技术领域technical field
本发明涉及光纤通信和光纤传感技术领域，具体涉及一种基于表面等离子体共振原理的、具有超宽带宽和高偏振消光比的光子晶体光纤光纤可调在线偏振器。The invention relates to the technical fields of optical fiber communication and optical fiber sensing, in particular to a photonic crystal optical fiber tunable linear polarizer based on the principle of surface plasmon resonance and having ultra-wide bandwidth and high polarization extinction ratio.
背景技术Background technique
光纤偏振器可以将入射的非偏振光或不完全偏振光转化为只沿一个方向偏振的线偏振光，它是保证高速光纤通信以及传感系统全光纤、小型化的关键器件之一。在光纤中，由于材料本身的双折射特性以及应力等因素，传输中的两个正交模式会发生偏振模色散以及偏振模耦合，如此便导致一系列的光器件响应受到偏振状态随机变化的影响。同时，在光纤传感领域，光相位以及光偏振态中包含有更丰富的外界变化信息，若能保证光纤中的偏振态只有一个，便可准确的解调出外界参量的变化，实现高精度的传感。Optical fiber polarizers can convert incident unpolarized light or incompletely polarized light into linearly polarized light polarized in only one direction. It is one of the key components to ensure high-speed optical fiber communication and full-fiber sensor systems and miniaturization. In the optical fiber, due to the birefringence characteristics of the material itself and stress and other factors, the two orthogonal modes in the transmission will undergo polarization mode dispersion and polarization mode coupling, which will cause a series of optical device responses to be affected by random changes in the polarization state . At the same time, in the field of optical fiber sensing, the optical phase and optical polarization state contain richer external change information. If only one polarization state in the optical fiber can be guaranteed, the change of external parameters can be accurately demodulated to achieve high precision. sensing.
传统的偏振器件以双折射晶体、偏振片为主。此类偏振器件原理简单、工艺成熟，但需要先把光束从光纤引出，准直后经过片状或块状元件起偏，再耦合至光纤。这会带来稳定性差、体积大、附加损耗大、偏振消光比低等一系列问题，不利于提高现代光纤器件的效能。随着光纤通信、光纤陀螺等领域的快速发展，全光纤型光纤偏振器拥有巨大的市场需求。研究者对与光纤偏振器的研究有两类：第一类是截止型，利用拉锥技术，将单模或者多模光纤拉锥，在其锥区定向生长双折射材料，光源发出的部分偏振光通过该光波导时，寻常光由于不再满足全反射条件将进入晶体内而截止，非常光则继续满足光波导内全反射条件将无阻地通过晶体传输从而实现对偏振态的选取，由于这类结构锥区的直径尺寸在微米级别，在加工制作过程中容易折断损坏，需要有良好的封装工艺；第二类是损耗型，通过弯曲双折射光纤(专利号US 5386484)，或者在新型多孔光纤结构中灌注金属、液体等(专利号201010142198.9，专利号201010169436.5)利用两个偏振态对弯曲半径不同的损耗响应、对损耗介质不同的泄漏特性，达到在一定波长范围内只保留一个偏振方向的光。现有的光纤偏振器制作方法各不相同，在插入损耗、偏振消光比以及传输带宽方面各有优势，但是普遍存在通信波段(1250-1650nm)覆盖率低，器件制作好就难以调节性能的问题，需要寻找更加有效的机制来满足通信与传感领域的需求。Traditional polarizers are mainly birefringent crystals and polarizers. This type of polarizing device is simple in principle and mature in technology, but it needs to lead out the beam from the optical fiber first, collimate it, polarize it through a sheet or block element, and then couple it to the optical fiber. This will bring a series of problems such as poor stability, large volume, large additional loss, and low polarization extinction ratio, which is not conducive to improving the performance of modern optical fiber devices. With the rapid development of optical fiber communication, fiber optic gyroscope and other fields, there is a huge market demand for all-fiber fiber optic polarizers. Researchers have two types of research on fiber polarizers: the first type is the cut-off type, which uses tapered technology to taper single-mode or multi-mode optical fibers, and grow birefringent materials in the tapered region, and the partial polarization emitted by the light source When the light passes through the optical waveguide, the ordinary light will enter the crystal and be cut off because it no longer meets the total reflection condition, and the extraordinary light will continue to meet the total reflection condition in the optical waveguide and will be transmitted through the crystal without hindrance to realize the selection of the polarization state. The diameter of the cone-like structure is at the micron level, and it is easy to break and damage during the manufacturing process, which requires a good packaging process; the second type is