参数的不精确性，提出了可靠性评估中参数灵敏度分析的概念和方法；针对直流输电系统在模型组合中存在维数灾难问题，建立了直流系统可靠性评估的多状态容量模型，并推导了容量模型的串并联组合公式；在电力系统运算条件日趋复杂，系统规模日趋庞大的条件下，提出了将MonteCarlo模拟法和解析法相结合的高压直流输电系统可靠性评估新方法；由于直流设备众多，用已有的方法很难考虑到所有的设备，为了克服这个缺点提出了故障树分析方法，进行高压直流输电系统的可靠性评估；此外，还对高压直流输电系统的备用策略、同塔双回直流线路的共同模式故障等问题进行了一定的研究。这些研究成果比国外同一领域的研究前进了一步，对全面评估高压直流输电系统的可靠性水平以及提出有效的增强措施等都具有重要的意义。The research on the reliability of HVDC transmission system in my country began in the early 1980s, and the research work carried out systematic theoretical research on reliability indicators, calculation parameters, reliability comprehensive analysis and decision-making of Gezhouba. Although China's research in this area started relatively late, through the efforts of scientific researchers, fruitful results have been achieved. Now: according to the basic principles of the Markov process, concepts such as transfer frequency and equivalent transfer rate between cumulative states and related It enriches the reliability theory and develops the FD method for reliability evaluation of HVDC transmission system; aiming at the inaccuracy of the reliability calculation parameters of HVDC transmission system, the concept and method of parameter sensitivity analysis in reliability evaluation are proposed; Aiming at the problem of dimensionality disaster in the model combination of the DC transmission system, a multi-state capacity model for DC system reliability assessment is established, and the series-parallel combination formula of the capacity model is derived; the operation conditions of the power system are becoming more and more complex, and the system scale is becoming larger and larger Under the condition of , a new method for reliability evaluation of HVDC transmission system combining Monte Carlo simulation method and analytical method is proposed; due to the large number of DC equipment, it is difficult to consider all equipment with the existing method, in order to overcome this shortcoming, a fault The tree analysis method is used to evaluate the reliability of the HVDC transmission system; in addition, some researches have been carried out on the backup strategy of the HVDC transmission system and the common mode faults of the double-circuit DC lines on the same tower. These research results are one step ahead of the research in the same field abroad, and are of great significance for comprehensively evaluating the reliability level of HVDC transmission systems and proposing effective enhancement measures.
(2)柔性直流输电系统简介及其可靠性研究现状(2) Brief introduction of HVDC flexible transmission system and its reliability research status
伴随着电力电子器件的发展，基于可关断器件和脉冲宽度调制(PWM)技术的电压源换流器(VSC)开始应用于直流输电，标志着柔性直流输电技术(VSC-HVDC)的诞生。1990年，加拿大McGill大学的Boon-TeckOoi等人首先提出用脉冲宽度调制(PWM)控制的电压源换流器(VSC)进行直流输电。1997年3月，ABB公司进行了首次VSC-HVDC的工业试验，即瑞典中部的Hellsjon工程(10kV、150A、3MW、10km)。1999年，ABB公司在Gotland岛投入了世界上第一个商业化的柔性直流输电工程(80kV、350A、50MW、70km)。2001年，德国慕尼黑联邦国防大学的RainerMarquardt提出了模块化多电平电压源换流器(MMC)的概念。2010年11月，世界上第一个基于模块化多电平电压源换流器的柔性直流输电(MMC-HVDC)工程——TransBayCable工程(±200kV、1000A、400MW、86km)在美国旧金山市投入运行，西门子公司是该工程的换流站设备供应商。With the development of power electronic devices, the voltage source converter (VSC) based on turn-off devices and pulse width modulation (PWM) technology began to be applied to DC transmission, marking the birth of flexible DC transmission technology (VSC-HVDC). In 1990, Boon-TeckOoi et al. of McGill University in Canada first proposed a voltage source converter (VSC) controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) for DC transmission. In March 1997, ABB conducted the first industrial test of VSC-HVDC, namely the Hellsjon project in central Sweden (10kV, 150A, 3MW, 10km). In 1999, ABB invested in the world's first commercial flexible direct current transmission project (80kV, 350A, 50MW, 70km) on Gotland Island. In 2001, Rainer Marquardt of the Federal Defense University in Munich, Germany proposed the concept of a modular multilevel voltage source converter (MMC). In November 2010, the world's first flexible DC transmission (MMC-HVDC) project based on modular multi-level voltage source converters - TransBayCable project (±200kV, 1000A, 400MW, 86km) was put into operation in San Francisco, USA Operation, Siemens is the supplier of converter station equipment for this project.
2008年8月，国家电网公司开始开展柔性直流关键技术研究及示范工程实施，并于2011年3月成功试运行了上海南汇风电场柔性直流输电示范工程。该工程是我国首个采用MMC换流器直流输电技术并实现风电并网的工程。2013年，世界上第一个多端VSC-HVDC示范工程——广东南澳±160kV多端VSC-HVDC示范工程正式投入运行；2014年6月，浙江舟山±200kV五端VSC-HVDC示范工程也正式投入运行。这些示范工程标志着我国VSC-HVDC系统已发展到一个崭新的阶段，VSC-HVDC系统将成为电力系统中不可缺少的部分，In August 2008, the State Grid Corporation of China began to carry out the research on key technologies of flexible DC and the implementation of demonstration projects, and in March 2011 successfully trial-run the demonstration project of flexible DC transmission in Shanghai Nanhui Wind Farm. This project is the first project in my country to adopt MMC converter DC transmission technology and realize wind power grid connection. In 2013, the world's first multi-terminal VSC-HVDC demonstration project - Guangdong Nan'ao ±160kV multi-terminal VSC-HVDC demonstration project was officially put into operation; in June 2014, Zhejiang Zhoushan ±200kV five-terminal VSC-HVDC demonstration project was also officially put into operation . These demonstration projects mark that my country's VSC-HVDC system has developed to a new stage, and the VSC-HVDC system will become an indispensable part of the power system.
