本申请是申请日为2010年8月16日申请号为201080048882.9(PCT/US2010/045668)名称为“用于储存和/或过滤物质的装置和方法”的中国申请的分案申请。This application is a divisional application of a Chinese application with the application date of August 16, 2010 and the application number 201080048882.9 (PCT/US2010/045668) titled "Apparatus and method for storing and/or filtering substances".
相关申请的交叉引用Cross References to Related Applications
本申请要求如下专利申请的优先权和权益：2010年2月13日提交的名称为“FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE”的美国临时申请No.61/304,403；2010年2月17日提交的名称为“ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF”的美国专利申请No.12/707,651；2010年2月17日提交的名称为“ELECTROLYTIC CELLAND METHOD OF USE THEREOF”的PCT申请No.PCT/US10/24497；2010年2月17日提交的名称为“APPARATUS AND METHOD FORCONTROLLING NUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS”的美国专利申请No.12/707,653；2010年2月17日提交的名称为“APPARATUS ANDMETHOD FOR CONTROLLING NUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS”的PCT申请No.PCT/US10/24498；2010年2月17日提交的名称为“APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GAS CAPTURE DURINGELECTROLYSIS”的美国专利申请No.12/707,656；2010年2月17日提交的名称为“APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLINGNUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS”的PCT申请No.PCT/US10/24499；以及2009年8月27日提交的名称为“ELECTROLYZERAND ENERGY INDEPENDENCE TECHNOLOGIES”的美国临时专利申请No.61/237,476。这些申请中的每一个以全文引用的方式并入。This application claims priority to and benefit from the following patent applications: U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/304,403, filed February 13, 2010, entitled "FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE"; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/707,651 for "ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF"; PCT Application No. PCT/US10/24497, filed February 17, 2010, entitled "ELECTROLYTIC CELLAND METHOD OF USE THEREOF"; 2010 U.S. Patent Application No. 12/707,653 filed on February 17, entitled "APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING NUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS"; PCT Application No. .PCT/US10/24498; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/707,656, filed February 17, 2010, entitled "APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GAS CAPTURE DURING ELECTROLYSIS"; FOR CONTROLLINGNUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS," PCT Application No. PCT/US10/24499; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/237,476, filed August 27, 2009, entitled "ELECTROLYZERAND ENERGY INDEPENDENCE TECHNOLOGIES." Each of these applications is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
技术领域technical field
本技术涉及通过包括吸附介质的装置储存和/或过滤物质。The technology involves storing and/or filtering substances through devices comprising adsorption media.
背景技术Background technique
尽管对可再生资源的需要渐增，但世界持续使用石油来满足其许多能量需求。石油的副产物为汽车、船舶和飞机供应燃料，且在世界的许多地方，石油的副产物燃烧以产生电力。尽管石油是极有用的物质，但地球仅含有有限量，而且当石油从地面提取以及当燃烧其副产物以获得能量时，地球的居民(植物和动物)直接和间接地受到伤害。为了保护环境并满足渐增的世界人口的能量需求，人们必须用替代物质代替石油。Despite the increasing need for renewable resources, the world continues to use petroleum to meet many of its energy needs. Petroleum by-products fuel cars, ships, and airplanes, and in many parts of the world are burned to generate electricity. Although petroleum is an extremely useful substance, the earth contains only finite amounts, and its inhabitants (plants and animals) suffer directly and indirectly when oil is extracted from the ground and when its by-products are burned for energy. In order to protect the environment and meet the energy demands of the increasing world population, people must replace petroleum with alternative substances.
尽管人类需要避开使用石油，但很少替代物可被获得、加工、储存且可像石油那样便宜且容易地使用，并具有与对石油的需要相匹配的量。因此，石油依然是全世界的经济中的必要燃料。石油在整个世界的统治地位的关键因素是其副产物的高能量密度/体积，这能够使烃类以满足社会需要的能量容量得以运输和储存。例如，汽油含有约44.4兆焦/千克("MJ/kg")，柴油燃料含有约45.4MJ/kg。氢和甲烷(其均为易得的汽油和柴油的燃料替代物)分别含有约143MJ/kg和55.6MJ/kg。然而，氢和甲烷在室温和大气压下为气体，因此比诸如汽油和柴油的液体烃密度小得多。因此，氢气仅含有约.01079兆焦/升("MJ/l")且甲烷气体仅含有约.0378MJ/l，而汽油含有约32MJ/l且柴油含有约38.6MJ/l。如果诸如氢和甲烷的气体要在世界水平上代替烃类，则它们必须能够以补偿它们的低能量密度/体积的方式被储存。Despite the human need to avoid the use of petroleum, few alternatives are available, processed, stored and used as cheaply and easily as petroleum, and in quantities matching the need for petroleum. Therefore, oil remains an essential fuel in the economies of the world. A key factor in the dominance of petroleum throughout the world is the high energy density/volume of its by-products, which enables the transport and storage of hydrocarbons with the energy capacity to meet society's needs. For example, gasoline contains about 44.4 megajoules per kilogram ("MJ/kg") and diesel fuel contains about 45.4 MJ/kg. Hydrogen and methane, both readily available fuel substitutes for gasoline and diesel, contain about 143 MJ/kg and 55.6 MJ/kg, respectively. However, hydrogen and methane are gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and are therefore much less dense than liquid hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel. Thus, hydrogen contains only about .01079 megajoules per liter ("MJ/l") and methane gas only about .0378 MJ/l, while gasoline contains about 32 MJ/l and diesel contains about 38.6 MJ/l. If gases such as hydrogen and methane are to replace hydrocarbons on a world level, they must be able to be stored in a manner that compensates for their low energy density/volume.
已开发许多方法用于以更高能量密度/体积来储存氢和其他气体。第一方式是在极高压力下储存气体。尽管该方法可用于许多应用，包括通过管道运输气体，但其对于大多数典型应用是不可行的，因为大量能量浪费在压缩气体上。而且，对于大多数车辆、飞机或可能由压缩气体供给燃料的其他机器而言，能够承受高压的罐过重。另一方式是储存作为液体或软泥(slush)的气体。该方式遭受多个缺点之苦，包括大量的储存成本。例如，如同氢(石油最可行的替代物之一)一样，许多气体在极低温度下沸腾，这意味着它们必须低温储存，而且将气体冷却至液体或软泥并保持其冷却将浪费相当大量的能量。Many methods have been developed for storing hydrogen and other gases at higher energy densities/volumes. The first way is to store gas under extremely high pressure. Although this method can be used for many applications, including transporting gas through pipelines, it is not feasible for most typical applications because a lot of energy is wasted compressing the gas. Also, tanks capable of high pressure are too heavy for most vehicles, aircraft, or other machines that may be fueled by compressed gas. Another way is to store the gas as a liquid or slush. This approach suffers from several disadvantages, including substantial storage costs. For example, like hydrogen (one of the most viable alternatives to petroleum), many gases boil at extremely low temperatures, which means they must be stored cryogenically, and cooling the gas to a liquid or ooze and keeping it cool would waste a considerable amount of energy. energy of.
氢和其他气体也可作为被吸收的物质或作为金属氢化物而以更高的能量密度/体积被储存。不幸地，许多金属氢化物包含稀土金属，并由于用于储存的重金属而具有比烃类更低的能量密度/重量。另外，接收氢的材料(如活性炭颗粒、碳化组织、沸石和氢化物粒子)为较差的热导体，这意味着可以冷却这些材料以吸收气体的速率以及可以加热这些材料以释放气体的速率均受到限制。这些材料也可能降解或产生灰尘和碎片，这可污染所释放的气体并堵塞储存系统的递送导管、配件、阀和过滤器。Hydrogen and other gases can also be stored at higher energy densities/volumes as absorbed species or as metal hydrides. Unfortunately, many metal hydrides contain rare earth metals and have lower energy density/weight than hydrocarbons due to the heavy metals used for storage. In addition, materials that accept hydrogen, such as activated carbon particles, carbonized structures, zeolites, and hydride particles, are poor thermal conductors, which means that the rate at which these materials can be cooled to absorb the gas and the rate at which they can be heated to release the gas are both poor. restricted. These materials may also degrade or generate dust and debris, which can contaminate the released gas and plug delivery conduits, fittings, valves and filters of the storage system.
此外，大量能量浪费在将石油及其副产物运输至精制石油或消耗石油副产物的地点，而大量的可被转化为燃料的可再生资源(如农场废物)被浪费。另外，当烃类燃烧时，它们的副产物通常被丢弃。这些副产物使地球大气变暖。历史上，难以储存、加工或过滤烃类的副产物以用于随后的生产用途。例如，车辆制造商可发现储存来自内燃机的废气是不现实的，因为废气占据较大体积。类似地，尽管存在从烃类副产物去除颗粒物质的过滤器，但难以在有限量的空间中从第二化合物过滤第一化合物，或难以使副产物与另一化合物反应以产生可用的化合物。因此，烃类的副产物被释放至空气中，从而浪费了可能有成效的能源并污染了地球。In addition, large amounts of energy are wasted transporting oil and its by-products to sites where the oil is refined or consumed, and large amounts of renewable resources, such as farm waste, that can be converted to fuel are wasted. Additionally, when hydrocarbons are combusted, their by-products are typically discarded. These byproducts warm the Earth's atmosphere. Historically, it has been difficult to store, process or filter hydrocarbon by-products for subsequent production use. For example, vehicle manufacturers may find it impractical to store exhaust gases from internal combustion engines because the exhaust gases occupy a large volume. Similarly, although filters exist to remove particulate matter from hydrocarbon by-products, it is difficult to filter a first compound from a second compound in a limited amount of space, or react the by-product with another compound to produce a usable compound. As a result, hydrocarbon by-products are released into the air, wasting potentially productive energy and polluting the planet.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为根据所述技术的实施例构造的用于储存和/或过滤物质的容器的示意性横截面侧视图。1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a container for storing and/or filtering substances constructed in accordance with embodiments of the technology.
图2A为根据所述技术的实施例构造的吸附介质的平行层的放大示意性横截面侧视图，所述吸附介质包括表面结构。Figure 2A is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of parallel layers of an adsorption medium constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the technology, the adsorption medium including surface structures.
图2B为根据所述技术的实施例构造的吸附介质的平行层的放大示意性横截面侧视图，所述吸附介质包括表面结构。Figure 2B is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of parallel layers of an adsorption medium constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the technology, the adsorption medium including surface structures.
图2C为根据所述技术的实施例构造的吸附介质的平行层的放大示意性横截面侧视图，所述吸附介质包括表面结构。Figure 2C is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of parallel layers of an adsorption medium constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the technology, the adsorption medium including surface structures.
图2D为根据所述技术的实施例构造的吸附介质的平行层的放大示意性横截面侧视图，所述吸附介质包括表面结构。2D is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of parallel layers of an adsorption medium constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the technology, the adsorption medium including surface structures.
图3为用于在根据所述技术的实施例的吸附介质中装载物质的方法的流程图。3 is a flowchart of a method for loading a substance in an adsorption medium according to an embodiment of the technology.
图4为用于从根据所述技术的实施例的吸附介质卸载物质的方法的流程图。4 is a flowchart of a method for unloading species from an adsorption medium according to an embodiment of the technology.
图5为根据所述技术的实施例构造的用于储存和/或过滤物质的容器的侧视图。5 is a side view of a container for storing and/or filtering substances constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
图6A为根据所述技术的实施例构造的用于储存和/或过滤物质的容器的示意性横截面侧视图。6A is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a container for storing and/or filtering a substance constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
图6B为根据所述技术的实施例构造的用于储存和/或过滤物质的容器的一个区域的放大示意性横截面侧视图。6B is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of a region of a container for storing and/or filtering substances constructed in accordance with embodiments of the technology.
图6C为根据所述技术的实施例构造的用于储存和/或过滤物质的容器的一个区域的放大示意性横截面侧视图。6C is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of a region of a container for storing and/or filtering substances constructed in accordance with embodiments of the technology.
图7为根据所述技术的实施例构造的用于过滤物质的装置的示意性横截面侧视图。7 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a device for filtering a substance constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
图8为根据所述技术的实施例构造的用于过滤物质的装置的等距视图。Figure 8 is an isometric view of a device for filtering substances constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
图9为根据所述技术的实施例构造的用于储存和/或过滤物质的容器以及相关系统的示意性横截面侧视图。9 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a container for storing and/or filtering substances and related systems constructed in accordance with embodiments of the technology.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本申请以全文引用方式并入如下申请的主题：2004年11月9日提交的名称为“MULTIFUEL STORAGE,METERING AND IGNITION SYSTEM”的美国临时专利申请No.60/626,021(代理人案号No.69545-8013US)；2009年2月17日提交的名称为“FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY”的美国临时专利申请No.61/153,253(代理人案号No.69545-8001US)；和2010年7月21日提交的名称为“METHOD AND SYSTEM OF THERMOCHEMICALREGENERATION TO PROVIDE OXYGENATED FUEL,FOR EXAMPLE,WITH FUEL-COOLED FUEL INJECTORS”的美国专利申请No.12/804,509(代理人案号No.69545-8037US)。本申请以全文引用的方式并入同时于2010年8月16日提交的如下美国专利申请中的每一个的主题，所述美国专利申请的名称如下：“METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR DETECTIONOF PROPERTIES OF FLUID CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS”(代理人案号No.69545-8003US)；“COMPREHENSIVE COST MODELING OFAUTOGENOUS SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OFENERGY,MATERIAL RESOURCES AND NUTRIENT REGIMES”(代理人案号No.69545-8025US)；“ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD OF USETHEREOF”(代理人案号No.69545-8026US)；“SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED PRODUCTION OFRENEWABLE ENERGY,MATERIALS RESOURCES,AND NUTRIENTREGIMES”(代理人案号No.69545-8040US)；“SYSTEMS AND METHODSFOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGHINTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUM PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLEENERGY”(代理人案号No.69545-8041US)；“SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUMPRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE MATERIAL RESOURCES”(代理人案号No.69545-8042US)；“METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR INCREASING THEEFFICIENCY OF SUPPLEMENTED OCEAN THERMAL ENERGYCONVERSION(SOTEC)”(代理人案号No.69545-8044US)；“GASHYDRATE CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR HARVESTING HYDROCARBONHYDRATE DEPOSITS”(代理人案号No.69545-8045US)；“ENERGYSYSTEM FOR DWELLING SUPPORT”(代理人案号No.69545-8047US)；“ENERGY CONVERSION ASSEMBLIES AND ASSOCIATED METHODSOF USE AND MANUFACTURE”(代理人案号No.69545-8048US)；和“INTERNALLY REINFORCED STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES ANDASSOCIATED METHODS OF MANUFACTURING”(69545-8049US)。This application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into the subject matter of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/626,021, filed November 9, 2004, entitled "MULTIFUEL STORAGE, METERING AND IGNITION SYSTEM" (Attorney Docket No. 69545 -8013US); U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/153,253, filed February 17, 2009, entitled "FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY" (Attorney Docket No. 69545-8001US); and U.S. Patent Application No. 12/804,509 (Attorney Docket No. 69545-8037US) entitled "METHOD AND SYSTEM OF THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATION TO PROVIDE OXYGENATED FUEL, FOR EXAMPLE, WITH FUEL-COOLED FUEL INJECTORS." This application incorporates by reference in its entirety the subject matter of each of the following U.S. patent applications, filed concurrently on August 16, 2010, and titled as follows: "METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR DETECTION OF PROPERTIES OF FLUID CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS "(Attorney Case No.69545-8003US); "COMPREHENSIVE COST MODELING OFAUTOGENOUS SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OFENERGY, MATERIAL RESOURCES AND NUTRIENT REGIMES" (Attorney Case No.69545-8025US); AND ELECTROLY USETHEREOF”(代理人案号No.69545-8026US)；“SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED PRODUCTION OFRENEWABLE ENERGY,MATERIALS RESOURCES,AND NUTRIENTREGIMES”(代理人案号No.69545-8040US)；“SYSTEMS AND METHODSFOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGHINTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUM PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLEENERGY”(代理人案号No.69545-8041US)；“SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUMPRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE MATERIAL RESOURCES”(代理人案号No.69545-8042US)；“METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR INCREASING THEEFFICIENCY OF SUPPLEMENTED OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (SOTEC)" (Attorney Case No. 69545-8044US); "GASHYDRATE CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR HARVESTING HYDROCARBONHYDRATE DEPOSITS "(Attorney Case No.69545-8045US); "ENERGY SYSTEM FOR DWELLING SUPPORT" (Attorney Case No.69545-8047US); "ENERGY CONVERSION ASSEMBLIES AND ASSOCIATED METHODSOF USE AND MANUFACTURE" (Attorney Case No.69545 -8048US); and "INTERNALLY REINFORCED STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES ANDASSOCIATED METHODS OF MANUFACTURING" (69545-8049US).
