技术领域technical field
本发明涉及车辆(例如，汽车)的车载电网中转换的装置和方法。The present invention relates to a device and a method for switching in an on-board electrical network of a vehicle, such as an automobile.
背景技术Background technique
人们已知一系列解决方案，它们易于实现，并能在车辆混合动力的不同的阶段上迅速投入市场。在这样的解决方案中允许明显地降低消耗和CO2排放。A number of solutions are known which are easy to implement and which can be brought to market quickly at different stages of vehicle hybridization. In such a solution it is possible to significantly reduce consumption andCO2 emissions.
存在两种互补的“停止-起动”(停止-运行)方案，或者从增强的起动机出发，或者从交流发电机-起动机出发。当车辆停止时，停止-起动功能关闭发动机，接着立即无噪声地重新启动它。增强的起动机允许实现停止-起动功能，在欧洲的NEDC周期(“New European Driving Cycle(新欧洲行驶循环)”)中消耗降低4至6％。由于该系统在车辆体系结构上的非侵入性，可以在非常短的时间中安装。从交流发电机-起动机出发实现停止-起动功能提供不同的混合动力水平，并因而，在消耗上提供增益并减少排放。该交流发电机-起动机允许获得效率的改善，因为在某些速度下行驶的车辆切断发动机，消耗在欧洲NEDC循环可以减少6至8％，在繁忙的城市交通下直达25％，该一个或多个车辆停止时间超过35％。安装该交流发电机-起动机，代替传统的交流发电机，在车辆体系结构上需要少量改变。There are two complementary "stop-start" (stop-run) schemes, either from a boosted starter or from an alternator-starter. When the vehicle comes to a stop, the stop-start function shuts down the engine, then restarts it immediately and silently. The enhanced starter allows a stop-start function with a consumption reduction of 4 to 6% in the European NEDC cycle ("New European Driving Cycle"). Due to the non-intrusive nature of the system on the vehicle architecture, it can be installed in a very short time. Implementing stop-start functionality from the alternator-starter provides different hybridization levels and thus, gains in consumption and reduced emissions. This alternator- starter allows to obtain efficiency improvements, since at certain speeds the vehicle cuts off the engine, consumption can be reduced by 6 to 8% on the European NEDC cycle, and up to 25% in heavy urban traffic, the one or Multiple vehicles stopped more than 35% of the time. Installing the alternator-starter, instead of a conventional alternator, requires minor changes in vehicle architecture.
另外，存在一种包括超级电容器的实施方案，允许在制动时回收动能并在需要时辅助热力发动机。于是，如图1所示，在现有技术的一个实施方案中，DC／DC转换器10在输入端连接至停止-起动模块11和基于超级电容器的能量储存模块12，而在输出端连接至14伏车载电网13，并通过开关15连接至电池14。这样一种解决方案通过其高电压管理能力使功率加倍。在车辆减速阶段上，它对热力发动机起电制动器的作用，并转变被回收的能量为电能，储存在适宜于频繁充电／放电周期的超级电容器12中。这个电力可以借助于DC／DC转换器10，释放到14伏车载电网13上，或者由停止-起动模块11的交流发电机-起动机再利用，以便当用到停止-起动功能时再起动热力发动机，或者当要求高功率时起辅助作用。它允许明显地降低热力发动机的消耗，在欧洲NEDC循环中获得的增益估计为10至12％之间。Additionally, there is an embodiment that includes a supercapacitor, allowing kinetic energy recovery during braking and assisting the heat engine if required. Thus, as shown in FIG. 1 , in one embodiment of the prior art, a DC/DC converter 10 is connected at the input to a stop-start module 11 and a supercapacitor-based energy storage module 12 and at the output to 14 volts vehicle power grid 13 and connected to battery 14 through switch 15 . Such a solution doubles the power through its high voltage management capability. During the deceleration phase of the vehicle, it acts as an electric brake on the thermal engine and converts the recovered energy into electrical energy, which is stored in a supercapacitor 12 suitable for frequent charge/discharge cycles. This power can be released to the 14 volt on-board electrical network 13 by means of the DC/DC converter 10, or reused by the alternator-starter of the stop-start module 11 to restart the thermal power when the stop-start function is used. engine, or as an assist when high power is required. It allows to significantly reduce the consumption of the heat engine, with gains estimated to be between 10 and 12% obtained in the European NEDC cycle.