鉴于柔性直流输电技术及示范工程的快速发展，开展柔性直流输电工程可靠性评估显得尤为重要。当前，针对VSC-HVDC系统可靠性模型的研究主要基于已有的传统HVDC系统可靠性模型的建立方法，包括：状态枚举法、Markov法等，其主要根据VSC-HVDC系统的功能结构，将其划分为若干个子系统(如换流阀子系统)，对各子系统分别建立两状态(正常或故障状态)模型，然后进行状态合并，进而得到整个VSC-HVDC系统可靠性模型。In view of the rapid development of flexible DC transmission technology and demonstration projects, it is particularly important to carry out reliability assessment of flexible DC transmission projects. At present, the research on the reliability model of VSC-HVDC system is mainly based on the established methods of traditional HVDC system reliability model, including: state enumeration method, Markov method, etc., which are mainly based on the functional structure of VSC-HVDC system. It is divided into several subsystems (such as the converter valve subsystem), and a two-state (normal or fault state) model is established for each subsystem, and then the state is merged to obtain the reliability model of the entire VSC-HVDC system.
上述方法虽然实现简单，且在传统HVDC建模中使用广泛，但VSC-HVDC作为一种柔性输电技术，其运行控制等方面有别于传统HVDC系统，在对其进行可靠性建模时还需考虑以下因素：Although the above methods are simple to implement and widely used in traditional HVDC modeling, VSC-HVDC, as a flexible power transmission technology, is different from traditional HVDC systems in terms of operation control and other aspects. Consider the following factors:
1、目前实际工程的VSC-HVDC虽然为双极接线结构，但大部分不能单极运行，任一极的元件故障都会导致该换流站停运，这一点与传统HVDC的运行方式不同。1. Although the VSC-HVDC in the current actual project has a bipolar wiring structure, most of them cannot operate on a single pole. A component failure in any pole will cause the shutdown of the converter station, which is different from the traditional HVDC operation mode.
2、相比传统HVDC，VSC-HVDC更适合构成多端输电系统，并已经应用于多个实际工程。多端VSC-HVDC比两端VSC-HVDC具有更高的经济性和灵活性，但是输电系统的控制和运行方式更为复杂。网架拓扑上，可能出现环网式结构。因此，复杂多端VSC-HVDC的可靠性模型的研究需要考虑这些因素。2. Compared with traditional HVDC, VSC-HVDC is more suitable for forming multi-terminal power transmission system, and has been applied in many practical projects. Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC is more economical and flexible than two-terminal VSC-HVDC, but the control and operation of the transmission system are more complex. In the grid topology, a ring network structure may appear. Therefore, the research on the reliability model of complex multi-terminal VSC-HVDC needs to consider these factors.
3、VSC-HVDC作为一种灵活快捷的输电方式，在风电场并网上有明显的优势，已广泛应用于海上风电场并网。作为风电场接入方式时，需考虑风电场出力间歇性因素，以及风电场出力与VSC-HVDC系统的元件故障具有时序相关性等特点的影响。3. As a flexible and fast power transmission method, VSC-HVDC has obvious advantages in grid connection of wind farms, and has been widely used in grid connection of offshore wind farms. As a wind farm access method, it is necessary to consider the intermittent factors of wind farm output, and the influence of the timing correlation between wind farm output and VSC-HVDC system component failure.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是，针对目前还没有完善的背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统的可靠性评估模型，结合传统高压直流输电和柔性高压直流输电的可靠性评估方法，提供一种背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统的可靠性评估计算。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a back-to-back asynchronous networked hybrid direct current transmission system combined with reliability assessment methods of traditional HVDC and flexible high voltage direct current transmission for the reliability evaluation model of the back-to-back asynchronous networked hybrid direct current transmission system Systematic reliability assessment calculations.