lossy, by bending birefringent optical fibers (patent No. US 5386484), or in the new porous The optical fiber structure is filled with metal, liquid, etc. (Patent No. 201010142198.9, Patent No. 201010169436.5) utilizes the loss response of two polarization states to different bending radii, and the different leakage characteristics of the loss medium to achieve only one polarization direction within a certain wavelength range. Light. Existing manufacturing methods of fiber optic polarizers are different, and each has its own advantages in terms of insertion loss, polarization extinction ratio and transmission bandwidth. However, the coverage of the communication band (1250-1650nm) is generally low, and it is difficult to adjust the performance of the device after it is manufactured. , it is necessary to find a more effective mechanism to meet the needs of the communication and sensing fields.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种光子晶体光纤偏振器，克服现有光纤偏振器在第二通信波段覆盖率低的限制，为实现通信、传感系统的小型化和集成化提供解决方案。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a photonic crystal fiber polarizer, which overcomes the limitation of low coverage of the existing fiber polarizer in the second communication band, and provides a solution for realizing the miniaturization and integration of communication and sensing systems .
本发明的技术构思是利用表面等离子体波(Surface Plasmon Polariton，简称SPP)多样的相位匹配特性，以及它对电介质折射率变化的灵敏性，提出一种可调超长带宽光纤偏振器。The technical idea of the present invention is to propose an adjustable ultra-long bandwidth fiber polarizer by utilizing the various phase matching characteristics of Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) and its sensitivity to dielectric refractive index changes.
为解决上述技术问题，本发明提出了一种光子晶体光纤偏振器，所述光纤偏振器为一段光子晶体光纤，包括纤芯、包层；所述包层介质上设有若干第一空气孔、两个第二空气孔，所述第一空气孔的孔深方向为光纤轴向方向，所述第一空气孔围绕所述纤芯成正多边形分布，以使所述包层的有效折射率低于纤芯，保证纤芯模式的全内反射导引；In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention proposes a photonic crystal fiber polarizer, which is a section of photonic crystal fiber, including a core and a cladding; the cladding medium is provided with several first air holes, Two second air holes, the hole depth direction of the first air hole is the axial direction of the optical fiber, and the first air holes are distributed in a regular polygon around the core, so that the effective refractive index of the cladding is lower than Fiber core, to ensure the total internal reflection guidance of the core mode;
所述两个第二空气孔分别位于所述纤芯两侧的光纤圆截面的直径上，且所述两个第二空气孔之间没有所述第一空气孔干涉阻隔；所述两个第二空气孔内分别镀有厚度为20-90nm的金属薄膜，以使所述两个第二空气孔之间形成耦合的金属波导。The two second air holes are respectively located on the diameter of the circular section of the optical fiber on both sides of the core, and there is no interference barrier between the two second air holes; the two second air holes Metal thin films with a thickness of 20-90nm are respectively plated in the two air holes, so that a coupled metal waveguide is formed between the two second air holes.
进一步优化的方案是，所述第二空气孔中填充温敏液体，通过改变温度入射光经过该光纤偏振器便可实现可调线偏振输出。A further optimized solution is that the second air hole is filled with a temperature-sensitive liquid, and the output of adjustable linear polarization can be realized by changing the temperature of the incident light passing through the fiber polarizer.
优选的，所述第二空气孔的金属薄膜厚度为30-60nm。Preferably, the thickness of the metal thin film of the second air hole is 30-60 nm.
所述光子晶体光纤采用堆积法制成，背景材料为石英，中央缺失一个空气孔形成纤芯，用于传导基模；所述第一空气孔直径在微米量级，所述第一空气孔、第二空气孔均为圆形空气孔。The photonic crystal fiber is made by a stacking method, the background material is quartz, and an air hole is missing in the center to form a core for conducting the fundamental mode; the diameter of the first air hole is on the order of microns, and the first air hole, the second The two air holes are circular air holes.
