技术领域technical field
本发明涉及水样采集装置，尤其涉及一种淹水稻田径流收集系统及其方法。The invention relates to a water sample collection device, in particular to a system and method for collecting runoff in flooded paddy fields.
背景技术Background technique
农业面源污染已经在世界上越来越多的国家引起重视。目前农业面源污染已经成为世界上公认的水体污染最大来源之一。在2010年2月6日由三部委发布第一次全国污染源普查公报中提出，全国主要水体污染物中有40%以上的贡献来自于农业面源污染。我国的农业发展与发达国家相比较为落后，农业增产很大程度上依赖于化肥和农药的大量施用。化肥和农药的使用会导致田面水中的氮、磷等营养物质浓度远远高于地表水正常范围。当降雨量较大时，由此产生的农田径流中会携带大量营养物质进入周边水体，造成严重的富营养化危害。径流是农田污染物的主要载体，加强对径流排放的控制必将减轻农田的污染物对水体污染的贡献。因此，对农田径流进行全面的研究，削减化肥径流损失对我国水体面源污染控制具有非常重要的现实意义。Agricultural non-point source pollution has attracted attention in more and more countries in the world. At present, agricultural non-point source pollution has become one of the largest sources of water pollution recognized in the world. On February 6, 2010, the three ministries and commissions issued the first national census bulletin on pollution sources. It was pointed out that more than 40% of the main water pollutants in the country came from agricultural non-point source pollution. Compared with developed countries, my country's agricultural development is relatively backward, and the increase in agricultural production largely depends on the large-scale application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides will cause the concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the field water to be much higher than the normal range of surface water. When the rainfall is large, the resulting farmland runoff will carry a large amount of nutrients into the surrounding water bodies, causing serious eutrophication hazards. Runoff is the main carrier of farmland pollutants, and strengthening the control of runoff discharge will certainly reduce the contribution of farmland pollutants to water pollution. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to conduct comprehensive research on farmland runoff and reduce the loss of chemical fertilizer runoff for the control of non-point source pollution of water bodies in my country.
目前，国内外学者对农田径流已经开展了大量的研究。而修建径流收集装置成了很多研究工作的必经之路。然而目前的径流收集装置多采用修建径流池的方法，这种做法需要对场地进行大规模的土方开挖和浇筑，耗时耗力，且会对农田的正常管理造成一定影响。近几年，也有部分研究者设计了小型的径流桶，用以收集农田径流，此类装置在旱地或者地下水位不高的地方适用性较好，但是对于常年淹水的农田，特别是稻田，由于其田面常年为有水状态，地下水位较高，桶体很容易上浮，造成径流收集工作无法正常进行。而且稻田中由于经常施肥，田面水中浮萍、水藻等水生植物较多，整片田的径流都只能通过一个出水口排出时，即使有纱布、滤网包裹管道，也常常会发生堵塞，导致径流无法流入径流收集装置而发生田埂满溢。另外，现有装置通常将径流收集管直接埋在土中，管道被固定在一定高度，若要调节入水口高度，则需要重新开挖铺设管道，不能方便地进行调节用于不同田埂高度的径流损失研究。At present, scholars at home and abroad have carried out a lot of research on farmland runoff. The construction of runoff collection devices has become the only way for many research work. However, the current runoff collection devices mostly use the method of building runoff pools. This method requires large-scale earthwork excavation and pouring on the site, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and will have a certain impact on the normal management of farmland. In recent years, some researchers have also designed small-scale runoff barrels to collect farmland runoff. This type of device is more suitable for dry land or places with low groundwater levels, but for perennially flooded farmland, especially rice fields, Because the field surface has water all the year round, the groundwater level is high, and the barrel body is easy to float up, which makes the runoff collection work impossible. Moreover, due to frequent fertilization in rice fields, there are many aquatic plants such as duckweed and algae in the water on the surface of the field, and the runoff of the entire field can only be discharged through one outlet. Ridge overflow occurs due to inability to flow into the runoff collection device. In addition, in existing devices, the runoff collection pipe is usually buried directly in the soil, and the pipe is fixed at a certain height. If the height of the water inlet is to be adjusted, the pipe needs to be re-excavated, which cannot be easily adjusted for runoff at different ridge heights. Loss studies.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是克服现有技术的不足，提供一种淹水稻田径流收集系统及其方法。The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a system and method for collecting runoff from flooded paddy fields.