于是，DC／DC转换器10管理浮动电网(例如，标称24伏电压)和14伏车辆电网之间的能量交换。但是，该DC／DC转换器10是针对2.4kW功率设置的。它不能响应发展中新型车辆出现的2.4kW至4.8kW之间的功率要求。The DC/DC converter 10 then manages the energy exchange between the floating grid (eg, nominally 24 volts) and the 14 volt vehicle grid. However, this DC/DC converter 10 is set for a power of 2.4 kW. It cannot respond to the power requirements between 2.4kW and 4.8kW emerging from new vehicles in development.
本发明旨在提出一个解决方案，在开发时间紧迫不允许重新设计DC／DC转换器的情况下，允许响应这样的要求。The present invention aims to propose a solution that allows responding to such requirements in situations where tight development time does not allow a redesign of the DC/DC converter.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明涉及一种车辆的车载电网中的转换装置，它一方面连接至包括交流发电机-起动机和超级电容器组的停止-起动模块，而另一方面连接到车辆的14伏车载电网和电池，其特征在于，它包括从硬件和软件观点看相同的并联设置的至少两个DC／DC转换器，所述转换器通过通信系统连接至控制器，在输入端和输出端具有对称的布线；和在确定的周期过程中学习布线阻抗不平衡的器件。The invention relates to a switching device in the on-board electrical network of a vehicle, which is connected on the one hand to a stop-start module comprising an alternator-starter and a bank of supercapacitors, and on the other hand to the 14-volt on-board electrical system of the vehicle and the battery , characterized in that it comprises at least two DC/DC converters arranged in parallel identically from the hardware and software point of view, said converters being connected to the controller via a communication system, having symmetrical wiring at the input and output; and a device that learns wiring impedance imbalance during a defined cycle.
有利地，本发明的装置还包括再初始化器件。Advantageously, the device of the invention also comprises reinitialization means.
有利地，在本发明的装置包括两个DC／DC转换器，每个转换器包括软件模块，软件模块通过CAN总线从控制器接收开／停转换命令、电压设定值、要输送的最大电流设定值和电压测量信号和电流测量信号，后跟着硬件模块，硬件模块包括两个均值模块，一个均值模块后跟着电压控制回路而另一个均值模块后跟着电流控制回路，连接至设定值计算模块，后跟着开关电源，其中该软件模块包括电压修正器和电流修正器。Advantageously, the device according to the invention comprises two DC/DC converters, each converter comprising a software module which receives from the controller via the CAN bus an on/off conversion command, a voltage setpoint, a maximum current to be delivered Setpoint and voltage measurement signal and current measurement signal, followed by a hardware module, the hardware module consists of two averaging modules, one averaging module followed by the voltage control loop and the other averaging module followed by the current control loop, connected to the setpoint calculation module, followed by a switching power supply, where the software module includes a voltage modifier and a current modifier.
在一个实施模式中，本发明的装置包括主控制器和两个从转换器，由此接收共用的电压设定值，而且它们之间进行通信，使输入提供较少电流的转换器的电压设定值进行自适应。每个转换器都可以包括几个模块：In one mode of implementation, the device of the invention comprises a master controller and two slave converters, whereby a common voltage setpoint is received and communicated between them so that the voltage setting of the converter supplying less current is input. The fixed value is adaptive. Each converter can consist of several modules:
·根据温度进行电流平衡并实现学习阶段的模块，连接到：A module that performs current balancing according to temperature and implements a learning phase, connected to:
·值delta U=f(delta Ohm)的估算模块，Estimation module for value delta U=f(delta Ohm),
·用于每个转换器的目标电压U_target的估算模块，它接收计算模块提供的U_target初始值，和该值的估算模块提供的值delta U，而且其中采用如下算法：An estimation module for the target voltage U_target of each converter, which receives the initial value of U_target provided by the calculation module, and the value delta U provided by the estimation module of this value, and in which the following algorithm is used:
若“提升”DC／DC1，则If "boost" DC/DC1, then
(U_target_2=U_tar_init(U_target_2=U_tar_init
和and
U_target_1=U_tar_init+delta_U)U_target_1=U_tar_init+delta_U)
否则，若“提升”DC／DC2，则Otherwise, if DC/DC2 is "boosted", then
(U_target_1=U_tar_init(U_target_1=U_tar_init
和and
U_target_2=U_tar_init+delta_U)U_target_2=U_tar_init+delta_U)
有利地，它包括在提供较少电流的DC／DC转换器的电压设定值上施加电压偏置的器件。Advantageously, it includes means for applying a voltage bias at the voltage setpoint of the DC/DC converter supplying less current.