所述第二空气孔内镀有金属薄膜的光子晶体光纤长度为1cm-2cm。The length of the photonic crystal fiber coated with the metal thin film in the second air hole is 1cm-2cm.
为确保良好的表面等离子体共振(Surface Plasmon Resonance，简称SPR)特性，所述金属薄膜为金或银膜，以确保良好的表面等离子体共振特性。In order to ensure good surface plasmon resonance (Surface Plasmon Resonance, referred to as SPR) characteristics, the metal thin film is a gold or silver film, so as to ensure good surface plasmon resonance characteristics.
本发明偏振器的PER大于40dB，带宽达到373nm，可达到长带宽的线偏振输出。本偏振器可以在制作好之后调节温度以调整该器件的偏振特性，表现出在线可调功能。The PER of the polarizer of the invention is greater than 40dB, the bandwidth reaches 373nm, and the linear polarization output with long bandwidth can be achieved. The temperature of the polarizer can be adjusted after fabrication to adjust the polarization characteristics of the device, showing an online adjustable function.
附图说明Description of drawings
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明的技术方案作进一步具体说明。The technical solutions of the present invention will be further specifically described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
图1为本发明所述的一种SPR光子晶体光纤偏振器示意图，图中第一空气孔呈正六边形排列。Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an SPR photonic crystal fiber polarizer according to the present invention, in which the first air holes are arranged in a regular hexagon.
图2为本发明所述的另一种SPR光子晶体光纤偏振器示意图，图中第一空气孔呈正四边形排列。Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of another SPR photonic crystal fiber polarizer according to the present invention, in which the first air holes are arranged in a regular quadrilateral.
图3为本发明所述的再一种SPR光子晶体光纤偏振器示意图，图中第一空气孔呈正八边形排列。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of another SPR photonic crystal fiber polarizer according to the present invention, in which the first air holes are arranged in a regular octagon.
图4为图1所述的SPR光子晶体光纤偏振器的限制损耗随波长的变化曲线。Fig. 4 is a curve of confinement loss versus wavelength of the SPR photonic crystal fiber polarizer described in Fig. 1 .
图5为图1所述的SPR光子晶体光纤偏振器在温敏液体折射率变化时SPR共振峰值的变化曲线。Fig. 5 is a variation curve of the SPR resonance peak of the SPR photonic crystal fiber polarizer shown in Fig. 1 when the refractive index of the temperature-sensitive liquid changes.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
光子晶体光纤采用堆积法制成，背景材料为石英，中央缺失一个空气孔以形成纤芯，用于传导基模。第一空气孔的孔深方向为光纤轴向方向，所述第一空气孔围绕所述纤芯成正多边形分布，如图1所示，本发明所述光子晶体光纤的纤芯1周围环绕三圈六边形第一空气孔。即，每一圈的空气孔排列呈六角排布。如图2所示，本发明所述光子晶体光纤的纤芯1周围环绕三圈正四边形第一空气孔。即，每一圈的空气孔排列呈四角排布。如图3所示，本发明所述光子晶体光纤的纤芯1周围环绕三圈正八边形第一空气孔。即，每一圈的空气孔排列呈八角排布。The photonic crystal fiber is made by the stacking method, the background material is quartz, and an air hole is missing in the center to form a core for conducting the fundamental mode. The hole depth direction of the first air hole is the axial direction of the optical fiber, and the first air hole is distributed in a regular polygon around the core. As shown in Figure 1, the core 1 of the photonic crystal fiber of the present invention is surrounded by three circles Hexagonal first air hole. That is, the air holes in each circle are arranged in a hexagonal arrangement. As shown in FIG. 2 , the core 1 of the photonic crystal fiber of the present invention is surrounded by three circles of regular quadrilateral first air holes. That is, the air holes in each circle are arranged in four corners. As shown in FIG. 3 , the core 1 of the photonic crystal fiber of the present invention is surrounded by three circles of regular octagonal first air holes. That is, the air holes in each circle are arranged in an octagonal arrangement.
