技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种微网运行优化技术，特别涉及一种基于充放储一体化电站调度的微网经济运行方法。The invention relates to a micro-grid operation optimization technology, in particular to a micro-grid economical operation method based on charging, discharging and storage integrated power station scheduling.
背景技术Background technique
电动汽车(EV,electric vehicle)作为我国战略性新兴产业得到大力发展，未来规模化电动汽车通过电网直接充电并不能有效降低碳排放，摆脱或减轻对化石燃料的依赖。将电动汽车接入微网，并进行集群充放电控制，将取得诸多效益：1）通过可再生能源与充放电设施有机集成，提高电动汽车清洁能源利用率，降低碳排放量；2）将众多动力电池组成具有一定储能容量的电动汽车充换电站(BCSS, Battery Charge-Swap Station)，方便统一控制管理，减小大量电动汽车接入微网产生的负面效应；3）有效发挥动力电池(PB, power battery)的储能能力，使微网更加灵活可控，提高可再生能源接纳能力。而如果将储能电站(ESS, Energy Storage Station)和电动汽车充换电站建在一起，组成融合了充电站、换电站和储能站功能的电动汽车充放储一体化电站(CDSIS, Charging-Discharging-Storage Integrated Station)，不仅节省建设投资，方便检修维护，而且动力电池处于闲置状态可为储能站提供调节容量支撑，不能满足动力需求后可回收为储能电池(SB, Storage Battery)梯次使用，从而提高了利用效率。对于储能站而言，通过灵活控制，为充换站提供安全稳定的充放电环境，延长了动力电池的池使用寿命。因此，建设充放储一体化电站可以提高储能站和充换站的综合效益。Electric vehicle (EV, electric vehicle) has been vigorously developed as a strategic emerging industry in my country. In the future, direct charging of large-scale electric vehicles through the grid will not effectively reduce carbon emissions and get rid of or reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Connecting electric vehicles to the microgrid and performing cluster charging and discharging control will achieve many benefits: 1) through the organic integration of renewable energy and charging and discharging facilities, the utilization rate of clean energy for electric vehicles will be improved and carbon emissions will be reduced; 2) many The power battery constitutes an electric vehicle charging and swapping station (BCSS, Battery Charge-Swap Station) with a certain energy storage capacity, which is convenient for unified control and management, and reduces the negative effects of a large number of electric vehicles connected to the micro-grid; 3) Effectively utilize the power battery ( The energy storage capacity of PB, power battery) makes the microgrid more flexible and controllable, and improves the ability to accept renewable energy. And if the energy storage station (ESS, Energy Storage Station) and the electric vehicle charging and swapping station are built together, an electric vehicle charging and discharging integrated power station (CDSIS, Charging- Discharging-Storage Integrated Station), not only saves construction investment, but also facilitates maintenance and maintenance, and the power battery can provide adjustment capacity support for the energy storage station in an idle state, and can be recycled as an energy storage battery (SB, Storage Battery) ladder if it cannot meet the power demand use, thereby improving utilization efficiency. For the energy storage station, through flexible control, it provides a safe and stable charging and discharging environment for the charging station, prolonging the service life of the power battery. Therefore, the construction of integrated charge-discharge-storage power stations can improve the comprehensive benefits of energy storage stations and charge-swap stations.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明是针对电动汽车充换站和储能站建在一起协调调度具体有很高的优越性问题，提出了一种基于充放储一体化电站调度的微网经济运行方法，通过对储能站和充换站协调优化调度，实现微网经济运行，并使得储能站和换电站相互提供支撑。Aiming at the problem that electric vehicle charging and swapping stations and energy storage stations are built together for coordination and dispatching, the present invention proposes a micro-grid economical operation method based on charging, discharging and storage integrated power station dispatching, through energy storage The energy storage station and the charging and swapping station coordinate and optimize scheduling to realize the economical operation of the micro-grid, and make the energy storage station and the swapping station provide mutual support.
本发明的技术方案为：一种基于充放储一体化电站调度的微网经济运行方法，将电动汽车充换电站和蓄电池储能站组合在一起构成充放储一体化电站，即CDSIS，并接入微网，CDSIS作为储能系统整体优化其有功无功出力，同时协调调度内部蓄电池储能站ESS和电动汽车充换电站BCSS充放电；根据峰谷时段电价差异，运行周期一天分为24个时段进行优化，优化联络线交互功率和燃料电池FC出力，调度CDSIS低储高发套利，具体调度策略如下：The technical solution of the present invention is: a micro-grid economical operation method based on the scheduling of integrated charge-discharge-storage power stations, combining electric vehicle charging-swap stations and battery energy storage stations to form charge-discharge-storage integrated power stations, namely CDSIS, and Connected to the micro-grid, CDSIS, as an energy storage system, optimizes its active and reactive output as a whole, and at the same time coordinates and dispatches the charging and discharging of the internal battery energy storage station ESS and the electric vehicle charging and swapping station BCSS; according to the difference in electricity prices during peak and valley periods, the operating cycle is divided into 24 Optimizing each time period, optimizing the interactive power of the contact line and the output of the fuel cell FC, and scheduling CDSIS arbitrage with low storage and high generation. The specific scheduling strategy is as follows:
1）对于光伏和风机优先利用其出力并跟踪控制最大功率输出；微型燃气轮机采取以热定电方式，由热负荷确定输出电功率；1) For photovoltaics and wind turbines, the output is preferentially used and the maximum power output is tracked and controlled; the micro gas turbine adopts the method of thermally determining the power, and the output power is determined by the thermal load;
2）每一时段：在不安排FC有功出力的情况下对微网系统进行潮流计算，若能满足潮流约束，则根据调度需求决定FC是否输出有功，否则安排FC有功无功同时出力；2) Each time period: Perform power flow calculation on the microgrid system without arranging FC active power output. If the power flow constraints can be met, then determine whether FC output active power according to scheduling requirements, or arrange FC active and reactive power output at the same time;