实现本发明的技术方案是：一种背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统的可靠性评估方法，首先根据系统的结构特点，对其进行子系统划分；然后根据各个子系统的特点，选用相应的可靠性评估模型对子系统进行可靠性评估；最后根据各个子系统的可靠性评估结果以及子系统间的逻辑连接关系，即可实现背靠背混合直流输电系统的可靠性评估。具体方法步骤如下：The technical solution for realizing the present invention is: a method for evaluating the reliability of a back-to-back asynchronously networked hybrid direct current transmission system. First, according to the structural characteristics of the system, it is divided into subsystems; and then according to the characteristics of each subsystem, the corresponding reliability is selected. The evaluation model evaluates the reliability of the subsystems; finally, according to the reliability evaluation results of each subsystem and the logical connection relationship between subsystems, the reliability evaluation of the back-to-back hybrid DC transmission system can be realized. The specific method steps are as follows:
步骤A、子系统划分Step A, Subsystem Division
对直流输电系统可靠性评估而言，子系统分析方法是一种简化且精度更高的方法，具有以下优点：1)应用子系统方法更易简单、清晰地表达直流输电系统各部分的逻辑关系，为不同运行状态的分析提供方便，结合适当的可靠性评估方法即可进行系统可靠性计算；2)由于直流输电系统元件众多，其高阶事件的概率比重较大，应用子系统方法可有效计及高阶事件；3)子系统方法可以通过各类中间计算结果，分析各子系统对系统可靠性的影响程度，辨识系统薄弱环节。For HVDC reliability assessment, the subsystem analysis method is a simplified and more accurate method, which has the following advantages: 1) It is easier to express the logical relationship of each part of the HVDC system simply and clearly by applying the subsystem method, It provides convenience for the analysis of different operating states, and the system reliability calculation can be carried out in combination with appropriate reliability evaluation methods; and high-order events; 3) The subsystem method can analyze the influence degree of each subsystem on the system reliability and identify the weak link of the system through various intermediate calculation results.
对于背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统，子系统的划分可参考传统高压直流输电系统和柔性高压直流输电系统的子系统划分方法，结合背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统本身运行特点，并按照一次设备与二次设备分开、整流侧与逆变侧分开、正极与负极分开、考虑备用与无备用分开的原则，其子系统可以划分为以下几个子系统：1)传统换流变压器子系统；2)交流滤波器子系统；3)传统阀组子系统；4)平波电抗器子系统；5)柔性单侧子系统。For the back-to-back asynchronous networked hybrid DC transmission system, the division of subsystems can refer to the subsystem division method of the traditional high-voltage direct current transmission system and the flexible high-voltage direct current transmission system, combined with the operating characteristics of the back-to-back asynchronous networked hybrid direct current transmission system, and according to the primary equipment and the secondary Secondary equipment is separated, the rectifier side is separated from the inverter side, the positive pole is separated from the negative pole, and the principle of separation of backup and no backup is considered. Its subsystems can be divided into the following subsystems: 1) Traditional converter transformer subsystem; 2) AC filter 3) traditional valve group subsystem; 4) smoothing reactor subsystem; 5) flexible one-sided subsystem.
步骤B、子系统可靠性评估Step B. Subsystem reliability assessment
在对整个系统进行可靠性评估时，各子系统的可靠性计算，是整个系统可靠性评估的基础。首先将系统划分为若干个子系统，分别建立其子系统的可靠性评估模型，然后组合得到系统可靠性评估模型。由于各子系统的结构和运行方式不同，针对各子系统的可靠性计算模型也不同，下面分别介绍各子系统的可靠性计算模型。When evaluating the reliability of the whole system, the reliability calculation of each subsystem is the basis of the reliability evaluation of the whole system. Firstly, the system is divided into several subsystems, and the reliability evaluation models of the subsystems are established respectively, and then the system reliability evaluation model is obtained by combining them. Because the structure and operation mode of each subsystem are different, the reliability calculation models for each subsystem are also different. The reliability calculation models of each subsystem are introduced below.
1、交流滤波子系统1. AC filter subsystem
该子系统包括直流输电系统单侧所有型号交流滤波器、交流滤波器断路器和母线等，图2为整流侧交流滤波器结构示意图。对单侧交流滤波器而言，故障交流滤波器的数量和类型会对传统直流传输的容量产生不同的影响，通过实际高压直流输电工程的交流滤波器容量状态表来刻画。交流滤波器容量状态表，是指当故障后的实际运行的交流滤波器类型和数目不同时，与交流滤波器对于整个高压直流输电系统的输送容量的影响相对应的列表。这里采用依次枚举不同数量不同类型交流滤波器的故障，算出每种故障对应的概率和频率指标然后叠加得到整个系统指标。交流滤波器计算方法简介：The subsystem includes all types of AC filters on one side of the DC transmission system, AC filter circuit breakers and bus bars, etc. Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the AC filter on the rectification side. For single-sided AC filters, the number and type of faulty AC filters will have different effects on the capacity of traditional DC transmission, which is described by the AC filter capacity state table of the actual HVDC transmission project. The AC filter capacity state table refers to a list corresponding to the impact of the AC filter on the transmission capacity of the entire HVDC transmission system when the type and number of AC filters actually running after a fault are different. Here, different numbers of faults of different types of AC filters are enumerated in turn, the probability and frequency index corresponding to each fault are calculated, and then the entire system index is obtained by superimposing. Introduction to AC filter calculation method:
1)枚举事件容量状态的确定1) Determination of enumeration event capacity status
由于容量状态只与滤波器的类型和数量有关，同时母线的故障后果都可以由交流滤波器的故障后果等效，故可根据滤波器的类型和数量确定系统的容量状态。Since the capacity state is only related to the type and quantity of the filter, and the fault consequences of the bus can be equivalent to those of the AC filter, the capacity state of the system can be determined according to the type and quantity of the filter.
2)交流滤波器断路器隔离过程与修复过程的等效2) Equivalent of AC filter circuit breaker isolation process and repair process
将断路器故障的隔离过程与修复过程分开考虑，其隔离过程的故障后果与其所连接的母线相同，其修复后果与其所联的滤波器相同(交流主母线所连断路器故障后果与其所连交流滤波器母线相同)。故可考虑分别将断路器的隔离过程与修复过程等效。The isolation process and repair process of the circuit breaker fault are considered separately. The fault consequences of the isolation process are the same as those of the connected bus, and the repair consequences are the same as those of the connected filter (the fault consequences of the circuit breaker connected to the AC main bus are the same as the connected AC same as the filter bus). Therefore, it can be considered that the isolation process of the circuit breaker is equivalent to the repair process.