图1、图2、图3中，纤芯的有效直径在微米量级。包层由一系列第一空气孔4和两个第二空气孔5构成，使包层有效折射率略低于纤芯，以满足全内反射条件使光约束在纤芯中传导。在第二空气孔5的内壁上利用高压微流化学沉积法、原子沉积法或其它现有方法均匀镀上相同的金属薄膜3，金属薄膜材料选择金或则银，厚度范围20～90nm，优选厚度范围为30-60nm。镀有金属薄膜的光子晶体光纤长度为1cm-2cm。然后利用选择性填充的方法，该选择性填充的方法可参考已公开的中国专利申请号为201310244383.2的专利文献，将温敏液体2填充至第二空气孔5中。填充长度为1-2cm。In Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3, the effective diameter of the fiber core is on the order of microns. The cladding is composed of a series of first air holes 4 and two second air holes 5, so that the effective refractive index of the cladding is slightly lower than that of the fiber core, so as to satisfy the condition of total internal reflection and confine light to conduct in the fiber core. On the inner wall of the second air hole 5, utilize high-pressure microfluidic chemical deposition, atomic deposition or other existing methods to evenly plate the same metal film 3, the material of the metal film is gold or silver, and the thickness range is 20-90nm, preferably The thickness range is 30-60nm. The length of the photonic crystal fiber coated with metal thin film is 1cm-2cm. Then, a selective filling method can be used to fill the temperature-sensitive liquid 2 into the second air hole 5 by referring to the published Chinese patent application No. 201310244383.2. The filling length is 1-2cm.
将制作好的光纤一端与跳线连接，并将其放置在温控仪中。最后接入测试系统，检测本发明偏振器的偏振特性。选用600-1700nm波段的超连续光源，首先经过偏振片起偏，再经过本发明的偏振器，最后通过跳线输出至光谱分析仪，旋转偏振片的角度，持续监测从本发明的偏振器输出光的强度变化。并记录偏振消光比(Polarization Extinction Ratio，简称PER)大于等于40dB对应的波长范围。Connect one end of the prepared optical fiber with a jumper and place it in the temperature controller. Finally, the test system is connected to detect the polarization characteristics of the polarizer of the present invention. Select a supercontinuum light source in the 600-1700nm band, first pass through the polarizer to polarize, then pass through the polarizer of the present invention, and finally output to the spectrum analyzer through a jumper, rotate the angle of the polarizer, and continuously monitor the output from the polarizer of the present invention The intensity of light changes. And record the wavelength range corresponding to the Polarization Extinction Ratio (PER) greater than or equal to 40dB.
结合图1所示，本发明实现偏振的方法是基于以下原理：在金属和温敏介质的圆柱形界面存在有多种阶数的SPP模式。将两个第二金属孔形成的两个金属波导并联耦合，其中零阶SPP模式只可以与沿着金属波导轴向连线方向偏振的模式耦合。在本发明中，将这种级联金属波导结构放置在光子晶体光纤光纤y轴方向时，零阶SPP模式会对光子晶体光纤的纤芯模式提供一种强制性边界条件，使得沿y轴方向偏振的偏振态被损耗，而与其垂直的偏振态即x轴方向偏振的偏振态得以无损耗的传播。此时，x轴便是本发明所述偏振器的起偏轴。As shown in FIG. 1 , the method for realizing polarization in the present invention is based on the following principle: SPP modes of various orders exist at the cylindrical interface between the metal and the temperature-sensitive medium. Two metal waveguides formed by two second metal holes are coupled in parallel, wherein the zero-order SPP mode can only be coupled with the mode polarized along the axial connection direction of the metal waveguide. In the present invention, when this cascaded metal waveguide structure is placed in the y-axis direction of the photonic crystal fiber fiber, the zero-order SPP mode will provide a mandatory boundary condition for the core mode of the photonic crystal fiber, so that along the y-axis direction The polarization state of the polarization is lost, and the polarization state perpendicular to it, that is, the polarization state of the x-axis direction can be transmitted without loss. In this case, the x-axis is the polarizing axis of the polarizer of the present invention.
