技术领域technical field
本发明涉及气象监测技术领域，特别涉及一种数字化闪电电场变化信号测量系统及其测量方法。The invention relates to the technical field of meteorological monitoring, in particular to a digital lightning electric field change signal measurement system and a measurement method thereof.
背景技术Background technique
闪电是我国最严重的自然灾害之一，具有大电流、强电磁辐射等特性，一旦被击中，极易引发建筑物、设备等地面物体火灾，威胁着人民的生命财产安全。闪电的产生有一定的规律，其发展前期往往伴随大量的积雨云。气象上采用气象雷达和气象卫星往往可以预测和监测一个区域的闪电活动情况。然而这种监测属于广域监测，不能精确定位，实际意义并不大。目前高精度的闪电测量和定位系统一般都采用抓取闪电产生过程的电磁波为手段，来精确测量和定位闪电，这对研究闪电物理本质和雷击防护具有重要的意义。Lightning is one of the most serious natural disasters in my country. It has the characteristics of high current and strong electromagnetic radiation. Once struck, it can easily cause fires on buildings, equipment and other ground objects, threatening people's lives and property. The generation of lightning has certain rules, and its development stage is often accompanied by a large number of cumulonimbus clouds. Weather radar and meteorological satellites can often be used in meteorology to predict and monitor lightning activity in an area. However, this kind of monitoring belongs to wide-area monitoring and cannot be accurately positioned, so its practical significance is not great. At present, high-precision lightning measurement and positioning systems generally use electromagnetic waves in the process of lightning generation to accurately measure and locate lightning, which is of great significance to the study of the physical nature of lightning and lightning strike protection.
目前，国内外用来测量闪电电场变化的设备包括两种：闪电电场快变化探测仪(常常称为快天线)和闪电电场慢变化探测仪(常常称为慢天线)。两者分别用来观测闪电过程中的不同尺度的放电事件。通常情况下，闪电电场快变化探测仪用来观测闪电过程的快放电过程，比如预击穿过程、回击过程、先导过程、K过程等，而电场慢变化信号探测仪主要用来观测闪电过程中的慢放电过程，如连续电流(持续时间可长达几百毫秒)等。其探测原理如下：外界电场的变化会通过天线转换成为变化的电流，变化的电流通过积分电路，经积分调理之后输出与电场变化成线性关系的电压。闪电电场快变化探测仪和闪电电场慢变化探测仪的区别在于积分时间常数的不同，一般闪电电场快变化探测仪的时间常数为毫秒量级，闪电电场慢变化探测仪的时间常数为秒量级。At present, there are two types of equipment used to measure lightning electric field changes at home and abroad: fast-changing lightning electric field detectors (often called fast antennas) and lightning electric field slow-changing detectors (often called slow antennas). Both are used to observe discharge events of different scales in the lightning process. Usually, the lightning electric field fast change detector is used to observe the fast discharge process of the lightning process, such as the pre-breakdown process, the return strike process, the leading process, the K process, etc., while the electric field slow change signal detector is mainly used to observe the lightning process The slow discharge process, such as continuous current (duration can be as long as hundreds of milliseconds), etc. The detection principle is as follows: the change of the external electric field will be converted into a changing current through the antenna, and the changing current will pass through the integrating circuit, and output a voltage that is linearly related to the electric field change after integral conditioning. The difference between the fast-changing lightning electric field detector and the slow-changing lightning electric field detector is the difference in the integral time constant. Generally, the time constant of the fast-changing lightning electric field detector is on the order of milliseconds, and that of the slow-changing lightning electric field detector is on the order of seconds. .
虽然上述探测方法和手段已经被广泛应用，但是在实际观测试验中，特别是在近距离闪电观测时，比如人工触发闪电的观测，发现传统的电场变化探测装置，尤其是闪电电场慢变化探测装置，能够测量的电场强度范围不够大，对于较强的近距离闪电经常出现响应饱和的问题。为了解决这个问题，科研人员也采取了一些相应的措施，主要手段为调节积分电路中R(电阻)和C(电容)的量值入手，但是由于当前的器件技术水平的局限，一些相应措施也很难达到近距离闪电回击强度的要求。申请号为201220206637.2的专利公开了一种通过闪电变化快探测装置还原闪电慢变化信号的装置。但是该装置仍然采用模拟积分电路处理，也需要调节电路中R和C的值进行匹配，这样集成程度不高，且并没有从根本上解决闪电电场快慢电场天线统一的问题。Although the above-mentioned detection methods and means have been widely used, in actual observation experiments, especially in close-range lightning observations, such as the observation of artificially triggered lightning, it is found that traditional electric field change detection devices, especially lightning electric field slow change detection devices , the range of electric field strength that can be measured is not large enough, and the problem of response saturation often occurs for strong short-distance lightning. In order to solve this problem, researchers have also taken some corresponding measures. The main method is to adjust the value of R (resistance) and C (capacitance) in the integral circuit. However, due to the limitation of the current device technology level, some corresponding measures are also It is difficult to meet the requirements of lightning return strength at close range. The patent with the application number 201220206637.2 discloses a device for recovering the slow lightning change signal through the fast lightning change detection device. However, the device is still processed by an analog integration circuit, and the values of R and C in the circuit need to be adjusted to match, so the degree of integration is not high, and it does not fundamentally solve the problem of the uniformity of the lightning electric field fast and slow electric field antennas.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明要解决的技术问题是，针对现有技术存在的上述不足之处，提供一种数字化闪电电场变化信号测量系统及其测量方法，低成本高功效的实现闪电电场快、慢变化的测量。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a digital lightning electric field change signal measurement system and its measurement method to realize the fast and slow change measurement of lightning electric field with low cost and high efficiency.