3）低电价且微网负荷较轻时段：CDSIS在满足荷电量及功率约束下优先充电；3) Periods with low electricity prices and light microgrid loads: CDSIS gives priority to charging under the constraints of charging capacity and power;
4）平电价且负荷较重时段：优先利用联络线功率满足负荷需求，比较高电价和储发成本：若储发成本较高，则CDSIS不安排充电且联络线功率不能满足的负荷由CDSIS优先补充；若储发成本较低，则在满足负荷需求后优先调用储发成本较低的微源对CDSIS继续充电；4) Periods with flat electricity prices and heavy loads: Priority is given to using tie-line power to meet load demand, and higher electricity prices and storage and distribution costs: if storage and generation costs are high, CDSIS will not arrange charging and the loads that cannot be satisfied by tie-line power will be given priority by CDSIS Supplement; if the cost of storage and distribution is low, after the load demand is met, the micro-source with lower storage and distribution cost will be called first to continue charging CDSIS;
5）高电价且负荷较重时段：在满足功率和荷电量约束下优先调用CDSIS放电；比较高电价和FC发电成本，若FC发电成本较低，则在满足FC功率约束下增加FC有功出力，否则FC只需维持系统有功无功平衡；5) Periods with high electricity prices and heavy loads: when the constraints of power and charge are satisfied, the CDSIS discharge is given priority; compare the high electricity prices and the cost of FC power generation, and if the cost of FC power generation is low, increase the active output of FC under the constraints of FC power. Otherwise, FC only needs to maintain the active and reactive power balance of the system;
6）优化周期末时段：判断CDSIS当前荷电状态，在满足功率约束下安排充、放电，并协调调度BCSS和ESS，使CDSIS实现周期始末荷电量平衡；6) Optimize the period at the end of the cycle: judge the current state of charge of CDSIS, arrange charging and discharging under power constraints, and coordinate the scheduling of BCSS and ESS, so that CDSIS can realize the balance of charge at the beginning and end of the cycle;
ESS、BCSS协调调度策略：ESS and BCSS coordinate scheduling strategy:
a）负荷较轻且低电价时段：调度CDSIS充电时，优先安排BCSS充电，以满足后续时段换电需求；a) Periods with light load and low electricity price: When scheduling CDSIS charging, prioritize BCSS charging to meet the demand for battery replacement in subsequent periods;
b）负荷较重且平电价时段：调度CDSIS充电时，根据BCSS调度策略，若BCSS需要优先充电则优先安排BCSS充电，否则安排ESS优先充电；调度CDSIS放电时，优先安排ESS放电，以减少动力电池的充放电次数；b) Period with heavy load and flat electricity price: when scheduling CDSIS charging, according to BCSS scheduling strategy, if BCSS needs to be charged first, then BCSS charging is given priority, otherwise ESS is given priority charging; when CDSIS is scheduled to discharge, ESS is given priority to discharge to reduce power The number of charge and discharge times of the battery;
c）周期末时段：优先优化BCSS使其接近初始运行状态，然后安排ESS在满足功率和荷电量约束下充、放电，实现CDSIS周期始末荷电量平衡。c) Period at the end of the cycle: Prioritize the optimization of the BCSS to make it close to the initial operating state, and then arrange for the ESS to be charged and discharged under the constraints of power and charge to achieve a balance of charge at the beginning and end of the CDSIS cycle.
所述BCSS调度策略：为满足BCSS内动力电池充放电的持续性，采用滑动窗口法安排动力电池充放电，如下：The BCSS scheduling strategy: In order to meet the continuity of charging and discharging of the power battery in the BCSS, the sliding window method is used to arrange the charging and discharging of the power battery, as follows:
1）取时间窗口为W=NPBSOC*△t，即动力电池持续充放电的时间尺度，NPBSOC为在线动力电池分组数，在线动力电池为正在充电或放电的动力电池，1) Take the time window asW=NPBSOC* △t , which is the time scale for continuous charging and discharging of the power battery.NPBSOC is the number of online power battery groups, and the online power battery is the power battery that is being charged or discharged.
式中，SOCPB,max和SOCPB,min分别为动力电池最大最小荷电状态；EPB,cap、PPB,ch-dis分别为动力电池额定荷电量和恒定充放电功率；In the formula,SOCPB,max andSOCPB,min are the maximum and minimum states of charge of the power battery, respectively;EPB,cap ,PPB,ch-dis are the rated charge capacity and constant charge and discharge power of the power battery, respectively;
2）进入时段t，计算此时段需要开启充电来满足t+W时段换电需求的动力电池数，如下：2) Enter the time periodt , calculate the number of power batteries that need to be charged at this time period to meet the demand for battery replacement during thet+W period, as follows:
式中：nneed,exch(t)、nfull(t) 、ni,ch(t)分别为时段t内的换电需求、满充动力电池数及荷电状态处于第i组且正在充电的动力电池数；In the formula:nneed,exch(t), nfull(t) and ni,ch(t) are respectively the demand for battery replacement within the time periodt , the number of fully charged power batteries, and the state of charge in thei-th group and charging The number of power batteries;
3）在满足换电需求的前提下，计算滑动窗口W内的平均电价以决策BCSS充、放电：若平均电价低于优先充电电价则BCSS优先充电；若平均电价等于高电价，说明整个时间窗口处于高电价时段，BCSS优先放电；若平均电价大于优先充电电价且不大于平电价，则扩大滑动窗口为1.5W并计算1.5W平均电价，若此时窗口平均电价变大，说明后续时段电价升高，则BCSS优先充电，否则只需满足换电需求；3) On the premise of meeting the demand for power exchange, calculate the average electricity price within the sliding window W to decide the charge and discharge of BCSS: If the average electricity price is lower than the priority charging electricity price, BCSS will give priority to charging; If the average electricity price is equal to the high electricity price, it means that the entire time window is in the high electricity price period, and the BCSS discharges preferentially; If the average electricity price is greater than the priority charging electricity price and not greater than the flat electricity price, then expand the sliding window to 1.5W and calculate the average electricity price of 1.5W. Need to meet the needs of battery replacement;
4）每一时段末，将待充和满充动力电池分别编号放入相应队列，将时间窗口后移，优化下一时段。在优化周期末时段，优化BCSS充放电使其接近初始运行状态。4) At the end of each time period, the power batteries to be charged and fully charged are numbered and put into corresponding queues, and the time window is moved backward to optimize the next time period. At the end of the optimization period, the charge and discharge of the BCSS is optimized to make it close to the initial operating state.
