技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种包括汽缸润滑装置的大型发动机，并且还涉及一种用于润滑大型发动机的汽缸的汽缸壁的运行表面的方法。The invention relates to a large engine comprising a cylinder lubrication device and also to a method for lubricating the running surfaces of the cylinder walls of the cylinders of the large engine.
背景技术Background technique
大型发动机是往复式活塞内燃机，该内燃机尤其是作为低速运行大型柴油机用于例如造船。大型发动机常常用作船用驱动机组或还用于例如定点作业以驱动用于产生电能的大型发电机。在这方面，发动机通常以连续操作模式运行相当长的一段时间，这对操作安全和可用性的努力和成本有高要求。为此，尤其是长的维护间隔、低磨损以及燃料和操作材料，尤其是润滑剂的经济扩张对于操作者操作机器来说是中心标准。除其它因素以外，这种大缸径低速运行大型发动机的活塞运行行为对于维护间隔的持续时间、可用性以及直接对于通过润滑剂消耗造成的操作成本并且因此对于经济效率是决定因素。因此，大型发动机的润滑的复杂问题的重要性不断增加。Large engines are reciprocating piston internal combustion engines, which are used, for example, in shipbuilding, especially as low-speed large diesel engines. Large engines are often used as marine drive units or also for example in stationary operations to drive large generators for generating electrical energy. In this respect, engines are usually run in continuous operation mode for a considerable period of time, which places high demands on effort and cost for operational safety and availability. For this purpose, in particular long maintenance intervals, low wear and economic expansion of fuel and operating materials, especially lubricants, are central criteria for the operator operating the machine. Among other factors, the piston running behavior of such large engines with large bores and low speeds is decisive for the duration of maintenance intervals, availability and directly for operating costs through lubricant consumption and thus for economic efficiency. Therefore, the importance of the complex problem of lubrication of large engines continues to increase.
对于大型发动机，但是不仅对于这些，活塞润滑通过布置在于汽缸壁中往复移动的活塞中的润滑装置而发生，通过润滑装置将润滑油施加在汽缸壁的运行表面上，以便使活塞和运行表面之间的摩擦最小化并因此使运行表面和活塞环的磨损最小化。例如，对于现代发动机，例如的RTA马达，运行表面的磨损对于1000小时的运行持续时间小于0.05mm。用于这样的发动机的润滑剂供给量大约1.0g/kWh并且更小，并且至少为了成本原因应该甚至进一步减小，如果可能的话，磨损以及泄漏必须同时被最小化。For large engines, but not only for these, piston lubrication takes place by means of a lubricating device arranged in the reciprocating piston in the cylinder wall, by means of which lubricating oil is applied to the running surface of the cylinder wall so that the distance between the piston and the running surface The friction between them is minimized and thus the wear of the running surfaces and piston rings is minimized. For example, for modern engines such as For RTA motors, the wear of the running surface is less than 0.05mm for 1000 hours of running duration. The lubricant feed for such engines is around 1.0 g/kWh and less and should be reduced even further at least for cost reasons, wear and leakage must be minimized at the same time if possible.
许多不同的解决方案已知为用于润滑运行表面的润滑系统，该系统关于润滑装置本身的特殊设计，并且也关于润滑方法。例如，已知这样的润滑装置，其中润滑油通过多个润滑剂开口被施加在运行通过这些开口的活塞上，这些开口沿外周方向布置在汽缸壁中，其中润滑剂沿外周方向并且还沿轴向方向经由活塞环分布。润滑剂根据该方法不被施加在汽缸壁的运行表面的大面积上，但是或多或少逐点施加在活塞环之间活塞的侧表面处。A number of different solutions are known as lubrication systems for lubricating running surfaces, both regarding the special design of the lubrication device itself and also regarding the method of lubrication. For example, lubricating devices are known in which lubricating oil is applied to the piston running through these openings through a plurality of lubricant openings arranged in the cylinder wall in the peripheral direction, wherein the lubricant is in the peripheral direction and also along the shaft direction via the piston ring distribution. According to this method the lubricant is not applied over large areas of the running surface of the cylinder wall, but more or less pointwise at the side surfaces of the piston between the piston rings.