本发明为解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案是：The technical scheme that the present invention adopts for solving the problems of the technologies described above is:
一种数字化闪电电场变化信号测量系统，至少包括平板天线、电场模数转换模块、数字信号处理模块，所述电场模数转换模块的输入端与平板天线连接，电场模数转换模块的输出端与数字信号处理模块连接；A digital lightning electric field change signal measurement system, at least including a flat panel antenna, an electric field analog-to-digital conversion module, and a digital signal processing module, the input end of the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module is connected to the flat panel antenna, and the output end of the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module is connected to the flat panel antenna. Digital signal processing module connection;
所述平板天线用于探测(感应)闪电产生的电场变化信号并传输至电场模数转换模块；The flat panel antenna is used to detect (induct) the electric field change signal generated by lightning and transmit it to the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module;
所述电场模数转换模块用于处理和转换电场变化信号，得到数字化的闪电电场变化信号，并将数字化的闪电电场变化信号传输至数字信号处理模块；The electric field analog-to-digital conversion module is used to process and convert the electric field change signal to obtain a digitized lightning electric field change signal, and transmit the digitized lightning electric field change signal to the digital signal processing module;
所述数字信号处理模块用于触发采集并处理所述数字化的闪电电场变化信号以得到闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号和闪电电场原始信号，并将上述信号进行存储，组合成为数据帧和外界进行通信。The digital signal processing module is used to trigger the acquisition and process the digitized lightning electric field change signal to obtain the fast lightning electric field change signal, the lightning electric field slow change signal and the original lightning electric field signal, store the above signals, and combine them into a data frame communicate with the outside world.
按上述方案，所述电场模数转换模块为模数转换电路，包括依次相连的线性放大器、电压跟随器、差分芯片以及AD模数转换芯片，其中，线性放大器的输入端与平板天线连接、用于将输入信号进行线性放大，电压跟随器用于进行电压跟随，差分芯片用于对信号差分并送入AD模数转换芯片，AD模数转换芯片用于将模拟信号转换成为数字信号并送入数字信号处理模块。According to the above scheme, the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module is an analog-to-digital conversion circuit, including a linear amplifier connected in sequence, a voltage follower, a differential chip and an AD analog-to-digital conversion chip, wherein the input end of the linear amplifier is connected to the flat panel antenna, and used To linearly amplify the input signal, the voltage follower is used to follow the voltage, the differential chip is used to differentiate the signal and send it to the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip, and the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip is used to convert the analog signal into a digital signal and send it to the digital signal. Signal processing module.
按上述方案，所述数字信号处理模块包括信号采入模块、Fifio缓存模块、祛直流模块、累加积分模块、电场特性判据模块、浮点转换模块、快积分模块、慢积分模块以及时钟对准模块，其中，信号采入模块用于按照电场模数转换模块中的AD模数转换芯片的采样速率采集AD模数转换芯片送入的数字信号，Fifo缓存模块用于缓存送入的数字信号、确定祛直流的精准度，祛直流模块用于祛除信号的直流，浮点转换模块用于将输入的定点信号转换为64位的双精度浮点数；所述累加积分模块、快积分模块和慢积分模块为不同积分常数的数字积分器，分别用于获取闪电电场原始信号、闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号，其中，累加积分模块的积分常数最大、慢积分模块的积分常数其次、快积分模块的积分常数最最小；电场特性判据模块用于对比闪电电场原始信号，闪电电场快变化信号和闪电电场慢变化信号，判定当前采入的电场变化信号是否满足闪电的电场变化信号特征，如果满足，则通过时间对准模块进行对准。According to the above scheme, the digital signal processing module includes a signal acquisition module, a Fifio cache module, a DC module, an accumulation and integration module, an electric field characteristic criterion module, a floating-point conversion module, a fast integration module, a slow integration module and clock alignment module, wherein the signal acquisition module is used to collect the digital signal sent by the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip according to the sampling rate of the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip in the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module, and the Fifo cache module is used to buffer the digital signal sent in, Determine the accuracy of DC removal, the DC removal module is used to remove the DC of the signal, and the floating-point conversion module is used to convert the input fixed-point signal into a 64-bit double-precision floating-point number; the cumulative integration module, fast integration module and slow integration module The modules are digital integrators with different integral constants, which are used to obtain the original signal of the lightning electric field, the fast-changing signal of the lightning electric field, and the slow-changing signal of the lightning electric field. The integral constant of the integral module is the smallest; the electric field characteristic criterion module is used to compare the original signal of the lightning electric field, the fast change signal of the lightning electric field and the slow change signal of the lightning electric field, and determine whether the currently collected electric field change signal meets the characteristics of the electric field change signal of lightning. If it is satisfied, the time alignment module is used for alignment.