本发明的有益效果在于：本发明基于充放储一体化电站调度的微网经济运行方法，将电动汽车通过充换电站接入微网，提高了可再生能源的利用率；将充换电站和储能站协调配合，为动力电池提供较为稳定的充放电环境，且动力电池梯次利用提高了动力电池利用效率，同时动力电池为储能站提供可调节容量支撑，实现双赢。The beneficial effect of the present invention is that: the present invention is based on the micro-grid economic operation method of charging-discharging-storage integrated power station dispatching, connects electric vehicles to the micro-grid through the charging and swapping station, and improves the utilization rate of renewable energy; The energy storage station coordinates and cooperates to provide a relatively stable charging and discharging environment for the power battery, and the cascade utilization of the power battery improves the utilization efficiency of the power battery. At the same time, the power battery provides adjustable capacity support for the energy storage station, achieving a win-win situation.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明充放储一体化电站各模型及关系图；Fig. 1 is each model and relationship diagram of the charging-discharging-storage integrated power station of the present invention;
图2为本发明滑动窗口法示意图；Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the sliding window method of the present invention;
图3为本发明荷电量上下限、分时电价、CDSIS荷电量优化曲线图；Fig. 3 is the optimization curve diagram of the upper and lower limits of the charging capacity, the time-of-use electricity price, and the CDSIS charging capacity of the present invention;
图4为本发明有功优化结果图；Fig. 4 is active power optimization result figure of the present invention;
图5为本发明分时电价、滑动窗口平均电价及BCSS充放电标记图；Fig. 5 is a time-of-use electricity price, a sliding window average electricity price, and a BCSS charging and discharging sign diagram of the present invention;
图6为本发明换电需求和动力电池优化结果图；Fig. 6 is a diagram of the power exchange requirement and power battery optimization results of the present invention;
图7为本发明微网结构图。Fig. 7 is a structure diagram of the microgrid of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明通过将电动汽车充换电站和蓄电池储能站组合在一起构成充放储一体化电站，并接入微网。将一体化电站作为整体参与微网经济优化调度，并根据充换站和储能站的不同特性需求，协调一体化电站充放电功率在储能站和充换站之间的分配。In the present invention, an electric vehicle charging and swapping station and a storage battery energy storage station are combined to form a charging, discharging and storing integrated power station, which is connected to a microgrid. Take the integrated power station as a whole to participate in the micro-grid economic optimization dispatch, and coordinate the distribution of the charging and discharging power of the integrated power station between the energy storage station and the charging and swapping station according to the different characteristic requirements of the charging and swapping station and the energy storage station.
本发明的技术方案如下：Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
一、 微网系统建模：1. Microgrid system modeling:
1、充放储一体化电站(CDSIS)系统模型，关于CDSIS各模型及关系如附图1所示。具体分析如下：1. The system model of charge-discharge-storage-integrated power station (CDSIS), and the models and relationships of CDSIS are shown in Figure 1. The specific analysis is as follows:
1）CDSIS运行模型1) CDSIS operation model
假设CDSIS内的动力电池和储能电池均为铅酸蓄电池，因此将CDSIS系统作为整体来描述其荷电状态模型和运行损耗模型。It is assumed that the power battery and energy storage battery in CDSIS are both lead-acid batteries, so the CDSIS system is taken as a whole to describe its state of charge model and operating loss model.
A:CDSIS系统荷电状态模型A: CDSIS system state of charge model
CDSIS在时段末t的荷电状态模型表示如下：The state of charge model of CDSIS at the end of time periodt is expressed as follows:
式中:SOC(t)为t时段末的荷电状态，SOC(t-1) 为上一时刻t-1段末的荷电状态，单位量纲；Pc(t)、Pd(t)分别为t时段内充、电放电功率；△E为单位时间内自损耗的电能；ηch、ηdis分别为充电、放电效率；Ecap为总容量；ωc与ωd为充放电控制标志，充电或放电时ωc+ωd=1，浮充时ωc+ωd=0。荷电状态SOC(t)与剩余电量E(t)关系为：E(t)=SOC(t)xEcap。为防止蓄电池过充过放影响使用寿命，设定最大、最小荷电状态SOCmax、SOCmin。In the formula:SOC(t) is the state of charge at the end of periodt ,SOC (t- 1) is the state of charge at the end of periodt- 1 at the previous moment, unit dimension;Pc(t) ,Pd(t ) are the charging and discharging power in the time periodt ; △E is the self-consumption electric energy per unit time;ηchand ηdis are the charging and discharging efficiency respectively;Ecap is the total capacity;ωc andωd are the charge and discharge control sign,ωc +ωd= 1 when charging or discharging, andωc +ωd= 0 when floating charging. The relationship between the state of chargeSOC(t) and the remaining capacityE(t) is:E(t)=SOC(t) xEcap . In order to prevent battery overcharge and overdischarge from affecting service life, set the maximum and minimum state of chargeSOCmax andSOCmin .