假设两个元件的故障率和修复率是分别为λ1、λ2和μ1、μ2，串联等效元件的故障率和修复时间分别为λse和μse，则串联等效网络的计算公式为：Assuming that the failure rate and repair rate of two components are λ1 , λ2 and μ1 , μ2 respectively, and the failure rate and repair time of series equivalent components are λse and μse respectively, then the calculation of series equivalent network The formula is:
3)断路器隔离过程的等效及其故障后果的确定3) Equivalence of circuit breaker isolation process and determination of failure consequences
在断路器隔离过程中，主母线与交流滤波器小母线的断路器，交流滤波器小母线与母线是串联的关系，可将其用串联等效公式合并。那么系统中只存在大母线、小母线、滤波器三种类型的元件。In the circuit breaker isolation process, the circuit breaker of the main busbar and the small busbar of the AC filter, and the small busbar of the AC filter and the busbar are connected in series, which can be combined with the series equivalent formula. Then there are only three types of components in the system: large busbar, small busbar and filter.
在进行多阶故障枚举时，只存在两种情况，一是元件的故障影响容量相加，一是元件故障后果容量“取大”(取大包括到相等中的任一个)。When enumerating multi-stage faults, there are only two situations, one is the sum of the fault-affected capacities of the components, and the other is the "larger" component failure consequence capacity (the larger one includes any one that is equal).
只有两种情况下对其进行取大处理，一是小母线与同其下连接的滤波器故障，一是状态中存在大母线故障。There are only two cases to take the big one, one is the fault of the small bus and the filter connected to it, and the other is there is a fault of the large bus in the state.
在处理多阶故障状态时，先进行同一母线下的取大处理，然后将各容量相加，可得多阶故障状态的后果。When dealing with multi-order fault states, the largest processing under the same bus is performed first, and then the capacities are added to obtain the consequences of multi-order fault states.
4)断路器修复过程的等效及其故障后果的确定4) Equivalence of circuit breaker repair process and determination of failure consequences
在断路器修复过程，交流滤波器和与其连接的交流滤波器断路器、交流滤波器小母线和与其相连的交流滤波器断路器是串联的关系。同理，可将它们分别进行串联等效。那么系统中只存在大母线、小母线、滤波器三种类型的元件。可同上处理。During the circuit breaker repair process, the AC filter and the AC filter circuit breaker connected to it, the AC filter small busbar and the AC filter circuit breaker connected to it are in series relationship. Similarly, they can be equivalently connected in series. Then there are only three types of components in the system: large busbar, small busbar and filter. Can be treated as above.
5)重复状态的处理5) Handling of repeated states
分开计算断路器故障的隔离过程与修复过程的概率和频率，会重复计算不包含断路器故障的状态。须减去不包含断路器故障的状态的概率与频率。Calculating the probability and frequency of the isolation process and the repair process separately for circuit breaker failures double-counts states that do not include circuit breaker failures. The probability and frequency of states that do not contain breaker failures must be subtracted.
6)交流滤波子系统可靠性计算流程图6) Flow chart of AC filter subsystem reliability calculation
交流滤波子系统可靠性计算流程图如图3所示。The flow chart of the reliability calculation of the AC filter subsystem is shown in Figure 3.
2、传统换流变压器子系统2. Traditional converter transformer subsystem
该子系统包括传统直流输电系统单侧所有换流变压器、换流变压器断路器及备用换流变压器等。由于传统换流变压器子系统按照12脉波换流阀分组接线单侧整体备用，所以在计算单个换流单元对应换流变压器组可靠性时要以站为单位进行整体状态枚举，然后对换流变压器组、换流变压器断路器和换流阀组等构成的系统运用串联模型即可得到单侧单极单个换流单元的可靠性指标。This subsystem includes all converter transformers, converter transformer circuit breakers and spare converter transformers on one side of the traditional DC transmission system. Since the traditional converter transformer subsystem is grouped and wired according to 12-pulse converter valves, one side of the overall backup is used, so when calculating the reliability of a single converter unit corresponding to the converter transformer group, it is necessary to enumerate the overall status of the station as a unit, and then compare the The reliability index of single-side, single-pole and single-converter unit can be obtained by using the series model for a system composed of a converter transformer group, a converter transformer circuit breaker and a converter valve group.
1)枚举换流变压器故障事件1) Enumerate converter transformer fault events
枚举故障事件，并得到该故障事件的枚障元件集。对换流变压器的故障事件枚举到四阶事件。对整流侧和逆变侧的故障事件分别考虑。Enumerate the fault events, and obtain the enumerated fault component set of the fault event. The fault events of the converter transformer are enumerated up to the fourth order events. The fault events on the rectifier side and the inverter side are considered separately.