按上述方案，系统还包括存储模块，所述数字信号处理模块还包括存储驱动模块，所述存储模块与数字信号处理模块的存储驱动模块连接，用于存储包括闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号、闪电电场原始信号(通过存储驱动模块将数据写入存储模块中)，并对上述信号通信做缓存(在传输这些信号时的缓存)。According to the above solution, the system also includes a storage module, the digital signal processing module also includes a storage drive module, the storage module is connected with the storage drive module of the digital signal processing The change signal, the original signal of the lightning electric field (write the data into the storage module through the storage drive module), and cache the above signal communication (caching when transmitting these signals).
按上述方案，系统还包括通信传输接口，所述数字信号处理模块还包括通信驱动模块，所述通信传输接口与数字信号处理模块连接，用于物理上将抓取的闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号和闪电电场原始信号和上位机或者网络进行通信(将数据通过通信驱动模块传出)。According to the above scheme, the system also includes a communication transmission interface, and the digital signal processing module also includes a communication drive module, and the communication transmission interface is connected with the digital signal processing module, and is used for physically capturing lightning electric field fast-changing signals, lightning The slow change signal of the electric field and the original signal of the lightning electric field communicate with the host computer or the network (transmit the data through the communication drive module).
按上述方案，系统还包括GPS模块，GPS模块由一个GPS芯片和对应天线组成，用于接收卫星时钟信号并将时钟信号传输给数字信号处理模块，给处理的闪电电场变化信号做时钟标定。According to the above scheme, the system also includes a GPS module, which is composed of a GPS chip and a corresponding antenna, used to receive the satellite clock signal and transmit the clock signal to the digital signal processing module, and do clock calibration for the processed lightning electric field change signal.
按上述方案，所述平板天线为中空形状的圆形平板天线，所述电场模数转换模块、数字信号处理模块均处于专用处理平台上，所述专用处理平台位于户外屏蔽室内。According to the above solution, the flat panel antenna is a hollow circular flat panel antenna, and the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module and the digital signal processing module are all located on a dedicated processing platform, and the dedicated processing platform is located in an outdoor shielding room.
按上述方案，还包括绝缘子套管及底座支撑架，所述绝缘子套管连接所述平板天线，所述底座支撑架用于支撑绝缘子套管和平板天线。According to the above solution, it also includes an insulator sleeve and a base support frame, the insulator sleeve is connected to the flat panel antenna, and the base support frame is used to support the insulator sleeve and the flat panel antenna.
本发明还提供了一种基于上述数字化闪电电场变化信号测量系统的测量方法，包括：The present invention also provides a measurement method based on the digital lightning electric field change signal measurement system, including:
步骤S1，通过平板天线感应闪电产生的电场变化信号，电场模数转换模块对感应到的电场变化信号进行调理和模数转换，得到数字化的闪电电场变化信号；In step S1, the electric field change signal generated by lightning is sensed by the panel antenna, and the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module performs conditioning and analog-to-digital conversion on the sensed electric field change signal to obtain a digitized lightning electric field change signal;
步骤S2，数字信号处理模块对电场模数转换模块传入的数字化的闪电电场变化信号进行积分，包括：对输入的数据进行缓存和格式转换，对转换后的数据进行不同积分常数的数字积分，得到闪电电场原始信号、闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号，并对闪电电场原始信号、闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号进行判断，如果具有闪电特征，则通过存储模块进行存储或者通过通信传输接口与外界通信。Step S2, the digital signal processing module integrates the digitized lightning electric field change signal input by the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module, including: buffering and format converting the input data, performing digital integration of different integral constants on the converted data, Obtain the original signal of the lightning electric field, the fast-changing signal of the lightning electric field, and the slow-changing signal of the lightning electric field, and judge the original signal of the lightning electric field, the fast-changing signal of the lightning electric field, and the slow-changing signal of the lightning electric field. If it has lightning characteristics, store it through the storage module Or communicate with the outside world through the communication transmission interface.