B:CDSIS运行损耗模型B: CDSIS operation loss model
铅酸蓄电池在低荷电水平以及极小充电电流下使用，寿命损耗变大，针对以上因素对蓄电池使用寿命的影响，建立了CDSIS系统充放电损耗成本模型：When the lead-acid battery is used at a low charge level and a very small charging current, the life loss becomes larger. Aiming at the impact of the above factors on the battery life, a CDSIS system charge and discharge loss cost model is established:
式中：Cinit为蓄电池购买投资成本，N为循环充放电次数，可见蓄电池充放电寿命损耗成本 (Cch、Cdis)由充、放电成本系数(lch、ldis)决定，而充、放电成本系数由充放电始末荷电状态(SOCstart、SOCend)和充、放电影响因子(kch，kdis)以及充电功率影响因子(kpower)所决定。该模型表明：蓄电池的荷电水平越低，放电深度越大，损耗越大；当充电处于小功率运行时，kpower将会对λch产生影响。In the formula:Cinit is the investment cost of battery purchase,N is the number of charge and discharge cycles, it can be seen that the life loss cost of battery charge and discharge(Cch ,Cdis) is determined by the charge and discharge cost coefficients(lch, ldis) , and charge, discharge The discharge cost coefficient is determined by the state of charge(SOCstart ,SOCend) at the beginning and end of charge and discharge, the charge and discharge influence factors(kch ,kdis) and the charge power influence factor(kpower) . The model shows that: the lower the charge level of the battery, the greater the discharge depth and the greater the loss; when the charge is running at low power,kpower will have an impact onλch .
C: 电动汽车充换电站BCSS充放电模型C: Electric vehicle charging and swapping station BCSS charging and discharging model
对BCSS内的动力电池做两项设定：1）充、放电功率恒定且数值上相等；2）充、放电一旦开启将持续到该过程结束。因此BCSS充放电模型为：Make two settings for the power battery in the BCSS: 1) The charging and discharging power is constant and equal in value; 2) Once the charging and discharging are turned on, they will continue until the end of the process. Therefore, the BCSS charge and discharge model is:
式中：nPB,ch、nPB,dis分别为正在充、放电的动力电池数；PPB,ch、 PPB,dis分别为动力电池的充、放电功率，为恒定值；可见BCSS的充、放电功率PBCSS,ch、PBCSS,dis均为离散值。In the formula:nPB,ch, nPB,dis are the number of power batteries being charged and discharged respectively;PPB,ch, PPB,dis are the charging and discharging power of the power battery respectively, which are constant values; , discharge powerPBCSS,chand PBCSS,dis are all discrete values.
D:BCSS换电需求模型D: BCSS battery replacement demand model
假设BCSS只为家用电动汽车提供换电服务，且所有的动力电池为同一标准。车辆日行驶里程近似为对数正态分布，其概率密度函数为：Assume that BCSS only provides battery replacement services for household electric vehicles, and all power batteries are of the same standard. The daily mileage of vehicles is approximately log-normal distribution, and its probability density function is:
式中：σD=3.20，μD=0.88；x为行驶距离。由式(5)可计算电动汽车日行驶距离的期望为：In the formula:σD= 3.20,μD= 0.88; x is the driving distance. According to formula (5), the expected daily driving distance of electric vehicles can be calculated as:
根据当前家用电动汽车的发展水平，假设每百公里耗电量为10kWh，该微网内有NEV辆家用电动汽车，则每天的电量需求为0.1E(x)NEV。家用电动汽车一天的换电概率分布可认为与充电需求概率分布相似，并服从正态分布N(13,6)。According to the current development level of household electric vehicles, assuming that the power consumption per 100 kilometers is 10kWh and there areNEV household electric vehicles in the microgrid, the daily electricity demand is 0.1E(x)NEV . The probability distribution of battery replacement for household electric vehicles in a day can be considered to be similar to the probability distribution of charging demand, and obey the normal distributionN (13,6).
2)CDSIS优化模型2) CDSIS optimization model
A:储发成本A: Storage cost
储发成本(Cch-dis)由充电电价成本、充放电效率损耗成本和蓄电池充放电寿命损耗成本构成,表示如下：The cost of storage and distribution(Cch-dis) is composed of charging electricity price cost, charge and discharge efficiency loss cost and battery charge and discharge life loss cost, expressed as follows:
式中：CG为微源单位电量成本（亦将联络线作为微源，CG即为电价）；ηch、ηdis分别为充、放电效率；Cch、Cdis分别为蓄电池充放电寿命损耗成本，参见公式(2)。In the formula:CG is the unit electricity cost of the micro-source (the connection line is also used as the micro-source, andCG is the electricity price);ηch andηdis are the charging and discharging efficiencies respectively;Cchand Cdis are the charging and discharging life of the battery respectively Loss cost, see formula (2).
B:BCSS动力电池分类B: BCSS power battery classification
根据BCSS内动力电池功率交互状态将正在充电或放电的动力电池称为在线动力电池，将待充或满充的动力电池称为离线动力电池。According to the power interaction state of the power battery in the BCSS, the power battery being charged or discharged is called an online power battery, and the power battery to be charged or fully charged is called an offline power battery.
a）在线动力电池分组a) Online power battery grouping
为方便判断在线动力电池组的荷电状态，将其分为NPBSOC组，表达式如下：In order to facilitate the judgment of the state of charge of the online power battery pack, it is divided intoNPBSOC groups, and the expression is as follows:
式中，SOCPB,max和SOCPB,min分别为动力电池最大最小荷电状态；EPB,cap、PPB,ch-dis分别为动力电池额定荷电量和恒定充放电功率。由式(8)可知第i(i=1,….,NPBSOC)组动力电池的荷电状态范围为(SOCPB,i, SOCPB,i+1]，其中:In the formula,SOCPB,max andSOCPB,min are the maximum and minimum states of charge of the power battery, respectively;EPB,cap ,PPB,ch-dis are the rated charge capacity and constant charge and discharge power of the power battery, respectively. From formula (8), it can be seen that the range of the state of charge ofthe i-th (i=1,...,NPBSOC ) group of power batteries is (SOCPB,i,SOCPB,i+1 ], where:
式中:△SOCPB为单位时间内动力电池的荷电状态变化量。可知，时段t内第i组的动力电池有两种状态：充电进入第i+1组或满充状态；放电进入第i-1组或待充状态。In the formula: △SOCPB is the amount of change in the state of charge of the power battery per unit time. It can be seen that the power battery of the i-th group in the time periodt has two states: charging into thei+ 1th group or fully charged state; discharging into thei- 1th group or waiting to be charged.