2)从故障元件集中找出故障可替换元件集2) Find out the faulty replaceable component set from the faulty component set
比较故障元件集与备用元件集中元件的型号和连接方式，若是备用元件的型号和连接方式与故障元件一致，则此故障元件属于可替换元件，找出所有可替换的元件，形成故障可替换元件集。若一个阀组发生故障的换流变压器台数多于一台，且其故障换流变中多于一台找不到型号和连接方式一致的备用换流变，则这些元件不是全部可替换，此元件集不属于可替换元件集，则无需考虑备用情况。Compare the model and connection method of the components in the faulty component set and the spare component set. If the model and connection mode of the spare component are consistent with the faulty component, then the faulty component is a replaceable component. Find all replaceable components to form a faulty replaceable component set. If more than one converter transformer fails in a valve group, and more than one of the faulty converter transformers cannot find spare converter transformers with the same model and connection mode, then not all of these components can be replaced. If the component set is not part of the replaceable component set, there is no need to consider the spare situation.
3)形成可替换元件集的备用启用最优序列3) Form an optimal sequence of spare activations for replaceable component sets
形成备用启用最优序列时首先考虑(各阀组对应)换流变压器需要替换的变压器台数。属于可替换元件集中各变压器组的元件个数从小到大排序，即阀组对应换流变压器中包含的可替换元件集的个数越少，其中元件的替换优先级越高。如果可替换元件集中变压器组中元件个数相等，即可替换元件个数的优先级一样，则取其容量优先级，各变压器组相对应的阀组容量越大的优先级越高。如果个数和容量优先级都相等，则取其等效修复时间优先级，即故障换流变压器的修复时间越大，其备用启用的优先级越高。如果它们优先级相等，则备用随机启用。When forming the optimal sequence for standby start-up, first consider the number of transformers (corresponding to each valve group) that the converter transformer needs to replace. The number of components belonging to each transformer group in the replaceable component set is sorted from small to large, that is, the fewer the number of replaceable component sets contained in the corresponding converter transformer of the valve group, the higher the replacement priority of the components. If the number of components in the transformer group of the replaceable component set is equal, and the priority of the number of replaceable components is the same, then the capacity priority is taken, and the corresponding valve group capacity of each transformer group is higher, the priority is higher. If the number and capacity priority are equal, the equivalent repair time priority is taken, that is, the longer the repair time of the faulty converter transformer, the higher the priority of its standby activation. If they are equal in priority, the alternate is enabled randomly.
4)按备用启用最优序列的顺序进行变压器替换4) Transformer replacements are performed in the order in which the backups are enabled with the optimal sequence
对枚举故障事件，按备用启用最优序列的顺序进行换流变压器的替换，即在进行故障元件的可用率和不可用率时，按备用启用最优序列的顺序将故障元件的修复时间用备用安装时间来替换。For the enumerated fault event, the converter transformer is replaced in the order of the optimal sequence of standby activation, that is, when the availability rate and unavailability rate of the faulty component are calculated, the repair time of the faulty component is used in the order of the optimal sequence of standby activation. Alternate install time to replace.
5)计算故障事件的概率、频率及系统对应的容量状态5) Calculate the probability and frequency of failure events and the corresponding capacity status of the system
故障事件的概率由下式给出：The probability of a failure event is given by:
式中，Ui和Ai分别是第i个元件工作和失效的概率，Nf和N-Nf分别是状态s中失效和未失效的元件数量。In the formula, Ui and Ai are the working and failure probabilities of the i-th component, respectively, and Nf and NNf are the numbers of failed and non-failed components in state s, respectively.
故障事件的频率由下式给出：The frequency of a fault event is given by:
式中，是λk第k个元件从状态s离开的转移率。如果第k个元件在工作，则λk是失效率；如果第k个元件处于停运且无备用，则λk是修复率，如果第k个元件处于停运但是有备用投入，则λk是备用安装率。故障事件对应的容量状态由换流变压器故障引起(的对应的阀)的停运容量来确定。where is the transition rate of the kth element of λk leaving from state s. If thekth element is working, λk is the failure rate; if the kth element is out of service and has no backup, then λk is the repair rate; if thekth element is out of service but has a spare input, thenλk is the spare install rate. The capacity state corresponding to the fault event is determined by the outage capacity (of the corresponding valve) of the converter transformer caused by the fault.
6)完成所有枚举并计算可靠性指标6) Complete all enumerations and calculate reliability indicators
完成所有故障事件的枚举。所有枚举的故障事件互斥，因此系统的累计失效概率是所有失效状态概率的直接相加之和。将故障事件的频率相加则得到此系统的频率。Complete enumeration of all failure events. All enumerated failure events are mutually exclusive, so the cumulative failure probability of the system is the direct sum of all failure state probabilities. Adding the frequencies of the fault events yields the frequency of the system.
对换流变压器子系统，将属于同一阀组的故障事件的概率和频率相加，即可得到各个阀组的可靠性指标。For the converter transformer subsystem, the reliability index of each valve group can be obtained by adding the probability and frequency of the failure events belonging to the same valve group.
将状态容量相同的故障事件的概率和频率相加，即可得到子系统各停运容量百分比的概率和频率，从而得到换流变压器子系统的可靠性指标。The probability and frequency of failure events with the same state capacity can be added to obtain the probability and frequency of each outage capacity percentage of the subsystem, thereby obtaining the reliability index of the converter transformer subsystem.