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用以下技术方案：In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
淹水稻田径流收集系统包括径流桶、排气管、桶盖、抽水管、抗浮板、高度尺、PVC管、直角水位尺、气泡式水平仪、橡胶软管、固定杆、集水漏斗、紧固螺丝、排气孔、浮萍隔离罩、栅格；径流桶桶体呈上小下大的锥形结构，径流桶下端环绕有抗浮板，径流桶上端安装有桶盖，抽水管穿过桶盖延伸至桶底，径流桶桶壁上部设有排气管，径流桶内部垂直放置一条高度尺，PVC管一侧通入径流桶内，另一侧通过橡胶软管与集水漏斗相连，集水漏斗放置于固定杆上，固定杆通过紧固螺丝安装在直角水位尺上，直角水位尺水平部分设有气泡式水平仪，浮萍隔离罩罩于直角水位尺上方，浮萍隔离罩下部设有栅格，隔离罩顶部设有排气孔。The flooded rice field runoff collection system includes runoff bucket, exhaust pipe, bucket cover, suction pipe, anti-floating plate, height gauge, PVC pipe, right-angle water gauge, bubble level, rubber hose, fixed rod, water collection funnel, tight Screws, vent holes, duckweed isolation cover, grid; the runoff bucket body is in a conical structure with a small top and a big bottom. The lower end of the runoff bucket is surrounded by an anti-floating plate. The upper end of the runoff bucket is equipped with a bucket cover, and the suction pipe passes through The barrel cover extends to the bottom of the barrel, and the upper part of the runoff barrel wall is equipped with an exhaust pipe. A height gauge is placed vertically inside the runoff barrel. One side of the PVC pipe leads into the runoff barrel, and the other side is connected to the water collecting funnel through a rubber hose. The water collecting funnel is placed on the fixed rod, and the fixed rod is installed on the right-angle water level gauge through fastening screws. The horizontal part of the right-angle water level gauge is equipped with a bubble level. There is a grid, and the top of the isolation cover is equipped with exhaust holes.
所述的抗浮板上预留有4个桩孔。所述的浮萍隔离罩为无底中空的圆柱形结构，圆柱侧壁上部为不透水结构。4 pile holes are reserved on the anti-floating plate. The duckweed isolation cover is a bottomless hollow cylindrical structure, and the upper part of the side wall of the cylinder is an impermeable structure.
在淹水稻田中收集径流的方法包括如下步骤：A method of collecting runoff in a flooded rice field includes the steps of:
1）在目标径流小区边上事先开挖一个土坑，将径流桶放入土坑中，放置过程中应保持桶底呈水平，排气管高于地表，PVC管高度低于需要采样的稻田表面，若当地土质松软，无法保持径流桶不上浮，应向桩孔中打入木桩进行加强固定，放置完毕后将开挖土体回填； 1) Excavate a soil pit on the edge of the target runoff area in advance, put the runoff bucket into the soil pit, keep the bottom of the bucket horizontal during placement, the exhaust pipe is higher than the surface, and the height of the PVC pipe is lower than the paddy field to be sampled On the surface, if the local soil is soft and the runoff bucket cannot be kept from floating, wooden piles should be driven into the pile holes for reinforcement and fixing, and the excavated soil should be backfilled after placement;
2）将直角水位尺固定在稻田表面，并根据气泡式水平仪的气泡位置进行相应调节，使其能准确测量水位高度；2) Fix the right-angle water gauge on the surface of the paddy field, and adjust it according to the bubble position of the bubble level so that it can accurately measure the water level;
3）根据实验需要调节紧固螺丝，将集水漏斗顶部固定在实验要求的高度，并盖好浮萍隔离罩，浮萍隔离罩应保持底部的栅格浸没于田面水中，而顶部的排气孔应比田埂高；3) Adjust the fastening screws according to the needs of the experiment, fix the top of the water collecting funnel at the height required by the experiment, and cover the duckweed isolation cover. The duckweed isolation cover should keep the grid at the bottom submerged in the field water, and the exhaust at the top The hole should be higher than the ridge;
4）当降雨或人为灌水后，田面水逐渐上涨，在压力差作用下，田面水通过栅格逐渐进入浮萍隔离罩中，当水位高于集水漏斗顶部时，田面水在重力作用下依次通过集水漏斗、橡胶软管、PVC管进入径流桶中，降雨结束后，及时打开桶盖进行采样，采样完毕后通过抽水管将径流桶内余水排出，以待下一次采样。4) After rainfall or artificial irrigation, the field surface water gradually rises. Under the action of pressure difference, the field surface water gradually enters the duckweed isolation cover through the grid. Enter the runoff bucket through the water collection funnel, rubber hose, and PVC pipe. After the rainfall ends, open the bucket lid in time to take samples. After sampling, drain the remaining water in the runoff bucket through the suction pipe for the next sampling.