根据在线动力电池分组可以将各个时段内的换电约束描述如下：According to the online power battery grouping, the battery replacement constraints in each period can be described as follows:
式中：ni,ch(t)、nfull(t)、nneed(t)分别为时段t内的处于i组正在充电的动力电池数、满充动力电池数和换电需求量。由式(10)可知，n=1时，t时段内第NPBSOC组的动力电池完成充电可满足t+1时段换电需求；n=2时，NPSOC-1组的动力电池可满足t+2时段换电需求，以此类推满足了整个周期的换电需求。In the formula:ni,ch(t), nfull(t), and nneed(t) are the number of power batteries being charged, the number of fully charged power batteries and the demand for power replacement in groupi within the time periodt , respectively. It can be seen from formula (10) that when n=1, the power battery ofthe NthPBSOC group within thet period can meet the power replacement demand ofthe t+ 1 period; when n=2, the power battery ofthe NPSOC- 1 group can meetthe t + 2. The demand for power replacement in time periods, and so on, can meet the power replacement needs of the entire cycle.
b）离线动力电池队列b) Offline power battery queue
为避免动力电池频繁转换充放状态影响使用寿命，对满充动力电池和待充动力电池分别编号并形成队列，按照充满后进入队列的先后顺序调度使用。In order to prevent power batteries from frequently switching charging and discharging states from affecting service life, fully charged power batteries and power batteries to be charged are numbered separately and formed into queues, and scheduled for use according to the order in which they enter the queue after being fully charged.
2、微网运行优化目标2. Micro-grid operation optimization goals
经济效益是微网吸引用户并使其在电力系统中得以推广的关键因素，为降低运行成本，重点考虑利用峰谷时段电价差异，引导CDSIS低电价时段充电，高电价时段放电实现套利。Economic benefit is the key factor for microgrid to attract users and promote it in the power system. In order to reduce operating costs, it is important to use the difference in electricity prices during peak and valley periods to guide CDSIS to charge during low electricity price periods and discharge during high electricity price periods to achieve arbitrage.
制定时段t内微网运行虚拟成本C*(t)描述如下：The virtual costC*(t) of microgrid operation within the specified time periodt is described as follows:
式中： C(t)为时段t内微网实际成本；PCDSIS≤0表示CDSIS充电，此时虚拟成本为实际成本减去预期收益（C*income(t)，即此时对CDSIS充电电量期望在高电价时段售出获得的收益），pmax为高电价，Cch-dis(t)为储发成本；PCDSIS(t)>0表示CDSIS放电，此时虚拟成本为实际成本加上预期损失（C*loss(t)，即此时对CDSIS放电的电量不能在高电价时段售出造成的损失），p(t)为时段t的电价。公式（11）中微网时段t内的运行成本C(t)表示为：In the formula:C(t) is the actual cost of the microgrid in the time periodt ;PCDSIS≤ 0 means CDSIS charging, at this time the virtual cost is the actual cost minus the expected income (C*income(t) , that is, the charging power of CDSIS at this time Expected income from selling during high electricity price period),pmax is high electricity price,Cch-dis(t) is the cost of storage and distribution;PCDSIS(t) >0 means CDSIS discharge, at this time the virtual cost is the actual cost plus Expected loss (C*loss(t) , that is, the loss caused by the electricity discharged to CDSIS at this time cannot be sold during the high electricity price period),p(t) is the electricity price of periodt . In the formula (11), the operating costC(t) of the microgrid within the time periodt is expressed as:
式中：Cf(t)、CDP(t)、COM(t)、Ce(t)、Cgrid(t)分别为时段t内各微源的燃料成本、投资折旧成本、运行维护成本、环境成本、微网与外网功率交互成本；其中Cgrid(t)表示为：Cgrid(t)=Pgrid(t)×p(t)，Pgrid(t)、p(t)分别为t时段内微网和外网联络线有功交互功率及电价，Pgrid(t)>0表示微网从外网购电，Pgrid(t)<0表示微网向外网售电。假设微网能够满足内部热、电负荷需求和换电需求，因此不考虑热、电收益和换电收益。where:Cf(t) ,CDP(t) ,COM(t) ,Ce(t) , andCgrid (t) are the fuel cost, investment depreciation cost, operation and maintenance Cost, environmental cost, power interaction cost between microgrid and external network; whereCgrid(t) is expressed as:Cgrid(t) =Pgrid(t) ×p(t) ,Pgrid(t) ,p(t) are the active interactive power and electricity price of the connection line between the microgrid and the external grid during the periodt , respectively.Pgrid(t) >0 means that the microgrid purchases electricity from the external grid, andPgrid(t) <0 means that the microgrid sells electricity to the external grid. It is assumed that the micro-grid can meet the internal heat, electricity load demand and power exchange demand, so the heat, electricity income and electricity exchange income are not considered.
由式（11-12）可知，CDSIS在电价较低时充电越多，预期收益越大，虚拟成本越小，从而为高电价售电获利提供更多电量支撑；CDSIS放电时的电价越高，预期损失越小，虚拟成本越小，从而较大程度的使预期收益成为实际收益，因此制定时段t内阶段优化目标为：From Equation (11-12), it can be seen that the more CDSIS charges when the electricity price is low, the greater the expected income and the smaller the virtual cost, thus providing more power support for the profit of electricity sales at high electricity prices; the higher the electricity price when CDSIS discharges , the smaller the expected loss, the smaller the virtual cost, so that the expected income can be turned into the actual income to a greater extent. Therefore, the stage optimization goal within the time periodt is formulated as:
式（14）即为优化目标，通过对每个阶段的优化进而降低整个周期运行成本。Equation (14) is the optimization objective, through the optimization of each stage to reduce the operating cost of the entire cycle.