有利地，本发明的装置包括降级方式处理器件，和诊断冗余器件。Advantageously, the device of the invention comprises fallback mode processing means, and diagnostic redundancy means.
本发明还涉及实施上述装置的车辆的车载电网中的DC／DC转换方法，包括下列步骤：The invention also relates to a method for DC/DC conversion in an on-board electrical network of a vehicle implementing the above-mentioned device, comprising the following steps:
·每个转换器例如通过通信系统从控制单元或者控制器接收共用的电压设定值的步骤，和the step of each converter receiving a common voltage setpoint from a control unit or controller, for example via a communication system, and
·每个转换器向另一个转换器进行有关电流和内部温度的内部信息的通信步骤，和a step in which each converter communicates internal information about current and internal temperature to the other converter, and
·根据温度差改变施加于DC／DC转换器的电压设定值的步骤。• A step of changing the voltage setting value applied to the DC/DC converter according to the temperature difference.
有利地，本发明的方法包括在提供较少电流的DC／DC转换器的电压设定值上施加电压偏置的步骤。Advantageously, the method of the invention comprises the step of applying a voltage bias on the voltage setpoint of the DC/DC converter supplying less current.
有利地，本发明的方法包括下列步骤：Advantageously, the method of the invention comprises the following steps:
·每个转换器在一个运行周期上，通过将其电流与另一个转换器提供的电流进行比较，记录平均电流差，接着在该周期结束时存储该差值，在每个学习周期过程中，从第二周期起对先前记录的值和最新记录的值求平均，完成这个测量，Each converter records the average current difference over an operating cycle by comparing its current with the current supplied by the other converter, then stores the difference at the end of the cycle, during each learning cycle, This measurement is done by averaging the previously recorded value and the latest recorded value from the second period,
·在同一数目的运行周期上记录这两个转换器之间的平均温度差，进行“热相干”，必要时可以在学习阶段之后抑制修正，recording of the average temperature difference between the two converters over the same number of operating cycles, performing a "thermal coherence", if necessary suppressing the correction after the learning phase,
·在提供较少电流的转换器的电压设定值上施加电压偏置，该偏置是从学习阶段求出的布线阻抗不平衡推算的。• Apply a voltage bias to the voltage setpoint of the converter that supplies less current, which is extrapolated from the wiring impedance imbalance found during the learning phase.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1举例说明现有技术的装置。Figure 1 illustrates a prior art device.
图2和3举例说明本发明的装置。Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the device of the invention.
图4举例说明并联设置的两个DC／DC转换器之间的电流的分配。Figure 4 illustrates the distribution of current between two DC/DC converters arranged in parallel.
图5举例说明相应的温度测量。Figure 5 illustrates the corresponding temperature measurements.
图6表示并联设置的两个DC／DC转换器之间的使用寿命关于温度差(ΔT℃)的Pareto曲线图。Figure 6 shows a Pareto diagram of the service life between two DC/DC converters arranged in parallel with respect to the temperature difference (ΔT°C).
图7举例说明并联设置的这两个转换器和负载之间存在的布线阻抗。Figure 7 illustrates the wiring impedance that exists between these two converters arranged in parallel and the load.
图8举例说明DC／DC转换器的电压电流调节的方框图。Figure 8 illustrates a block diagram of voltage and current regulation of a DC/DC converter.