本发明描述了用于储存和/或过滤物质的系统、装置和方法。吸附介质包括以一定距离或变化距离间隔开的吸附材料的平行层。在吸附介质的边缘处提供物质。所述吸附介质的边缘提供了通向所述吸附介质的层之间的区域的通道。热可从所述吸附介质传递走，以促进和/或引起所述吸附介质将物质的分子装载(即吸收和/或吸附)至吸附介质中。类似地，可将第一极性的电压施加至所述吸附介质以促进和/或引起所述吸附介质装载物质的分子。同样，可增加所述吸附介质经受的压力以促进和/或引起所述吸附介质装载物质的分子。在一些实施例中，所述吸附介质还包括装载物质的表面结构。在一些实施例中，催化剂促进物质装载至所述吸附介质中。可通过将热传递至所述吸附介质、将与第一极性相反极性的电压施加至所述吸附介质、和/或通过降低所述吸附介质经受的压力，而从所述吸附介质卸载物质。Systems, devices and methods for storing and/or filtering substances are described. The adsorbent medium comprises parallel layers of adsorbent material spaced apart by a distance or a varying distance. The substance is provided at the edge of the adsorption medium. The edges of the sorption medium provide access to the regions between the layers of the sorption medium. Heat may be transferred away from the adsorption medium to facilitate and/or cause the adsorption medium to load (ie absorb and/or adsorb) molecules of a species into the adsorption medium. Similarly, a voltage of a first polarity may be applied to the sorption medium to facilitate and/or cause loading of the sorption medium with molecules of a species. Likewise, the pressure to which the sorption medium is subjected may be increased to facilitate and/or cause the sorption medium to be loaded with molecules of a substance. In some embodiments, the adsorption medium further includes a substance-loaded surface structure. In some embodiments, a catalyst facilitates loading of a species into the adsorption medium. A substance may be unloaded from the adsorption medium by transferring heat to the adsorption medium, applying a voltage to the adsorption medium of a polarity opposite to the first polarity, and/or by reducing the pressure experienced by the adsorption medium .
在一些实施例中，所述吸附介质被封装在容器中。在一些实施例中，所述吸附介质被构造在管中。在一些实施例中，所述吸附介质装载物质的所有分子，而在其他实施例中，所述吸附介质仅装载物质的某特定化合物的分子或某些特定化合物的分子。在一些实施方案中，所述吸附介质过滤物质。在一些实施方案中，所述吸附介质储存物质。在一些实施例中，将催化剂施用至所述吸附介质的至少一部分，以催化装载至所述吸附介质中的物质与另一物质之间的化学反应。In some embodiments, the adsorption medium is enclosed in a container. In some embodiments, the adsorption medium is configured in a tube. In some embodiments, the adsorption medium is loaded with all molecules of a substance, while in other embodiments, the adsorption medium is loaded with only molecules of a particular compound or molecules of certain compounds of a substance. In some embodiments, the adsorption medium filters substances. In some embodiments, the adsorption medium stores a substance. In some embodiments, a catalyst is applied to at least a portion of the sorption medium to catalyze a chemical reaction between a species loaded into the sorption medium and another species.
现在关于各种实施例描述系统、装置和方法。如下描述提供了用于对系统、装置和方法的这些实施例的彻底理解以及能够描述系统、装置和方法的这些实施例的具体细节。然而，本领域技术人员将了解可在无这些细节下实施所述系统。在其他例子中，未显示或详细描述公知的结构和功能以避免不必要地使系统的实施例的描述不明显。Systems, apparatus, and methods are now described with respect to various embodiments. The following description is provided for a thorough understanding of these embodiments of systems, apparatuses and methods and enables specific details to describe these embodiments of systems, apparatuses and methods. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the system may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the system.
在如下呈现的描述中所用的术语旨在以其最广的合理方式进行解释，尽管其与系统的某些具体实施例的详细描述结合使用。某些术语甚至可在下文进行强调，然而，旨在以任何限制方式进行解释的任何术语将在该具体实施方式部分中明显且特别地进行定义。The terminology used in the description presented below is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, although it is used in conjunction with the detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the system. Certain terms may even be emphasized below, however, any terms that are intended to be interpreted in any restrictive manner will be expressly and specifically defined in this Detailed Description.
图1为根据所述技术的实施例的用于储存和/或过滤物质的容器2的示意性横截面侧视图。容器2通过第一端口10接收物质(如气体)，且所述物质经过穿孔通道4，所述穿孔通道4通过容器2内的吸附介质6。第一阀13和第二阀18可被打开或关闭不同的程度，以控制进入或离开容器2的物质的量。物质通过穿孔通道4的穿孔而被提供至吸附介质6的第一边缘15，所述吸附介质6包括吸附材料的平行盘形层，所述吸附材料将物质装载(即吸收和/或吸附)至吸附材料的层上以及层之间的区域中，从而降低了被装载至所述吸附介质中的物质的体积。因此，容器2可被构造为以一定密度储存物质，所述密度比所述物质在大气温度和压力下存在的密度高得多。容器2包括第二端口11，当物质从吸附介质6释放时，所述第二端口11可用于排出所述物质。在一些实施例中，构造容器2以使得仅物质的特定化合物被吸附介质6装载，且物质的剩余化合物经过容器2而不被装载。因此，容器2也可被构造为过滤物质。Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a container 2 for storing and/or filtering substances according to an embodiment of the technology. The container 2 receives a substance, such as a gas, through the first port 10 and said substance passes through the perforated channels 4 which pass through the adsorption medium 6 within the container 2 . The first valve 13 and the second valve 18 can be opened or closed to different degrees to control the amount of substance entering or leaving the container 2 . The substance is supplied through the perforations of the perforated channels 4 to a first edge 15 of an adsorption medium 6 comprising parallel disk-shaped layers of adsorption material which loads (ie absorbs and/or adsorbs) the substance into the on the layers of adsorbent material and in the regions between the layers, thereby reducing the volume of species loaded into the adsorbent medium. Thus, the container 2 may be configured to store a substance at a density much higher than that which the substance would exist at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The container 2 comprises a second port 11 which can be used to discharge the substance when it is released from the adsorption medium 6 . In some embodiments, container 2 is configured such that only certain compounds of the substance are loaded by adsorption medium 6 and the remaining compounds of the substance pass through container 2 without being loaded. Thus, the container 2 can also be configured as a filter substance.
A.吸附介质和表面结构A.Adsorption Media and Surface Structure
容器2的吸附介质6包括吸附材料的平行层，在所述吸附材料的平行层上和所述吸附材料的平行层之间吸附和吸收物质的分子。用于平行层的合适材料包括石墨烯、石墨、氮化硼、陶瓷、金属或聚合物，包括这些材料的各种组合和排列。如下文所讨论，在一些实施例中，所述材料具有热传递的高有效性，其允许热遍及每一层传递，并从每一层去除，以促进物质从吸附介质6装载或卸载。类似地，在一些实施例中，所述材料为导电的，并将电压施加至所述平行层中的层上以促进物质的装载或卸载。石墨烯为用于吸附介质6的合适材料的例子，因为其导电并具有热传递的高有效性。在一些实施例中，每个平行层仅为一个原子厚，而在其他实施例中，所述层中的一些或全部大于一个原子厚。在一些实施例中，通过改变层的厚度而调节吸附介质6的层的导热性和导电性。The adsorption medium 6 of the container 2 comprises parallel layers of adsorption material on which and between said parallel layers of adsorption material molecules of the substance are adsorbed and absorbed. Suitable materials for the parallel layers include graphene, graphite, boron nitride, ceramics, metals or polymers, including various combinations and permutations of these materials. As discussed below, in some embodiments the material has a high efficiency of heat transfer which allows heat to be transferred throughout and removed from each layer to facilitate loading or unloading of species from the adsorption medium 6 . Similarly, in some embodiments, the material is conductive and a voltage is applied to the layers in the parallel layers to facilitate loading or unloading of species. Graphene is an example of a suitable material for the adsorption medium 6 because it is electrically conductive and has a high efficiency of heat transfer. In some embodiments, each parallel layer is only one atom thick, while in other embodiments some or all of the layers are greater than one atom thick. In some embodiments, the thermal and electrical conductivity of the layer of adsorption medium 6 is adjusted by varying the thickness of the layer.
可使用多个技术中的任意种将吸附介质6制造和构造为平行层。在一些实施例中，吸附介质的平行层从单晶上剥落。例如，在一些实施例中，将石墨单晶生长和/或机械加工至所需形状(如盘)，并从所述晶体上剥落一个原子那样薄的层。在剥落石墨晶体之前，可穿过石墨晶体钻孔，且中心基材(如穿孔通道4)可在剥落晶体之时将晶体保持在适当的位置。以引用方式并入本文的美国专利No.6,503,584和美国临时申请No.61/304,403描述了用于剥落单晶以制备一个原子那样薄的吸附材料的层的合适系统和方法。可使用类似的技术剥落许多其他材料，包括诸如云母、沸石形成矿物质和氮化硼的化合物。Adsorption media 6 can be fabricated and configured as parallel layers using any of a number of techniques. In some embodiments, parallel layers of adsorption medium are exfoliated from the single crystal. For example, in some embodiments, a single crystal of graphite is grown and/or machined into a desired shape (eg, a disk) and a one-atom-thin layer is exfoliated from the crystal. Holes can be drilled through the graphite crystal before it is exfoliated, and the center substrate (eg, perforated channel 4 ) can hold the crystal in place while exfoliating the crystal. US Patent No. 6,503,584 and US Provisional Application No. 61/304,403, which are incorporated herein by reference, describe suitable systems and methods for exfoliating single crystals to produce one-atom-thin layers of adsorbent materials. Many other materials can be exfoliated using similar techniques, including compounds such as mica, zeolite-forming minerals and boron nitride.
吸附介质6的层也可通过使化合物脱氢而形成。例如，可将能量施加至烃(如甲烷)以离解所述烃，从而产生碳和氢。例如，可将电力施加至甲烷足够的时间以产生足够的碳以用于吸附介质的层。可将所得的碳沉积至基材上或构建成所需的形状。这些石墨烯沉积物将自组织成吸附介质的层，所述吸附介质的层可在基材上构造为彼此平行。The layers of the adsorption medium 6 can also be formed by dehydrogenating compounds. For example, energy can be applied to a hydrocarbon such as methane to dissociate the hydrocarbon, thereby producing carbon and hydrogen. For example, electricity can be applied to methane for a sufficient time to generate enough carbon for a layer of adsorption media. The resulting carbon can be deposited onto a substrate or built into a desired shape. These graphene deposits will self-organize into layers of adsorption media that can be structured parallel to each other on the substrate.
吸附介质6的平行层彼此间隔开一定距离，以使得能够将物质的分子装载至吸附介质6的层的表面上和吸附介质6的层之间的区域中。图2A显示了根据所述技术的实施例的吸附介质6的区域200的放大示意性横截面侧视图。将各种表面结构20施用至吸附介质6的平行层22的表面上。这些表面结构20可包括纳米管20a、纳米卷20b和各种其他高表面纳米结构，如多孔剥落碳化组织、棒20c、和花状结构20d。在一些实施例中，所述表面结构允许所述吸附介质装载更多的物质。在一些实施例中，所述表面结构允许所述吸附介质装载物质的特定化合物。在一些实施例中，所述表面结构能够使所述吸附介质更快速地装载和/或卸载物质的分子。在一些实施例中，表面结构的特定类型比另一表面结构更优选。例如，在一些实施例中，纳米卷比纳米管更优选。纳米卷可能够比纳米管更迅速地装载和卸载物质的分子，因为纳米卷可能够同时装载和卸载物质的多个分子，而纳米管一次仅可能够装载或卸载一个分子。在一些实施例中，第一类型的表面结构装载第一化合物，且第二类型的表面结构装载第二化合物。在一些实施例中，表面结构20由导电和/或具有热传递的高有效性的材料组成。在一些实施例中，所述表面结构由碳组成。The parallel layers of adsorption medium 6 are spaced apart from each other to enable loading of molecules of substances onto the surface of the layers of adsorption medium 6 and in the regions between the layers of adsorption medium 6 . Figure 2A shows an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of a region 200 of an adsorption medium 6 according to an embodiment of the technology. Various surface structures 20 are applied to the surface of the parallel layers 22 of the adsorption medium 6 . These surface structures 20 may include nanotubes 20a, nanoscrolls 20b, and various other high surface nanostructures, such as porous exfoliated carbonized structures, rods 20c, and flower-like structures 2Od. In some embodiments, the surface structure allows the adsorption medium to be loaded with more species. In some embodiments, the surface structure allows loading of the sorption medium with specific compounds of matter. In some embodiments, the surface structure enables the adsorption medium to be more rapidly loaded and/or unloaded with molecules of a substance. In some embodiments, a particular type of surface structure is preferred over another surface structure. For example, in some embodiments, nanoscrolls are preferred over nanotubes. Nanoscrolls may be able to load and unload molecules of a substance more rapidly than nanotubes because nanoscrolls may be able to load and unload multiple molecules of a substance simultaneously, whereas nanotubes may only be able to load or unload one molecule at a time. In some embodiments, a first type of surface structure is loaded with a first compound, and a second type of surface structure is loaded with a second compound. In some embodiments, surface structure 20 is composed of a material that is electrically conductive and/or has high effectiveness in heat transfer. In some embodiments, the surface structure consists of carbon.
可使用多种不同的技术在吸附介质6的层上构造所述表面结构。如上引用的共同待审的申请公开了用于在平行层22的表面上构造表面结构20的多种方法。在一些实施例中，通过施用所述表面结构的层的晶格结构而使表面结构外延取向。在一些实施例中，可在层旁边构造相邻层之前，将所述表面结构涂布至吸附材料的所述层上。在一些实施例中，在吸附介质6的层上使化合物脱氢以形成表面结构20。在一些实施例中，所述表面结构充当吸附介质6的平行层之间的间隔物，从而将所述平行层分隔所需距离。The surface structure can be constructed on the layer of adsorption medium 6 using a number of different techniques. The co-pending applications cited above disclose various methods for structuring surface structures 20 on the surface of parallel layers 22 . In some embodiments, the surface structure is epitaxially oriented by applying a lattice structure of a layer of said surface structure. In some embodiments, the surface structure may be applied to the layer of adsorbent material prior to constructing an adjacent layer next to the layer. In some embodiments, compounds are dehydrogenated on the layer of adsorption medium 6 to form surface structures 20 . In some embodiments, the surface structures act as spacers between parallel layers of adsorption medium 6, thereby separating the parallel layers by a desired distance.