3、考虑的约束条件3. Constraints considered
1）CDSIS系统运行约束1) CDSIS system operation constraints
式中:PCDSIS,ch,min、PCDSIS,ch,max、PCDSIS,dis,min、PCDSIS,dis,max分别为CDSIS系统最小、最大充电功率，最小、最大放电功率；SCDSIS,inv,max、QCDSIS(t)为CDSIS逆变器额定容量和无功功率。In the formula: PCDSIS,ch,min , PCDSIS,ch,max , PCDSIS,dis,min , PCDSIS,dis,max are the minimum and maximum charging power, minimum and maximum discharging power of the CDSIS system respectively; SCDSIS,inv ,max , QCDSIS (t) are the rated capacity and reactive power of the CDSIS inverter.
2）燃料电池(FC)运行约束2) Fuel cell (FC) operating constraints
式中：PFC,min、PFC,max分别为燃料电池最小、最大有功出力；PFC(t)、QFC(t)分别为时段t内燃料电池交流侧的有功、无功功率；SFCinv,max为燃料电池逆变器额定容量。In the formula:PFC,minand PFC,max are the minimum and maximum active output of the fuel cell respectively;PFC(t) and QFC(t) are the active and reactive power of the AC side of the fuel cell in the time periodt ;SFCinv,max is the rated capacity of the fuel cell inverter.
二、基于CDSIS调度的微网经济运行策略2. Microgrid economic operation strategy based on CDSIS scheduling
为提高微网并网方式下整个运行周期的经济效益，不仅要考虑一个时间段内的机组组合和电能调度，还需要考虑不同时段间的耦合关系。将CDSIS作为储能系统整体优化其有功无功出力，同时协调调度内部ESS和BCSS充放电。运行周期一天分为24个时段进行优化。In order to improve the economic benefits of the entire operation cycle under the grid-connected mode of the microgrid, not only the unit combination and power scheduling within a period of time must be considered, but also the coupling relationship between different periods of time must be considered. Using CDSIS as an energy storage system as a whole optimizes its active and reactive power output, and at the same time coordinates and schedules the charging and discharging of internal ESS and BCSS. The operation cycle is divided into 24 periods for optimization in one day.
1、CDSIS调度策略1. CDSIS scheduling strategy
根据峰谷时段电价差异，优化联络线交互功率和燃料电池FC出力，调度CDSIS低储高发套利。优化调度策略如下：According to the difference in electricity prices during peak and valley periods, the interactive power of the tie line and the output of the fuel cell FC are optimized, and CDSIS is dispatched for arbitrage with low storage and high generation. The optimal scheduling strategy is as follows:
1）对于光伏和风机优先利用其出力并跟踪控制最大功率输出；微型燃气轮机采取以热定电方式，由热负荷确定输出电功率。1) For photovoltaics and wind turbines, the output is prioritized and the maximum power output is tracked and controlled; the micro gas turbine adopts a heat-fixed electricity method, and the output electric power is determined by the heat load.
2）每一时段：在不安排FC有功出力的情况下对微网系统进行潮流计算，若能满足潮流约束，则根据调度需求决定FC是否输出有功，否则安排FC有功无功同时出力。2) Each time period: Perform power flow calculation on the microgrid system without arranging FC active power output. If the power flow constraints can be met, then determine whether FC output active power according to scheduling requirements, or arrange FC active and reactive power output at the same time.
3）低电价且微网负荷较轻时段：CDSIS在满足荷电量及功率约束下优先充电。3) Period of low electricity price and light microgrid load: CDSIS gives priority to charging under the constraints of charge capacity and power.
4）平电价且负荷较重时段：优先利用联络线功率满足负荷需求。比较高电价和储发成本：若储发成本较高，则CDSIS不安排充电且联络线功率不能满足的负荷由CDSIS优先补充；若储发成本较低，则在满足负荷需求后优先调用储发成本较低的微源对CDSIS继续充电。4) Periods with flat electricity prices and heavy loads: priority is given to using tie-line power to meet load demands. High electricity price and storage cost: if the storage cost is high, CDSIS will not arrange charging and the load that cannot be satisfied by the tie line power will be supplemented by CDSIS; if the storage cost is low, the storage will be called first after the load demand is met The lower-cost micro-source continues to charge the CDSIS.
5）高电价且负荷较重时段：在满足功率和荷电量约束下优先调用CDSIS放电；比较高电价和FC发电成本，若FC发电成本较低，则在满足FC功率约束下增加FC有功出力，否则FC只需维持系统有功无功平衡。5) Periods with high electricity prices and heavy loads: when the constraints of power and charge are satisfied, the CDSIS discharge is given priority; compare the high electricity prices and the cost of FC power generation, and if the cost of FC power generation is low, increase the active output of FC under the constraints of FC power. Otherwise, FC only needs to maintain the active and reactive power balance of the system.
6）末时段：判断CDSIS当前荷电状态，在满足功率约束下安排充、放电，并协调调度BCSS和ESS，使CDSIS实现周期始末荷电量平衡。6) End period: Judging the current state of charge of CDSIS, arranging charging and discharging under power constraints, and coordinating the scheduling of BCSS and ESS, so that CDSIS can realize the balance of charge at the beginning and end of the cycle.
2、BCSS调度策略2. BCSS scheduling strategy
为满足BCSS内动力电池充放电的持续性，采用滑动窗口法安排动力电池充放电。调度策略描述如下：In order to meet the continuity of charging and discharging of the power battery in the BCSS, the sliding window method is used to arrange the charging and discharging of the power battery. The scheduling policy is described as follows:
1）取时间窗口为W=NPBSOC*△t，即动力电池持续充放电的时间尺度，NPBSOC为在线动力电池分组数参见公式(8)。滑动窗口附图2所示。1) Take the time window asW=NPBSOC* △t , which is the time scale for continuous charging and discharging of the power battery, andNPBSOC is the number of online power battery groups, see formula (8). The sliding window is shown in Figure 2.
