CN103904746A - Intelligent quick charger of positive and negative pulse power battery and charging method thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
Translated fromChinese技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种动力电池充电机，特别是涉及一种智能型正负脉冲动力电池快速充电机及充电方法。The invention relates to a power battery charger, in particular to an intelligent fast charger for positive and negative pulse power batteries and a charging method.
背景技术Background technique
目前电动自行车、电动汽车用动力电池的充电机主要有四种充电方式，分别是：（1）恒流方式充电；（2）两段式或三段式充电；（3）恒压式充电；（4）脉冲式充电。采用上述充电方式充电时，电池在充电过程中会产生欧姆极化、浓度极化和电化学极化现象，造成充电时间长、充电效率低。为达到快速充电的目的，一般充电器采取加大充电电流的措施，因此在充电过程造成电池内阻升高、电池温度升过快，从而容易导致电池永久性损坏。At present, there are mainly four charging methods for power battery chargers for electric bicycles and electric vehicles, namely: (1) constant current charging; (2) two-stage or three-stage charging; (3) constant voltage charging; (4) Pulse charging. When charging with the above charging method, the battery will produce ohmic polarization, concentration polarization and electrochemical polarization during the charging process, resulting in long charging time and low charging efficiency. In order to achieve the purpose of fast charging, the general charger takes measures to increase the charging current, so the internal resistance of the battery increases during the charging process, and the battery temperature rises too fast, which easily leads to permanent damage to the battery.
根据马斯充电理论中有关蓄电池可接受充电曲线可知，在充电过程中加入合适幅度和脉宽的负脉冲对电池短时间放电，可以消除电极化现象，减少极化反应，使蓄电池可接受充电曲线发生变化，提高电池的充电电流接受率，因此可以采用比电池可接受充电电流更大的电流充电，缩短充电时间、减少电池发热，获得更高的充电效率。According to the acceptable charging curve of the battery in Maas charging theory, it can be known that adding a negative pulse with a suitable amplitude and pulse width to discharge the battery for a short time during the charging process can eliminate the phenomenon of electrical polarization, reduce the polarization reaction, and make the battery acceptable charging curve Changes occur to improve the charging current acceptance rate of the battery, so it can be charged with a current larger than the acceptable charging current of the battery, shorten the charging time, reduce the heat generation of the battery, and obtain higher charging efficiency.
发明内容Contents of the invention
要解决的技术问题technical problem to be solved
为了避免现有技术的不足之处，本发明提出一种智能型正负脉冲动力电池快速充电机及充电方法，该充电机在充电过程中能根据电池的充电状态（电压、电流，充电器温度）自适应调整正负脉冲的脉宽、幅度，减少电池极化反应、提高电池的充电电流接受率，解决目前动力电池充电机充电速度慢、效率低、电池放电容量小的不足。In order to avoid the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention proposes an intelligent positive and negative pulse power battery fast charger and charging method. ) Adaptively adjust the pulse width and amplitude of the positive and negative pulses, reduce the battery polarization reaction, improve the charging current acceptance rate of the battery, and solve the shortcomings of the current power battery chargers such as slow charging speed, low efficiency, and small battery discharge capacity.