3、平波电抗器子系统3. Smoothing reactor subsystem
该子系统包括整个换流站内两极的平波电抗器，一共有四种状态：双极正常运行，正极正常负极故障，正极故障负极正常，双极故障。这里考虑了两种备用情况：高压端、中性线处整体备用，指备用的平波电抗器可以为整个站内(包括正极和负极高压端、中性线处)平波电抗器提供备用；高压端、中性线处分别备用，指高压端和中性线处平波电抗器分别备用。不管是采用何种备用类型，都要考虑备用切换规则，现在以平波电抗器高压端、中性线处分别备用时高压端单侧平波电抗器计算为例简单备用切换规则：This subsystem includes two-pole smoothing reactors in the entire converter station. There are four states in total: bipolar normal operation, positive pole normal and negative pole faulty, positive pole faulty and negative pole normal, and bipolar pole faulty. Two backup situations are considered here: the overall backup at the high-voltage end and the neutral line, which means that the spare smoothing reactor can provide backup for the smoothing reactor in the entire station (including the positive and negative high-voltage ends and the neutral line); the high-voltage The smoothing reactors at the high voltage end and the neutral line are spared separately. No matter what kind of standby type is used, the standby switching rules must be considered. Now take the calculation of the single-side smoothing reactor at the high-voltage side of the smoothing reactor as an example when the high-voltage end and the neutral line of the smoothing reactor are separately standby. The simple standby switching rule:
当负极的故障程度小于正极，或者正极正常负极故障，或者两极的故障程度相同但负极的修复时间长，备用应当先切换到负极；When the failure degree of the negative pole is less than that of the positive pole, or the positive pole is normal and the negative pole is faulty, or the fault degree of the two poles is the same but the repair time of the negative pole is long, the backup should be switched to the negative pole first;
当正极的故障程度小于负极的故障程度，或者正极故障负极正常，或者两极的故障程度相同但正极的修复时间长，备用应先切换到正极。When the fault degree of the positive pole is less than that of the negative pole, or the fault degree of the positive pole is normal, or the fault degree of the two poles is the same but the recovery time of the positive pole is long, the backup should be switched to the positive pole first.
其中故障程度指该极的故障元件数与该极总元件数的比值，即The fault degree refers to the ratio of the number of faulty components of the pole to the total number of components of the pole, that is
当计算三种故障状态的概率时，各种状态的概率为该状态中所有情况的概率之和。当计算三种故障状态的频率时，各状态的频率为该状态中各种情况的概率与其对应的向外转移率的乘积之和。正常状态(双极正常运行)的概率为三种故障状态的概率之和与1的差值。正常状态(双极正常运行)的频率为三种故障状态的频率之和。When calculating the probability of the three fault states, the probability of each state is the sum of the probabilities of all cases in that state. When calculating the frequency of the three fault states, the frequency of each state is the sum of the products of the probabilities of various situations in the state and their corresponding outward transition rates. The probability of a normal state (bipolar normal operation) is the difference between the sum of the probabilities of the three fault states and 1. The normal state (bipolar normal operation) frequency is the sum of the frequencies of the three fault states.
在计算时，被备用替换掉的故障元件的无效度换为U'，In the calculation, the invalidity degree of the faulty component replaced by the spare is replaced by U',
其中
μ'——备用元件的安装率。μ'—the installation rate of spare components.
正极正常负极故障的频率：Frequency of Positive Normal Negative Fault:
P2i——该状态中第i种情况的概率P2i ——The probability of the i-th case in this state
λ2i——该状态中第i种情况的向外转移率λ2i ——Outward transition rate of the i-th case in the state
其余两种状态的频率f3、f4的计算方法同上。The calculation methods of the frequencies f3 and f4 of the other two states are the same as above.
双极正常概率P1＝1-(P2+P3+P4)Bipolar normal probability P1 =1-(P2 +P3 +P4 )
双极正常运行的频率f1＝f2+f3+f4Frequency f1 for bipolar normal operation = f2 +f3 +f4
4、柔性单侧子系统4. Flexible unilateral subsystem
该子系统主要是包含整流侧(或逆变侧)中所有能够引起该侧强迫停运的元件，主要包括整流侧(或逆变侧)中的设备，设备数目较多，例如联接变压器、换流器、断路器、阻波电抗器、相电抗器和接地电阻等。This subsystem mainly includes all the components on the rectifier side (or inverter side) that can cause forced outage on this side, mainly including the equipment on the rectifier side (or inverter side), and the number of equipment is large, such as connecting transformers, inverters, etc. Current devices, circuit breakers, wave blocking reactors, phase reactors and grounding resistors, etc.
1)子系统模型1) Subsystem model
单换流侧的联接变压器、换流器、断路器、阻波电抗器、相电抗器、接地电阻等元件故障故障均会造成整个换流侧工作中断，因此在对该子系统可靠性评估时，运用串联模型建立整流单元的可靠性模型，如图4所示。Faults of components such as connected transformers, converters, circuit breakers, wave blocking reactors, phase reactors, and grounding resistors on the single-commutation side will cause the interruption of the work of the entire commutation side. Therefore, when evaluating the reliability of the subsystem , using the series model to establish the reliability model of the rectifier unit, as shown in Figure 4.