图9举例说明DC／DC转换器的软件调节原理。Figure 9 illustrates the principle of software regulation of the DC/DC converter.
图10举例说明本发明的装置的一个实施方式。Figure 10 illustrates one embodiment of the device of the present invention.
图11和12分别举例说明不带按照本发明的热平衡策略和带有热平衡策略的控制。Figures 11 and 12 illustrate control without and with a heat balancing strategy according to the invention, respectively.
图13A和13B举例说明分别根据Delta I(ΔI)的补偿Delta_U(ΔU)，和根据Delta Ohm的补偿delta U的两个示例。13A and 13B illustrate two examples of compensation Delta_U (ΔU) according to Delta I (ΔI), and compensation delta U according to Delta Ohm, respectively.
图14举例说明在按照本发明的装置的一个实施模式中，图13B的补偿在一个DC／DC转换器中的实现。FIG. 14 illustrates the realization of the compensation of FIG. 13B in a DC/DC converter in one embodiment mode of the device according to the invention.
具体实施方式detailed description
在本发明的装置中，如图2所示，考虑实施并联的至少两个DC／DC转换器(例如，12V／24V)20和21的功率结构。在该图2中，采用在图1上已经利用的附图标记。In the arrangement of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 2 , a power structure implementing at least two DC/DC converters (for example, 12V/24V) 20 and 21 in parallel is considered. In this FIG. 2 , the reference numbers already used in FIG. 1 are used.
图3举例说明并联设置的几个DC／DC转换器的电路图。这些转换器30一方面，例如，借助于CAN总线32连接至控制器(ECU)31，而另一方面通过布线模块35和36连接至电源33和负载34。Figure 3 illustrates the circuit diagram of several DC/DC converters arranged in parallel. These converters 30 are connected on the one hand to a controller (ECU) 31 , for example by means of a CAN bus 32 , and on the other hand to a power source 33 and a load 34 through wiring modules 35 and 36 .
实现这样并联配置的几个DC／DC转换器时，升压器或降压器接收同一设定值并调节电压时，每个DC／DC转换器提供的电流取决于输出电缆的阻抗。When implementing several DC/DC converters in such a parallel configuration, the current supplied by each DC/DC converter depends on the impedance of the output cable when the step-up or step-down receives the same set value and regulates the voltage.
在力求稳定电压而需要这样的精度的情况下，使得若在控制器中或在每个DC／DC转换器中没有内部电流平衡策略，就不可能限制一个或者另一个转换器中的电流而无电压崩溃或电压失调的风险，就无法保证由不同的转换器提供的电流的平衡。In the case of striving to stabilize the voltage such accuracy is required that without an internal current balancing strategy in the controller or in each DC/DC converter it is impossible to limit the current in one or the other converter without Without the risk of voltage collapse or voltage imbalance, it is impossible to guarantee the balance of the currents supplied by the different converters.
对于每一个并联设置的DC／DC转换器在冷却相同的假定下，电流的不平衡是由每个转换器之间热不平衡导致的。已知这些转换器的定位、其热环境及其冷却模式都是未知的而且相同的几率非常小，因而需要对这些转换器规定一种控制策略。Under the assumption of the same cooling for each DC/DC converter arranged in parallel, the current imbalance is caused by the thermal imbalance between each converter. Knowing that the location of these converters, their thermal environment and their mode of cooling are all unknown and very unlikely to be the same, a control strategy needs to be specified for these converters.
在下文中，为了简化描述，作为非限制性示例考虑，一组两个并联的转换器DC／DC1和DC／DC2，而且这些转换器在它们之间有通信器件，并借助于CAN总线与控制器(ECU)通信。In the following, to simplify the description, consider as a non-limiting example a set of two parallel-connected converters DC/DC1 and DC/DC2, and these converters have communication devices between them and communicate with the controller by means of the CAN bus (ECU) communication.