技术方案Technical solutions
一种智能型正负脉冲动力电池快速充电机，其特征在于包括功率因数校正电路、全桥功率变换电路、高频变压器、整流滤波电路、电流电压温度检测电路、负脉冲产生电路、驱动电路、电源管理芯片、微处理器控制电路和充电状态显示电路；220V交流市电送入功率因数校正电路，功率因数校正电路采取BOOST拓扑对220V交流市电进行功率因数校正，输出380V直流电压送至全桥功率变换电路；微处理器控制电路输送控制信号给电源管理芯片，电源管理芯片产生脉冲调制信经驱动电路驱动全桥功率变换电路对380V直流电压斩波，斩波后的380V直流电压输入高频变压器进行功率变换，然后输入整流滤波电路产生正脉冲送入电池进行充电；微处理器控制电路输送控制信号到负脉冲产生电路，负脉冲产生电路通过控制功率电阻对电池放电形成放电负脉冲；所述的充电状态显示电路连接微处理器控制电路用于显示电池的充电状态，所述的电流电压温度检测电路在充电过程中实时检测充电电压、电流和温度送至微处理器控制电路，微处理器控制电路根据电池的充电状态实时计算正负脉冲的脉宽、脉幅以及在单位充电周期中的正负脉冲的脉宽比例。An intelligent positive and negative pulse power battery fast charger is characterized in that it includes a power factor correction circuit, a full bridge power conversion circuit, a high frequency transformer, a rectification filter circuit, a current voltage temperature detection circuit, a negative pulse generation circuit, a drive circuit, Power management chip, microprocessor control circuit and charging status display circuit; 220V AC mains power is sent to the power factor correction circuit, and the power factor correction circuit adopts BOOST topology to perform power factor correction on the 220V AC mains power, and outputs 380V DC voltage to the whole Bridge power conversion circuit; the microprocessor control circuit sends control signals to the power management chip, and the power management chip generates pulse modulation signals to drive the full-bridge power conversion circuit to chop the 380V DC voltage, and the chopped 380V DC voltage input is high Frequency transformer for power conversion, and then input rectification and filtering circuit to generate positive pulses to be sent to the battery for charging; the microprocessor control circuit sends control signals to the negative pulse generation circuit, and the negative pulse generation circuit discharges the battery by controlling the power resistance to form a discharge negative pulse; The charging status display circuit is connected to the microprocessor control circuit for displaying the charging status of the battery, and the current, voltage and temperature detection circuit detects the charging voltage, current and temperature in real time during the charging process and sends them to the microprocessor control circuit. The processor control circuit calculates the pulse width and pulse width of the positive and negative pulses and the pulse width ratio of the positive and negative pulses in a unit charging cycle in real time according to the charging state of the battery.
所述的负脉冲产生电路由功率二极管、功率开关管和大功率电阻构成，并联在电池两端。The negative pulse generating circuit is composed of a power diode, a power switch tube and a high-power resistor, and is connected in parallel at both ends of the battery.
一种智能型正负脉冲动力电池快速充电机的充电方法，其特征在于步骤如下：A charging method for an intelligent positive and negative pulse power battery fast charger, characterized in that the steps are as follows:
步骤1：充电机上电启动后，对微处理器控制电路的输入输出口状态、数模转换寄存器、定时器和数据存储器进行初始化；Step 1: After the charger is powered on, initialize the state of the input and output ports of the microprocessor control circuit, the digital-to-analog conversion register, the timer and the data memory;
步骤2：初始化完成后，微处理器控制电路检测电池电压、充电机内部环境温度、功率因数校正电路输出是否正常：若没有检测到电池电压，微处理器控制电路循环检测电池电压；若检测到电池电压，充电机对电池进行短时间恢复性充电；Step 2: After the initialization is completed, the microprocessor control circuit detects whether the battery voltage, the internal ambient temperature of the charger, and the output of the power factor correction circuit are normal: if the battery voltage is not detected, the microprocessor control circuit detects the battery voltage cyclically; Battery voltage, the charger performs a short-term recovery charge on the battery;
步骤3：恢复性充电完成后，微处理机控制电路设定正脉冲幅度、脉宽初值和负脉宽初值，充电机以设定的正脉冲幅度、脉宽初值和负脉宽充电；Step 3: After the restorative charging is completed, the microprocessor control circuit sets the positive pulse width, the initial value of the pulse width and the initial value of the negative pulse width, and the charger charges with the set positive pulse width, initial value of the pulse width and negative pulse width ;