本发明实现可调在线偏振的方法是基于以下原理：外界温度的变化会影响温敏液体的折射率，如Cargille Laboratories Inc.制备的A系列折射率匹配液，在温度25℃和波长589.3nm下，对应的折射率为1.51，其热敏系数为-0.000404/℃-1，即其折射率随着温度的升高而降低(Vol.35(12)，Optics Letters，2010)。由于零阶SPP模式对于介质折射率的变化敏感，进而影响零阶SPP模式与y轴方向偏振态的SPR峰值的漂移。通过调节温度，便可以实现x轴方向偏振的线偏振光在不同光波段的输出。The method for realizing the adjustable linear polarization of the present invention is based on the following principle: the change of the external temperature will affect the refractive index of the temperature-sensitive liquid, such as the A-series refractive index matching liquid prepared by Cargille Laboratories Inc., at a temperature of 25°C and a wavelength of 589.3nm , the corresponding refractive index is 1.51, and its thermal sensitivity coefficient is -0.000404/°C-1 , that is, its refractive index decreases with the increase of temperature (Vol.35(12), Optics Letters, 2010). Since the zero-order SPP mode is sensitive to changes in the refractive index of the medium, it affects the shift of the zero-order SPP mode and the SPR peak of the polarization state in the y-axis direction. By adjusting the temperature, the output of linearly polarized light polarized in the x-axis direction in different light bands can be realized.
使用全矢量有限元分析法，可以从理论上模拟光通过1厘米长的本发明偏振器后的传输情况。图4表示理论计算所得的在1250-1700nm区间，温敏液体的折射率为1.49时，两个正交模式(x和y)的限制损耗及偏振相关损耗。由图4可知，在波长1302-1675nm范围，本发明偏振器的PER大于40dB，带宽达到373nm，所以可以实现长带宽的线偏振输出。Using the full vector finite element analysis method, the transmission of light after passing through the 1 cm long polarizer of the present invention can be simulated theoretically. Figure 4 shows the confinement loss and polarization-dependent loss of two orthogonal modes (x and y) in the range of 1250-1700 nm obtained from theoretical calculations when the refractive index of the temperature-sensitive liquid is 1.49. It can be seen from FIG. 4 that in the wavelength range of 1302-1675nm, the PER of the polarizer of the present invention is greater than 40dB, and the bandwidth reaches 373nm, so long-bandwidth linear polarization output can be realized.
通过调节温度，改变填充液体的折射率，便可使得共振峰值漂移，进而表现出带宽的可调谐性能。如图5，如采用温敏系数为负数的温敏液体，通过降低温度，使得温敏液体的折射率变为1.52，零阶SPP模式的SPR峰值向长波方向漂移，造成y方向偏振的偏振光损耗能量的波动，导致PER大于40dB相应的带宽变为350nm。By adjusting the temperature and changing the refractive index of the filling liquid, the resonance peak can be shifted, and then the bandwidth can be tuned. As shown in Figure 5, if a temperature-sensitive liquid with a negative temperature-sensitivity coefficient is used, the refractive index of the temperature-sensitive liquid becomes 1.52 by lowering the temperature, and the SPR peak of the zero-order SPP mode shifts to the long-wave direction, resulting in polarized light polarized in the y direction The fluctuation of loss energy causes the corresponding bandwidth of PER greater than 40dB to become 350nm.
综上所述，本偏振器可以在制作好之后调节温度以调整该器件的偏振特性，表现出在线可调功能。In summary, the temperature of the polarizer can be adjusted after fabrication to adjust the polarization characteristics of the device, showing an online tunable function.
最后所应说明的是，以上具体实施方式仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制，尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明进行了详细说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解，可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换，而不脱离本发明技术方案的精神和范围，其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。Finally, it should be noted that the above specific embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention can be Modifications or equivalent replacements of the technical solutions without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention shall fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
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| CN201410840395.6ACN104536084A (en) | 2014-12-29 | 2014-12-29 | Photonic crystal fiber polarizer |
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| CN201410840395.6ACN104536084A (en) | 2014-12-29 | 2014-12-29 | Photonic crystal fiber polarizer |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | Application publication date:20150422 |