在一些实施例中，所述平行层之间的距离仅为足够大至将物质的单分子厚的层装载至所述平行层中的每一个的表面上。在其他实施例中，所述距离足够大至将分子装载至所述平行层中的每一个的表面上且物质的至少一个单分子厚的层装载在所述平行层之间的区域中、而不在所述层的表面上。例如，物质的分子可被装载至吸附介质6的层22的表面上以及装载至层22之间的区域204中。在一些实施例中，吸附介质6的平行层被构造为相隔例如，吸附介质6的平行层可分隔以装载天然气。在一些实施例中，吸附介质6的层以大于或小于的距离进行构造。例如，在一些实施例中，所述距离为或更大，且在其他实施例中，所述距离小于In some embodiments, the distance between the parallel layers is only large enough to load a monomolecule-thick layer of substance onto the surface of each of the parallel layers. In other embodiments, the distance is large enough to load molecules onto the surface of each of the parallel layers with at least one molecule-thick layer of substance loaded in the region between the parallel layers, and not on the surface of the layer. For example, molecules of a substance can be loaded onto the surface of the layers 22 of the adsorption medium 6 and into the regions 204 between the layers 22 . In some embodiments, parallel layers of adsorption medium 6 are configured to be spaced apart For example, parallel layers of adsorption medium 6 can be separated by to load natural gas. In some embodiments, the layer of adsorption medium 6 is greater than or less distance to construct. For example, in some embodiments, the distance is or greater, and in other embodiments, the distance is less than
在一些实施例中，吸附介质6的每一层之间的距离是相同的，而在其他实施例中，层之间的距离是变化的或仅在平行层中的一些之间是相同的。例如，平行层中的一些可间隔能够装载第一化合物(如甲烷)的分子的距离，且平行层中的一些可间隔能够装载第二化合物(如氢)的分子的距离。图2B显示了根据所述技术的另一实施例的吸附介质6的区域200的放大示意性横截面侧视图。将表面结构20施用至吸附介质6的平行层22。平行层22间隔开不同的距离，以使得第一区域210具有与第二区域212的尺寸不同的尺寸，所述第二区域212的尺寸也是与第三区域214的尺寸不同的尺寸。如上所述，不同的间隔可允许不同分子优先装载至不同的区域中。例如，第一区域210可被构造为装载甲烷，且第二区域212可被构造为装载氢。图2C显示了根据所述技术的另一实施例的吸附介质6的区域200的放大示意性横截面侧视图。在图2C的实施例中，吸附介质6的层22彼此间隔开不同的距离，以使得所述吸附介质包括第一尺寸的区域(如区域222)和第二尺寸的区域(如224)。In some embodiments the distance between each layer of the adsorption medium 6 is the same, while in other embodiments the distance between the layers varies or is the same only between some of the parallel layers. For example, some of the parallel layers may be separated by a distance capable of loading molecules of a first compound such as methane, and some of the parallel layers may be separated by a distance capable of loading molecules of a second compound such as hydrogen. Figure 2B shows an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of a region 200 of an adsorption medium 6 according to another embodiment of the technology. The surface structure 20 is applied to the parallel layers 22 of the adsorption medium 6 . The parallel layers 22 are spaced apart by different distances so that the first region 210 has a different size than the second region 212 , which is also a different size than the third region 214 . As noted above, different spacings may allow for preferential loading of different molecules into different regions. For example, the first region 210 may be configured to charge methane, and the second region 212 may be configured to charge hydrogen. Figure 2C shows an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of a region 200 of an adsorption medium 6 according to another embodiment of the technology. In the embodiment of FIG. 2C , the layers 22 of the sorbent medium 6 are spaced apart from each other by different distances such that the sorbent medium includes regions of a first size (such as region 222 ) and regions of a second size (such as 224 ).
在一些实施例中，表面结构20尺寸不同。例如，在图2B中，一些纳米管20a比其他纳米管20a更长。在一些实施例中，变化表面结构的尺寸改变了它们可装载和卸载物质的速率。在一些实施例中，增加或减少表面结构的尺寸，以相比于第二化合物优先装载第一化合物，或者变化吸附介质6的层之间的间隔。In some embodiments, surface structures 20 vary in size. For example, in Figure 2B, some nanotubes 20a are longer than other nanotubes 20a. In some embodiments, varying the size of the surface structures changes the rate at which they can load and unload species. In some embodiments, the size of the surface structures is increased or decreased to preferentially load a first compound over a second compound, or to vary the spacing between layers of adsorption medium 6 .
在一些实施例中，在吸附介质的层之间的区域仅包括第一类型的表面结构。例如，第三区域214仅包括纳米管。所述吸附介质的平行层之间的区域可仅包括特定类型的表面结构以容纳特定化合物。例如，第三区域214可仅包括纳米管20a，因为相比于纳米卷，纳米管能够以更高的密度装载氢，且氢可被装载至第三区域214中。在一些实施例中，吸附介质的层之间的区域仅包括两种类型的表面结构以容纳特定的一种或多种化合物。例如，第二区域212可仅包括纳米卷20b和棒20c，因为纳米卷能够以高密度装载甲烷，且尽管棒不能以高密度装载甲烷，但其能够以高速率装载和卸载甲烷。因此，纳米卷20b和棒20c可能在特定的应用中弥补彼此的弱点。在一些实施例中，在吸附介质的层上构造的所有表面结构可具有一种类型。例如，吸附介质可仅包括纳米管以用于特定应用。In some embodiments, the region between the layers of the adsorption medium comprises only the first type of surface structure. For example, third region 214 includes only nanotubes. The regions between the parallel layers of the adsorption medium may only comprise certain types of surface structures to accommodate certain compounds. For example, the third region 214 may include only the nanotubes 20 a because nanotubes can be loaded with hydrogen at a higher density than nanoscrolls, and hydrogen may be loaded into the third region 214 . In some embodiments, the region between the layers of the adsorption medium includes only two types of surface structures to accommodate a particular compound or compounds. For example, the second region 212 may include only nanoscrolls 20b and rods 20c because the nanoscrolls can be loaded with methane at high density, and although the rods cannot be loaded with methane at high density, they can be loaded and unloaded with methane at a high rate. Therefore, nanoscrolls 20b and rods 20c may compensate for each other's weaknesses in certain applications. In some embodiments, all surface structures constructed on a layer of adsorption medium may be of one type. For example, an adsorption medium may comprise only nanotubes for a particular application.
在一些实施例中，表面结构20垂直于吸附介质的层22取向。在其他实施例中，表面结构20中的至少一些并非垂直于吸附介质的层22取向，而是以不同的角度取向。在图2C中，表面结构20从层22以不同于90度的角度取向。表面结构可以特定的角度取向，以增加表面结构的表面积、增加分子被表面结构装载的速率、增加表面结构的装载密度、优先装载特定化合物的分子、或为了另一原因。In some embodiments, the surface structures 20 are oriented perpendicular to the layer 22 of the adsorption medium. In other embodiments, at least some of the surface structures 20 are not oriented perpendicular to the layer 22 of the adsorption medium, but are oriented at a different angle. In FIG. 2C , surface structures 20 are oriented at an angle different from 90 degrees from layer 22 . The surface structures may be oriented at specific angles to increase the surface area of the surface structures, to increase the rate at which molecules are loaded by the surface structures, to increase the loading density of the surface structures, to preferentially load molecules of a particular compound, or for another reason.
在一些实施例中，表面结构由一定材料组成，所述材料与其所附接的吸附介质6的层的材料不同。图2D显示了根据所述技术的另一实施例的吸附介质6的区域200的放大示意性横截面侧视图。吸附介质的平行层22由第一材料(如石墨烯)组成。表面结构20由第二材料(如氮化硼)组成。在一些实施例中，在将氮化硼沉积至平行层22之前，将硼界面施用至石墨烯。表面结构可由多种不同材料的任意种组成。例如，在一些实施例中，纳米管20a、纳米晶20b、棒20c和/或花状结构20d由氢化硼、乙硼烷(B2H6)、氢化铝钠、MgH2、LiH、氢化钛和/或另一金属氢化物或另一化合物组成。在硼界面上的氢化硼形成为吸热的，具有必须通过其所施用的平行层而去除的生成热。例如，由于氢化硼的优良导热性，氢可被快速装载而形成相对不稳定的氢储存，这同样允许氢的快速卸载。In some embodiments, the surface structure consists of a material that is different from the material of the layer of adsorption medium 6 to which it is attached. Figure 2D shows an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of a region 200 of an adsorption medium 6 according to another embodiment of the technology. The parallel layers 22 of the adsorption medium consist of a first material such as graphene. The surface structure 20 is composed of a second material such as boron nitride. In some embodiments, the boron interface is applied to the graphene prior to depositing boron nitride onto the parallel layers 22 . The surface structure can consist of any of a number of different materials. For example, in some embodiments, nanotubes 20a, nanocrystals 20b, rods 20c, and/or flower- like structures 20d are formed from boron hydride, diborane (B2H6 ),sodium aluminum hydride, MgH2, LiH, titanium hydride and/or another metal hydride or another compound. Boron hydride formation at the boron interface is endothermic, with a heat of formation that must be removed by the parallel layers to which it is applied. For example, due to the excellent thermal conductivity of boron hydride, hydrogen can be rapidly loaded to form a relatively unstable hydrogen storage, which also allows rapid unloading of hydrogen.
可使用多种技术的任意种控制平行层之间的距离。在一些实施例中，将表面结构施用至吸附介质6的层的表面上，并构造所述表面结构以将吸附介质6的平行层分隔特定距离。例如，在图2D中，来自相邻层的表面结构20(如在区域226中的表面结构)彼此接触，从而调节区域226的尺寸。在一些实施例中，在支承基材(如穿孔通道4)上构造平行层，将类似电荷施加至平行层，从而使层彼此排斥以获得所需间隔。也可在制造过程中或在基材上构造层之时，通过沉积在层之间充当间隔物的原子或化合物而以所需的距离分隔平行层。例如，当使化合物脱氢时，可在所产生的吸附介质6的每一层之间施用分隔原子或分子。在一些实施例中，吸附介质6的平行层由主体材料形成，加热所述主体材料，从而导致主体材料膨胀，并由此允许分隔原子或化合物插入层之间，这防止了主体材料收缩至具有分隔原子或化合物的区域中。吸附介质6的两层之间的距离也可通过层中或两层之间的间隔物中的相变而进行控制，所述相变引发力，所述力足以提供以预定距离隔开层所需的功。可调节层之间的距离，以提供容器2的结构支承、促进向层的传热或从层的传热、允许光通过层之间，用于催化目的和/或用于增湿目的。The distance between parallel layers can be controlled using any of a variety of techniques. In some embodiments, surface structures are applied to the surface of the layers of sorption medium 6 and are configured to separate parallel layers of sorption medium 6 by a certain distance. For example, in FIG. 2D , surface structures 20 from adjacent layers, such as those in region 226 , are in contact with each other, thereby adjusting the size of region 226 . In some embodiments, parallel layers are constructed on a support substrate (eg, perforated channels 4 ), and a similar charge is applied to the parallel layers such that the layers repel each other to achieve the desired spacing. Parallel layers can also be separated at a desired distance during fabrication or when the layers are structured on the substrate by depositing atoms or compounds that act as spacers between the layers. For example, when dehydrogenating compounds, spacer atoms or molecules can be applied between each layer of the resulting adsorption medium 6 . In some embodiments, the parallel layers of adsorption medium 6 are formed of a host material that is heated causing expansion of the host material and thereby allowing intercalation of spacer atoms or compounds between the layers, which prevents the host material from shrinking to have In the region that separates atoms or compounds. The distance between the two layers of the adsorption medium 6 can also be controlled by a phase change in the layer or in the spacer between the two layers, which induces a force sufficient to provide the force required to separate the layers at a predetermined distance. required work. The distance between the layers can be adjusted to provide structural support for the container 2, to facilitate heat transfer to or from the layers, to allow light to pass between the layers, for catalytic purposes and/or for humidification purposes.
通过被吸附至吸附介质6的平行层的表面和表面结构20上，以及通过被吸收至表面结构20中和吸附介质6的层之间的区域中，物质可被装载至吸附介质6中。图3为用于将物质装载至吸附介质6中的方法的流程图。在方框300处，在所述吸附介质的边缘处提供物质。吸附介质6的边缘包括提供通向所述吸附介质的层之间的区域的通道的区域。例如，图1的容器2包括盘形层，且吸附介质6的内边缘15提供通向所述吸附介质的层之间的区域的通道。物质的分子可从吸附介质6的内边缘15装载。Substances can be loaded into the adsorption medium 6 by being adsorbed onto the surface of the parallel layers of the adsorption medium 6 and onto the surface structures 20 , and by being absorbed into the surface structures 20 and into the regions between the layers of the adsorption medium 6 . FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a method for loading substances into the adsorption medium 6 . At block 300, a substance is provided at an edge of the adsorption medium. The edges of the sorption medium 6 comprise regions providing access to the regions between the layers of said sorption medium. For example, the container 2 of Figure 1 comprises disc-shaped layers, and the inner edge 15 of the sorbent medium 6 provides access to the region between the layers of said sorbent medium. Molecules of a substance can be loaded from the inner edge 15 of the adsorption medium 6 .
在方框310处，物质的分子被吸附至吸附介质6的层的表面上。如在整个本说明书中所述，当热从吸附介质6传递走时、当将电压施加至吸附介质6时、和/或当增加吸附介质6所经受的压力时，吸附介质6可装载物质。在一些实施例中，催化剂促进或引起物质的装载。At block 310 , molecules of the substance are adsorbed onto the surface of the layer of adsorption medium 6 . As described throughout this specification, the adsorption medium 6 may be loaded with species when heat is transferred away from the adsorption medium 6, when a voltage is applied to the adsorption medium 6, and/or when the pressure experienced by the adsorption medium 6 is increased. In some embodiments, catalysts facilitate or cause loading of species.
在方框320处，物质的分子被吸附至在吸附介质6的层上构造的表面结构的表面上。例如，物质的分子可被吸附至在所述吸附介质的层的表面上构造的纳米棒的表面上。在方框330处，物质的分子被吸收至所述表面结构中。例如，物质的分子可被吸收至位于吸附介质6的层的表面上的纳米管中。At block 320 , molecules of the substance are adsorbed onto the surface of the surface structure constructed on the layer of the adsorption medium 6 . For example, molecules of a substance can be adsorbed onto the surface of nanorods structured on the surface of the layer of the adsorption medium. At block 330, molecules of a substance are absorbed into the surface structure. For example, molecules of a substance can be absorbed into nanotubes located on the surface of the layer of adsorption medium 6 .
在方框340处，物质的分子被吸收至吸附介质6的层之间的区域中。在一些实施例中，物质的分子不作为溶气(gas solution)被吸收至吸附介质6的两层之间的区域中，直至分子已以一定密度被吸附至层的表面上，以致于不存在剩余表面用于吸附分子，且装载的剩余分子作为溶气被吸收至两层之间的区域中。在一些实施例中，物质的分子经由吸附介质6的边缘被吸附，并迫使之前吸附的分子进入吸附介质6更深，直至来自新吸附的分子的力迫使之前吸附的分子变得悬浮于所述吸附介质的层之间的区域中，从而成为被吸收的溶气的部分。本领域技术人员将了解，在一些实施例中，在物质的一些分子被吸附之前物质的分子被吸收，或者与物质的分子被吸附的同时物质的分子被吸收。At block 340 , molecules of the substance are absorbed into the region between the layers of the adsorption medium 6 . In some embodiments, the molecules of the substance are not absorbed as a gas solution into the region between the two layers of the adsorption medium 6 until the molecules have been adsorbed onto the surface of the layers in such a density that there is no The remaining surface is used to adsorb molecules, and the remaining molecules of the load are absorbed as dissolved gas into the region between the two layers. In some embodiments, the molecules of the species are adsorbed via the edge of the adsorption medium 6 and the previously adsorbed molecules are forced deeper into the adsorption medium 6 until the force from the newly adsorbed molecules forces the previously adsorbed molecules to become suspended in the adsorption medium 6 The region between the layers of the medium thus becomes part of the dissolved gas that is absorbed. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in some embodiments, the molecules of the species are absorbed before some molecules of the species are adsorbed, or at the same time as the molecules of the species are adsorbed.
通过从吸附介质6的平行层的表面和表面结构20上的吸附态解吸，以及通过从表面结构20中和吸附介质6的层之间的区域中的吸收态解吸，物质从吸附介质6卸载。图4为用于从吸附介质6卸载物质的方法的流程图。在方框400处，物质的分子从吸附介质6的层的表面上的吸附态解吸。如在整个本说明书中所述，通过传热至所述吸附介质、通过在所述吸附介质上施加电压(所述电压具有与施加用以装载分子的电压相反的极性)、通过降低吸附介质所经受的压力、和/或通过其他机理(如辐射吸附介质和物理干扰吸附介质)，可卸载已被装载至吸附介质中的分子。Substances are unloaded from the adsorption medium 6 by desorption from the adsorbed state on the surface of the parallel layers of the adsorption medium 6 and on the surface structure 20 , and by desorption from the absorbed state in the surface structure 20 and in the region between the layers of the adsorption medium 6 . FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for unloading a substance from an adsorption medium 6 . At block 400 , molecules of the species are desorbed from the adsorbed state on the surface of the layer of adsorption medium 6 . As described throughout this specification, by heat transfer to the adsorption medium, by applying a voltage across the adsorption medium (the voltage having the opposite polarity to the voltage applied to load the molecules), by reducing the adsorption medium Molecules that have been loaded into the adsorption medium can be unloaded by the pressure experienced, and/or by other mechanisms such as radiation of the adsorption medium and physical interference with the adsorption medium.