按上述方案，测量方法具体流程如下：系统开始工作后，即持续采集AD模数转换芯片送入的信号，按照时钟模块，将AD模数转换芯片送入的信号通过浮点转换模块进行浮点转换，然后分成三条数据链通路，分别进入快积分模块、慢积分模块和通过祛直流模块后进入累加积分模块，进行积分常数不同的积分，通过祛直流模块和累加积分模块对天线感应的闪电电场变化信号进行祛噪祛直流累加，得到闪电电场原始信号，通过快积分模块、慢积分模块对天线感应的闪电电场变化信号进行积分，分别还原出闪电电场快变化信号和闪电电场慢变化信号，并通过电场特性判据模块对闪电电场原始信号、闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号(积分结果)进行判断分析，如果符合闪电特征，则数据为有效数据，通过时钟对准模块对有效数据进行时间标定，通过存储驱动模块将经过时间标定后的有效数据输出至存储模块中或通过通信驱动模块将经过时钟标定后的有效数据输出至通信传输接口，将数据传出。According to the above scheme, the specific process of the measurement method is as follows: After the system starts to work, it continues to collect the signal sent by the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip, and according to the clock module, the signal sent by the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip is processed by the floating-point conversion module. conversion, and then divided into three data link paths, which respectively enter the fast integration module, slow integration module and the accumulative integration module after passing through the DC elimination module, and perform integration with different integral constants. The change signal is denoised and DC accumulated to obtain the original signal of the lightning electric field, and the lightning electric field change signal induced by the antenna is integrated through the fast integration module and the slow integration module to restore the fast change signal of the lightning electric field and the slow change signal of the lightning electric field respectively, and Judgment and analysis of the original signal of the lightning electric field, the fast change signal of the lightning electric field, and the slow change signal of the lightning electric field (integration result) through the electric field characteristic criterion module. Perform time calibration, output the valid data after time calibration to the storage module through the storage driver module or output the valid data after clock calibration to the communication transmission interface through the communication driver module, and transmit the data.
本发明的工作原理：电场模数转换模块将输入信号进行初步处理和转换并直接送入数字信号处理模块；数字信号处理模块接收电场模数转换模块传入的数字化的闪电电场变化信号，通过不同积分常数的积分器设计，通过不同的快慢积分常数的积分器对天线感应的闪电电场变化信号进行积分，分别还原出闪电电场快变化信号和闪电电场慢变化信号，通过对天线感应的闪电电场变化信号的祛噪祛直流累加，得到闪电电场原始信号，通过读写外部存储器，将上述信号进行存储，并在需要的时候将数据组帧和外界通信。The working principle of the present invention: the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module performs preliminary processing and conversion on the input signal and directly sends it to the digital signal processing module; the digital signal processing module receives the digitized lightning electric field change signal from the electric field analog-to-digital conversion The integrator design of the integral constant integrates the lightning electric field change signal induced by the antenna through the integrator of different fast and slow integral constants, and respectively restores the lightning electric field fast change signal and the lightning electric field slow change signal, and through the lightning electric field change induced by the antenna The original signal of the lightning electric field is obtained by denoising and DC accumulation of the signal, and the above signal is stored by reading and writing the external memory, and the data is framed and communicated with the outside world when needed.
本发明的有益效果在于：The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1、通过电场模数转换模块获取天线感应的闪电电场变化信号，通过数字处理芯片处理天线感应的闪电电场变化信号得到闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号和闪电电场变化原始信号，实现了对闪电电场快、慢变化信号的集成化测量；同时可方便动态的调整积分常数，适用于各种不同环境下的测量；1. Obtain the lightning electric field change signal induced by the antenna through the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module, and process the lightning electric field change signal induced by the antenna through the digital processing chip to obtain the fast change signal of the lightning electric field, the slow change signal of the lightning electric field and the original signal of the lightning electric field change. Integrated measurement of fast and slow changing signals of lightning electric field; at the same time, it is convenient and dynamic to adjust the integral constant, which is suitable for measurement in various environments;
2、由于采集的是天线感应的闪电电场变化信号，即为闪电电场变化的原信号的微分信号，因此对于相同AD来说可采原始信号的动态范围更大，即本发明的数字化闪电电场变化测试系统可测量更广范围的闪电变化信号；2. Since what is collected is the lightning electric field change signal induced by the antenna, which is the differential signal of the original signal of the lightning electric field change, so the dynamic range of the original signal that can be adopted for the same AD is larger, that is, the digital lightning electric field change of the present invention The test system can measure a wider range of lightning variation signals;
3、由于采用数字信号处理模块实现积分电路，数字信号处理模块采用双精度浮点算法，因此处理结果精度高，且更加集成化；3. Since the integral circuit is realized by the digital signal processing module, and the digital signal processing module adopts the double-precision floating-point algorithm, the processing result has high precision and is more integrated;
4、由于采用数字信号处理模块处理天线感应的闪电电场变化信号，因此可随时修改信号处理算法，较模拟电路更方便环保；4. Since the digital signal processing module is used to process the lightning electric field change signal induced by the antenna, the signal processing algorithm can be modified at any time, which is more convenient and environmentally friendly than the analog circuit;
5、通过通信传输接口实现远程控制，调整数字电路参数，使得系统更加灵活；5. Realize remote control through the communication transmission interface, adjust the digital circuit parameters, and make the system more flexible;
6、采用户外屏蔽室，可适应各种环境下的户外闪电电场测量，且可距离测量天线更近，避免了模拟信号因传输而导致的衰减。6. The outdoor shielding room is adopted, which can adapt to the outdoor lightning electric field measurement in various environments, and can be closer to the measurement antenna, avoiding the attenuation of the analog signal due to transmission.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明实施例数字化闪电电场变化信号测量系统的结构示意图；Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a digital lightning electric field change signal measurement system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图2是图1中电场模数转换模块的电路结构框图；Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the circuit structure of the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module in Fig. 1;
图3是图1中数字信号处理模块的数字电路结构框图；Fig. 3 is a block diagram of the digital circuit structure of the digital signal processing module in Fig. 1;
图4是本发明实施例数字化闪电电场变化信号测量方法的流程图；Fig. 4 is the flow chart of the digital lightning electric field change signal measurement method of the embodiment of the present invention;
图5是图1所示的系统的工作流程具体示意图。FIG. 5 is a specific schematic diagram of the working process of the system shown in FIG. 1 .