本发明相对于其他农田径流收集装置，抗浮起能力突出，可以在地下水位较高的淹水稻田中使用而不会导致径流桶浮起；本发明可以通过调节集水漏斗高度来控制径流溢出高度，适用于研究不同的田埂高度对农业面源污染的影响；本发明可以在浮萍、水藻较多的水田中使用而不会造成装置入水口堵塞；同时，本发明也具有安装方便、成本低、使用可靠的优点。Compared with other farmland runoff collection devices, the present invention has outstanding anti-floating ability, and can be used in flooded paddy fields with a high groundwater level without causing the runoff bucket to float; the present invention can control the runoff overflow height by adjusting the height of the water collecting funnel , suitable for studying the influence of different ridge heights on agricultural non-point source pollution; the present invention can be used in paddy fields with a lot of duckweed and algae without causing blockage of the water inlet of the device; meanwhile, the present invention also has the advantages of convenient installation and low cost , The use of reliable advantages.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是淹水稻田径流收集系统结构示意图；Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a flooded rice field runoff collection system;
图2是本发明的径流桶安装示意图； Fig. 2 is the installation schematic diagram of runoff bucket of the present invention;
图3是本发明的抗浮板结构示意图；Fig. 3 is a structural schematic diagram of the anti-floating plate of the present invention;
图4是本发明的集水漏斗安装示意图；Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the installation of the water collecting funnel of the present invention;
图5是本发明的浮萍隔离罩结构示意图；Fig. 5 is the structural representation of the duckweed isolation cover of the present invention;
图中：径流桶1、排气管2、桶盖3、抽水管4、桩孔5、抗浮板6、高度尺7、PVC管8、直角水位尺9、气泡式水平仪10、橡胶软管11、固定杆12、集水漏斗13、紧固螺丝14、排气孔15、浮萍隔离罩16、栅格17。In the figure: Runoff bucket 1, exhaust pipe 2, bucket cover 3, water pump 4, pile hole 5, anti-floating plate 6, height gauge 7, PVC pipe 8, right-angle water gauge 9, bubble level 10, rubber hose 11. Fixed rod 12, water collecting funnel 13, fastening screw 14, air vent 15, duckweed isolation cover 16, grid 17.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步说明。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with drawings and embodiments.