在方框410处，物质的分子从吸附介质6的表面结构的表面上的吸附态解吸。在方框420处，物质的分子从吸附介质6的表面结构中的吸收态解吸。如上所述，不同种类的表面结构能够以不同的速率解吸被吸收物质的分子。例如，在一些实施例中，纳米花状结构比纳米管更快地解吸被吸附物质，所述纳米管仅可能够一次解吸被吸收物质的一个分子。At block 410 , molecules of the species are desorbed from the adsorbed state on the surface of the surface structure of the adsorption medium 6 . At block 420 , molecules of the species are desorbed from the absorption state in the surface structure of the adsorption medium 6 . As mentioned above, different kinds of surface structures are able to desorb molecules of adsorbed species at different rates. For example, in some embodiments, nanoflower structures desorb adsorbed species faster than nanotubes, which may only be capable of desorbing adsorbed species one molecule at a time.
在方框430处，物质的分子从吸附介质6的层之间的区域的吸收态解吸。在方框440处，被解吸的分子从所述吸附介质的边缘被排出所述吸附介质。在一些实施例中，被吸附并因此与所述吸附介质接触的分子首先被解吸。在一些实施例中，被吸收的分子首先被解吸。然而，在一些实施例中，被吸附于所述吸附介质的层的表面上的分子、被吸附于所述吸附介质的表面结构的表面上的分子、被吸收于表面结构中的分子、以及被吸收于所述吸附介质的层之间的区域中的分子一起被解吸。所述吸附介质通常能够以高容量卸载被装载物质的分子。例如，所述吸附介质可以以类似于电容器卸载储存电荷的方式卸载分子。At block 430 , molecules of the species are desorbed from the absorption state in the region between the layers of the adsorption medium 6 . At block 440, the desorbed molecules are expelled from the adsorption medium from the edges of the adsorption medium. In some embodiments, molecules that are adsorbed and thus come into contact with the adsorption medium are first desorbed. In some embodiments, absorbed molecules are desorbed first. However, in some embodiments, the molecules adsorbed on the surface of the layer of the adsorption medium, the molecules adsorbed on the surface of the surface structure of the adsorption medium, the molecules absorbed in the surface structure, and the molecules adsorbed on the surface of the surface structure of the adsorption medium Molecules absorbed in the region between the layers of the adsorption medium are desorbed together. The adsorption media are generally capable of unloading molecules of the loaded species with a high capacity. For example, the adsorption medium can unload molecules in a manner similar to the way a capacitor unloads a stored charge.
B.穿孔通道和安全壳B.Perforated channels and containment
再次参照图1，通过第一端口10或第二端口11将物质引入容器2中，且所述物质经由穿孔通道4被提供至吸附介质6。在一些实施例中，穿孔通道4为穿孔管。在其他实施例中，穿孔通道4为金属丝布。穿孔通道4可纵向增强容器2，其也可循环流体以冷却或加热吸附介质6。在一些实施例中，容器2包括多于2个端口或少于2个端口。例如，用于储存物质的容器可仅包括一个端口。Referring again to FIG. 1 , a substance is introduced into the container 2 through the first port 10 or the second port 11 and is provided to the adsorption medium 6 via the perforated channel 4 . In some embodiments, the perforated channel 4 is a perforated tube. In other embodiments, the perforated channel 4 is a wire cloth. The perforated channels 4 strengthen the container 2 longitudinally, which also circulate fluid to cool or heat the adsorption medium 6 . In some embodiments, container 2 includes more than 2 ports or less than 2 ports. For example, a container for storing a substance may include only one port.
吸附介质6装载物质，所述物质通过穿孔通道4中的穿孔而被提供至所述吸附介质的内边缘15。吸附介质6从吸附介质6的内边缘15装载物质的分子。容器2在平行层的外边缘17上包括壳体16以容纳容器2内的体积，这防止了被装载的物质的分子经由平行层的外边缘17逸出所述容器。The adsorption medium 6 is loaded with substances which are provided to the inner edge 15 of the adsorption medium through the perforations in the perforated channels 4 . The adsorption medium 6 is loaded with molecules of the substance from the inner edge 15 of the adsorption medium 6 . The container 2 comprises a shell 16 on the outer edge 17 of the parallel layers to contain the volume inside the container 2, which prevents molecules of the loaded substance from escaping said container via the outer edge 17 of the parallel layers.
壳体16包括低渗透性膜14。合适的膜材料包括石墨箔；包覆的拉深或旋压(spin formed)钛、铝或不锈钢；和电铸镍。各种复合材料也可用于膜，包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、乙烯三氟氯乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯和聚烯烃的金属化薄膜。可用于金属化的材料包括铁、铝、钛、铬、镍或喷镀合金。在一些实施例中，膜14为导电的和/或具有高传热能力。Housing 16 includes low permeability membrane 14 . Suitable membrane materials include graphite foil; clad deep drawn or spin formed titanium, aluminum or stainless steel; and electroformed nickel. Various composite materials are also available for the film, including polyethylene terephthalate, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and metallized films of polyolefins. Materials that can be used for metallization include iron, aluminum, titanium, chromium, nickel or sputtered alloys. In some embodiments, film 14 is electrically conductive and/or has high heat transfer capabilities.
使用高强度粘合剂或扩散钎焊配方将膜14固定至所述吸附材料的平行层的外边缘17。可使用各种粘合剂将膜14固定至平行层的外边缘17，所述粘合剂包括热固性塑料(如环氧树脂(apoxis)、酚醛树脂、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、有机硅和加成型聚酰亚胺，包括含有硅氧烷的那些)；以及热塑性塑料(如芳族聚酯、不饱和聚酯和聚醚酰亚胺)。外边缘17也可涂布物质以在平行层的外边缘17上扩散结合膜14，所述物质包括例如类金刚石物质。也可使用各种其他碳沉积物以将膜14固定至平行层的外边缘17。A membrane 14 is secured to the outer edges 17 of the parallel layers of adsorbent material using a high strength adhesive or a diffusion brazing formulation. A variety of adhesives can be used to secure the membrane 14 to the outer edges 17 of the parallel layers, including thermosetting plastics such as apoxis, phenolic, melamine formaldehyde, silicone and addition polyamides. imines, including those containing siloxanes); and thermoplastics (such as aromatic polyesters, unsaturated polyesters, and polyetherimides). The outer edge 17 may also be coated with a substance to diffuse the bonded film 14 over the outer edge 17 of the parallel layers, including for example a diamond-like substance. Various other carbon deposits may also be used to secure the membrane 14 to the outer edges 17 of the parallel layers.
通过使用施用于膜14上方的高强度粗纱、纱或纤维，所述壳体也可在横切穿孔通道4的径向增强件的方向上增强容器2。在一些实施例中，可将纵向波纹(如美国专利No.6,503,584中描述的传热片)施用于所述膜上方。可将轴向增强粗纱施用于传热片上方以在膜14上方分布波状表面的载荷，并同时避免妨碍膜14与所述传热片之间的热交换。By using high strength rovings, yarns or fibers applied over the membrane 14 , the shell can also reinforce the container 2 in the direction of the radial reinforcements transverse to the perforated channels 4 . In some embodiments, longitudinal corrugations, such as heat transfer sheets described in US Patent No. 6,503,584, can be applied over the membrane. Axial reinforcement rovings may be applied over the heat transfer sheet to distribute the load of the corrugated surface over the membrane 14 while avoiding hindering heat exchange between the membrane 14 and said heat transfer sheet.
C.热交换C.heat exchange
在一些实施例中，从吸附介质6去除热以促进物质的装载，并将热加至吸附介质6以促进吸附介质6已装载的物质的卸载。如上所讨论，吸附介质6的层可由具有热传递的高有效性的材料组成，所述材料能够使热传递至吸附介质6的层以及从吸附介质6的层传递，甚至能够使热传递进出构造于平行层上的表面结构20。In some embodiments, heat is removed from adsorption medium 6 to facilitate loading of species, and heat is added to adsorption medium 6 to facilitate unloading of adsorbent medium 6 loaded with species. As discussed above, the layers of adsorption media 6 may be composed of materials with high effectiveness in heat transfer that enable heat transfer to and from the layers of adsorption media 6 and even enable heat transfer into and out of the configuration Surface structure 20 on parallel layers.
图1所示的容器2包括设计用以传热至吸附介质6以及从吸附介质6传热的各种部件。例如，容器2包括围绕吸附介质6的周边的连续传热管8，所述连续传热管8能够传热至吸附介质6的平行层以及从吸附介质6的平行层传热。在一些实施例中，壳体16包括外壳体19，所述外壳体19保护并绝缘容器2和传热管8，并为吸附介质和传热管8提供结构支承。图5显示了不具有外壳体的容器2的侧视图。传热管8围绕容器2的周边包覆，并直接设置于膜14上。包括冷却元件和加热元件的泵21可将经加热或冷却的氩气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳或另一气体或流体循环通过管8，以将热加入吸附介质6或从吸附介质6去除热。在一些实施例中，还通过将经加热或冷却的气体或液体经过穿孔通道4而将热传递至吸附介质6以及从吸附介质6传递热。The vessel 2 shown in FIG. 1 includes various components designed to transfer heat to and from the adsorption medium 6 . For example, the vessel 2 comprises continuous heat transfer tubes 8 around the periphery of the adsorption medium 6 capable of transferring heat to and from parallel layers of the adsorption medium 6 . In some embodiments, housing 16 includes an outer shell 19 that protects and insulates vessel 2 and heat transfer tubes 8 and provides structural support for the adsorption medium and heat transfer tubes 8 . Figure 5 shows a side view of a container 2 without an outer casing. The heat transfer tube 8 is wrapped around the periphery of the container 2 and is placed directly on the membrane 14 . A pump 21 comprising cooling and heating elements may circulate heated or cooled argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or another gas or fluid through tube 8 to add heat to or remove heat from adsorption medium 6 . In some embodiments, heat is also transferred to and from the adsorption medium 6 by passing heated or cooled gas or liquid through the perforated channels 4 .
也可使用其他方法将热施加至吸附介质6。在一些实施例中，可将另外的管构造于所述容器内，热交换流体或气体经过所述另外的管。在一些实施例中，将电阻加热元件构造于所述容器内以传热至吸附介质6。在一些实施例中，容器2的壳体16和膜14为基本上透明的，允许光进入容器2并接触光活性的表面结构20，从而加热表面结构和吸附介质6的层。在一些实施例中，将光活性元件置于平行层的外边缘17之间以接收最大量的光。Other methods of applying heat to the adsorption medium 6 may also be used. In some embodiments, additional tubes may be constructed within the vessel through which the heat exchange fluid or gas passes. In some embodiments, a resistive heating element is configured within the vessel to transfer heat to the adsorption medium 6 . In some embodiments, the shell 16 and membrane 14 of the container 2 are substantially transparent, allowing light to enter the container 2 and contact the photoactive surface structure 20 , thereby heating the surface structure and the layer of adsorption medium 6 . In some embodiments, the photoactive elements are placed between the outer edges 17 of the parallel layers to receive the maximum amount of light.
D.压力变化D.pressure changes
在一些实施例中，通过变换容器内的压力而将物质装载至所述吸附介质或从所述吸附介质卸载。回到图1，在一些实施例中，通过如下方式调节容器2内的压力：关闭第二阀18，并通过第一端口10泵送物质，直至容器内的压力增加至吸附介质6开始装载所述物质的点。在一些实施例中，在高压管道内连接容器2，从而使所述容器内的压力保持足够高，使得吸附介质6可装载通过容器2的物质的一些或所述物质的特定组分。如在整个详细描述中更详细地讨论的，仅装载物质的特定化合物的容器2可用作过滤器。In some embodiments, species is loaded to or unloaded from the adsorption medium by varying the pressure within the vessel. Returning to FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, the pressure in the vessel 2 is regulated by closing the second valve 18 and pumping the substance through the first port 10 until the pressure in the vessel increases to the point where the adsorption medium 6 begins to charge the required amount. point of the substance. In some embodiments, vessel 2 is connected in high pressure piping so that the pressure within said vessel is maintained high enough that adsorption medium 6 can be loaded with some of the substance passing through vessel 2 or a specific component of said substance. As discussed in more detail throughout the detailed description, only the container 2 filled with a particular compound of matter may be used as a filter.
也可通过如下方式调节容器2内的压力：在高压下将物质储存在吸附介质6内，并打开第一阀13或第二阀18以降低容器2内的压力。例如，可在高压下将天然气装载至容器2内，并可打开第二阀18以降低容器2内的压力，从而使吸附介质6卸载所述天然气。在一些实施例中，通过第一阀13将物质装载至容器2内，并将第二阀18部分关闭，从而阻碍所述物质流过容器2，增加容器2内的压力，并使吸附介质6装载所述物质中的一些。在一些实施例中，通过将电荷施加至吸附介质6而引起压力变化。The pressure in the container 2 can also be adjusted by storing the substance in the adsorption medium 6 at high pressure and opening the first valve 13 or the second valve 18 to reduce the pressure in the container 2 . For example, natural gas can be loaded into the vessel 2 at high pressure and the second valve 18 can be opened to reduce the pressure in the vessel 2, thereby unloading the adsorption medium 6 with the natural gas. In some embodiments, the material is loaded into the container 2 through the first valve 13 and the second valve 18 is partially closed, thereby hindering the flow of the material through the container 2, increasing the pressure in the container 2, and allowing the adsorption medium 6 Load some of the substances. In some embodiments, the pressure change is induced by applying an electric charge to the adsorption medium 6 .
E.电势E.Potential
在一些实施例中，将电压施加至吸附介质6的层上，以促进物质的装载或卸载。当将电压施加至吸附介质6时，相比于未施加电压时，吸附介质6可更快地装载物质、装载物质的不同化合物、在更低的温度或压力下装载物质、和/或将更多的物质装载至层之间的区域中，由此增加容器2的储存密度。In some embodiments, a voltage is applied to the layer of adsorption medium 6 to facilitate loading or unloading of species. When a voltage is applied to the adsorption medium 6, the adsorption medium 6 can be loaded with species faster, with different compounds of the species, with species at a lower temperature or pressure, and/or will More substance is loaded into the region between the layers, thereby increasing the storage density of the container 2 .
图6A为包括电源供应器601的容器2的示意性横截面侧视图，所述电源供应器601包括电路和电源，所述电源可被连接至容器2以将电压施加至吸附介质6的平行层中的至少一些。膜14由导电材料(如石墨烯)组成。电源供应器601的第一末端605电连接至膜14。穿孔通道4也由导电材料(如钛、Monel 400或铜)组成。第二末端606电连接至穿孔通道4。由介电材料组成的垫圈602将膜14和穿孔通道4电气性分隔。膜14电连接至吸附介质6，同样地，穿孔通道4电连接至吸附介质6的平行层的内边缘15中的每一个。因此，电荷被施加至吸附介质6的平行层的每一个上。FIG. 6A is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a container 2 including a power supply 601 comprising circuitry and a power supply that can be connected to the container 2 to apply a voltage to parallel layers of adsorption medium 6 at least some of them. Membrane 14 is composed of a conductive material such as graphene. The first end 605 of the power supply 601 is electrically connected to the membrane 14 . The perforated channel 4 also consists of a conductive material such as titanium, Monel 400 or copper. The second end 606 is electrically connected to the perforation channel 4 . A gasket 602 composed of a dielectric material electrically separates the membrane 14 from the perforated channel 4 . The membrane 14 is electrically connected to the adsorption medium 6 , likewise the perforated channels 4 are electrically connected to each of the inner edges 15 of the parallel layers of the adsorption medium 6 . Thus, charges are applied to each of the parallel layers of adsorption medium 6 .
在一些实施例中，所述膜通过各种电路608电连接至吸附介质6的层，从而使得当在膜14和穿孔通道4之间施加电压时不同的电压被施加至吸附介质6的不同层上。在一些实施例中，电路608被构造于膜14和吸附介质6之间。在一些实施例中，电路608作为膜14的部分或在所述膜外部构造。图6B为根据所述技术的实施例的容器的区域610的放大示意性横截面侧视图。电路608包括将膜14连接至吸附介质6的至少一些层的各种部件。例如，导电元件620将膜14电连接至所述吸附介质的一些层而不电连接至吸附介质6的其他层，从而在电连接至膜14的吸附介质的层之间产生带电区域613，并在未电连接至膜14的吸附介质的层之间产生不带电区域611。In some embodiments, the membrane is electrically connected to the layers of the adsorption medium 6 through various electrical circuits 608 such that when a voltage is applied between the membrane 14 and the perforated channels 4 different voltages are applied to different layers of the adsorption medium 6 superior. In some embodiments, electrical circuit 608 is configured between membrane 14 and adsorption medium 6 . In some embodiments, the circuit 608 is constructed as part of the membrane 14 or externally to the membrane. Figure 6B is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of a region 610 of a container in accordance with an embodiment of the technology. The electrical circuit 608 includes various components that connect the membrane 14 to at least some layers of the adsorption medium 6 . For example, the conductive element 620 electrically connects the membrane 14 to some layers of the adsorption medium and not to other layers of the adsorption medium 6, thereby creating a charged region 613 between the layers of the adsorption medium electrically connected to the membrane 14, and Uncharged regions 611 are created between layers of the adsorption medium that are not electrically connected to the membrane 14 .