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面根据具体实施例并结合附图，对本发明作进一步详细的说明。The present invention will be described in further detail below based on specific embodiments and in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
参照图1～图3所示，本发明所述的数字化闪电电场变化测量系统包括：用于探测闪电产生的电场变化信号的平板天线1、电场模数转换模块4和数字信号处理模块5，电场模数转换模块4分别连接平板天线1和数字信号处理模块5，电场模数转换模块4、数字信号处理模块5均处于专用处理平台11上，专用处理平台11上还包括：电源模块7，用于给专用处理平台11上的电子器件供电；时钟模块8，用于给数字信号处理模块5提供时钟，通信传输接口6，用于将数字信号处理模块的处理结果进行传输；存储模块9，用于存储和缓存数字信号处理模块的数据；GPS模块10，用于接收卫星时钟信号，提供给数字信号处理模块进行波形时间标定。专用处理平台11位于户外屏蔽室12内。平板天线1将感应到的闪电产生的电场变化信号传输至电场模数转换模块4，电场模数转换模块4对感应到的闪电产生的电场变化信号进行模数转换处理，并将数字化的感应的闪电电场变化信号传输至数字信号处理模块5；数字信号处理模块5持续采集数字化的感应的闪电电场变化信号并通过不同数字积分器处理，分别得到原闪电电场变化信号、闪电电场快变化信号和闪电电场慢变化信号。With reference to Fig. 1～shown in Fig. 3, the digitized lightning electric field change measurement system of the present invention comprises: the panel antenna 1 that is used to detect the electric field change signal that lightning produces, electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4 and digital signal processing module 5, electric field The analog-to-digital conversion module 4 is connected to the panel antenna 1 and the digital signal processing module 5 respectively, and the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4 and the digital signal processing module 5 are all on the special processing platform 11, and the special processing platform 11 also includes: a power supply module 7, used Used to supply power to the electronic devices on the special processing platform 11; the clock module 8 is used to provide the clock for the digital signal processing module 5, and the communication transmission interface 6 is used to transmit the processing results of the digital signal processing module; the storage module 9 is used for It is used for storing and buffering the data of the digital signal processing module; the GPS module 10 is used for receiving the satellite clock signal and providing it to the digital signal processing module for waveform time calibration. The dedicated processing platform 11 is located in an outdoor shielded room 12 . The panel antenna 1 transmits the electric field change signal generated by the sensed lightning to the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4, and the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4 performs analog-to-digital conversion processing on the electric field change signal generated by the sensed lightning, and digitizes the sensed The lightning electric field change signal is transmitted to the digital signal processing module 5; the digital signal processing module 5 continuously collects the digitalized induced lightning electric field change signal and processes it through different digital integrators to obtain the original lightning electric field change signal, lightning fast electric field change signal and lightning Slowly changing electric field signal.
电场模数转换模块4为模数转换电路，主要作用是将输入信号进行初步处理和转换，其原理图如图2所示，包括线性放大器41、电压跟随器42、差分芯片43以及AD模数转换芯片44，其中，具体通过线性放大器41将输入信号进行线性放大、通过电压跟随器42进行电压跟随之后通过差分芯片43差分送入AD模数转换芯片44，通过AD模数转换芯片44将模拟信号转换成为数字信号，数字信号即为感应的电场变化信号的数字表现。差分芯片43参考电平1V，AD模数转换芯片44工作为二进制补码模式，参考电平1V，动态范围2Vpp。所接收的输入信号为平板天线1的感应信号，感应信号经过处理后转换为数字信号，直接送入数字信号处理模块5。The electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4 is an analog-to-digital conversion circuit, and its main function is to perform preliminary processing and conversion of input signals. The conversion chip 44, wherein, the input signal is linearly amplified by the linear amplifier 41, the voltage is followed by the voltage follower 42, and then sent to the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip 44 through the differential chip 43, and the analog to digital conversion chip 44 is used by the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip. The signal is converted into a digital signal, which is the digital representation of the induced electric field change signal. The differential chip 43 has a reference level of 1V, and the AD conversion chip 44 works in two's complement mode, with a reference level of 1V and a dynamic range of 2Vpp. The received input signal is the induction signal of the panel antenna 1 , and the induction signal is converted into a digital signal after being processed and sent directly to the digital signal processing module 5 .