如附图1—5所示，淹水稻田径流收集系统包括径流桶1、排气管2、桶盖3、抽水管4、抗浮板6、高度尺7、PVC管8、直角水位尺9、气泡式水平仪10、橡胶软管11、固定杆12、集水漏斗13、紧固螺丝14、排气孔15、浮萍隔离罩16、栅格17；径流桶1桶体呈上小下大的锥形结构，径流桶1下端环绕有抗浮板6，径流桶1为HDPE材质，抗浮板6与径流桶1一体化成型的；由此地下水位较高时，土体的重力和对径流桶1和抗浮板6的阻力能抵消桶体的浮力，保证径流桶不上浮。径流桶1上端安装有桶盖3，抽水管4穿过桶盖3延伸至桶底，径流桶1桶壁上部设有排气管2，排气管2呈直角形，其出口垂直向下，用于保持桶内外气压一致，防止内部气压过大导致径流深无法顺利流入。；径流桶1内部垂直放置一条高度尺7，，高度尺7上有刻度，用以读取桶中水深，PVC管8一侧伸入径流桶1内，另一侧与橡胶软管11连接，集水漏斗13底部与橡胶软管11另一头相连，集水漏斗13放置于固定杆12上，固定杆12通过紧固螺丝14安装在直角水位尺9上，通过调整紧固螺丝14可以调节集水漏斗13的高度，直角水位9垂直部分有刻度，直角水位尺9水平部分设有气泡式水平仪10，用以保持直角水位尺9水平部分与田面水水平面平行，浮萍隔离罩16罩于直角水位尺9上方，隔离罩16下部设有栅格17，浮萍隔离罩16顶部设有排气孔15。As shown in accompanying drawings 1-5, the flooded rice field runoff collection system includes a runoff barrel 1, an exhaust pipe 2, a barrel cover 3, a suction pipe 4, an anti-floating plate 6, a height gauge 7, a PVC pipe 8, and a right-angle water gauge 9 , Bubble level meter 10, rubber hose 11, fixed rod 12, water collecting funnel 13, fastening screw 14, vent hole 15, duckweed isolation cover 16, grid 17; Conical structure, the lower end of the runoff barrel 1 is surrounded by an anti-floating plate 6, the runoff barrel 1 is made of HDPE, and the anti-floating plate 6 and the runoff barrel 1 are integrally formed; thus, when the groundwater level is high, the gravity of the soil and the resistance The resistance of the runoff barrel 1 and the anti-floating plate 6 can offset the buoyancy of the barrel body to ensure that the runoff barrel does not float up. The upper end of the runoff barrel 1 is provided with a bung 3, and the suction pipe 4 passes through the bung 3 and extends to the bottom of the barrel. The upper part of the runoff barrel 1 is provided with an exhaust pipe 2. The exhaust pipe 2 is in a right-angle shape, and its outlet is vertically downward. It is used to keep the air pressure inside and outside the barrel consistent, and prevent the runoff from being too deep to flow in smoothly due to excessive internal air pressure. A height gauge 7 is vertically placed inside the runoff bucket 1, and there is a scale on the height gauge 7 for reading the water depth in the bucket. One side of the PVC pipe 8 extends into the runoff bucket 1, and the other side is connected with the rubber hose 11. The bottom of the water collecting funnel 13 is connected with the other end of the rubber hose 11. The water collecting funnel 13 is placed on the fixed rod 12, and the fixed rod 12 is installed on the right-angle water gauge 9 through the fastening screw 14. By adjusting the fastening screw 14, the water collecting funnel can be adjusted. The height of water funnel 13, right angle water level 9 vertical parts have scale, and right angle water level gauge 9 horizontal parts are provided with bubble type spirit level 10, in order to keep right angle water level gauge 9 horizontal parts parallel with field surface water level, duckweed isolation cover 16 covers at right angles Above the water gauge 9, a grid 17 is provided at the bottom of the isolation cover 16, and an exhaust hole 15 is provided at the top of the duckweed isolation cover 16.
所述的抗浮板6上预留有4个桩孔5。所述的浮萍隔离罩16为无底中空的圆柱形结构，圆柱侧壁上部密闭不透水，而圆柱侧壁下部镂空成栅格17。将其罩与集水漏斗13上方时，栅格17浸没在水面以下，浮萍隔离罩16由于顶部排气孔15将浮萍隔离罩16内部与外界大气连通，浮萍隔离罩16内水位和田间保持一致，但浮萍、水藻等杂物大多漂浮在水面上，不会进入浮萍隔离罩16内。Four pile holes 5 are reserved on the anti-floating plate 6 . The duckweed isolation cover 16 is a bottomless hollow cylindrical structure, the upper part of the cylindrical side wall is airtight and watertight, and the lower part of the cylindrical side wall is hollowed out to form a grid 17 . When it is covered with the top of the water collecting funnel 13, the grid 17 is submerged below the water surface, and the duckweed isolation cover 16 communicates with the outside atmosphere due to the top air vent 15, and the water level and the water level in the duckweed isolation cover 16 are The field is consistent, but sundries such as duckweed, algae float on the water surface mostly, and can not enter in the duckweed isolation cover 16.