步骤4：充电过程中电流电压温度检测电路循环检测充电电压、电流以及充电机的温度，若电池电压没有达到电池的标称充电电压上限，充电机采集充电机温度：若充电机温度没有超过设定的温度上限，充电机自动调整正负脉冲的脉宽比例，加大充电机正脉冲比例，加快充电机的充电速度；若充电机温度超过设定的温度上限，充电机调整正脉冲脉宽脉幅，减小平均充电电流；当电池电压达到电池的标称充电电压上限，充电机转入恒压负脉冲充电模式；Step 4: During the charging process, the current, voltage, and temperature detection circuit cyclically detects the charging voltage, current and the temperature of the charger. If the battery voltage does not reach the upper limit of the nominal charging voltage of the battery, the charger collects the temperature of the charger: if the temperature of the charger does not exceed the set The charger automatically adjusts the pulse width ratio of positive and negative pulses, increases the positive pulse ratio of the charger, and speeds up the charging speed of the charger; if the temperature of the charger exceeds the set temperature upper limit, the charger adjusts the pulse width of the positive pulse. Pulse amplitude, reduce the average charging current; when the battery voltage reaches the upper limit of the battery's nominal charging voltage, the charger will switch to constant voltage negative pulse charging mode;
步骤5：在恒压负脉冲充电模式下，充电机输出恒压值加在电池两端形成正脉冲充电，同时形成负脉冲进行短时放电，消除极化现象；充电机循环检测充电电压、电流以及充电机的温度：如果充电电流没有达到停充预设值，充电机一直以恒压负脉冲充电模式充电，同时检测充电机温度：若充电机温度超过预设值，充电机调整正脉冲脉宽，减小平均充电电流；若充电机温度未超限，充电机自动调整正负脉冲的脉宽比例，加快充电机的充电速度；当充电电流达到停充预设值，充电机转入补充性充电模式；Step 5: In the constant voltage negative pulse charging mode, the charger outputs a constant voltage value and adds it to both ends of the battery to form a positive pulse charge, and at the same time forms a negative pulse for short-term discharge to eliminate polarization; the charger cyclically detects the charging voltage and current And the temperature of the charger: If the charging current does not reach the preset value of stop charging, the charger will always be charged in the constant voltage negative pulse charging mode, and the temperature of the charger will be detected at the same time: if the temperature of the charger exceeds the preset value, the charger will adjust the positive pulse pulse wide, to reduce the average charging current; if the temperature of the charger does not exceed the limit, the charger will automatically adjust the pulse width ratio of positive and negative pulses to speed up the charging speed of the charger; sexual charging mode;
步骤6：在补充性充电模式中，小电流恒流充电直到充电结束。Step 6: In the supplementary charging mode, charge with a small current and a constant current until the end of charging.
有益效果Beneficial effect
本发明提出的一种智能型正负脉冲动力电池快速充电机及充电方法，具有正脉冲充电、负脉冲放电的快速充电机根据电池充电状态智能调整正负脉冲的脉宽、幅度以及正负脉冲脉宽比例，减少电池极化反应、提高电池的充电电流接受率，解决目前动力电池充电机充电速度慢、效率低、电池放电容量小的不足。An intelligent positive and negative pulse power battery fast charger and charging method proposed by the present invention, the fast charger with positive pulse charging and negative pulse discharge intelligently adjusts the pulse width, amplitude and positive and negative pulses of the positive and negative pulses according to the charging state of the battery The pulse width ratio can reduce the battery polarization reaction, improve the charging current acceptance rate of the battery, and solve the shortcomings of the current power battery charger, such as slow charging speed, low efficiency, and small battery discharge capacity.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1本发明智能型正负脉冲动力电池快速充电机Fig. 1 Intelligent positive and negative pulse power battery fast charger of the present invention
图2本发明智能型正负脉冲动力电池快速充电方法流程图Fig. 2 flow chart of the fast charging method for intelligent positive and negative pulse power batteries of the present invention
具体实施方式Detailed ways
现结合实施例、附图对本发明作进一步描述：Now in conjunction with embodiment, accompanying drawing, the present invention will be further described:
本发明是一种具有正脉冲充电、负脉冲放电的快速充电机，充电机根据电池的充电状态智能调整正负脉冲的脉宽、幅度，实现快速充电。The invention relates to a fast charger with positive pulse charging and negative pulse discharge. The charger intelligently adjusts the pulse width and amplitude of the positive and negative pulses according to the charging state of the battery to realize fast charging.