在一些实施例中，在吸附介质6的多个层上施加电荷梯度。例如，可在吸附介质6的20个相邻层上施加电荷梯度，其中每一层具有施加至其上的少于下一相邻层的电荷。当从一组物质中过滤一种或多种特定物质时，电荷梯度是有用的。例如，如果在20个连续层上施加电荷梯度，并将物质引入容器2中，则具有高介电强度的物质的特定组分将被装载至电荷梯度的中间，在电荷梯度的中间处电荷梯度最强。因此具有低介电强度的物质的特定组分将被装载至电荷梯度的端部，在电荷梯度的端部处电荷梯度最弱。作为实施实例，如果当施加电荷梯度时将氮和氢装载至所述吸附介质，则氮将被装载至所述梯度的中间，且氢将被装载至所述梯度的任一侧。In some embodiments, a charge gradient is applied across multiple layers of adsorption medium 6 . For example, a charge gradient may be applied across 20 adjacent layers of adsorption medium 6, where each layer has less charge applied to it than the next adjacent layer. Charge gradients are useful when filtering one or more specific species from a group of species. For example, if a charge gradient is applied over 20 consecutive layers, and a substance is introduced into container 2, a specific component of the substance with high dielectric strength will be loaded to the middle of the charge gradient, where the charge gradient strongest. A specific component of a substance with a low dielectric strength will therefore be loaded to the ends of the charge gradient, where the charge gradient is weakest. As a practical example, if nitrogen and hydrogen are loaded to the adsorption medium when a charge gradient is applied, nitrogen will be loaded to the middle of the gradient and hydrogen will be loaded to either side of the gradient.
为了施加电荷梯度，在一些实施例中，在所述膜与吸附介质6的每一层之间构造具有不同电阻值的电阻器。图6C为根据所述技术的实施例的容器的区域610的放大示意性横截面侧视图。电路608包括将膜14连接至吸附介质6的至少一些层的各种部件。第一电阻器624具有第一阻抗，第二电阻器625具有第二阻抗，第三电阻器626具有第三阻抗，第四电阻器627具有第四阻抗，第五电阻器628具有第五阻抗，且第六电阻器630具有第六阻抗。所述电阻器将膜14连接至吸附介质6的平行层22。所述第一阻抗大于所述第二阻抗，所述第二阻抗大于所述第三阻抗，所述第三阻抗大于所述第四阻抗，等等。因此，当将电荷施加至膜14时，相比于经由第五电阻器628连接至膜14的吸附介质的层，经由第六电阻器630连接至膜14的吸附介质的层经受更高的电压。在所示的层22中，经由第一电阻器624连接至膜14的吸附介质的层将经受最低的电压。在一些实施例中，吸附介质6的层可通过介电材料电气性分隔。In order to impose a charge gradient, in some embodiments resistors with different resistance values are constructed between the membrane and each layer of the adsorption medium 6 . Figure 6C is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional side view of a region 610 of a container in accordance with an embodiment of the technology. The electrical circuit 608 includes various components that connect the membrane 14 to at least some layers of the adsorption medium 6 . The first resistor 624 has a first impedance, the second resistor 625 has a second impedance, the third resistor 626 has a third impedance, the fourth resistor 627 has a fourth impedance, and the fifth resistor 628 has a fifth impedance, And the sixth resistor 630 has a sixth impedance. Said resistor connects the membrane 14 to the parallel layer 22 of the adsorption medium 6 . The first impedance is greater than the second impedance, the second impedance is greater than the third impedance, the third impedance is greater than the fourth impedance, and so on. Thus, when a charge is applied to the membrane 14, the layer of adsorption medium connected to the membrane 14 via the sixth resistor 630 experiences a higher voltage than the layer of adsorption medium connected to the membrane 14 via the fifth resistor 628 . Of the layers 22 shown, the layer of the adsorption medium connected to the membrane 14 via the first resistor 624 will experience the lowest voltage. In some embodiments, the layers of adsorption medium 6 may be electrically separated by a dielectric material.
在一些实施例中，所述电源供应器被构造为向容器2提供第一极性的电压，其也被构造为向所述容器提供相反极性的电压。例如，构造所述电源供应器，使得第一末端605可为阴极且第二末端606可为阳极以装载所述吸附介质，而且第一末端605可变换为阳极且第二末端606可变换为阴极以卸载所述吸附介质。In some embodiments, the power supply is configured to provide a voltage of a first polarity to the container 2, which is also configured to provide a voltage of the opposite polarity to the container. For example, the power supply is configured such that the first end 605 can be a cathode and the second end 606 can be an anode to load the adsorption medium, and the first end 605 can be switched to be an anode and the second end 606 can be switched to be a cathode to unload the adsorption medium.
F.催化剂F.Catalyst
在一些实施例中，将催化剂施用至所述平行层以促进物质的装载或卸载，或者催化化学反应。返回至图1，可将催化剂施用至吸附介质6的层的表面上(即在层的面向相邻层的表面上)，或仅施用至所述层的边缘上。在一些实施例中，在构造与吸附介质6的第一层相邻的吸附介质6的第二层之前，用催化剂涂布所述第一层。在一些实施例中，仅将催化剂施用至吸附介质6的内边缘15或外边缘17。In some embodiments, a catalyst is applied to the parallel layers to facilitate loading or unloading of species, or to catalyze chemical reactions. Returning to Figure 1, the catalyst can be applied to the surface of the layer of adsorption medium 6, ie on the surface of the layer facing the adjacent layer, or only to the edge of said layer. In some embodiments, prior to constructing a second layer of adsorption media 6 adjacent to the first layer of adsorption media 6, the first layer of adsorption media 6 is coated with a catalyst. In some embodiments, the catalyst is applied only to the inner edge 15 or the outer edge 17 of the adsorption medium 6 .
在一些实施例中，催化剂促进特定物质装载至吸附介质6中，和/或使待装载的物质更快或更密集地装载至吸附介质6中。例如，可在吸附介质的平行层的内边缘15处提供包括氢和甲烷的物质。可将催化剂施用至所述平行层的内边缘15上，并使所述平行层装载氢而不是甲烷，所述催化剂包括折射碳化物(refractive carbide)，如碳化钛或碳化铁(例如Fe3C)。因此，氢可从所述物质过滤。作为另一例子，可将由48％的铁、49％的钛和3％的钇组成的催化剂施用至吸附介质6以促进从天然气中装载氢。In some embodiments, the catalyst facilitates the loading of specific species into the adsorption medium 6 and/or causes faster or denser loading of the species to be loaded into the adsorption medium 6 . For example, species comprising hydrogen and methane may be provided at the inner edge 15 of the parallel layers of adsorption media. Catalysts may be applied to the inner edges 15 of the parallel layers and load the parallel layers with hydrogen instead of methane, said catalysts comprising refractive carbides such as titanium carbide or iron carbide (e.g.Fe3C ). Thus, hydrogen can be filtered from the substance. As another example, a catalyst consisting of 48% iron, 49% titanium and 3% yttrium may be applied to the adsorption medium 6 to facilitate hydrogen loading from natural gas.
在一些实施例中，催化剂催化两种化合物之间的化学反应，且所述反应的产物被装载至吸附介质6中。例如，可使用电离紫外辐射或感应火花由空气制得臭氧。可使用施用至吸附材料的层的内边缘15的催化剂(如氧化铬)使臭氧与甲烷反应，从而制得氧和甲醇，所述氧和甲醇中的任一种被吸附介质6装载。在一些实施例中，所述反应的第二产物经过容器2并离开第二端口11，而在其他实施例中，所述第二产物的至少一部分也被吸附介质6装载。在一个实例中，提供至吸附介质6的层的内边缘15的物质含有甲烷和水，并将碳化铁催化剂施用至吸附介质6的层的内边缘15上。将能量施加至吸附介质6，从而引起甲烷和水之间的化学反应，所述化学反应产生甲醇和水。然后所述吸附介质装载甲醇和水。In some embodiments, the catalyst catalyzes a chemical reaction between the two compounds, and the products of the reaction are loaded into the adsorption medium 6 . For example, ozone can be produced from air using ionizing ultraviolet radiation or an induced spark. Ozone and methane may be reacted using a catalyst such as chromium oxide applied to the inner edge 15 of the layer of adsorbent material to produce oxygen and methanol, either of which is loaded by the adsorbent medium 6 . In some embodiments, the second product of the reaction passes through the vessel 2 and exits the second port 11 , while in other embodiments at least a portion of the second product is also loaded by the adsorption medium 6 . In one example, the substance provided to the inner edge 15 of the layer of sorption medium 6 contains methane and water, and an iron carbide catalyst is applied onto the inner edge 15 of the layer of sorption medium 6 . Energy is applied to the adsorption medium 6, causing a chemical reaction between methane and water, which produces methanol and water. The adsorption medium was then loaded with methanol and water.
在一些实施例中，当所述容器用作过滤器时，所述容器必须为周期性断开的，以使得被装载的物质可从容器2中排空。例如，如果将二氧化碳从甲烷气体流中过滤，则吸附介质6可变得被二氧化碳饱和，并且在可将更多的二氧化碳从所述甲烷气体中过滤之前，可能需要从吸附介质6去除二氧化碳。In some embodiments, when the container is used as a filter, the container must be periodically disconnected so that the loaded substance can be emptied from the container 2 . For example, if carbon dioxide is filtered from a methane gas stream, the adsorption medium 6 may become saturated with carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide may need to be removed from the adsorption medium 6 before more carbon dioxide can be filtered from the methane gas.
可将各种催化剂施用至吸附介质6的边缘以促进化学反应。例如，合适的催化剂包括锰促进的铜、锌、或氧化锆；铜或锌掺杂和促进的锆或锰；锰掺杂的铜、锌或锆；或者铁、锰、镍、铬、钒和其他过渡金属的氧化物。Various catalysts can be applied to the edge of the adsorption medium 6 to promote chemical reactions. For example, suitable catalysts include manganese-promoted copper, zinc, or zirconia; copper or zinc doped and promoted zirconium or manganese; manganese-doped copper, zinc, or zirconium; or iron, manganese, nickel, chromium, vanadium, and Oxides of other transition metals.
G.逆流过滤器G.Backflow filter
图7为过滤器700的示意性横截面侧视图，所述过滤器700可连续过滤物质流而不需要卸载被装载的物质。过滤器700被构造于管702中，并包括由吸附材料的平行层组成的吸附介质708。所述平行层形状类似盘，因此，过滤器700包括内部区域710和外部区域706，所述内部区域710由所述平行层的内边缘726构架，所述外部区域706由吸附介质708的平行层的外边缘728和管702内的管704构架。管702用作在管702和管704之间的空间中的空气或耐火绝缘的安全壳屏蔽。在一些实施例中，穿孔通道711沿着所述平行层的内边缘726构造。吸附介质708的层可由关于容器2如上所讨论的任何材料组成，并可使用如上所讨论的任何方法制备和构造吸附介质708的层。在一些实施例中，可将膜(未绘出)施用至吸附材料708的平行层的外边缘728上。在一些实施例中，将催化剂施用至吸附材料的平行层的内边缘726上，或施用至这些层的表面上。在一些实施例中，将催化剂施用至所述吸附材料的平行层的外边缘728上，以促进在外区域706处的化学反应。在一些实施例中，电阻加热元件712包括于管704内。FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a filter 700 that can continuously filter a stream of material without unloading the loaded material. Filter 700 is constructed in tube 702 and includes an adsorbent medium 708 consisting of parallel layers of adsorbent material. The parallel layers are shaped like disks, therefore, the filter 700 includes an inner region 710 framed by the inner edges 726 of the parallel layers and an outer region 706 formed by the parallel layers of adsorption media 708. The outer edge 728 of the tube 702 is framed by the tube 704 within the tube 702. Tube 702 acts as a containment shield for air or refractory insulation in the space between tube 702 and tube 704 . In some embodiments, perforated channels 711 are configured along inner edges 726 of the parallel layers. The layers of sorbent media 708 may be composed of any of the materials discussed above with respect to container 2 and may be prepared and constructed using any of the methods discussed above. In some embodiments, a film (not depicted) may be applied to the outer edges 728 of the parallel layers of adsorbent material 708 . In some embodiments, the catalyst is applied to the inner edges 726 of the parallel layers of adsorbent material, or to the surfaces of these layers. In some embodiments, a catalyst is applied to the outer edges 728 of the parallel layers of adsorbent material to promote chemical reactions at the outer region 706 . In some embodiments, resistive heating element 712 is included within tube 704 .
在一些实施例中，将穿孔通道711连接至结构支承件，所述结构支承件协助将过滤器700悬挂于管702内。图8为根据所述技术的实施例构造的过滤器700的等距视图。穿孔通道711延伸超出吸附介质708，并在穿孔通道711和管704的内部之间构造支承构件830(为了清晰的目的，示于图8中的管704为透明的，且未显示管702)。支承构件830协助支承吸附介质708，以使得吸附介质708可悬挂于管704内。In some embodiments, perforated channel 711 is connected to a structural support that assists in suspending filter 700 within tube 702 . FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a filter 700 constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the described technology. Perforated channels 711 extend beyond sorbent medium 708 and form support members 830 between perforated channels 711 and the interior of tube 704 (tube 704 shown in FIG. 8 is transparent and tube 702 is not shown for clarity purposes). Support member 830 assists in supporting sorbent medium 708 so that sorbent medium 708 may hang within tube 704 .
再次参照图7，当物质的特定组分被吸附介质708从内部区域711装载且物质的剩余部分从过滤器700排出时，过滤器700过滤物质。内部区域710从过滤器700的第一端722接收物质718，并使经过滤的物质720经过过滤器700的第二端724。外部区域706在过滤器700的第二端724上接收反应物714，并使化学反应的产物716经过过滤器700的第一端722。当物质718进入穿孔通道711时，物质718的特定组分被所述吸附介质装载。被装载的物质向所述平行层的外边缘728径向行进，被所述吸附介质装载的每个另外的分子将在先装载的分子进一步推向外边缘728。当被装载的分子到达吸附介质708的外边缘728时，化学反应在所述分子和反应物714之间发生，所述化学反应由施用于吸附介质的平行层的外边缘上的催化剂促进。Referring again to FIG. 7 , the filter 700 filters the material when a particular component of the material is loaded by the adsorption medium 708 from the interior region 711 and the remainder of the material is expelled from the filter 700 . Inner region 710 receives material 718 from first end 722 of filter 700 and passes filtered material 720 through second end 724 of filter 700 . The outer region 706 receives the reactants 714 at the second end 724 of the filter 700 and passes the products 716 of the chemical reaction through the first end 722 of the filter 700 . When the substance 718 enters the perforated channels 711, specific components of the substance 718 are loaded with the adsorption medium. The loaded species travels radially towards the outer edge 728 of the parallel layers, each additional molecule loaded by the adsorption medium pushing the previously loaded molecule further towards the outer edge 728 . When the loaded molecules reach the outer edge 728 of the adsorption medium 708, a chemical reaction takes place between the molecule and the reactant 714, which is facilitated by the catalyst applied on the outer edge of the parallel layers of the adsorption medium.
在一些实施例中，过滤器700被构造于内燃机的排气通道中并充当逆流热交换器，并用于从发动机的废气中产生有用的化合物。从过滤器700的内部区域710中的过滤器700的第一端722供给来自内燃机的废气。从外部区域706中的过滤器的第二端724供给甲烷，所述甲烷可从可再生原料提供。在运行中，可将通常通过散热器排出的热加至过滤器700，在所述过滤器700中需要热用于吸热反应。例如，在甲烷进入外部区域706之前，可将所述热加至所述甲烷。电阻加热元件712也可加热所述甲烷。过滤器700的吸附介质708吸收存在于废气中的蒸汽。水分子被径向向外推向吸附介质708的外边缘728。吸附介质708的外边缘728可包括催化剂，如由48％的铁、49％的钛和3％的钇组成的合金。在催化剂的位点处热、甲烷和水的组合引起由等式1所描述的化学反应。In some embodiments, filter 700 is configured in the exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine and acts as a counter-flow heat exchanger and is used to generate useful compounds from the engine's exhaust. Exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine is supplied from a first end 722 of the filter 700 in an inner region 710 of the filter 700 . From the second end 724 of the filter in the outer region 706 is fed methane, which may be provided from renewable feedstock. In operation, heat, typically rejected through a radiator, may be added to the filter 700 where it is required for an endothermic reaction. For example, the heat may be added to the methane before it enters the outer zone 706 . A resistive heating element 712 can also heat the methane. The adsorption medium 708 of the filter 700 absorbs vapors present in the exhaust gas. The water molecules are pushed radially outward toward the outer edge 728 of the adsorption medium 708 . The outer edge 728 of the adsorption medium 708 may include a catalyst, such as an alloy consisting of 48% iron, 49% titanium, and 3% yttrium. The combination of heat, methane, and water at the site of the catalyst causes the chemical reaction described by Equation 1 .