在图4和5中所示的曲线呈现测得的温度差与用相同方法冷却的第一和第二DC／DC转换器(DC／DC1和DC／DC2)之间的电流不平衡的关系。随着时间推移，每安培的电流差约对应于一摄氏度的温度差。然而，这两个转换器之间的温度差(或者delta)，在其寿命周期中严重地影响其各自的寿命。The curves shown in Figures 4 and 5 present the measured temperature difference versus the current imbalance between the first and second DC/DC converters (DC/DC1 and DC/DC2) cooled in the same way. Each ampere of current difference corresponds to approximately one degree Celsius of temperature difference over time. However, the temperature difference (or delta) between these two converters, during their lifetimes, severely affects their respective lifetimes.
在图6上举例说明的Pareto曲线图根据其温度差(依次对于控制卡、对于功率卡和对于整个转换器)评价这两个转换器的寿命。从该曲线图推算，在平均温度比第二转换器DC／DC2高30℃时工作的第一转换器DC／DC1的使用寿命短约5倍。因而，这样的并联设置的DC／DC转换器的运行约束应该包括目的在于保证其热平衡的算法，以便优化它们的使用寿命和使之一致。The Pareto graph illustrated on FIG. 6 evaluates the lifetime of the two converters according to their temperature difference (in turn for the control card, for the power card and for the entire converter). It can be extrapolated from this diagram that the service life of the first converter DC/DC1 operated at an average temperature 30° C. higher than that of the second converter DC/DC2 is about 5 times shorter. Thus, the operating constraints of such parallel-arranged DC/DC converters should include algorithms aimed at ensuring their thermal balance in order to optimize and align their service life.
在两个转换器进行相似的冷却的情况下，在逻辑上温度差与测得的电流差成正比，或者直接取决于负载和每个DC／DC转换器之间布线的阻抗差。于是，图7举例说明这两个转换器和负载之间的布线阻抗R1、R2和R3。In the case of similar cooling of both converters, the temperature difference is logically proportional to the measured current difference, or directly depends on the impedance difference between the load and the wiring between each DC/DC converter. Figure 7 thus illustrates the wiring impedances R1, R2 and R3 between the two converters and the load.
为了实现这两个DC／DC转换器的这样一种热平衡，本发明定义一种策略，以根据这两个DC／DC转换器的内部温度管理各自的电流分配，已知转换器的温度与它提供的电流直接相关。力求达到的目标是达到小于确定值(例如，10℃)的温度差。In order to achieve such a thermal balance of the two DC/DC converters, the invention defines a strategy to manage the respective current distribution according to the internal temperature of the two DC/DC converters, the known relationship between the temperature of the converters and its directly related to the supplied current. The goal to be achieved is to achieve a temperature difference of less than a certain value (for example, 10° C.).
为此，本发明提出采用电流平衡策略，通过在学习周期过程中实现负载和每个DC／DC转换器之间的布线阻抗不平衡的学习，以此在每个转换器之间管理电流平衡，以便使其寿命一致。To this end, the present invention proposes the use of a current balancing strategy to manage the current balancing between each converter by enabling the learning of the wiring impedance imbalance between the load and each DC/DC converter during the learning cycle, in order to have a consistent lifetime.
本发明同样允许考虑在转换器寿命过程中布线阻抗不平衡学习的再初始化。The invention also allows reinitialization taking into account the learning of wiring impedance imbalances during the life of the converter.
在本发明的装置中，考虑两个从硬件和软件观点看相同的DC／DC转换器(DC／DC1和DC／DC2)，连接到通信系统，例如，专用的或公用的CAN(“Controller Area Network(控制器区域网”)总线并由外部的控制器(ECU)控制。防错标记(detrompage)允许确定每个转换器的配置：因而在识别防错标记之后它们具有两个不同的识别符，并在该通信网络上加以区分。它们通过两个不同的框架加以控制。In the device of the invention, two DC/DC converters (DC/DC1 and DC/DC2), which are identical from a hardware and software point of view, are considered, connected to a communication system, e.g. a dedicated or common CAN (“Controller Area Network (Controller Area Network") bus and is controlled by an external controller (ECU). The detrompage allows to determine the configuration of each converter: thus after recognizing the detrompage they have two different identifiers , and differentiated on this communication network.They are controlled through two different frameworks.