在淹水稻田中收集径流的方法包括如下步骤：A method of collecting runoff in a flooded rice field includes the steps of:
1）在目标径流小区边上事先开挖一个土坑，将径流桶1放入土坑中，放置过程中应保持桶底呈水平，排气管2高于地表，PVC管高度低于需要采样的稻田表面，若当地土质松软，无法保持径流桶1不上浮，应向桩孔5中打入木桩进行加强固定，放置完毕后将开挖土体回填； 1) Excavate an earth pit in advance on the edge of the target runoff area, put the runoff barrel 1 into the earth pit, keep the bottom of the barrel horizontal during placement, the exhaust pipe 2 is higher than the ground surface, and the height of the PVC pipe is lower than that required for sampling On the surface of the rice field, if the local soil is soft and cannot keep the runoff bucket 1 from floating up, wooden piles should be driven into the pile holes 5 for reinforcement and fixing, and the excavated soil should be backfilled after placement;
2）将直角水位尺9固定在稻田表面，并根据气泡式水平仪10的气泡位置进行相应调节，使其能准确测量水位高度；2) Fix the right-angle water gauge 9 on the surface of the paddy field, and adjust accordingly according to the bubble position of the bubble level 10, so that it can accurately measure the water level;
3）根据实验需要调节紧固螺丝14，将集水漏斗13顶部固定在实验要求的高度，并盖好浮萍隔离罩16，浮萍隔离罩16应保持底部的栅格17浸没于田面水中，而顶部的排气孔15应比田埂高；3) Adjust the fastening screw 14 according to the needs of the experiment, fix the top of the water collecting funnel 13 at the height required by the experiment, and cover the duckweed isolation cover 16. The duckweed isolation cover 16 should keep the grid 17 at the bottom submerged in the field water. And the air vent 15 at the top should be higher than the field ridge;
4）当降雨或人为灌水后，田面水逐渐上涨，在压力差作用下，田面水通过栅格17逐渐进入浮萍隔离罩16中，当水位高于集水漏斗13顶部时，田面水在重力作用下依次通过集水漏斗13、橡胶软管11、PVC管8进入径流桶1中，降雨结束后，及时打开桶盖3进行采样，采样完毕后通过抽水管4将径流桶1内余水排出，以待下一次采样。4) After rainfall or artificial irrigation, the field surface water gradually rises. Under the action of pressure difference, the field surface water gradually enters the duckweed isolation cover 16 through the grid 17. When the water level is higher than the top of the water collecting funnel 13, the field surface water is under gravity. Under the action, it enters the runoff bucket 1 through the water collecting funnel 13, the rubber hose 11, and the PVC pipe 8 in sequence. After the rainfall ends, the bucket cover 3 is opened in time to take samples. After the sampling is completed, the remaining water in the runoff bucket 1 is discharged through the suction pipe 4. , for the next sampling.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310630838.4ACN103698156B (en) | 2013-12-02 | 2013-12-02 | System and method for collecting runoffs from flooded rice field |
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310630838.4ACN103698156B (en) | 2013-12-02 | 2013-12-02 | System and method for collecting runoffs from flooded rice field |
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103698156A CN103698156A (en) | 2014-04-02 |
| CN103698156Btrue CN103698156B (en) | 2014-10-15 |
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310630838.4AExpired - Fee RelatedCN103698156B (en) | 2013-12-02 | 2013-12-02 | System and method for collecting runoffs from flooded rice field |
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| CN (1) | CN103698156B (en) |
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| CN1818603A (en)* | 2006-01-20 | 2006-08-16 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Vadose water collector indry land |
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| CN203606175U (en)* | 2013-12-02 | 2014-05-21 | 浙江大学 | Flooded rice field runoff collecting system |
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| US5403119A (en)* | 1993-01-19 | 1995-04-04 | Four Seasons Environmental, Inc. | Perforated piling for soil remediation |
| CN1818603A (en)* | 2006-01-20 | 2006-08-16 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Vadose water collector indry land |
| CN101241120A (en)* | 2008-03-25 | 2008-08-13 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Integrated device for in-situ monitoring of farmland underground leaching and surface runoff |
| CN102346059A (en)* | 2010-11-08 | 2012-02-08 | 广东省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 | Simple device for measuring surface runoff quantity and collecting runoff liquid |
| CN203606175U (en)* | 2013-12-02 | 2014-05-21 | 浙江大学 | Flooded rice field runoff collecting system |
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN103698156A (en) | 2014-04-02 |
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