本实施例中数字信号处理模块5即为一个数字信号处理芯片(如FPGA)：数字信号处理模块5接受到电场模数转换模块4的信号，然后对信号进行处理，得到还原的闪电电场变化信号、闪电电场快变化信号和闪电电场慢变化信号，同时通过电路判据判断是否为有效信号，如果是有效信号，则存储或通信。其原理图如图3所示，包括信号采入模块51、Fifio缓存模块52、祛直流模块53、累加积分模块54、电场特性判据模块55、存储驱动模块56、浮点转换模块57、快积分模块58、通信驱动模块59、慢积分模块510、时钟对准模块511。其中，信号采入模块51用于按照电场模数转换模块4中的AD模数转换芯片44的采样速率采集AD模数转换芯片44送入的数字信号，并在合适的条件下对数据进行抽样。Fifo缓存模块52缓存送入的数字信号，根据Fifo缓存模块52的Fifo的深度，确定祛直流的精准度。祛直流模块53用于祛除信号的直流，主要是将输入的信号减去一个平均值，具体做法为按照输入数据的数据时钟将当前输入数据进行累加，同时减去指定位置的Fifo的读出值，由于祛直流模块53的累加和Fifo输入数据的初始状态是同步的，因此指定的Fifo的读出位置的深度即为祛直流累加数据的长度，这个长度决定了估计的直流平均值的精准度。浮点转换模块57用于将输入的定点信号转换为64位的双精度浮点数，通过调用FPGA中的定点转浮点IP即可实现。累加积分模块54、快积分模块58和慢积分模块510都是以模拟积分器的模型为标准设计的数字积分器，其区别在于累加积分模块54、快积分模块58和慢积分模块510的数字积分器的积分常数不同。其中累加积分模块54的积分常数最大，理论值为无穷大，实际采用累加器实现，快积分模块58的积分常数为1ms，慢积分模块510的积分常数为1s。由传统的模拟积分电路知道，以有源积分器为例，平板天线1对地电容设为C1，那么平板天线1上的电流i和运算放大器的反馈回路电流相同，设运放的输出电压为U，大气电场强度为E，平板天线1的对地高度为d，运放反馈回路的电阻为R，电容为C，则列出电压方程得到：因此数字积分器的表达式即为：(u[n]-u[n-1])/T+u[n]/RC＝e[n]*K/T，这里e[n]即为E[n]-E[n-1]，也是数字信号处理模块5的输入。实际中，K值是可以通过需要的信号来调整的，T即为AD的采样率，也对应数字信号处理模块5的数据处理时钟，由此得出的关于当前输出的u[n]的表达式即为：In the present embodiment, the digital signal processing module 5 is a digital signal processing chip (such as FPGA): the digital signal processing module 5 receives the signal of the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4, and then processes the signal to obtain the restored lightning electric field change signal , Lightning electric field fast-changing signal and lightning electric field slow-changing signal, at the same time judge whether it is a valid signal through the circuit criterion, if it is a valid signal, store or communicate. Its schematic diagram is shown in Figure 3, including a signal acquisition module 51, a Fifio cache module 52, a DC elimination module 53, an accumulation and integration module 54, an electric field characteristic criterion module 55, a storage drive module 56, a floating-point conversion module 57, a fast An integration module 58 , a communication driver module 59 , a slow integration module 510 , and a clock alignment module 511 . Wherein, the signal acquisition module 51 is used for collecting the digital signal sent by the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip 44 according to the sampling rate of the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip 44 in the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4, and sampling the data under suitable conditions . The Fifo buffer module 52 buffers the incoming digital signal, and determines the accuracy of DC removal according to the depth of the Fifo of the Fifo buffer module 52 . The direct current removal module 53 is used to remove the direct current of the signal, mainly subtracting an average value from the input signal. The specific method is to accumulate the current input data according to the data clock of the input data, and subtract the readout value of the Fifo at the specified position at the same time , since the accumulation of the DC module 53 is synchronous with the initial state of the Fifo input data, the depth of the readout position of the specified Fifo is the length of the DC accumulation data, which determines the accuracy of the estimated DC average value . The floating-point conversion module 57 is used to convert the input fixed-point signal into a 64-bit double-precision floating-point number, which can be realized by calling the fixed-point to floating-point IP in the FPGA. The accumulative integration module 54, the fast integration module 58 and the slow integration module 510 are all digital integrators designed with the model of the analog integrator as a standard, and the difference lies in the digital integration of the accumulation integration module 54, the fast integration module 58 and the slow integration module 510. The integral constant of the instrument is different. Among them, the integration constant of the accumulative integration module 54 is the largest, and the theoretical value is infinite. In practice, the integration constant of the fast integration module 58 is 1 ms, and the integration constant of the slow integration module 510 is 1 s. Known from the traditional analog integration circuit, taking the active integrator as an example, the capacitance of the panel antenna 1 to the ground is set to C1, then the current i on the panel antenna 1 is the same as the feedback loop current of the operational amplifier, and the output