每个转换器DC／DC1和DC／DC2都接收下列设定值：Each converter DC/DC1 and DC/DC2 receives the following setpoints:
·ON／OF(开/停)转换命令，· ON/OF (open/stop) conversion command,
·电压设定值U_target，·Voltage set value U_target,
·要输送的最大电流设定值I_max_target。• The maximum current setpoint I_max_target to be delivered.
连接至负载48的DC／DC转换器39的硬件／软件接口方框图在图8上举例说明。软件模块40接收设定值ON／OFF、U_target、I_max_target和电压测量信号U_meas、电流测量信号I_meas，并提供脉宽调制信号PWM_U和PWM_I。接收这些信号PWM_U和PWM_I的硬件模块41包括两个均值模块42和43，一个均值模块后跟着电压控制回路44和另一个均值模块后跟着电流控制回路45，连接至设定值计算模块46，后跟着开关电源47。A block diagram of the hardware/software interface of the DC/DC converter 39 connected to the load 48 is illustrated in FIG. 8 . The software module 40 receives set values ON/OFF, U_target, I_max_target, voltage measurement signal U_meas, current measurement signal I_meas, and provides pulse width modulation signals PWM_U and PWM_I. The hardware module 41 receiving these signals PWM_U and PWM_I includes two mean value modules 42 and 43, one mean value module followed by a voltage control loop 44 and the other mean value module followed by a current control loop 45, connected to a setpoint calculation module 46, followed by Followed by switching power supply 47 .
图9举例说明DC／DC转换器的软件模块50的调节原理。软件电压修正器51接收差值信号Utarget-Umeas，并输出信号PWM_U。软件电流修正器52接收差值信号Imax_target-Imeas并输出信号PWM_I。若调节电压，就是说对电流不施加任何限制，信号PWM_I等于100％，调节输出电压的是信号PWM_U。Fig. 9 illustrates by way of example the regulation principle of the software module 50 of the DC/DC converter. The software voltage modifier 51 receives the difference signal Utarget -Umeas and outputs a signal PWM_U. The software current modifier 52 receives the difference signal Imax _target-Imeas and outputs a signal PWM_I. If the voltage is regulated, that is to say without any limitation on the current, the signal PWM_I is equal to 100%, and it is the signal PWM_U that regulates the output voltage.
在下文中，在电流平衡的情况下，对电流不施加任何限制：I_max_target>Imeas。In the following, in the case of current balance, no limitation is imposed on the current: I_max_target>Imeas.
换句话说，在下列示例中转换器的电流仍旧小于要输送的最大电流设定值I_max_target。In other words, the current of the converter in the following example is still less than the maximum current setpoint I_max_target to be delivered.
在图10上举例说明的本发明的装置的一个实施模式中，在这两个DC／DC转换器中实施电流／热平衡策略。主ECU不管理这两个转换器的热平衡。它向两个转换器发送唯一的电压设定值U target，在学习时期结束时进行自平衡。它不限制电流。通过学习的热平衡策略是在每个DC／DC转换器中对称地实施的。但是，根据测得的布线阻抗差进行的电压设定值的自适应，是在这两个转换器中提供较少电流的转换器中不对称地进行的，应该使之“提升”，就是说增大其输出电流。In one implementation mode of the device of the invention illustrated on FIG. 10 , a current/heat balance strategy is implemented in the two DC/DC converters. The main ECU does not manage the thermal balance of these two converters. It sends a unique voltage setpoint U target to both converters, self-balancing at the end of the learning period. It does not limit current. The learned thermal balance strategy is implemented symmetrically in each DC/DC converter. However, the adaptation of the voltage setpoint based on the measured wiring impedance difference, which is carried out asymmetrically in the converter of the two converters that supplies less current, should cause it to be "boosted", that is to say increase its output current.
通过这些DC／DC转换器和主ECU之间和在这两个DC／DC转换器之间传递的信息的处理，同样可以实现降级方式处理(运行在总功率X％)和诊断冗余。Through the processing of information passed between these DC/DC converters and the main ECU and between these two DC/DC converters, degraded mode handling (operating at X% of total power) and diagnostic redundancy can also be achieved.