如附图1所示，该充电机包括：功率因数校正电路、全桥功率变换电路、高频变压器、整流滤波电路、电流电压温度检测电路、负脉冲产生电路，驱动电路、电源管理芯片电路、微处理器控制电路、充电状态显示电路。As shown in Figure 1, the charger includes: a power factor correction circuit, a full-bridge power conversion circuit, a high-frequency transformer, a rectification filter circuit, a current, voltage, and temperature detection circuit, a negative pulse generation circuit, a drive circuit, a power management chip circuit, Microprocessor control circuit, charging status display circuit.
交流市电首先送入功率因数校正电路，功率因数电路采取BOOST拓扑，把输入电流校正为正弦电流，并和输入市电电压同相，实现功率因数校正，同时输出380V直流电压。The AC mains power is first sent to the power factor correction circuit. The power factor circuit adopts the BOOST topology to correct the input current to a sinusoidal current, which is in phase with the input mains voltage to realize power factor correction and output 380V DC voltage at the same time.
380V直流电压作为全桥功率变换电路的输入，电源管理芯片根据微处理器控制指令产生脉冲调制信号，该信号经驱动电路后，驱动全桥功率变换电路通过高频变压器原边对380V直流电压斩波，变压器副边输出的交变信号送入整流滤波电路平滑后产生正脉冲对电池充电。The 380V DC voltage is used as the input of the full-bridge power conversion circuit. The power management chip generates a pulse modulation signal according to the microprocessor control instruction. Wave, the alternating signal output by the secondary side of the transformer is sent to the rectification and filtering circuit for smoothing, and then a positive pulse is generated to charge the battery.
微处理器电路由单片机构成，该单片机可由ATmega16L单片机或XC164单片机以及相似功能单片机替代。微处理器电路具备AD转换电路，可对充电机的充电电压、充电电流以及温度等模拟量进行采集。微处理器电路和充电状态显示电路连接，充电状态电路由数码管或液晶显示电路构成，对充电状态直观显示。The microprocessor circuit is composed of single-chip microcomputer, which can be replaced by ATmega16L single-chip microcomputer or XC164 single-chip microcomputer and similar function single-chip microcomputer. The microprocessor circuit has an AD conversion circuit, which can collect analog quantities such as charging voltage, charging current and temperature of the charger. The microprocessor circuit is connected with the charging state display circuit, and the charging state circuit is composed of a nixie tube or a liquid crystal display circuit, which visually displays the charging state.
微处理器和负脉冲产生电路连接，负脉冲产生电路由功率二极管、功率开关管和大功率电阻构成，并联在电池两端。微处理器发出负脉冲控制信号控制功率开关管导通，电池经功率电阻放电形成负脉冲，功率二极管的作用是防止电池接反损坏功率开关管，进而造成电池短路发生事故。The microprocessor is connected with the negative pulse generating circuit, and the negative pulse generating circuit is composed of a power diode, a power switch tube and a high-power resistor, and is connected in parallel at both ends of the battery. The microprocessor sends a negative pulse control signal to control the conduction of the power switch tube, and the battery is discharged through the power resistor to form a negative pulse.
充电机的微处理器电路在充电过程中实时检测充电电压、电流和温度，微处理器根据电池的充电状态实时计算正负脉冲的脉宽、脉幅以及在单位充电周期中的正负脉冲的脉宽比例，经功率变换电路和负脉冲产生电路产生相应的正负脉冲对电池进行充电，实现电池的快速充电。The microprocessor circuit of the charger detects the charging voltage, current and temperature in real time during the charging process, and the microprocessor calculates the pulse width and pulse amplitude of the positive and negative pulses in real time according to the charging state of the battery, as well as the positive and negative pulses in the unit charging cycle. The pulse width ratio, the power conversion circuit and the negative pulse generating circuit generate corresponding positive and negative pulses to charge the battery, so as to realize the rapid charging of the battery.