2）进入时段t，计算此时段需要开启充电来满足t+W时段换电需求的动力电池数，描述如下：2) Enter the time periodt , calculate the number of power batteries that need to be charged at this time period to meet the demand for battery replacement during thet+W period, and describe as follows:
式中：nneed,exch(t)、nfull(t) 、ni,ch(t)分别为时段t内的换电需求、满充动力电池数及荷电状态处于第i组且正在充电的动力电池数。In the formula:nneed,exch(t), nfull(t) and ni,ch(t) are respectively the demand for battery replacement within the time periodt , the number of fully charged power batteries, and the state of charge in thei-th group and charging number of power batteries.
3）在满足换电需求的前提下，计算滑动窗口W内的平均电价以决策BCSS充、放电：若平均电价低于优先充电电价（取0.3元）则BCSS优先充电；若平均电价等于高电价，说明整个时间窗口处于高电价时段，BCSS优先放电；若平均电价大于优先充电电价且不大于平电价，则扩大滑动窗口为1.5W并计算1.5W平均电价，若此时窗口平均电价变大，说明后续时段电价升高，则BCSS优先充电，否则只需满足换电需求。3) On the premise of meeting the demand for power exchange, calculate the average electricity price within the sliding window W to decide the charge and discharge of BCSS: If the average electricity price is lower than the priority charging electricity price (take 0.3 yuan), BCSS will give priority to charging; If the average electricity price is equal to the high electricity price, it means that the entire time window is in the high electricity price period, and the BCSS discharges preferentially; If the average electricity price is greater than the priority charging electricity price and not greater than the flat electricity price, then expand the sliding window to 1.5W and calculate the average electricity price of 1.5W. Need to meet the demand for power replacement.
4）每一时段末，将待充和满充动力电池分别编号放入相应队列，将时间窗口后移，优化下一时段。在优化周期末时段，优化BCSS充放电使其接近初始运行状态。4) At the end of each time period, the power batteries to be charged and fully charged are numbered and put into corresponding queues, and the time window is moved backward to optimize the next time period. At the end of the optimization period, the charge and discharge of the BCSS is optimized to make it close to the initial operating state.
2、ESS、BCSS协调调度策略2. ESS and BCSS coordinate scheduling strategy
1）负荷较轻且低电价时段：调度CDSIS充电时，优先安排BCSS充电，以满足后续时段换电需求。1) Periods with light loads and low electricity prices: When dispatching CDSIS charging, prioritize BCSS charging to meet the demand for battery replacement in subsequent periods.
2）负荷较重且平电价时段：调度CDSIS充电时，根据BCSS调度策略，若BCSS需要优先充电则优先安排BCSS充电，否则安排ESS优先充电；调度CDSIS放电时，优先安排ESS放电，以减少动力电池的充放电次数。2) Period with heavy load and flat electricity price: when scheduling CDSIS charging, according to the BCSS scheduling strategy, if BCSS needs priority charging, then BCSS charging will be prioritized, otherwise, ESS will be prioritized for charging; when CDSIS discharge is scheduled, ESS discharge will be prioritized to reduce power The number of times the battery is charged and discharged.
3）周期末时段：优先优化BCSS使其接近初始运行状态，然后安排ESS在满足功率和荷电量约束下充、放电，实现CDSIS周期始末荷电量平衡。3) Period at the end of the cycle: Prioritize the optimization of the BCSS to make it close to the initial operating state, and then arrange for the ESS to be charged and discharged under the constraints of power and charge to achieve the balance of charge at the beginning and end of the CDSIS cycle.
三、仿真验证3. Simulation verification
基于上述提出“基于充放储一体化电站调度的微网经济运行”，以具体的微网系统结构（如附图7，系统参数如附表1所示），通过C++编程进行仿真验证。Based on the above-mentioned "micro-grid economic operation based on charging-discharging-storage integrated power station dispatching", with the specific micro-grid system structure (as shown in Figure 7, system parameters are shown in Attached Table 1), simulation verification is carried out through C++ programming.
表1Table 1
通过附图3的运行结果可以看到，CDSIS在荷电量限值约束下，电价较低时段充电较高时段放电，低储高发实现套利，并在周期末满足始末荷电量平衡，保障了下一周期内优化策略的有效性。CDSIS始终运行在限值内，既满足了负荷需求，也可为微网转入非计划孤网运行提供紧急功率支撑，提高了供电可靠性。整个优化周期内，CDSIS 2次连续充电和放电，降低了调度复杂度，且运行在较高荷电水平，延长了蓄电池的使用寿命。From the running results in Figure 3, it can be seen that under the constraints of the charge capacity limit, CDSIS can charge during periods of low electricity prices and discharge during periods of higher electricity prices, realize arbitrage with low storage and high generation, and meet the balance of charge and quantity at the end of the cycle, ensuring the next The effectiveness of the optimization strategy within the cycle. CDSIS always operates within the limit, which not only meets the load demand, but also provides emergency power support for the microgrid to transfer to unplanned isolated grid operation, improving the reliability of power supply. During the entire optimization period, CDSIS charges and discharges twice continuously, which reduces the complexity of scheduling, and runs at a higher charge level, prolonging the service life of the battery.
通过图4,可以得到如下结论：Through Figure 4, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1）0:00-7:00时段内，负荷较轻且为低电价，不可控微源（MT，PV，WT）满足负荷需求后优先为CDSIS充电，同时外网也以较大的功率为CDSIS充电；根据2.2节策略，在0:00-6:00时段内滑动窗口平均电价较低，满足优先充电要求，则BCSS以最大功率充电。1) During the period from 0:00 to 7:00, the load is light and the electricity price is low. The uncontrollable micro-sources (MT, PV, WT) will give priority to charging the CDSIS after meeting the load demand. CDSIS charging; according to the strategy in Section 2.2, the average electricity price of the sliding window is lower during the period of 0:00-6:00, and the priority charging requirements are met, and the BCSS is charged at the maximum power.