图11和12允许使该实施方式的特征变得显著，分别是不带和带有热平衡策略的并联的两个DC／DC转换器的控制图。没有热平衡时，如图11所示，电流I1和I2(Itotal=I1+I2)取决于每个转换器DC／DC1和DC／DC2和负载之间的电缆的长度差。布线的不对称自动地造成电流的不平衡。Figures 11 and 12 allow to highlight the characteristics of this embodiment, respectively the control diagrams of two DC/DC converters in parallel without and with a thermal balancing strategy. When there is no thermal balance, as shown in Fig. 11, the currents I1 and I2 (Itotal=I1+I2) depend on the cable length difference between each converter DC/DC1 and DC/DC2 and the load. An asymmetry in the wiring automatically creates an imbalance in the current flow.
当约束是稳定电压和负载一侧的调节精度时，在任何电流平衡策略应用之前，它应该确定提供较少电流的转换器，其中它应该“提升”运行，以便保证电流平衡，而不抑制另一个转换器。When the constraints are stable voltage and regulation accuracy on the load side, before any current balancing strategy is applied, it should identify the converter that supplies less current, where it should operate "boosted" in order to guarantee current balancing without inhibiting the other a converter.
为了避免这种电流不平衡，本发明提出实现布线阻抗不平衡的学习，如图12所示。因而，在每个DC／DC转换器内部在预定数目的运行周期中实现一学习阶段，以便在这些学习周期过程中测量这些转换器之间的平均电流差和平均温度差之后，推算施加于一个(或者不对称地施加于两个)DC／DC转换器的电压设定值上的电压差。In order to avoid this current imbalance, the present invention proposes to realize the learning of wiring impedance imbalance, as shown in FIG. 12 . Thus, a learning phase is implemented within each DC/DC converter during a predetermined number of operating cycles, so that after measuring the average current difference and the average temperature difference between these converters during these learning cycles, the extrapolation applied to a (or asymmetrically applied to two) DC/DC converter voltage set point voltage difference.
在两个转换器并联的情况下，每一个转换器都通过将其电流与第二转换器流过的电流之间进行比较，记录例如在一个运行周期中的平均电流差，接着在该周期结束时保存这个电流I的差。每个学习周期期间都进行这种测量，从第二周期起把先前记录的值与最新记录的值求平均。In the case of two converters connected in parallel, each converter records, for example, the average current difference over an operating cycle by comparing its current with the current flowing through the second converter, and then at the end of the cycle Save the difference of this current I at the same time. This measurement is carried out during each learning cycle, averaging the previously recorded value with the most recent recorded value from the second cycle onwards.
同样在这两个转换器之间在同一数目的运行周期上求出平均温度差，进行“热相干”，必要时可以抑制学习阶段之后的修正。The mean temperature difference is likewise determined between the two converters over the same number of operating cycles, a "thermal coherence" takes place, and corrections after the learning phase can be suppressed if necessary.
最后把电压偏置施加于提供较少电流的转换器的电压设定值。该偏置是从学习阶段求出的布线阻抗不平衡推算出来的。Finally a voltage bias is applied to the voltage setpoint of the converter supplying less current. This offset is estimated from the wiring impedance imbalance found in the learning phase.
为了减少delta I，正如图13A和13B举例说明的，在该电压设定值上施加补偿偏置，其与阻抗差成正比(增益G)，或者取决于在求出转换器并联配置的特征以后定义的查找表：Delta U补偿=f(DeltaΩ)。To reduce delta I, as exemplified in Figures 13A and 13B, a compensating bias is applied to this voltage setpoint, proportional to the impedance difference (gain G), or depending on Defined lookup table: Delta U Compensation = f(DeltaΩ).
图13A表示一个示例，其中电压补偿偏置Delta U与电流差delta I成正比。图13B表示查找表(英语为“lookup table”)的一个示例，它包括曲线图，施加于转换器的补偿偏置Delta U与阻抗差deltaΩ相关联。Figure 13A shows an example where the voltage compensation bias Delta U is proportional to the current difference delta I. Figure 13B shows an example of a look-up table ("lookup table" in English), which includes a graph relating the compensation bias Delta U applied to the converter to the impedance difference deltaΩ.