2)评估方法2) Evaluation method
设柔性单侧子系统中有n个元件，并且元件的故障率和修复时间分别为λ1、λ2、λ3…λn和μ1、μ2、μ3…μn，该子系统的串联等效元件的故障率和修复时间分别为λse和μse，则串联等效网络的计算公式为：Assuming that there are n components in the flexible one-sided subsystem, and the failure rate and repair time of the components are λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ...λn and μ1 , μ2 , μ3 ...μn respectively, the subsystem's The failure rate and repair time of series equivalent elements are λse and μse respectively, then the calculation formula of series equivalent network is:
λse＝λ1+λ2+λ3+…+λn(4.77)λse =λ1 +λ2 +λ3 +...+λn (4.77)
步骤C、背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统可靠性评估模型Step C. Reliability Evaluation Model of Back-to-Back Asynchronous Networking Hybrid DC Transmission System
由子系统可靠性评估的模型和算法可得到各个子系统的多状态容量运行表，根据子系统间的逻辑连接关系，即可实现背靠背混合直流输电系统的可靠性评估。背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统可靠性框图如图5所示。The multi-state capacity operation table of each subsystem can be obtained from the model and algorithm of subsystem reliability assessment. According to the logical connection relationship between subsystems, the reliability assessment of the back-to-back hybrid DC transmission system can be realized. The reliability block diagram of the back-to-back asynchronous grid hybrid DC transmission system is shown in Figure 5.
图5中前缀为HVDC代表传统直流，前缀为VSC是柔性直流。HVDC-BP2指单侧双极元件，包括站控、交流场和交流滤波器子系统，其故障会导致传统直流停运但不会影响到柔性直流。HVDC-VG指传统直流单侧单个换流单元，它是单个12脉波阀组对应的换流变压器、换流阀和换流变压器断路器；VSC-VG指柔性直流单侧子系统，其中包括VSC换流器、换流变压器、断路器、相电抗器、断路器、接地电阻和平波电抗器。HVDC-BP1指传统直流单极元件，包括单侧单极平波电抗器、极控、辅助电源，VSC-BP1指的是柔性直流控制系统，其故障会造成该回柔性直流停运，例如柔性系统级控制和换流器级控制。当分别计算出各子系统的可靠性指标后，然后按照图5可靠性模型进行串并联组合即可得到整个背靠背混合直流输电系统可靠性指标。In Figure 5, the prefix HVDC stands for conventional direct current, and the prefix VSC stands for flexible direct current. HVDC-BP2 refers to single-sided bipolar components, including station control, AC field and AC filter subsystems, whose failure will cause traditional DC outage but will not affect flexible DC. HVDC-VG refers to the traditional DC single-side single converter unit, which is the converter transformer, converter valve and converter transformer circuit breaker corresponding to a single 12-pulse valve group; VSC-VG refers to the flexible DC single-side subsystem, which includes VSC converters, converter transformers, circuit breakers, phase reactors, circuit breakers, grounding resistors and smoothing reactors. HVDC-BP1 refers to traditional DC unipolar components, including one-sided unipolar smoothing reactor, pole control, and auxiliary power supply. System-level control and converter-level control. After the reliability index of each subsystem is calculated separately, the reliability index of the entire back-to-back hybrid HVDC transmission system can be obtained by performing series-parallel combination according to the reliability model in Figure 5.
系统单个枚举事件对应的容量状态由图6确定。The capacity state corresponding to a single enumeration event of the system is determined in Figure 6.
结合图5、图6即可得到各元件或子系统对系统可靠性的影响逻辑。如两侧交流滤波器子系统中交流滤波器故障主要引起降额容量状态、单个12脉波换流阀故障主要引起传统直流一极停运等。Combined with Figure 5 and Figure 6, the logic of the influence of each component or subsystem on system reliability can be obtained. For example, the failure of the AC filter in the AC filter subsystem on both sides mainly causes the derating capacity state, and the failure of a single 12-pulse converter valve mainly causes the outage of the traditional DC one pole, etc.
附图说明：Description of drawings:
图1为背靠背异步联网混合输电系统接线图；Figure 1 is the wiring diagram of the back-to-back asynchronous grid hybrid transmission system;
图2为整流侧交流滤波器结构示意图；Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an AC filter on the rectification side;
图3为交流滤波子系统可靠性计算流程图；Figure 3 is a flow chart of the reliability calculation of the AC filter subsystem;
图4为整流单元可靠性模型图；Fig. 4 is a reliability model diagram of a rectification unit;
图5为背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统可靠性框图；Figure 5 is a reliability block diagram of the back-to-back asynchronously connected hybrid DC power transmission system;
图6为系统单个枚举事件容量状态的确定示意图。FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of determining the capacity status of a single enumerated event in the system.
具体实施方式detailed description
实施例1Example 1
本实施例涉及一传统高压直流和柔性直流各一回的背靠背异步联网混合直流输电系统(如图1所示)。This embodiment relates to a back-to-back asynchronous networked hybrid direct current transmission system (as shown in FIG. 1 ) with one conventional high-voltage direct current and one flexible direct current.
本实施例中可靠性分析使用的可靠性数据主要参考目前国内外直流系统有关元件、系统的可靠性参数，所采用的原始参数主要来源于：The reliability data used in the reliability analysis in this embodiment mainly refers to the reliability parameters of the relevant components and systems of the current DC system at home and abroad, and the original parameters used mainly come from:
1、中国南方电网公司电力科学研究院历年直流输电系统可靠性统计数据；1. Statistical data of DC transmission system reliability over the years from Electric Power Research Institute of China Southern Power Grid Corporation;
2、SiemensStudyReport-AvailabilityandReliability(Guizhou-Guangdong+/-500kVTransmissionProject)；2. Siemens Study Report-Availability and Reliability (Guizhou-Guangdong+/-500kVTransmission Project);
3、CIGRE-Reports。3. CIGRE-Reports.
