技术领域technical field
本发明属于农作物新品种选育技术领域，具体地涉及一种水稻高产且氮素高效利用的新品种选育方法。 The invention belongs to the technical field of breeding of new varieties of crops, and in particular relates to a method for breeding new varieties of rice with high yield and high nitrogen utilization.
背景技术Background technique
目前，氮素是作物生长发育与产量形成的基本要素。从20世纪60至70年代培育和推广半矮秆耐肥型常规水稻品种和杂交稻新组合以来，特别是近年来大面积推广超级杂交稻，使我国的水稻产量水平有了大幅度提高，但随之带来了氮肥施用量的急剧增加。过量施用氮肥不仅降低了氮素的利用效率，造成能源的巨大浪费，而且提高了作物的生产成本，挫伤了农民的生产积极性。据报道，目前我国水稻氮肥利用率仅为28%～40%，其余的氮素则通过淋溶、挥发和冲洗等以NH3、NO－3 等形式排入环境而损失，并污染地下水、土壤、河流和大气，进而影响人体健康。另外，由于土壤退化等因素造成的中低产田已占耕地总面积的2/3。长江流域内各省市中低产田均有分布;其中土壤瘠薄型中低产田全国共计2200万公顷；大于200万公顷的有河南和甘肃两省；大于100万公顷的有安徽、湖北、四川(包括重庆市)、吉林、山东、贵州、河北，江西等省。因此，通过筛选和培育高产且氮素高效利用的水稻新品种对保障国家粮食安全；改善耕地质量；提高我国土壤瘠薄型中低产田水稻产量；降低农业面源污染；促进农业的可持续发展具有十分重要意义。At present, nitrogen is the basic element for crop growth and yield formation. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the cultivation and popularization of semi-dwarf fertilizer-tolerant conventional rice varieties and new hybrid rice varieties, especially in recent years, the large-scale promotion of super hybrid rice has greatly improved the rice production level in my country. This led to a sharp increase in nitrogen fertilizer application. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer not only reduces the efficiency of nitrogen use and causes a huge waste of energy, but also increases the production cost of crops and dampens the enthusiasm of farmers for production. According to reports, the utilization rate of rice nitrogen fertilizer in China is only 28%-40% at present, and the remaining nitrogen is discharged into the environment through leaching, volatilization and washing in the form of NH3 , NO－3 , etc. , rivers and the atmosphere, thereby affecting human health. In addition, the medium and low-yield fields caused by factors such as soil degradation have accounted for 2/3 of the total cultivated land area. Medium and low-yield fields are distributed in all provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Basin; among them, there are a total of 22 million hectares of medium-low-yield fields with barren soil; Henan and Gansu provinces with more than 2 million hectares; Anhui, Hubei, and Sichuan (including Chongqing City), Jilin, Shandong, Guizhou, Hebei, Jiangxi and other provinces. Therefore, screening and cultivating new rice varieties with high yield and efficient use of nitrogen can ensure national food security; improve the quality of cultivated land; increase the yield of rice in low- and medium-yield fields with barren soil in my country; reduce agricultural non-point source pollution; and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. very important.
目前，国内外水稻氮高效评价方法很多，尚未形成统一标准。由于不同方法反映氮利用效率的不同侧面，其中有的评价方法还存在一些缺陷。有的是从施肥的角度来估计氮效率；有的是以水稻吸氮量来衡量氮素利用效率。因此，在进行不同的研究时应明确目标与重点；而基于水稻氮高效利用遗传改良的目标应是水稻氮效率（NUE,Grainnitrogen eficiency ；其计算公式为谷物重与土壤氮供给量和施氮量之和的比值；土壤供给量以不施氮肥水稻植株氮的积累量计）。不同氮高效评价方法下产生了众多的氮高效基因型鉴定指标；其中生理生化指标有在低氮条件下功能叶碳、氮代谢关键酶如硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、RuBP羧化酶活性；在幼穗分化期谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量，灌浆期穗颈伤流液游离氨基酸含量；在拔节期根的密度、根系总吸收面积等等；但提出的氮高效基因型的鉴定指标很难用于田间育种实践，如酶的检测试验误差较大，大田中很难对根部进行调查，这些鉴定指标在大田选种上可操作性不强以及传统方法不易于将水稻高产与氮素高效吸收利用的矛盾很好协调。因此，有必要创新研究水稻高产氮高效利用评价方法与鉴定指标。At present, there are many evaluation methods for rice nitrogen efficiency at home and abroad, and no unified standard has been formed. Since different methods reflect different aspects of nitrogen use efficiency, some evaluation methods still have some defects. Some estimate nitrogen efficiency from the perspective of fertilization; some use rice nitrogen uptake to measure nitrogen use efficiency. Therefore, the goal and focus should be clearly defined when conducting different researches; and the goal of genetic improvement based on rice nitrogen efficiency should be rice nitrogen efficiency (NUE, GrainNitrogen efficiency; its calculation formula is the ratio of grain weight to the sum of soil nitrogen supply and nitrogen application rate; soil supply is calculated as the accumulation of nitrogen in rice plants without nitrogen fertilizer). Under different nitrogen efficiency evaluation methods, a large number of nitrogen efficiency