该学习阶段是在每个转换器中实现的，如图14所示，包括几个模块，就是说：This learning phase is implemented in each converter, as shown in Figure 14, and consists of several modules, namely:
·根据温度进行电流平衡并实现学习阶段的模块61，连接到：· Module 61 for current balancing according to temperature and implementation of the learning phase, connected to:
·delta U=f(delta Ohm)的估算模块62，· Estimation module 62 of delta U=f(delta Ohm),
·用于每个转换器的目标电压(U target)的估算模块63，它接收由模块64提供的U target初始值和模块62提供的Delta U的值，而且其中采用如下算法：An estimation module 63 for the target voltage (U target) of each converter, which receives the initial value of U target provided by the module 64 and the value of Delta U provided by the module 62, and wherein the following algorithm is used:
若“提升”DC／DC1，则If "boost" DC/DC1, then
(U_target_2=U_tar_init(U_target_2=U_tar_init
和and
U_target_1=U_tar_init+delta_U)U_target_1=U_tar_init+delta_U)
否则，若“提升”DC／DC2，则Otherwise, if DC/DC2 is "boosted", then
(U_target_1=U_tar_init(U_target_1=U_tar_init
和and
U_target_2=U_tar_init+delta_U)U_target_2=U_tar_init+delta_U)
换句话说，当转换器DC／DC1的温度T℃1低于转换器DC／DC2的温度T℃2时，补偿偏置delta U加在转换器DC／DC1的电压设定值U_target_1上。当转换器DC／DC2的温度T℃2低于转换器DC／DC1的温度T℃1时，补偿偏置delta U加在转换器DC／DC2的电压设定值U_target_2上。In other words, when the temperature T°C1 of the converter DC/DC1 is lower than the temperature T°C2 of the converter DC/DC2, the compensation bias delta U is added to the voltage setting value U_target_1 of the converter DC/DC1. When the temperature T°C2 of the converter DC/DC2 is lower than the temperature T°C1 of the converter DC/DC1, the compensation bias delta U is added to the voltage setting value U_target_2 of the converter DC/DC2.
事实上，是使最冷的转换器DC／DC1或DC／DC2“提升”。In fact, the coldest converter DC/DC1 or DC/DC2 is "boosted".
若预先知道布线配置，则可以用测试之后标定的最大值满足delta U，可以阻止这种现象产生。If the wiring configuration is known in advance, the delta U can be satisfied with the maximum value calibrated after the test, which can prevent this phenomenon from occurring.
必要时同样可以在学习阶段结束时规定要施加的预定值delta U。于是，在该学习阶段之后，这个值delta U根据其布线配置施加在一个或另一个DC／DC转换器的设定值上。Optionally, a predetermined value delta U to be applied at the end of the learning phase can likewise be provided. Then, after this learning phase, this value delta U is imposed on the setpoint of one or the other DC/DC converter, depending on its wiring configuration.
可以在模块寿命过程中规定学习再初始化：在X个休眠周期结束时，例如，预先规定在转换器一次安装／拆卸之后，和／或在其寿命过程中布线线路翻转之后。Learning re-initialization can be specified during the life of the module: at the end of X sleep periods, for example after a converter installation/removal is predetermined, and/or after a wiring line flip during its life.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1061143 | 2010-12-23 | ||
| FR1061143AFR2969849B1 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2010-12-23 | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONVERTING IN THE INBOARD NETWORK OF A VEHICLE |
| PCT/FR2011/053125WO2012085459A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2011-12-21 | Device and method for dc/dc conversion in the onboard network of a vehicle |
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| CN103444064A CN103444064A (en) | 2013-12-11 |
| CN103444064Btrue CN103444064B (en) | 2016-10-19 |
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN201180062635.9AExpired - Fee RelatedCN103444064B (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2011-12-21 | Device and method for DC/DC conversion in vehicle electrical network |
| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP2656494A1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN103444064B (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2969849B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2012085459A1 (en) |
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