通过上述的可靠性数据搜集，收集到的可靠性数据，用于实施例的可靠性元件可靠性参数如表1和表2所示：Through the above-mentioned reliability data collection, the reliability data collected, the reliability parameters used in the reliability components of the embodiment are shown in Table 1 and Table 2:
表1背靠背混合输电系统可靠性评估中传统直流元件采用的可靠性参数Table 1 Reliability parameters used by traditional DC components in reliability assessment of back-to-back hybrid transmission system
表2背靠背混合直流输电系统可靠性评估中柔性直流元件采用的可靠性参数Table 2 Reliability parameters used in flexible DC components in reliability assessment of back-to-back hybrid DC transmission system
本实施例，系统的子系统划分为：In this embodiment, the subsystems of the system are divided into:
(1)交流滤波器子系统(1) AC filter subsystem
使用发明内容中交流滤波器子系统的可靠性评估方法可以评估出整流侧和逆变侧交流滤波子系统的可靠性，结果如表3和表4.Using the reliability evaluation method of the AC filter subsystem in the summary of the invention, the reliability of the AC filter subsystem on the rectification side and the inverter side can be evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 3 and Table 4.
表3整流侧交流滤波器子系统可靠性计算结果Table 3 Reliability calculation results of the AC filter subsystem on the rectifier side
表4逆变侧交流滤波器子系统可靠性计算结果Table 4 Calculation results of the reliability of the AC filter subsystem on the inverter side
(2)传统换流变压器子系统(2) Traditional converter transformer subsystem
使用发明内容中传统环流变压器子系统的可靠性评估方法可以评估出整流侧和逆变侧传统换流变压器子系统的可靠性，由于整流侧和逆变侧传统换流变压器子系统采用的元件和可靠性参数相同，所以两侧传统换流变压器的计算结果相同，结果如表5所示。Using the reliability evaluation method of the traditional circulating transformer subsystem in the summary of the invention, the reliability of the traditional converter transformer subsystem on the rectification side and the inverter side can be evaluated, because the components and components used in the traditional converter transformer subsystem on the rectification side and the inverter side The reliability parameters are the same, so the calculation results of the traditional converter transformers on both sides are the same, and the results are shown in Table 5.
表5传统换流变压器子系统可靠性计算结果：Table 5. Reliability calculation results of traditional converter transformer subsystems:
(3)平波电抗器子系统(3) Smoothing reactor subsystem
使用发明内容中的平波电抗器子系统的可靠性评估方法可以评估出传统高压输电部分中的平波电抗器子系统的可靠性，结果如表6所示。The reliability of the smoothing reactor subsystem in the traditional high-voltage transmission part can be evaluated by using the reliability evaluation method of the smoothing reactor subsystem in the summary of the invention, and the results are shown in Table 6.
表6平波电抗器子系统可靠性计算结果：Table 6 Calculation results of smoothing reactor subsystem reliability:
(4)柔性单侧子系统(4) Flexible unilateral subsystem
使用发明内容中的柔性单侧子系统的可靠性评估方法可以评估出柔性单侧子系统的可靠性。由于柔性整流侧和逆变侧采用的结构和相应元件的可靠性参数相同，所以柔性整流侧和逆变侧子系统的可靠性计算结果相同，结果如表7所示。The reliability of the flexible one-sided subsystem can be evaluated by using the reliability evaluation method of the flexible one-sided subsystem in the summary of the invention. Since the structure adopted by the flexible rectification side and the inverter side and the reliability parameters of the corresponding components are the same, the reliability calculation results of the flexible rectification side and inverter side subsystems are the same, and the results are shown in Table 7.
表7柔性单侧子系统可靠性计算结果：Table 7 Reliability calculation results of flexible unilateral subsystem:
由子系统可靠性评估的模型和算法可得到各个子系统的多状态容量运行表，根据子系统间的逻辑连接关系，即可实现背靠背混合直流输电系统的可靠性评估，评估结果如表8-表10所示。The multi-state capacity operation table of each subsystem can be obtained from the model and algorithm of subsystem reliability evaluation. According to the logical connection relationship between subsystems, the reliability evaluation of the back-to-back hybrid DC transmission system can be realized. The evaluation results are shown in Table 8-Table 10 shown.
表8系统相关能量可用率指标Table 8 System-related energy availability indicators
表9系统容量概率表Table 9 System Capacity Probability Table
注：容量基准为2000MW。Note: The capacity benchmark is 2000MW.
表10系统相关强迫停运率指标Table 10 System-related forced outage rate indicators
以上是对本发明做的示例性描述，凡在不脱离本发明核心的情况下做出的简单变形或修改均落入本发明的保护范围。The above is an exemplary description of the present invention, and any simple deformation or modification made without departing from the core of the present invention falls within the protection scope of the present invention.
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| CN201510750391.3ACN105244903A (en) | 2015-11-05 | 2015-11-05 | Reliability evaluation method for back-to-back asynchronous networking hybrid direct current transmission system |
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201510750391.3ACN105244903A (en) | 2015-11-05 | 2015-11-05 | Reliability evaluation method for back-to-back asynchronous networking hybrid direct current transmission system |
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| CN105244903Atrue CN105244903A (en) | 2016-01-13 |
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| CN201510750391.3APendingCN105244903A (en) | 2015-11-05 | 2015-11-05 | Reliability evaluation method for back-to-back asynchronous networking hybrid direct current transmission system |
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