以72V/30AH的铅酸电池充电过程为例，结合附图2的充电流程图对充电机的快速充电过程说明如下：Taking the charging process of a 72V/30AH lead-acid battery as an example, the fast charging process of the charger is described as follows in combination with the charging flow chart in Figure 2:
上电启动后，充电机首先进行初始化操作，包括：设置微处理器的输入输出口状态，使能微处理器内部模数转换寄存器，设置定时器、数据存储器赋初值。After power-on and starting, the charger first performs initialization operations, including: setting the state of the input and output ports of the microprocessor, enabling the internal analog-to-digital conversion register of the microprocessor, setting the timer, and assigning initial values to the data memory.
初始化完成后，充电机首先检测电池电压、充电机内部环境温度、功率因数转换电路输出的380V是否正常。根据电池电压判断电池是否接入充电机的充电输出口，若没有检测到电池未接入，充电循环检测电池电压，判断电池是否接入。若检测到电池接入，充电机启动全桥功率变换电路，对电池进行短时间（1-2分钟5A恒流电流）恢复性充电。After the initialization is completed, the charger first detects whether the battery voltage, the internal ambient temperature of the charger, and the 380V output by the power factor conversion circuit are normal. According to the battery voltage, it is judged whether the battery is connected to the charging output port of the charger. If it is not detected that the battery is not connected, the charging cycle detects the battery voltage to determine whether the battery is connected. If it is detected that the battery is connected, the charger starts the full-bridge power conversion circuit to perform a short-term (1-2 minutes 5A constant current) recovery charge on the battery.
恢复性充电完成后，微处理机设定正脉冲幅度、脉宽初值、负脉宽初值，充电机以设定的脉冲参数充电，充电式正脉冲脉幅35A，脉宽200秒，负脉冲脉幅10A，脉宽2秒，正负脉冲之间加入0.5秒的停充时间间隔。After the restorative charging is completed, the microprocessor sets the positive pulse width, the initial value of the pulse width, and the initial value of the negative pulse width, and the charger charges with the set pulse parameters. The pulse width is 10A, the pulse width is 2 seconds, and a 0.5-second stop-charging time interval is added between positive and negative pulses.
充电过程中充电机循环检测充电电压、电流以及充电机的温度。若电池电压没有达到电池的标称充电电压上限（84.6V），充电机采集充电机温度，若充电机温度没有超过设定的温度上限（65℃），充电机自动调整正负脉冲的脉宽比例，脉宽比例调整的规则是以正负脉冲的一个完整周期为间隔，以5秒的步进值增加正脉冲宽度，最大正脉冲宽度不超过300秒，超过300秒，正脉冲脉宽不再增加。通过上述处理使充电机正脉冲比例加大，平均充电电流增加，加快充电机的充电速度。During the charging process, the charger cyclically detects the charging voltage, current and the temperature of the charger. If the battery voltage does not reach the upper limit of the battery’s nominal charging voltage (84.6V), the charger will collect the temperature of the charger. If the temperature of the charger does not exceed the set temperature upper limit (65°C), the charger will automatically adjust the pulse width of the positive and negative pulses Ratio, the rule of pulse width ratio adjustment is to increase the positive pulse width with a step value of 5 seconds at intervals of a complete period of positive and negative pulses. The maximum positive pulse width does not exceed 300 seconds. If it exceeds 300 seconds, the positive pulse width does not Increase again. Through the above processing, the positive pulse ratio of the charger is increased, the average charging current is increased, and the charging speed of the charger is accelerated.