genotype identification indicators have been produced; among them, physiological and biochemical indicators include functional leaf carbon under low nitrogen conditions, key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism such as nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, RuBP carboxylase Activity; Glutamine synthetase activity, soluble protein content at the young panicle differentiation stage, free amino acid content in the ear wound fluid at the filling stage; root density at the jointing stage, total root absorption area, etc.; but the proposed nitrogen-efficient genotype It is difficult to use the identification indicators in the field breeding practice. For example, the error of the enzyme detection test is relatively large, and it is difficult to investigate the roots in the field. It is well coordinated with the contradiction between the efficient absorption and utilization of nitrogen. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate and study the evaluation methods and identification indicators of high-yield and high-efficiency nitrogen utilization in rice.
氨基酸代谢是一个从植物营养器官到收获籽粒转换的重要过程。因此，氨基酸的代谢，尤其是在籽粒形成期的代谢，可以反映氮利用效率。谷氨酸是氮代谢的初级产物，谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺或两者比值在硝酸还原酶、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶短期活性调节中是更重要的代谢因子。在水稻氮高效品种中谷氨酸含量在始穗期与成熟期均显著高于对照品种。采用杂交分离群体与亲本的田间比对趋亲或正向超亲的株系产量与谷氨酸含量选择的方法，实现高产氮高效水稻新品种育种方法的创新选择，提高选择效率。目前为止，该项技术未见报道。Amino acid metabolism is an important process in the transition from plant vegetative organs to harvested grains. Therefore, the metabolism of amino acids, especially during the period of grain formation, can reflect the nitrogen use efficiency. Glutamate is the primary product of nitrogen metabolism, and glutamate and glutamine or the ratio of the two are more important metabolic factors in the regulation of short-term activity of nitrate reductase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and sucrose phosphate synthase . The content of glutamic acid in rice nitrogen-efficient cultivars was significantly higher than that in control cultivars at the initial panicle stage and mature stage. The method of selecting the yield and glutamic acid content of the strains of hybridized segregation populations and parents in the field to compare the yield and glutamic acid content of the close relatives or forward super-parents is used to realize the innovative selection of new breeding methods for high-yield, nitrogen-efficient and high-efficiency rice varieties and improve the selection efficiency. So far, this technology has not been reported.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的就是针对现有的高产氮高效水稻品种筛选与培育选择不足，提供一种在氮高效杂交水稻育种中，F2分离群体、回交选择群体等氮高效株系筛选方法，利用此方法可以快速准确地从杂交后代中选择目标株系，能显著提高氮高效水稻育种选择效率。The purpose of the present invention is exactly for existing high-yielding nitrogen-efficient rice variety screening and cultivation selection deficiency, provide a kind of in nitrogen-efficient hybrid rice breeding, F2 segregation population, backcross selection population etc. nitrogen efficient strain screening method, utilize this method The target strain can be quickly and accurately selected from the hybrid progeny, and the selection efficiency of nitrogen-efficient rice breeding can be significantly improved.
在水稻群体中，由于谷氨酸是水稻碳氮代谢关键酶（硝酸还原酶、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶）短期活性调节中重要的代谢因子，且功能叶谷氨酸含量与氮效率（NUE）间相关密切（始穗期 r=0.467,显著）。因此发明人利用氮高效水稻品种始穗期与成熟期谷氨酸含量来衡量氮高效利用的高低；利用成熟期的稻谷产量与农艺性状来综合衡量稻谷产量。In rice populations, since glutamic acid is an important metabolic factor in the short-term activity regulation of rice carbon and nitrogen metabolism key enzymes (nitrate reductase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, sucrose phosphate synthase), and the functional leaf glutamic acid There was a close correlation between content and nitrogen efficiency (NUE) (r=0.467 at the beginning of heading stage, significant). Therefore, the inventors use the glutamic acid content of nitrogen-efficient rice varieties at the initial heading stage and the mature stage to measure the level of nitrogen efficient utilization; use the rice yield and agronomic traits at the mature stage to comprehensively measure the rice yield.