voltage of the operational amplifier is set as U, the atmospheric electric field strength is E, the height of the panel antenna 1 to the ground is d, the resistance of the operational amplifier feedback loop is R, and the capacitance is C, then the voltage equation is listed as follows: Therefore, the expression of the digital integrator is: (u[n]-u[n-1])/T+u[n]/RC=e[n]*K/T, where e[n] is E [n]-E[n-1] is also the input of the digital signal processing module 5 . In practice, the value of K can be adjusted by the required signal. T is the sampling rate of AD, and also corresponds to the data processing clock of the digital signal processing module 5. The expression of u[n] obtained from this is about the current output The formula is:
将累加积分模块54、快积分模块58和慢积分模块510的积分常数RC值带入，即可得到对应的系数。电场特性判据模块55用来对比闪电电场原始信号，闪电电场快变化信号和闪电电场慢变化信号，用来判定当前采入的电场变化信号是否满足闪电的电场变化信号特征，如果满足，则通过时间对准模块511进行对准，之后通过存储驱动模块56将数据写入存储模块9中，或将数据通过通信驱动模块59传出。The corresponding coefficients can be obtained by substituting the integration constant RC values of the accumulative integration module 54 , the fast integration module 58 and the slow integration module 510 . The electric field characteristic criterion module 55 is used to compare the original signal of the lightning electric field, the fast-changing signal of the lightning electric field and the slow-changing signal of the lightning electric field, and is used to determine whether the currently collected electric field change signal satisfies the characteristics of the electric field change signal of lightning. If so, pass The time alignment module 511 performs alignment, and then writes data into the storage module 9 through the storage driver module 56 , or transmits data through the communication driver module 59 .
进一步地，还包括绝缘子套管2、底座支撑架3、户外屏蔽室12，底座支撑架3用于支撑绝缘子套管2和平板天线1，绝缘子套管2为复合材料的高压绝缘子(额定绝缘电压50kV)，其几何构造为中空结构，用来将集成天线和地之间绝缘，同时起到支撑集成天线的作用，其中空部分用来通过集成天线的同轴信号传输线；绝缘子套管2上下两端分别和平板天线1和电场模数转换模块4相连。所述户外屏蔽室12采用金属材料制作，用来放置专用处理平台11，能够有效屏蔽空间电磁场的干扰，同时起到屏蔽和支撑的作用。Further, it also includes an insulator casing 2, a base support frame 3, and an outdoor shielding room 12. The base support frame 3 is used to support the insulator casing 2 and the flat panel antenna 1, and the insulator casing 2 is a high-voltage insulator of a composite material (rated insulation voltage 50kV), its geometric structure is a hollow structure, which is used to insulate the integrated antenna from the ground, and at the same time play a role in supporting the integrated antenna. The hollow part is used to pass the coaxial signal transmission line of the integrated antenna; The terminals are connected to the panel antenna 1 and the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4 respectively. The outdoor shielding room 12 is made of metal materials, and is used to place the special processing platform 11, which can effectively shield the interference of the electromagnetic field in the space, and at the same time play the role of shielding and support.
所述电场模数转换模块4、数字信号处理模块5、通信传输接口6、电源模块7、时钟模块8、存储模块9、GPS模块10均集成在专用处理平台11上，专用处理平台11作为各模块的共同硬件工作环境，通信传输接口6采用以太网接口；电源模块7采用一个电源芯片，将输入的电压转换成为可供专用处理平台10上各个电路所需要的电压；时钟模块8是一个晶振时钟，用于给数字信号处理模块5提供原始时钟；存储模块9为几片SDRAM和CF卡，其中SDRAM用于在通信时做缓存使用，CF卡用于存储数据；GPS模块10由一个GPS芯片和对应天线组成，用于接收GPS卫星时间信号，提供给数字信号处理模块5做波形时间的标定。The electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4, digital signal processing module 5, communication transmission interface 6, power supply module 7, clock module 8, storage module 9, GPS module 10 are all integrated on the special processing platform 11, and the special processing platform 11 serves as each The common hardware working environment of the module, the communication transmission interface 6 adopts the Ethernet interface; the power supply module 7 adopts a power supply chip, and the input voltage is converted into the voltage required by each circuit on the special processing platform 10; the clock module 8 is a crystal oscillator Clock, for providing original clock to digital signal processing module 5; Storage module 9 is several slices of SDRAM and CF card, wherein SDRAM is used for doing buffering when communicating and using, and CF card is used for storing data; GPS module 10 consists of a GPS chip Composed with a corresponding antenna, it is used to receive the GPS satellite time signal and provide it to the digital signal processing module 5 for calibration of the waveform time.