若充电机温度超过设定的温度上限（65℃），充电机调整正脉冲脉宽脉幅，正脉冲脉宽脉幅调整的规则是：脉幅降低为30A，脉宽以正负脉冲的一个完整周期为间隔，以5秒的步进值缩短正脉冲宽度，最小正脉冲宽度不小于30秒，若小于30秒，温度仍超过设定的温度上限，进行过温保护，充电机关机。通过上述处理使平均充电电流减小，以免充电机由于温升过高损坏大功率功率器件。If the temperature of the charger exceeds the set temperature upper limit (65°C), the charger will adjust the pulse width of the positive pulse. The complete cycle is used as an interval, and the positive pulse width is shortened in steps of 5 seconds. The minimum positive pulse width is not less than 30 seconds. If it is less than 30 seconds, the temperature still exceeds the set temperature upper limit, over-temperature protection is performed, and the charger is turned off. Through the above treatment, the average charging current is reduced to prevent the charger from damaging high-power devices due to excessive temperature rise.
若电池电压达到电池的标称充电电压上限（84.6V），充电机转入恒压负脉冲充电模式。在此模式下，充电机输出恒压值加在电池两端形成正脉冲充电，并加上负脉冲进行短时放电，消除极化现象。在该充电阶段，充电机循环检测充电电压、电流以及充电机的温度，由于正脉冲由恒压输出形成，充电电流会逐渐减小，如果充电电流没有达到预设值（5A），那么充电机一直以恒压负脉冲充电模式充电，并检测充电机温度，若充电机温度超过预设值（65℃），充电机调整正脉冲脉宽。调整规则是：以正负脉冲的一个完整周期为间隔，以5秒的步进值缩短正脉冲宽度。通过该方法使平均充电电流减小，以免充电机由于温升过高损坏大功率功率器件。If the battery voltage reaches the upper limit of the battery's nominal charging voltage (84.6V), the charger will switch to the constant voltage negative pulse charging mode. In this mode, the constant voltage value output by the charger is added to both ends of the battery to form a positive pulse charge, and a negative pulse is added to discharge for a short time to eliminate polarization. In this charging stage, the charger cyclically detects the charging voltage, current and the temperature of the charger. Since the positive pulse is formed by the constant voltage output, the charging current will gradually decrease. If the charging current does not reach the preset value (5A), then the charger Always charge in the constant voltage negative pulse charging mode, and detect the temperature of the charger. If the temperature of the charger exceeds the preset value (65°C), the charger will adjust the pulse width of the positive pulse. The adjustment rule is: take a complete cycle of the positive and negative pulses as the interval, and shorten the positive pulse width with a step value of 5 seconds. The average charging current is reduced by this method, so as to prevent the charger from damaging high-power devices due to excessive temperature rise.
若恒压负脉冲充电模式下温度未超限，充电机自动调整正负脉冲的脉宽比例，脉宽比例调整策略是：以正负脉冲的一个完整周期为间隔，以5秒的步进值增加正脉冲宽度，最大正脉冲宽度不超过300秒，若超过300秒，正脉冲脉宽不再增加；充电电流每降2A，负脉冲脉宽减小0.1秒，最小负脉冲宽度不小于0.5秒，若小于0.5秒，负脉冲宽度不再减少。If the temperature does not exceed the limit in the constant voltage negative pulse charging mode, the charger will automatically adjust the pulse width ratio of the positive and negative pulses. The pulse width ratio adjustment strategy is: take a complete cycle of the positive and negative pulses as an interval, and take a step value of 5 seconds Increase the positive pulse width, the maximum positive pulse width does not exceed 300 seconds, if it exceeds 300 seconds, the positive pulse width will no longer increase; every time the charging current drops 2A, the negative pulse width decreases by 0.1 seconds, and the minimum negative pulse width is not less than 0.5 seconds , if less than 0.5 seconds, the negative pulse width will no longer decrease.
如果在恒压负脉冲充电模式下充电电流达到预设值（5A），充电机转入补充性充电阶段，在该阶段电池充电机去掉负脉冲，恒压充电，直到充电电流小于1A，充电结束。If the charging current reaches the preset value (5A) in the constant voltage negative pulse charging mode, the charger will enter the supplementary charging stage. At this stage, the battery charger removes the negative pulse and charges at a constant voltage until the charging current is less than 1A, and the charging is over. .
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