CH4+H2O+热-->CO+3H2 (1)CH4 +H2 O+heat-->CO+3H2 (1)
所得一氧化碳和氢通过外部区域706而离开过滤器700的第一侧722，并可被储存或立即用作燃料。来自发动机的废气(不包括被吸附介质708装载的水)通过过滤器700的第二侧724而离开所述过滤器。剩余废气可被储存或进一步过滤。例如，所述废气可包括氩气，在所述废气离开过滤器700之后，所述氩气可被过滤或储存于容器中。Resulting carbon monoxide and hydrogen exit first side 722 of filter 700 through outer region 706 and may be stored or used as fuel immediately. Exhaust from the engine (excluding water loaded by the sorbent media 708 ) exits the filter 700 through the second side 724 of the filter. The remaining exhaust gas can be stored or further filtered. For example, the exhaust gas may include argon gas, which may be filtered or stored in a container after the exhaust gas exits the filter 700 .
在一些实施例中，物质718的特定部分被吸附介质708装载，并被卸载离开吸附介质708的外边缘728而不成为化学反应中的反应物。相反，被吸附介质708装载的物质718的特定部分经过另一系统，丢弃或储存。同样地，经过滤的物质720可被丢弃、储存或在别处使用。在一些实施例中，所述过滤器的第一端722和第二端724包括喷嘴，所述喷嘴从产物716中分离物质718，并从经过滤的物质720中分离反应物714。In some embodiments, a specific portion of species 718 is loaded by sorption medium 708 and is unloaded off outer edge 728 of sorption medium 708 without becoming a reactant in a chemical reaction. Instead, a specific portion of the substance 718 loaded by the sorbent medium 708 is passed through another system, discarded or stored. Likewise, filtered material 720 may be discarded, stored, or used elsewhere. In some embodiments, first end 722 and second end 724 of the filter include nozzles that separate material 718 from product 716 and reactants 714 from filtered material 720 .
在一些实施例中，过滤器700包括各种传热部件以将热传递至吸附介质708和从吸附介质708传递热，以协助物质的装载或卸载，或者促进化学反应。过滤器700可包括如上所述的任何传热部件，包括例如电阻加热元件或泵送经加热或冷却的气体或液体的热交换管。类似地，在一些实施例中，过滤器700包括将电势施加至吸附介质708以促进物质的装载或卸载的部件。过滤器700可包括用于将电势施加至吸附介质700的层的如上所述的任何部件。另外，可在比引入外部区域706中的反应物的压力大得多的压力下将物质718引入内部区域710中，从而产生压力差以使吸附介质708装载物质718的组分。储存材料的平行层也可包括各种表面结构，例如如上所述的那些。In some embodiments, filter 700 includes various heat transfer components to transfer heat to and from adsorption medium 708, to assist in loading or unloading of species, or to facilitate chemical reactions. Filter 700 may comprise any heat transfer component as described above, including, for example, resistive heating elements or heat exchange tubes for pumping heated or cooled gas or liquid. Similarly, in some embodiments, filter 700 includes components that apply an electrical potential to adsorption medium 708 to facilitate loading or unloading of species. The filter 700 may include any of the components described above for applying an electrical potential to the layers of the adsorption medium 700 . Additionally, species 718 may be introduced into inner zone 710 at a pressure substantially greater than the pressure of the reactants introduced into outer zone 706 , thereby creating a pressure differential to load adsorption medium 708 with components of species 718 . The parallel layers of storage material may also include various surface structures, such as those described above.
H.用于装载和卸载容器的系统H.Systems for loading and unloading containers
图9显示了连接至系统900的容器2的横截面侧视图，所述系统900通过穿孔通道4供应物质以将其装载至吸附介质6中，使经加热或冷却的气体或液体经过穿孔通道4以将热传递至吸附介质6和从吸附介质6传递热，以促进所述物质的装载或卸载，并将容器2的输出端口连接至另外的系统或装置，被释放的物质可供应至所述另外的系统或装置。Figure 9 shows a cross-sectional side view of a vessel 2 connected to a system 900 for supplying a substance through perforated channels 4 to load it into an adsorption medium 6 through which heated or cooled gas or liquid is passed To transfer heat to and from the adsorption medium 6 to facilitate loading or unloading of the substance, and to connect the output port of the container 2 to another system or device, the released substance can be supplied to the other systems or devices.
可打开阀7以允许物质(如氢或天然气)流入容器2中以被吸附介质6装载。传热管8通过循环比吸附介质6更冷的气体或液体而从吸附介质6去除热。当阀7打开且吸附介质6被冷却时，吸附介质6装载所述物质。如上所解释，在一些实施例中，吸附介质6包括表面结构。在一些实施例中，所述物质在进入容器6之前被冷却。在一些实施例中，所述物质与经冷却的传热物质混合，以促进所述物质的装载。例如，冷却部件36可被构造为将传热物质冷却至比吸附介质6的温度更低的温度，且经冷却的传热物质可被循环通过具有待装载的物质的穿孔通道4。Valve 7 may be opened to allow a substance, such as hydrogen or natural gas, to flow into vessel 2 to be loaded with adsorption medium 6 . The heat transfer tubes 8 remove heat from the adsorption medium 6 by circulating a gas or liquid that is cooler than the adsorption medium 6 . When the valve 7 is open and the adsorption medium 6 is cooled, the adsorption medium 6 is loaded with the substance. As explained above, in some embodiments, the adsorption medium 6 includes surface structures. In some embodiments, the substance is cooled before entering container 6 . In some embodiments, the substance is mixed with the cooled heat transfer substance to facilitate loading of the substance. For example, the cooling part 36 may be configured to cool the heat transfer substance to a temperature lower than that of the adsorption medium 6 and the cooled heat transfer substance may be circulated through the perforated channel 4 with the substance to be loaded.
如果被加热，则吸附介质6可卸载被装载的物质。如以前，可通过使比吸附介质6更热的液体或气体经过传热管8而加热吸附介质6。另外，可通过使经加热的气体或液体经过穿孔通道4而加热吸附介质6。系统900包括将能量供应至热交换器34的发生器40，所述热交换器34加热气体或液体，所述气体或液体随后循环通过穿孔通道4。例如，热交换器34可加热氩气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳或另一热交换物质，所述氩气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳或另一热交换物质随后可被泵送通过穿孔通道4以加热吸附介质6。当在被加热时吸附介质6卸载被装载的物质时，所述物质可与循环的热交换物质混合。在一些实施例中，通过将被装载的物质的卸料导入穿孔通道4的中心管(未绘出)或导入周边区域，容器2防止被装载的物质与循环的热交换物质混合。If heated, the adsorption medium 6 can be unloaded with loaded substances. As before, the adsorption medium 6 can be heated by passing a liquid or gas that is hotter than the adsorption medium 6 through the heat transfer tubes 8 . Additionally, the adsorption medium 6 can be heated by passing a heated gas or liquid through the perforated channels 4 . The system 900 includes a generator 40 that supplies energy to a heat exchanger 34 that heats a gas or liquid that is then circulated through the perforated channels 4 . For example, heat exchanger 34 may heat argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or another heat exchange substance which may then be pumped through perforated channels 4 to heat adsorption medium 6 . When the adsorption medium 6 is unloaded with the loaded substance while being heated, said substance can be mixed with the circulating heat exchange substance. In some embodiments, the container 2 prevents the charged substance from mixing with the circulating heat exchange substance by directing the discharge of the charged substance into the central tube (not shown) of the perforated channel 4 or into the peripheral area.
在其中物质的确混合的实施例中，可在所述混合物从容器2中排出之后过滤所述混合物。当所述混合物从所述容器排出时，所述混合物经过容器2的第二端口11，并可被递送通过过滤器30以纯化所述混合物，所述过滤器30由微过滤器或膜42组成。合适的微过滤器和膜包括有机膜(如选择诸如通过产生电荷而制得的离子渗透聚合物的聚合物以引发物质释放)和无机膜(如钯、PdAg或铁、钛、铜和铼的合金)。可将被卸载的物质或者被释放的物质与热交换物质的混合物供应至其他系统和/或储存装置(包括燃料电池32、火花喷射系统9(通过四通阀48和阀38))，或者通过四通阀48供应至热交换器34，在所述热交换器34处所述被卸载的物质或者被释放的物质与热交换物质的混合物被加热至更高的温度并返回经过穿孔通道4。所述混合物也可通过另一端口(未显示)通到系统900的外部。例如，可将被卸载的物质或混合物递送至管道或另一系统。In embodiments where the substances do mix, the mixture may be filtered after it is drained from container 2 . When the mixture is discharged from the container, the mixture passes through the second port 11 of the container 2 and can be passed through a filter 30 consisting of a microfilter or membrane 42 to purify the mixture . Suitable microfilters and membranes include organic membranes (e.g., polymers such as ionophores made by generating charges are chosen to induce species release) and inorganic membranes (e.g., palladium, PdAg, or iron, titanium, copper, and rhenium) alloy). The unloaded material or a mixture of released material and heat exchange material may be supplied to other systems and/or storage devices (including fuel cell 32, spark injection system 9 (via four-way valve 48 and valve 38)), or via The four-way valve 48 supplies to the heat exchanger 34 where the unloaded substance or the mixture of released substance and heat exchange substance is heated to a higher temperature and returned through the perforated channel 4 . The mixture may also pass to the outside of the system 900 through another port (not shown). For example, the unloaded substance or mixture may be delivered to a pipeline or another system.
如上描述了各种装置和方法以促进在吸附介质中装载物质。例如，可将热传递至吸附介质和从吸附介质传递热、可将电荷施加至吸附介质的层、或者可改变容器内的压力或吸附介质的区域之间的压力，所有这些均可促进将物质装载至所述吸附介质中。尽管一些实施例描述为仅采用一种所述方法来促进物质的装载或卸载，但本领域技术人员将了解可同时采用超过一种装载或卸载方法。例如，可冷却所述吸附介质的层以装载物质，并可将电荷施加至层以增加物质的分子的装载速率。Various devices and methods are described above to facilitate loading of species in the adsorption media. For example, heat can be transferred to and from the adsorption medium, an electrical charge can be applied to layers of the adsorption medium, or the pressure within the vessel or between regions of the adsorption medium can be varied, all of which can facilitate the transfer of substances loaded into the adsorption medium. While some embodiments are described as employing only one of the described methods to facilitate loading or unloading of substances, those skilled in the art will appreciate that more than one loading or unloading method may be employed simultaneously. For example, the layer of the adsorption medium may be cooled to load the species, and an electric charge may be applied to the layer to increase the loading rate of the molecules of the species.
在一些实施例中，可将超声振动施用于容器的吸附介质或过滤器，以促进物质的装载或卸载。类似地，在一些实施例中，选择性辐射所述吸附介质以促进物质的装载或卸载。In some embodiments, ultrasonic vibrations may be applied to the adsorption media or filter of the container to facilitate loading or unloading of substances. Similarly, in some embodiments, the adsorption medium is selectively irradiated to facilitate loading or unloading of species.
此外，尽管吸附介质的各种实施例描述为具有特定形状，如盘状，但本领域技术人员将了解所述吸附介质可包括其他形状。例如，所述吸附介质可包括吸附材料的平行矩形层。在一些实施例中，将物质提供至矩形层的第一边缘，在所述第一边缘处所述矩形层装载所述物质，且所述矩形层在层的第二边缘处卸载所述物质，在所述第二边缘处所述物质可为化学反应中的反应物。Furthermore, although various embodiments of the sorbent media are described as having a particular shape, such as a disk, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sorbent media may include other shapes. For example, the sorbent medium may comprise parallel rectangular layers of sorbent material. In some embodiments, the substance is provided to a first edge of a rectangular layer at which the rectangular layer is loaded with the substance and the rectangular layer is unloaded with the substance at a second edge of the layer, The species at the second edge may be a reactant in a chemical reaction.
所述技术的一个优点在于其允许诸如天然气和氢的气体以可相比于烃类的能量密度进行储存。One advantage of the technology is that it allows the storage of gases such as natural gas and hydrogen at energy densities comparable to hydrocarbons.
所述技术的另一优点在于废弃产物(如发动机的废气)可被过滤并与另一化合物反应以制得有用且可再生的化合物。Another advantage of the technology is that waste products, such as engine exhaust, can be filtered and reacted with another compound to make a useful and renewable compound.
所述技术的另一优点在于可在将要消耗燃料的位置制备、过滤和储存燃料，从而消除了将燃料从燃料源经过较长距离运输至将要消耗燃料的位置的需要。Another advantage of the technology is that fuel can be prepared, filtered and stored where it is to be consumed, thereby eliminating the need to transport fuel over long distances from the fuel source to where it is to be consumed.