基于上述数字化闪电电场变化测量系统来测量闪电电场变化的方法，如图4所示，包括：The method for measuring lightning electric field changes based on the above digital lightning electric field change measurement system, as shown in Figure 4, includes:
步骤S1，通过平板天线1感应闪电产生的电场变化信号，电场模数转换模块4对感应到的电场变化信号进行调理和模数转换，得到数字化的闪电电场变化信号；平板天线1具有大的带宽，能够探测闪电电场快慢变化信号；In step S1, the electric field change signal generated by lightning is induced by the panel antenna 1, and the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4 performs conditioning and analog-to-digital conversion on the sensed electric field change signal to obtain a digitized lightning electric field change signal; the panel antenna 1 has a large bandwidth , which can detect the fast and slow change signal of the lightning electric field;
步骤S2，数字信号处理模块5对电场模数转换模块4传入的数字化的闪电电场变化信号进行积分，具体包括：对输入的数据进行缓存和格式转换，对转换后的数据进行不同积分常数的数字积分，得到闪电电场原始信号、闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号，并对闪电电场原始信号、闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号进行判断，如果具有闪电特征，则通过存储模块9进行存储或者通过通信传输接口6与外界通信。In step S2, the digital signal processing module 5 integrates the digitized lightning electric field change signal input by the electric field analog-to-digital conversion module 4, specifically including: caching and format converting the input data, and performing different integration constants on the converted data Digital integration to obtain the original signal of the lightning electric field, the fast-changing signal of the lightning electric field, and the slow-changing signal of the lightning electric field, and judge the original signal of the lightning electric field, the fast-changing signal of the lightning electric field, and the slow-changing signal of the lightning electric field. The module 9 stores or communicates with the outside world through the communication transmission interface 6 .
上述闪电电场变化信号测量系统的一种具体控制流程如图5所示，系统开始工作后，即持续采集AD模数转换芯片44送入的信号，按照时钟模块8，将AD模数转换芯片44送入的信号通过浮点转换模块57进行浮点转换，然后分成三条数据链通路，分别进入快积分模块58、慢积分模块510和通过祛直流模块53后进入累加积分模块54，进行积分常数不同的积分，通过祛直流模块53和累加积分模块54对天线感应的闪电电场变化信号进行祛噪祛直流累加，得到闪电电场原始信号，通过快积分模块58、慢积分模块510对天线感应的闪电电场变化信号进行积分，分别还原出闪电电场快变化信号和闪电电场慢变化信号，并通过电场特性判据模块55对闪电电场原始信号、闪电电场快变化信号、闪电电场慢变化信号(积分结果)进行判断分析，如果符合闪电特征，则数据为有效数据，通过时钟对准模块511对有效数据进行时间标定，通过存储驱动模块56将经过时间标定后的有效数据输出至存储模块9中或通过通信驱动模块59将经过时钟标定后的有效数据输出至通信传输接口6，将数据传出。A specific control flow of the above-mentioned lightning electric field change signal measurement system is shown in Figure 5. After the system starts to work, it will continue to collect the signal sent by the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip 44, and according to the clock module 8, the AD analog-to-digital conversion chip 44 The input signal is converted into a floating point through the floating point conversion module 57, and then divided into three data chain paths, which respectively enter the fast integration module 58, the slow integration module 510 and the cumulative integration module 54 after passing through the direct current removal module 53, and perform different integration constants. The integration of the lightning electric field is carried out to the lightning electric field change signal induced by the antenna by removing the DC module 53 and the accumulative integral module 54 to obtain the original signal of the lightning electric field, and the lightning electric field induced by the antenna by the fast integration module 58 and the slow integration module 510 The change signal is integrated to restore the fast change signal of the lightning electric field and the slow change signal of the lightning electric field respectively, and the original signal of the lightning electric field, the fast change signal of the lightning electric field, and the slow change signal of the lightning electric field (integration result) are carried out through the electric field characteristic criterion module 55 Judgment and analysis, if it meets the characteristics of lightning, then the data is valid data, and the valid data is time-calibrated by the clock alignment module 511, and the valid data after the time calibration is output to the storage module 9 by the storage driver module 56 or driven by communication. The module 59 outputs the valid data calibrated by the clock to the communication transmission interface 6, and transmits the data.
上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例，而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说，在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而这些属于本发明的精神所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围之中。The above-mentioned embodiments are only examples for clearly illustrating the present invention, rather than limiting the implementation of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other changes or changes in different forms can be made on the basis of the above description. It is not necessary and impossible to exhaustively list all the implementation manners here. And these obvious changes or modifications derived from the spirit of the present invention are still within the protection scope of the present invention.
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| CN201510441972.9ACN104977478B (en) | 2015-07-24 | 2015-07-24 | One kind digitlization lightning electric field change Signal Measurement System and its measuring method |
| PCT/CN2015/097426WO2017016140A1 (en) | 2015-07-24 | 2015-12-15 | Digital measurement system for measuring lightning electric field change signal, and measurement method thereof |
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| CN201510441972.9ACN104977478B (en) | 2015-07-24 | 2015-07-24 | One kind digitlization lightning electric field change Signal Measurement System and its measuring method |
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