本发明所要解决的技术问题是通过以下技术方案来实现的；The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions;
本发明是一种利用谷氨酸含量鉴定水稻氮素高效利用并结合水稻产量与农艺性状选择高产氮高效利用的水稻品种选育方法，主要关键技术是对常规品种或恢复系的选育，其步骤如下：The present invention is a rice variety breeding method that uses glutamic acid content to identify high-efficiency nitrogen utilization in rice and selects high-yield and high-efficiency nitrogen utilization in combination with rice yield and agronomic traits. The main key technology is the breeding of conventional varieties or restorer lines. Proceed as follows:
（1）选择中低产田（土壤全氮含量在每公斤土含0.75克至1.5克之间，有机质含量每公斤土小于30克）。按常规施肥方法，亩施纯氮量在10公斤至15公斤；(1) Choose low-to-medium yield fields (total nitrogen content in soil is between 0.75 grams and 1.5 grams per kilogram of soil, and organic matter content is less than 30 grams per kilogram of soil). According to conventional fertilization methods, the amount of pure nitrogen applied per mu is 10 kg to 15 kg;
（2）选择高产优质品种与氮高效利用的优良亲本或品种杂交，收获杂种一代种子；同时设立对照品种；(2) Select high-yield and high-quality varieties to hybridize with excellent parents or varieties with high nitrogen utilization, and harvest the first-generation hybrid seeds; at the same time, set up control varieties;
（3）加代成杂交二代种子，并种植成杂种二代群体；种植对照品种；(3) Substituting into second-generation hybrid seeds and planting into second-generation hybrid populations; planting control varieties;
（4）单株选择；同时种植对照品种；当株系未稳定时全部进行单株选择，单株选择方法如下：(4) Individual plant selection; plant control varieties at the same time; when the strains are not stable, all individual plant selection is carried out. The individual plant selection method is as follows:
a、田间初选：在每个单株始穗后至蜡熟期，田间观察生育特性（包括，始穗期、成熟期等）与调查主要农艺性状（包括分蘖、株高、有效穗等），进行初次选种，并标记；a. Primary selection in the field: After the initial panicle of each individual plant to the wax maturity stage, observe the growth characteristics (including the initial panicle stage, mature stage, etc.) and investigate the main agronomic traits (including tillering, plant height, effective panicle, etc.) , carry out initial seed selection, and mark;
b、田间复选：对标记单株在完熟期进行主要农艺性状（包括，后期转色、倒伏性、落粒性等）的复选；b. Field re-selection: re-select the main agronomic traits (including late color change, lodging, grain shattering, etc.) of the marked single plant at the mature stage;
c、室内决选：田间选择单株分株收获；室内考种，淘汰单株产量增幅比对照品种小于3%，且结实率小于80%的单株；c. Indoor final selection: select single plant ramets for harvesting in the field; indoor plant test, eliminate single plant whose yield increase is less than 3% compared with the control variety, and whose seed setting rate is less than 80%;
（5）株系选择：同时种植对照品种；株系选择方法如下：(5) Strain selection: plant the control variety at the same time; the strain selection method is as follows:
a、田间初选：每系田间观察生育特性（包括，始穗期、成熟期等）与调查主要农艺性状（包括分蘖、株高、有效穗等），进行初次选种，并标记；淘汰产量水平低于对照品种株系；a. Field primary selection: observe the growth characteristics of each line in the field (including initial panicle stage, maturity stage, etc.) and investigate the main agronomic traits (including tillering, plant height, effective panicle, etc.), conduct initial seed selection, and mark; eliminate yield The level is lower than that of the control variety strain;
b、田间复选：对标记株系在始穗期与成熟期取功能叶（即剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶）20-30株，检测谷氨酸含量，株系谷氨酸含量增幅高于入选各株系谷氨酸平均含量10%，且增幅高于对照5%的株系入选并全部实收；b. Field re-selection: 20-30 plants with functional leaves (that is, flag leaves, inverted second leaves, and inverted third leaves) are taken from the marked lines at the initial panicle stage and mature stage, and the glutamic acid content of the lines is detected. The strains with an increase of 10% higher than the average glutamic acid content of the selected strains and a 5% higher than the control were selected and all were harvested;
c、实产对比并考种，室内分析谷氨酸含量增幅高于入选各株系谷氨酸平均含量10%，且增幅高于对照谷氨酸含量的5%，稻谷产量增幅高于对照5%以上的株系，参加品系比较试验；c. Compared with actual production and tested species, the increase of glutamic acid content in indoor analysis was 10% higher than the average glutamic acid content of each selected strain, and the increase was higher than 5% of the control glutamic acid content, and the increase in rice yield was higher than that of the control 5 % more than the strains, participate in the strain comparison test;
（6）品系对比：按常规方法进行小区品系对比，种植对照品种，筛选稻谷产量高于对照品种5%以上优良品系，即可。(6) Strain comparison: compare the strains of plots according to conventional methods, plant control varieties, and select excellent lines with a rice yield that is 5% higher than that of the control varieties.