根据前述，应了解为了说明的目的在本文描述了本发明的具体实施例，但在不偏离本发明的精神和范围下可进行各种修改。因此，除了通过所附权利要求书进行限制之外，不限制本发明。From the foregoing, it should be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The invention, therefore, is not to be limited except as by the appended claims.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US23747609P | 2009-08-27 | 2009-08-27 | |
| US61/237,476 | 2009-08-27 | ||
| US30440310P | 2010-02-13 | 2010-02-13 | |
| US61/304,403 | 2010-02-13 | ||
| USPCT/US2010/024497 | 2010-02-17 | ||
| PCT/US2010/024497WO2010096503A1 (en) | 2009-02-17 | 2010-02-17 | Electrolytic cell and method of use thereof |
| US12/707,653 | 2010-02-17 | ||
| USPCT/US2010/024499 | 2010-02-17 | ||
| US12/707,656US8075749B2 (en) | 2009-02-17 | 2010-02-17 | Apparatus and method for gas capture during electrolysis |
| PCT/US2010/024499WO2010096505A1 (en) | 2009-02-17 | 2010-02-17 | Apparatus and method for gas capture during electrolysis |
| USPCT/US2010/024498 | 2010-02-17 | ||
| PCT/US2010/024498WO2010096504A1 (en) | 2009-02-17 | 2010-02-17 | Apparatus and method for controlling nucleation during electrolysis |
| US12/707,651 | 2010-02-17 | ||
| US12/707,656 | 2010-02-17 | ||
| US12/707,651US8075748B2 (en) | 2009-02-17 | 2010-02-17 | Electrolytic cell and method of use thereof |
| US12/707,653US8172990B2 (en) | 2009-02-17 | 2010-02-17 | Apparatus and method for controlling nucleation during electrolysis |
| CN201080048882.9ACN102884361B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Device and method for storing and/or filtering substances |
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201080048882.9ADivisionCN102884361B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Device and method for storing and/or filtering substances |
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104848032Atrue CN104848032A (en) | 2015-08-19 |
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201080048872.5AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102712020B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Systems and methods for sustainable economic development through integrated full-scale production of renewable material resources using solar heat |
| CN201080048888.6AExpired - Fee RelatedCN103124692B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Inner enhancing structural composite material and relevant manufacture method |
| CN201080048874.4AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102713282B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Improve the efficiency of ocean thermal energy conversion (SOTEC) system of supplementing |
| CN201510098366.1APendingCN104912705A (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | System and method for realizing sustainable economic development through integrated total production of renewable materials by using solar thermal |
| CN201080037896.0AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102713281B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Energy Systems for Dwelling Support |
| CN201080048882.9AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102884361B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Device and method for storing and/or filtering substances |
| CN2010800488710APendingCN102713154A (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Energy conversion assembly and related methods of use and manufacture |
| CN201080048875.9AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102713280B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Systems and methods for sustainable economic development through integrated full-scale production of renewable energy |
| CN201510137060.2APendingCN104848032A (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Device and method for storing and/or filtering substances |
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201080048872.5AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102712020B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Systems and methods for sustainable economic development through integrated full-scale production of renewable material resources using solar heat |
| CN201080048888.6AExpired - Fee RelatedCN103124692B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Inner enhancing structural composite material and relevant manufacture method |
| CN201080048874.4AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102713282B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Improve the efficiency of ocean thermal energy conversion (SOTEC) system of supplementing |
| CN201510098366.1APendingCN104912705A (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | System and method for realizing sustainable economic development through integrated total production of renewable materials by using solar thermal |
| CN201080037896.0AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102713281B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Energy Systems for Dwelling Support |
| CN201080048882.9AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102884361B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Device and method for storing and/or filtering substances |
| CN2010800488710APendingCN102713154A (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Energy conversion assembly and related methods of use and manufacture |
| CN201080048875.9AExpired - Fee RelatedCN102713280B (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2010-08-16 | Systems and methods for sustainable economic development through integrated full-scale production of renewable energy |
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (7) | EP2625031A4 (en) |
| JP (6) | JP2013503299A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR101547007B1 (en) |
| CN (9) | CN102712020B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2010289904A1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR112012004093A2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2770510A1 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL217860A (en) |
| RU (4) | RU2562336C2 (en) |
| WO (8) | WO2012047188A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA201200791B (en) |
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8147599B2 (en) | 2009-02-17 | 2012-04-03 | Mcalister Technologies, Llc | Apparatuses and methods for storing and/or filtering a substance |
| EP2585784A4 (en) | 2010-06-24 | 2016-02-24 | Venmar Ces Inc | LIQUID / AIR MEMBRANE ENERGY EXCHANGER |
| CZ304079B6 (en)* | 2011-06-23 | 2013-10-02 | Gascontrol, Spolecnost S R.O. | Energy system employing connection of hydrogen and oxygen generator with a system of gas microturbine in combination with organic Rankin cycle |
| JP2013040606A (en)* | 2011-08-17 | 2013-02-28 | Kazuhiko Nagashima | Method and device for highly-efficiently recovering ordinary temperature heat energy |
| US9810439B2 (en) | 2011-09-02 | 2017-11-07 | Nortek Air Solutions Canada, Inc. | Energy exchange system for conditioning air in an enclosed structure |
| EP2578379A1 (en)* | 2011-10-05 | 2013-04-10 | Sumika Polymer Compounds (France) SA | Solar thermal solutions using blow moulding technologies |
| US9816760B2 (en) | 2012-08-24 | 2017-11-14 | Nortek Air Solutions Canada, Inc. | Liquid panel assembly |
| NL2010039C2 (en)* | 2012-12-21 | 2014-06-24 | S4 Energy B V | Device for reducing the load on a supporting structure, in particular an inertial energy accumulating device. |
| US9366238B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2016-06-14 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | System and process of cooling an OTEC working fluid pump motor |
| US10352628B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2019-07-16 | Nortek Air Solutions Canada, Inc. | Membrane-integrated energy exchange assembly |
| US10584884B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2020-03-10 | Nortek Air Solutions Canada, Inc. | Control system and method for a liquid desiccant air delivery system |
| WO2014145882A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Mcalister Technologies, Llc | Methods of manufacture of engineered materials and devices |
| JP2014200769A (en)* | 2013-04-09 | 2014-10-27 | 日東電工株式会社 | Adsorbing material |
| FR3006681B1 (en)* | 2013-06-11 | 2015-07-17 | Faurecia Sys Echappement | AMMONIA STORAGE CARTRIDGE WITH OPTIMIZED FILL TIME, IN PARTICULAR FOR A GAS EXHAUST SYSTEM OF A MOTOR VEHICLE |
| CN103615357B (en)* | 2013-11-15 | 2016-05-25 | 韩树君 | A kind of wind energy, solar energy, sea wave energy circulation complemental power-generation and seawater desalination system |
| CN104674291A (en)* | 2013-11-28 | 2015-06-03 | 哈尔滨市三和佳美科技发展有限公司 | Mixed hydrogen-oxygen generator |
| JP2015168971A (en)* | 2014-03-06 | 2015-09-28 | 古河機械金属株式会社 | Marine mineral lifting method and marine mineral lifting system |
| US10712024B2 (en) | 2014-08-19 | 2020-07-14 | Nortek Air Solutions Canada, Inc. | Liquid to air membrane energy exchangers |
| AU2016233609B2 (en)* | 2015-03-13 | 2020-12-03 | Cenergy Solutions Inc. | Increased storage capacity of gas in pressure vessels |
| WO2016205750A1 (en)* | 2015-06-18 | 2016-12-22 | Kevin Kremeyer | Directed energy deposition to facilitate high speed applications |
| WO2016207864A1 (en)* | 2015-06-26 | 2016-12-29 | Nortek Air Solutions Canada, Inc. | Three-fluid liquid to air membrane energy exchanger |
| FR3038456B1 (en)* | 2015-06-30 | 2019-10-18 | Jomi Leman | ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY. |
| RU2617215C1 (en)* | 2015-11-16 | 2017-04-24 | Юрий Владимирович Семынин | Heat engine |
| CN105570672A (en)* | 2015-12-22 | 2016-05-11 | 重庆市高新技术产业开发区潞翔能源技术有限公司 | Natural gas adsorption tank heat exchange system |
| WO2018097747A1 (en)* | 2016-11-28 | 2018-05-31 | Евгений Иванович КАСАТКИН | Method of recycling carbon dioxide gas |
| AU2017410556A1 (en) | 2017-04-18 | 2019-12-05 | Nortek Air Solutions Canada, Inc. | Systems and methods for managing conditions in enclosed space |
| AU2017410557A1 (en) | 2017-04-18 | 2019-12-05 | Nortek Air Solutions Canada, Inc. | Desiccant enhanced evaporative cooling systems and methods |
| WO2019031966A1 (en) | 2017-08-10 | 2019-02-14 | L2 Consultancy B.V. | Refueling station for supplying energy carriers to vehicles |
| NL2019407B1 (en)* | 2017-08-10 | 2019-02-21 | L2 Consultancy B V | Refueling station for supplying energy carriers to vehicles |
| CN107514823B (en)* | 2017-08-10 | 2019-12-31 | 中广核工程有限公司 | A heat absorber of a rotating photothermal power station and a uniform heat absorption control method |
| CN107559161B (en)* | 2017-10-09 | 2019-05-31 | 上海海事大学 | A thermoelectric system combining chemical heat storage and seawater power generation |
| CN107989681A (en)* | 2017-12-06 | 2018-05-04 | 佛山早稻田环保节能科技有限公司 | A kind of vehicle tail gas treater |
| CN107893243B (en)* | 2017-12-20 | 2024-05-07 | 中科京投环境科技江苏有限公司 | Device and method for removing heavy metals through cyclone ore pulp electrolysis |
| US10619794B2 (en) | 2018-03-13 | 2020-04-14 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Pressurized-fluid storage device |
| CA3023875C (en) | 2018-05-08 | 2023-04-11 | Enginuity Power Systems, Inc. | Combination systems and related methods for providing power, heat and cooling |
| CN116694344A (en)* | 2018-05-30 | 2023-09-05 | 皇家墨尔本理工大学 | Pyrolysis reaction system and method for pyrolyzing organic feed |
| RU2688061C1 (en)* | 2018-06-05 | 2019-05-17 | Николай Артёмович Седых | Arctic wind-driven power plant |
| RU196410U1 (en)* | 2018-07-27 | 2020-02-28 | Федеральное Государственное Бюджетное Образовательное Учреждение Высшего Образования "Дагестанский Государственный Технический Университет" (Дгту) | GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT |
| RU2689488C1 (en)* | 2018-11-01 | 2019-05-28 | Александр Алексеевич Соловьев | Biogas aerodynamic plant |
| RU2697274C1 (en)* | 2018-11-21 | 2019-08-13 | Владимир Алексеевич Чернорот | Method of processing solid municipal and industrial wastes |
| KR102431612B1 (en)* | 2019-02-26 | 2022-08-12 | 한국자동차연구원 | Water removal device for hydrogen filling station |
| AT17434U1 (en)* | 2019-08-07 | 2022-04-15 | Oleksandrovych Riepkin Oleksandr | Method of creating and using an energetic system with the integration into the system of hydrogen produced using renewable energy sources |
| EP4133218A4 (en)* | 2020-04-09 | 2023-11-15 | Woodside Energy Technologies Pty Ltd | METHOD AND PLANT FOR PROCESSING HYDROCARBON USING RENEWABLE ENERGY |
| CN112302892A (en)* | 2020-11-24 | 2021-02-02 | 房盼盼 | Method and device for improving sea temperature difference power generation |
| MX2023008003A (en)* | 2021-01-08 | 2023-07-13 | Alakai Tech Corporation | Method and system for an off-grid variable state hydrogen refueling infrastructure. |
| CN112600139A (en)* | 2021-01-20 | 2021-04-02 | 深圳市红越电子科技有限公司 | Conductive cable interface detection post-processing terminal |
| CN112871332B (en)* | 2021-02-04 | 2022-11-11 | 台州锐祥机械设备有限公司 | Production process of high-strength shock absorption and shock absorption part of automobile |
| CN113546951A (en)* | 2021-07-13 | 2021-10-26 | 东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司 | Landfill treatment and recycling method and system suitable for hydrogen energy development and utilization |
| DE102022104030A1 (en) | 2022-02-21 | 2023-08-24 | Stablegrid Engineers GmbH | Arrangement for stabilizing electricity grids with a cavern for gas storage |
| US20250198708A1 (en)* | 2022-04-08 | 2025-06-19 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Heat conversion system and heat conversion method |
| AU2023285687A1 (en) | 2022-06-07 | 2025-01-09 | Koloma, Inc. | Surface integration of hydrogen generation, storage, and integration and utilization of waste heat from enhanced geologic hydrogen production and decarbonation reactions |
| AU2023285686A1 (en)* | 2022-06-07 | 2025-01-02 | Koloma, Inc. | Integration of natural hydrogen reservoir storage capacity or suitable subsurface reservoirs with other hydrogen sources and sinks |
| CN115099508B (en)* | 2022-07-01 | 2024-06-07 | 西南石油大学 | Corrosion rate prediction method for shale gas gathering and transportation pipelines based on the coupling effect of SRB and CO2 |
| CN115479023A (en)* | 2022-09-23 | 2022-12-16 | 一汽解放青岛汽车有限公司 | Method and device for determining fault types of air processing units |
| US12227861B2 (en)* | 2023-04-26 | 2025-02-18 | Lone Gull Holdings, Ltd. | Systems and methods for removal and sequestration of acidity from surface seawater |
| WO2025043281A1 (en)* | 2023-09-01 | 2025-03-06 | Volt Power Group Limited | An electrolyser system and method for operating an electrolyser system |
| WO2025153969A1 (en)* | 2024-01-16 | 2025-07-24 | Svante Technologies Inc. | Sorptive separation process and system with pre-concentration of a target component |
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001254897A (en)* | 2000-03-10 | 2001-09-21 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Hydrogen storage device |
| JP2001295995A (en)* | 2000-04-11 | 2001-10-26 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Hydrogen storage tank |
| CN1406324A (en)* | 1999-08-11 | 2003-03-26 | 赫纳拉投资有限公司 | Gas storage on an adsorbent with exfoliated laminae |
| CN101044351A (en)* | 2004-10-20 | 2007-09-26 | 株式会社丰田自动织机 | Hydrogen storage tank and replacement method for on-off valve |
| CN101459249A (en)* | 2007-12-13 | 2009-06-17 | 现代自动车株式会社 | Hydrogen storage system for fuel cell vehicle |
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB991581A (en)* | 1962-03-21 | 1965-05-12 | High Temperature Materials Inc | Expanded pyrolytic graphite and process for producing the same |
| JPS5216468Y1 (en)* | 1969-06-14 | 1977-04-13 | ||
| US4060988A (en)* | 1975-04-21 | 1977-12-06 | Texaco Inc. | Process for heating a fluid in a geothermal formation |
| JPS5213048A (en)* | 1975-07-22 | 1977-02-01 | Ebara Corp | Operation method of a marine generating set |
| JPS52168347U (en)* | 1976-06-14 | 1977-12-20 | ||
| US4091313A (en)* | 1976-08-23 | 1978-05-23 | Salvatore Genovese | Current recycling electric motor system |
| US4170878A (en)* | 1976-10-13 | 1979-10-16 | Jahnig Charles E | Energy conversion system for deriving useful power from sources of low level heat |
| DE2934647A1 (en)* | 1979-08-28 | 1981-03-12 | Fritz Ing.(grad.) 7612 Haslach Thoma | Heating system using IC engine in insulated enclosure - driving generator supplying electrical heating element with waste heat recovered by heat exchangers |
| JPS56105244A (en)* | 1980-01-24 | 1981-08-21 | Hiroyuki Morita | Hot water feeder |
| JPS56138468A (en)* | 1980-03-13 | 1981-10-29 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Ocean temperature difference generator |
| DE3014357A1 (en) | 1980-04-15 | 1981-10-22 | Küppersbusch AG, 4650 Gelsenkirchen | Water heater with IC-engine - has engine in capsule protruding into boiler with exhaust connected to heat exchanger |
| DE3016410A1 (en)* | 1980-04-29 | 1981-11-05 | Wilhelm 5000 Köln Jülich | Combined heating hot water boiler and IC engine - drives electricity generator and uses engine waste heat |
| JPS5791384A (en)* | 1980-11-27 | 1982-06-07 | Toshiba Corp | Evaporator |
| DE3044666A1 (en)* | 1980-11-27 | 1982-07-08 | Morath, Karl Günther, 6670 St. Ingbert | Small scale energy generation plant for domestic use - has heat transfer medium selectively fed through heat exchanger using combustion engine waste heat |
| US4437963A (en)* | 1981-09-10 | 1984-03-20 | Yeoman David R | Apparatus for electrolyzing water |
| US4490232A (en)* | 1981-10-29 | 1984-12-25 | The Laitram Corporation | Wave-powered electrolysis of water |
| JPS5897461U (en)* | 1981-12-23 | 1983-07-02 | 株式会社 ト−タルシステム | Heat exchanger with tank and bow tube |