2）7:00-8:00,11:00-17:00时段内，负荷增加且为平电价，不可控微源难以满足负荷需求，联络线储发成本低于高电价即此时通过联络线对CDSIS充电并在高电价时放电可以获利，因此联络线优先满足负荷需求并继续为CDSIS充电。根据2.2节策略，7:00-8:00滑动窗口平均电价较高，因此BCSS仅满足换电需求充电；11:00-15:00时段为持续平电价时段，优先充电。2) During the period of 7:00-8:00, 11:00-17:00, the load increases and the electricity price is flat, the uncontrollable micro-source is difficult to meet the load demand, and the storage and distribution cost of the connection line is lower than the high electricity price. It is profitable to charge the CDSIS and discharge it when the electricity price is high, so the tie-line prioritizes the load demand and continues to charge the CDSIS. According to the strategy in Section 2.2, the average electricity price in the sliding window from 7:00 to 8:00 is relatively high, so BCSS can only meet the needs of battery replacement for charging; the period from 11:00 to 15:00 is the period of continuous flat electricity price, and priority is given to charging.
3）8:00-11:00，17:00-22:00时段内负荷较重且为高电价，安排CDSIS以最大功率放电；燃料电池发电成本低于高电价，因此增加其有功出力满足负荷需求后，向外网售电来获利。BCSS在17:00-22:00时段内满足放电要求，因此优先安排ESS放电，并开启BCSS部分动力电池放电来获利。3) During 8:00-11:00 and 17:00-22:00, the load is heavy and the electricity price is high, arrange CDSIS to discharge at the maximum power; the cost of fuel cell power generation is lower than the high electricity price, so increase its active output to meet the load After demand, sell electricity to the external network to make a profit. BCSS meets the discharge requirements during the period of 17:00-22:00, so the ESS discharge is prioritized, and part of the BCSS power battery discharge is turned on to make a profit.
4）进入22:00-23:00时段，判断CDSIS当前荷电状态，此时荷电量较小，难以实现周期末荷电量平衡，因此优先调整BCSS充电以接近初始运行状态，而后安排ESS充电。4) Enter the time period from 22:00 to 23:00 to judge the current charge state of CDSIS. At this time, the charge amount is small, and it is difficult to achieve the balance of charge amount at the end of the cycle. Therefore, it is first to adjust the BCSS charging to be close to the initial operating state, and then arrange for ESS charging.
5）23:00-24:00时段，继续对ESS和BCSS充电，使得CDSIS荷电量满足周期始末平衡约束，BCSS接近初始运行状态。5) During the period from 23:00 to 24:00, continue to charge the ESS and BCSS, so that the CDSIS charge capacity meets the balance constraints at the beginning and end of the cycle, and the BCSS is close to the initial operating state.
该运行方式使微网满足负荷需求和电动汽车换电需求的同时，实现CDSIS低储高发获利。通过对ESS灵活调度，使BCSS以较稳定的充放电功率运行，而BCSS在一定程度上为ESS参与微网系统调节提供容量支撑，从而实现了协同增效。在整个调度周期内，联络线在谷平时段为微网充电，峰时段向电网馈电，有助于对主网“削峰填谷”，实现微网与主网的“双赢”。This mode of operation enables the microgrid to meet the load demand and the demand for battery swapping of electric vehicles, while achieving low storage and high generation profits for CDSIS. Through the flexible scheduling of the ESS, the BCSS can operate at a relatively stable charge and discharge power, and the BCSS can provide capacity support for the ESS to participate in the microgrid system adjustment to a certain extent, thereby achieving synergy. During the entire dispatching cycle, the tie line charges the microgrid during the valley period and feeds power to the grid during the peak period, which helps to "shave the peak and fill the valley" of the main network and achieve a "win-win" between the microgrid and the main network.
图5可知：当滑动窗口平均电价难以决策BCSS充放电时，则扩大为1.5倍滑动窗口，通过电价变化趋势来决策，例如6、12-14时段根据1.5倍窗口平均电价可知后续时段电价升高，则对BCSS优先充电。Figure 5 shows that when the average electricity price of the sliding window is difficult to determine the charging and discharging of BCSS, it is expanded to a sliding window of 1.5 times, and the decision is made based on the trend of electricity price changes. , the BCSS is charged preferentially.
附图6的优化结果表明，在较低电价持续较长的时段内BCSS优先充电，在高电价持续时段内满足换电需求后安排部分动力电池放电获利。各个时段内需要开启的动力电池数小于0，说明动力电池始终满足换电需求且有剩余。通过此调度策略，实现BCSS的动力电池在谷平时段充电，部分盈余电能在峰时段放出，提高了经济效益，而且挖掘了电动汽车削峰填谷的价值。The optimization results in Figure 6 show that the BCSS is charged preferentially during the period of low electricity prices for a long time, and arranges part of the power battery to discharge after meeting the demand for battery replacement during the period of high electricity prices to make a profit. The number of power batteries that need to be turned on in each time period is less than 0, indicating that the power batteries always meet the demand for power replacement and have surplus. Through this scheduling strategy, the power battery of BCSS is charged during the valley period, and part of the surplus electric energy is released during the peak period, which improves the economic benefits and taps the value of electric vehicles for peak-shaving and valley-filling.
通过仿真验证了充放储一体化电站参与微网经济运行对于降低电动汽车对微网的负面影响以及配合储能站实现经济运行的优越性。Through the simulation, the advantages of participating in the micro-grid economic operation of the charging-discharging-storage integrated power station to reduce the negative impact of electric vehicles on the micro-grid and to cooperate with the energy storage station to achieve economic operation are verified.
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