本发明中所述的谷氨酸含量和稻谷产量增幅分级标准可参见表1。Refer to Table 1 for the glutamic acid content and the grading standard of rice yield increase described in the present invention.
表1 Table 1
本发明方法检测谷氨酸含量可以采用茚三酮比色法，此方法简便、实用。The method of the invention can detect the content of glutamic acid by adopting the ninhydrin colorimetric method, which is simple and practical.
本发明的优点是：The advantages of the present invention are:
应用本发明的方法可以有效地在高产的基础上选出氮高效水稻株系，可以更准确选择高产氮高效新品系，准确便捷地选育高产氮高效新品种。By applying the method of the invention, rice strains with high nitrogen and high efficiency can be effectively selected on the basis of high yield, new strains with high nitrogen and high efficiency can be selected more accurately, and new varieties with high nitrogen and high efficiency can be bred accurately and conveniently.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明始穗期水稻谷氨酸含量与NUE相关图。 Figure 1 is a correlation diagram between glutamic acid content and NUE in rice at the initial heading stage of the present invention.
具体实施方式detailed description
实施例1Example 1
（1）选择高产农艺性状优良与氮高效水稻亲本或品种杂交，收获杂种一代种子；同时设对照品种；(1) Select high-yield agronomic traits and excellent nitrogen-efficient rice parents or varieties to hybridize, and harvest the first-generation hybrid seeds; at the same time, set up control varieties;
（2）加代成杂种二代种子，并种植成要杂种二代群体；种植对照品种；(2) Substitute second-generation hybrid seeds and plant them into second-generation hybrid populations; plant control varieties;
（3）单株选择：同时种植对照品种；当株系未稳定时全部进行单株选择，单株选择方法如下：(3) Single plant selection: plant the control varieties at the same time; when the strains are not stable, all single plant selection is carried out. The single plant selection method is as follows:
a、田间初选：在每个单株始穗后至蜡熟期，进行田间观察生育特性（包括，始穗期、成熟期等）与调查主要农艺性状（包括分蘖、株高、有效穗等），进行初次选种，并标记；a. Field primary selection: After the initial panicle of each individual plant to the wax maturity stage, observe the growth characteristics (including the initial panicle stage, maturity stage, etc.) and investigate the main agronomic traits (including tillering, plant height, effective panicle, etc.) ), carry out initial seed selection, and mark;
b、田间复选：对标记单株在完熟期进行主要农艺性状（包括，后期转色、倒伏性、落粒性等）的复选；b. Field re-selection: re-select the main agronomic traits (including late color change, lodging, grain shattering, etc.) of the marked single plant at the mature stage;
c、室内决选：田间选择单株分株收获；室内考种，淘汰单株产量增幅比对照品种小于3%，且结实率小于80%的单株；c. Indoor final selection: select single plant ramets for harvesting in the field; indoor plant test, eliminate single plant whose yield increase is less than 3% compared with the control variety, and whose seed setting rate is less than 80%;
4）株系选择：同时种植对照品种；株系选择方法如下：4) Strain selection: plant the control variety at the same time; the strain selection method is as follows:
a、田间初选：在每系拔节期观察长势长相，并记录，齐穗后成熟期前淘汰产量水平低于对照品种株系，并标记；a, primary selection in the field: observe the growth and appearance at the jointing stage of each line, and record, and the output level before the maturity stage after full ear is lower than that of the control variety line, and marked;
b、田间复选：对标记株系在始穗期与成熟期取功能叶（即剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶）20-30株，检测谷氨酸含量，株系谷氨酸含量增幅高于入选各株系谷氨酸平均含量10%，且增幅高于对照5%的株系入选并全部实收；b. Field re-selection: 20-30 plants with functional leaves (that is, flag leaves, inverted second leaves, and inverted third leaves) are taken from the marked lines at the initial panicle stage and mature stage, and the glutamic acid content of the lines is detected. The strains with an increase of 10% higher than the average glutamic acid content of the selected strains and a 5% higher than the control were selected and all were harvested;
c、实产对比并考种，室内分析谷氨酸含量增幅高于入选各株系谷氨酸平均含量10%，且增幅高于对照谷氨酸含量的5%，产量增幅高于对照5%以上，参加品系比较试验；c. Compared with actual production and tested species, the increase of glutamic acid content in indoor analysis is 10% higher than the average glutamic acid content of each selected strain, and the increase is 5% higher than the control glutamic acid content, and the yield increase is 5% higher than that of the control Above, participate in the strain comparison test;
（5）品系对比：按常规方法进行小区品系对比，种植对照品种，筛选产量高于对照品种5%以上优良品系，即可。(5) Strain comparison: compare the strains of plots according to the conventional method, plant control varieties, and screen the excellent strains whose yield is more than 5% higher than that of the control varieties.