| JPS5946375A (en)* | 1982-09-08 | 1984-03-15 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Seawater power generation device |
| JPS59110872A (en)* | 1982-12-17 | 1984-06-26 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Compound generation device which utilizes sea temperature difference and solar heat |
| JPS59165873A (en)* | 1983-03-09 | 1984-09-19 | Toshiba Corp | Ocean temperature difference power generation device |
| JPS59188058A (en)* | 1983-04-08 | 1984-10-25 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Waste heat recovery device for internal-combustion engine |
| JPS6321366A (en)* | 1986-07-16 | 1988-01-28 | Kajima Corp | Heat accumulating type marine thermal difference power generating plant |
| JPH0661195B2 (en)* | 1986-12-25 | 1994-08-17 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | High production sea area creation system |
| JPS63243463A (en)* | 1987-03-30 | 1988-10-11 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Electric power generator |
| JP2680674B2 (en)* | 1989-04-12 | 1997-11-19 | 財団法人電力中央研究所 | Ocean / waste heat temperature difference power generation system |
| US6155212A (en)* | 1989-06-12 | 2000-12-05 | Mcalister; Roy E. | Method and apparatus for operation of combustion engines |
| JPH0346161U (en)* | 1989-09-09 | 1991-04-26 | ||
| JP2587297B2 (en)* | 1989-09-27 | 1997-03-05 | 富士電機株式会社 | Cogeneration system |
| JPH03173788A (en)* | 1989-12-01 | 1991-07-29 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Kk | Method for synthesizing ammonia |
| JPH03175136A (en)* | 1989-12-05 | 1991-07-30 | Sanden Corp | Device for utilizing exhaust heat of internal combustion engine |
| FI89969C (en)* | 1989-12-21 | 1993-12-10 | Waertsilae Diesel Int | FOERFARANDE OCH ARRANGEMANG FOER EFFEKTIVERING AV TILLVARATAGANDE AV AVGASERNAS VAERMEENERGI VID STORA DIESELMOTORER |
| JPH0476211A (en)* | 1990-07-19 | 1992-03-11 | Meidensha Corp | Heat/electric power cogenerating device |
| JP2889668B2 (en)* | 1990-08-06 | 1999-05-10 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Energy system |
| JPH0816475B2 (en)* | 1990-11-27 | 1996-02-21 | 工業技術院長 | Temperature difference power generation method and device, and temperature difference power generation / marine organism aquaculture combined device |
| US5167786A (en)* | 1991-01-25 | 1992-12-01 | Eberle William J | Wave-power collection apparatus |
| JPH0678713U (en)* | 1991-04-24 | 1994-11-04 | 国立環境研究所長 | Home cogeneration |
| JPH05223268A (en)* | 1992-02-06 | 1993-08-31 | Nippondenso Co Ltd | Cogeneration system |
| JP2527288B2 (en)* | 1992-06-16 | 1996-08-21 | 株式会社新燃焼システム研究所 | Ammonia separation method using fuel cell reaction |
| JPH06147098A (en)* | 1992-11-11 | 1994-05-27 | Ikeda Takeshi | Convection type temperature gradient prime mover |
| JPH06234502A (en)* | 1993-02-10 | 1994-08-23 | Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd | Energy storing method using hydrogen occluding alloy slurry |
| AU4273693A (en)* | 1993-04-20 | 1994-11-08 | Leo Augustsson | Boat hull cleaning apparatus |
| JP2942852B2 (en)* | 1993-10-15 | 1999-08-30 | 株式会社テイエルブイ | Evaporative cooling engine of cogeneration |
| JPH07238866A (en)* | 1994-02-28 | 1995-09-12 | Hazama Gumi Ltd | Cogeneration system |
| GT199600032A (en)* | 1995-06-07 | 1997-11-28 | OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM (OTEC SISTEMA) | |
| JPH0925871A (en)* | 1995-07-07 | 1997-01-28 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Solar energy collecting device |
| CN1163988A (en)* | 1997-01-21 | 1997-11-05 | 罗伊·麦克埃里斯特 | Wave power generation method and device |
| US5950732A (en)* | 1997-04-02 | 1999-09-14 | Syntroleum Corporation | System and method for hydrate recovery |
| US6503584B1 (en)* | 1997-08-29 | 2003-01-07 | Mcalister Roy E. | Compact fluid storage system |
| JPH1193826A (en)* | 1997-09-18 | 1999-04-06 | Nkk Corp | Renewable energy best mix system |
| DE69938290D1 (en)* | 1998-02-09 | 2008-04-17 | Whisper Tech Ltd | IMPROVEMENT OF COGENERATION SYSTEMS |
| US6126726A (en)* | 1998-07-06 | 2000-10-03 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Generator hydrogen purge gas economizer with membrane filter |
| US6295827B1 (en)* | 1998-09-24 | 2001-10-02 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Thermodynamic cycle using hydrostatic head for compression |
| DE19859654A1 (en)* | 1998-12-15 | 2000-06-29 | Mannesmann Ag | Device for storing compressed gas |
| JP2000205044A (en)* | 1999-01-19 | 2000-07-25 | Shigeaki Kimura | Cogeneration system |
| US6104097A (en)* | 1999-03-04 | 2000-08-15 | Lehoczky; Kalman N. | Underwater hydro-turbine for hydrogen production |
| JP3620701B2 (en)* | 1999-04-14 | 2005-02-16 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Cogeneration equipment |
| MXPA02007361A (en)* | 2000-02-01 | 2004-09-10 | Roychowdhury Sukomal | Process for production of hydrogen from anaerobically decomposed organic material. |
| FR2805410B1 (en)* | 2000-02-23 | 2002-09-06 | Andre Rene Georges Gennesseaux | SELF-CONTAINED ELECTRICITY AND HEAT COGENERATION SYSTEM INCLUDING ENERGY STORAGE BY FLYWHEEL |
| JP2001338672A (en)* | 2000-05-26 | 2001-12-07 | Shinko Pantec Co Ltd | Household power supply system |
| JP2002098412A (en)* | 2000-09-26 | 2002-04-05 | Noritz Corp | Heating hot water storing device |
| JP2002128501A (en)* | 2000-10-18 | 2002-05-09 | Sony Corp | Method for gas storage and fuel cell |
| JP2002147867A (en)* | 2000-11-07 | 2002-05-22 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Water electrolysis system |
| US6669919B1 (en)* | 2000-11-16 | 2003-12-30 | Advanced Energy Technology Inc. | Intercalated graphite flakes exhibiting improved expansion characteristics and process therefor |
| JP2002180902A (en)* | 2000-12-14 | 2002-06-26 | Sagami Sekiyu Kk | Cogeneration system |
| US6516754B2 (en)* | 2001-02-20 | 2003-02-11 | Thomas Chadwick | Convective heating system for liquid storage tank |
| GB0106358D0 (en)* | 2001-03-13 | 2001-05-02 | Printable Field Emitters Ltd | Field emission materials and devices |
| CN2489098Y (en)* | 2001-06-11 | 2002-05-01 | 郭广明 | Residual-heat re-using device for heat engine |
| US6603069B1 (en)* | 2001-09-18 | 2003-08-05 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Adaptive, full-spectrum solar energy system |
| US6984305B2 (en) | 2001-10-01 | 2006-01-10 | Mcalister Roy E | Method and apparatus for sustainable energy and materials |
| CN1417527A (en)* | 2001-11-02 | 2003-05-14 | 量子能技术股份有限公司 | Improved water heater |
| GB2383978B (en)* | 2002-01-11 | 2004-09-08 | Dominic Michaelis | Platform provided with renewable energy converter systems |
| JP3903798B2 (en)* | 2002-01-22 | 2007-04-11 | 株式会社デンソー | Fuel cell system |
| RU2232914C2 (en)* | 2002-02-04 | 2004-07-20 | Открытое акционерное общество "Заволжский моторный завод" | Method of operation and design of steam generator of internal combustion piston engine |
| JP3882664B2 (en)* | 2002-04-15 | 2007-02-21 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Fuel cell system |
| GB2387641A (en)* | 2002-04-19 | 2003-10-22 | Gasforce Ltd | Combined heat and power unit |
| JP2004154762A (en)* | 2002-09-10 | 2004-06-03 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Waste treatment system |
| US7201841B2 (en)* | 2003-02-05 | 2007-04-10 | Water Visions International, Inc. | Composite materials for fluid treatment |
| JP2004239149A (en)* | 2003-02-05 | 2004-08-26 | Osaka Gas Co Ltd | Engine system and heat source system |
| JP2004245049A (en)* | 2003-02-10 | 2004-09-02 | Osaka Gas Co Ltd | Heat source system |
| JP2004268022A (en)* | 2003-02-18 | 2004-09-30 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Hydrogen storage material, method for producing hydrogen storage material, hydrogen storage tank, hydrogen storage system, and fuel cell vehicle |
| WO2004086585A2 (en) | 2003-03-24 | 2004-10-07 | Ion America Corporation | Sorfc system and method with an exothermic net electrolysis reaction |
| JP4167521B2 (en)* | 2003-03-25 | 2008-10-15 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Gas storage tank and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP4163541B2 (en)* | 2003-03-25 | 2008-10-08 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Method for manufacturing gas storage tank |
| KR100620303B1 (en)* | 2003-03-25 | 2006-09-13 | 도요다 지도샤 가부시끼가이샤 | Gas storage tank and its manufacturing method |
| US7575822B2 (en)* | 2003-04-09 | 2009-08-18 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Method of optimizing operating efficiency of fuel cells |
| US7364810B2 (en)* | 2003-09-03 | 2008-04-29 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Combined energy storage and fuel generation with reversible fuel cells |
| AU2004245997A1 (en)* | 2003-06-05 | 2004-12-16 | Solar Reactor Technologies, Inc. | Method for processing stack gas emissions |
| US6956300B2 (en)* | 2003-08-04 | 2005-10-18 | Andrew Roman Gizara | Gimbal-mounted hydroelectric turbine |
| AU2003261889A1 (en)* | 2003-09-02 | 2005-03-29 | Kaneka Corporation | Filmy graphite and process for producing the same |
| CN2644957Y (en)* | 2003-09-04 | 2004-09-29 | 柳溪立 | Air-conditioning plant by utilizing ground temperature |
| US7378188B2 (en)* | 2003-09-18 | 2008-05-27 | Enernext, Llc | Storage device and method for sorption and desorption of molecular gas contained by storage sites of nano-filament laded reticulated aerogel |
| KR20060120033A (en)* | 2003-09-30 | 2006-11-24 | 제너럴 일렉트릭 캄파니 | Hydrogen Storage Compositions and Methods for Making the Same |
| RO121819B1 (en)* | 2003-10-01 | 2008-05-30 | Petru Baciu | Process and installation for collecting free methane gas from the sea bottom |
| US6994159B2 (en)* | 2003-11-04 | 2006-02-07 | Charles Wendland | System for extracting natural gas hydrate |
| US7605326B2 (en)* | 2003-11-24 | 2009-10-20 | Anderson Christopher M | Solar electrolysis power co-generation system |
| US7152675B2 (en)* | 2003-11-26 | 2006-12-26 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Subterranean hydrogen storage process |
| JP4203810B2 (en)* | 2003-12-08 | 2009-01-07 | 富士電機ホールディングス株式会社 | Organic waste treatment method and system |
| JP2005291112A (en)* | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-20 | Takeo Saito | Temperature difference power generation device |
| US20050269211A1 (en)* | 2004-06-07 | 2005-12-08 | Zachar Oron D | Method of and apparatus for producing hydrogen using geothermal energy |
| JP2006009713A (en)* | 2004-06-28 | 2006-01-12 | Hitachi Ltd | Cogeneration system and energy supply system |
| JP2006035174A (en)* | 2004-07-29 | 2006-02-09 | Toyota Motor Corp | Hydrogen storage and its manufacture and use |
| KR100550573B1 (en)* | 2004-08-17 | 2006-02-10 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Cogeneration System |
| US7254944B1 (en)* | 2004-09-29 | 2007-08-14 | Ventoso Systems, Llc | Energy storage system |
| US7178337B2 (en)* | 2004-12-23 | 2007-02-20 | Tassilo Pflanz | Power plant system for utilizing the heat energy of geothermal reservoirs |
| WO2006095800A1 (en)* | 2005-03-11 | 2006-09-14 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Hydrogen storage material, hydrogen storage structure, hydrogen storer, hydrogen storage apparatus, fuel cell vehicle, and process for producing hydrogen storage material |
| CN1297744C (en)* | 2005-03-24 | 2007-01-31 | 上海交通大学 | Ocean temperature difference energy and solar energy reheat circulating electric generating method |
| JP5154746B2 (en)* | 2005-09-14 | 2013-02-27 | Ｊｘ日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 | Porous material and method for producing the same |
| CA2621244C (en)* | 2005-09-02 | 2012-10-30 | John Christopher Burtch | Apparatus for production of hydrogen gas using wind and wave action |
| US7658901B2 (en)* | 2005-10-14 | 2010-02-09 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Thermally exfoliated graphite oxide |
| US7233079B1 (en)* | 2005-10-18 | 2007-06-19 | Willard Cooper | Renewable energy electric power generating system |
| JP2007205645A (en)* | 2006-02-02 | 2007-08-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Solar heat collector and solar heat utilization apparatus having the same |
| KR20060096413A (en)* | 2006-02-28 | 2006-09-11 | 카네카 코포레이션 | Filmy graphite and process for producing the same |
| US7448214B2 (en)* | 2006-03-24 | 2008-11-11 | Erik Monostory | Geothermal hydrogen production facility and method |
| US20070228739A1 (en)* | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-04 | John Troy Kraczek | Offshore Energy Capture and Storage Device |
| RU2319893C1 (en)* | 2006-08-01 | 2008-03-20 | Институт физики им. Л.В. Киренского Сибирского отделения РАН | Method and device for storing gas inside solid carrier |
| US20090077969A1 (en)* | 2007-09-25 | 2009-03-26 | Prueitt Melvin L | Heat Transfer Methods for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Desalination |
| KR100910059B1 (en)* | 2006-12-06 | 2009-07-30 | 한국전자통신연구원 | Gas storage medium, gas storage apparatus and method |
| US20080135403A1 (en)* | 2006-12-11 | 2008-06-12 | Jang Bor Z | Home hydrogen fueling station |
| JP2008151282A (en)* | 2006-12-19 | 2008-07-03 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Gas storage container |
| WO2008115933A1 (en)* | 2007-03-19 | 2008-09-25 | Doty Scientific, Inc. | Hydrocarbon and alcohol fuels from variable, renewable energy at very high efficiency |
| US7456512B2 (en)* | 2007-03-23 | 2008-11-25 | Bernard Nadel | Portable sea-powered electrolysis generator |
| AU2008237264B2 (en)* | 2007-04-03 | 2012-09-20 | Sulfurcycle Intellectual Property Holding Company Llc | Electrochemical system, apparatus, and method to generate renewable hydrogen and sequester carbon dioxide |
| RU2342542C1 (en)* | 2007-04-04 | 2008-12-27 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Московское машиностроительное производственное предприятие "Салют" | Power generation plant |
| US9966763B2 (en)* | 2007-06-07 | 2018-05-08 | Allen L. Witters | Integrated multiple fuel renewable energy system |
| JP2009047052A (en)* | 2007-08-17 | 2009-03-05 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Cogeneration equipment |
| JP5306621B2 (en)* | 2007-09-12 | 2013-10-02 | 高砂熱学工業株式会社 | Power supply system |
| JP2009077457A (en)* | 2007-09-18 | 2009-04-09 | Tokyo Gas Co Ltd | Distributed power supply operation system and operation method thereof |
| JP5127385B2 (en)* | 2007-09-28 | 2013-01-23 | 学校法人同志社 | Ammonia electrosynthesis system |
| CN201103949Y (en)* | 2007-10-17 | 2008-08-20 | 李建军 | Solar nano-warming low temperature supplying floor board radiation heating equipment |
| JP2009293447A (en)* | 2008-06-03 | 2009-12-17 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Co-generation apparatus |
| CN101614198A (en)* | 2009-07-30 | 2009-12-30 | 江苏亿隆新能源科技发展有限公司 | Pressure electric generator |
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1406324A (en)* | 1999-08-11 | 2003-03-26 | 赫纳拉投资有限公司 | Gas storage on an adsorbent with exfoliated laminae |
| JP2001254897A (en)* | 2000-03-10 | 2001-09-21 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Hydrogen storage device |
| JP2001295995A (en)* | 2000-04-11 | 2001-10-26 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Hydrogen storage tank |
| CN101044351A (en)* | 2004-10-20 | 2007-09-26 | 株式会社丰田自动织机 | Hydrogen storage tank and replacement method for on-off valve |
| CN101459249A (en)* | 2007-12-13 | 2009-06-17 | 现代自动车株式会社 | Hydrogen storage system for fuel cell vehicle |
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102884361B (en) | Device and method for storing and/or filtering substances | |
| US9409126B2 (en) | Apparatuses and methods for storing and/or filtering a substance | |
| JP5814267B2 (en) | Chemical processes and reactors for efficiently producing hydrogen fuel and structural materials, and related systems and methods | |
| US8771636B2 (en) | Chemical processes and reactors for efficiently producing hydrogen fuels and structural materials, and associated systems and methods | |
| CN1239244C (en) | Ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus and method for using same | |
| US8926719B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for generating hydrogen from metal | |
| WO2006022329A1 (en) | Evaporated fuel gas adsorbent, evaporated fuel gas trapping apparatus, active carbon and process for producing the same | |
| WO2013001390A1 (en) | Adsorption heat exchanger devices | |
| US20140260195A1 (en) | Engine exhaust manifold endothermic reactor and associated systems and methods | |
| CN1165703C (en) | Gas storage on an adsorbent with exfoliated laminae | |
| CN112408323B (en) | A natural gas hydrogen production device and method | |
| CN1829655A (en) | Field-assisted gas storage material and fuel cells incorporating it | |
| CN214693318U (en) | Hydrogen production system | |
| CN223393224U (en) | Miniaturized deuterium-depleted water preparation device with intrinsic safety attribute | |
| CN119455881B (en) | A Joule-heated porous foam-filled membrane reactor for ammonia decomposition | |
| JP2005152854A (en) | Organic hydride dehydrogenation / hydrogenation apparatus and carrier used therefor | |
| CN119488846A (en) | Hydrogen production device | |
| JP2004107138A (en) | Hydrogen gas generator | |
| CN117028837A (en) | Solid-state hydrogen storage device of magnesium-based metal hydride | |
| JP2003278996A (en) | Gas storage tank | |
| JP2004175629A (en) | Hydrogen gas generator | |
| ZA200201977B (en) | Gas storage on an adsorbent with exfoliated laminae. |
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| EXSB | Decision made by sipo to initiate substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication | Application publication date:20150819 |