实施例2Example 2
高产氮高效水稻K优52的选育，其步骤如下：The steps of breeding Kyou 52, a high-yielding nitrogen-efficient rice variety, are as follows:
（1）以高光效亲本水稻特青为父本，以高氮效率优良水稻亲本9019为母本，杂交得杂交种一代；(1) The parent rice Teqing with high light efficiency was used as the male parent, and the parent rice 9019 with high nitrogen efficiency was used as the female parent to obtain the first generation of hybrids;
（2）海南种植，加代成杂种二代；(2) Planted in Hainan and added to the second generation of hybrids;
（3）杂种二代单株选择，考察单株产量、重要农艺性状、选择高产单株；(3) Single plant selection of the second generation of hybrids, inspecting single plant yield, important agronomic traits, and selecting high-yield single plants;
（4）杂种三代单株海南加代；(4) The third-generation hybrid single Hainan Jiadai;
（5）杂种四代选择优势单株，考察单株产量、重要农艺性状、选择高产单株；(5) The fourth generation of hybrids selects dominant individual plants, investigates single plant yield, important agronomic traits, and selects high-yielding individual plants;
（6）杂种五代海南加代；(6) Five generations of hybrid Hainan Jiadai;
（7）杂种六代株系观察，考察株系始穗期与成熟期谷氨酸含量，选择氮高效株系；(7) Observation of the six-generation hybrid strains, investigate the glutamic acid content of the strains at the initial panicle stage and mature stage, and select nitrogen-efficient strains;
（8）杂种七代株系评比，考察株系始穗期与成熟期谷氨酸含量，选择氮高效株系；(8) Evaluation of the seventh-generation hybrid strains, inspecting the glutamic acid content of the strains at the initial panicle stage and mature stage, and selecting nitrogen-efficient strains;
（9）杂种八代株系比较，考察株系始穗期与成熟期谷氨酸含量，选择氮高效株系；(9) Comparing eight generations of hybrid strains, investigating the glutamic acid content of the strains at the initial panicle stage and mature stage, and selecting nitrogen-efficient strains;
（10）杂种九代株系比较，考察株系始穗期与成熟期谷氨酸含量，OM052株系入选；(10) Comparing the nine-generation hybrid strains, investigating the glutamic acid content of the strains at the initial panicle stage and mature stage, and the OM052 strain was selected;
（11）以K17A为母本，OM052为父本配制杂交种（K优52）；(11) A hybrid (K You 52) was prepared with K17A as the female parent and OM052 as the male parent;
（12）品种评比试验，考察K优52与其它大田主推品种产量以及在始穗期与成熟期谷氨酸含量。(12) Variety comparison test to investigate the yield and glutamic acid content of Kyou 52 and other main cultivars in the field at the initial heading stage and mature stage.
（13）小面积种植，进一步证明高产氮高效，定型水稻新品系-K优52。(13) Planted in a small area to further prove high-yielding nitrogen and high-efficiency, a new rice line-K You 52.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310283580.5ACN103392591B (en) | 2013-07-05 | 2013-07-05 | A kind of breeding of new variety method that rice high yield and nitrogen efficiently utilize |
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| CN201310283580.5ACN103392591B (en) | 2013-07-05 | 2013-07-05 | A kind of breeding of new variety method that rice high yield and nitrogen efficiently utilize |
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