在这方面还已知其它方法。因此，例如，WO00/28194中建议的润滑系统，其中，润滑油借助位于汽缸壁中的汽化喷嘴在高压下与汽缸壁大体上相切地喷射到存在于燃烧空间中的扫气空气中，其中润滑油被汽化成微粒。因此，汽化的润滑油精细地分布在扫气空气中并且由于由扭曲产生的离心力而投掷到汽缸壁的运行表面上，该运行表面支撑扫气空气，并因此也支撑精细地分布在扫气空气中的润滑油粒子。Other methods are also known in this regard. Thus, for example, the lubricating system proposed in WO 00/28194, in which the lubricating oil is injected under high pressure substantially tangentially to the cylinder wall into the scavenging air present in the combustion space by means of vaporizing nozzles located in the cylinder wall, wherein Lubricating oil is vaporized into fine particles. The vaporized lubricating oil is thus finely distributed in the scavenging air and, due to the centrifugal force produced by the torsion, is thrown onto the running surface of the cylinder wall, which supports the scavenging air and thus also the finely distributed scavenging air lubricating oil particles.
在不同的方法中，多个润滑剂喷嘴优选地布置在移动活塞中，其中术语可包含简单的排出开口和/或具有止回阀的单元，使得润滑剂能被施加大体上在运行表面的全部高度上的任意点处。In a different approach, a plurality of lubricant nozzles are preferably arranged in the moving piston, where the term may include simple discharge openings and/or units with check valves, so that lubricant can be applied substantially over the entirety of the running surface at any point in height.
润滑剂如何被施加在汽缸壁的运行表面上的类型和方式，其剂量和润滑剂被引入大型发动机的汽缸中的时间点对润滑质量有重要影响。The type and manner how the lubricant is applied to the running surface of the cylinder wall, its dosage and the point of time at which the lubricant is introduced into the cylinder of a large engine have a major influence on the quality of the lubrication.
每单位时间和每单位面积施加在运行表面上的润滑剂的量取决于大型发动机运转期间的许多不同参数。因此，例如，所使用的燃料的化学组成，尤其是其含硫量扮演着重要角色。除汽缸润滑之外，这意味着活塞和汽缸运行表面之间，更具体地活塞环和汽缸壁的运行表面之间的摩擦的减小，除其它作用以外，润滑剂还用于在发动机的燃烧空间中的燃烧过程期间产生的侵蚀酸，尤其是含硫酸的中和。为此，取决于所使用的燃料，使用不同种类的润滑剂，除其它不同之外，燃料的不同之处在于它们的中和能力，对于该中和能力，润滑剂的所谓的BN值是测度。因此，与具有低含硫量的燃料相比，对于燃料中的高含硫量有利的是使用具有较高BN值的润滑剂，这是因为具有较高BN值的润滑剂具有关于酸的较高中和效果。The amount of lubricant applied to the running surfaces per unit time and per unit area depends on many different parameters during operation of a large engine. Thus, for example, the chemical composition of the fuel used, especially its sulfur content, plays an important role. In addition to cylinder lubrication, which means a reduction in the friction between the piston and the running surfaces of the cylinder, more specifically between the piston rings and the running surfaces of the cylinder wall, the lubricant is used, among other things, in the combustion process of the engine Neutralization of aggressive acids, especially those containing sulfuric acid, generated during combustion processes in space. For this, different kinds of lubricants are used, depending on the fuel used, which differ among other things in their neutralization capacity, for which the so-called BN value of the lubricant is the measure . Therefore, it is advantageous to use a lubricant with a higher BN value for a high sulfur content in a fuel than a fuel with a low sulfur content, because a lubricant with a higher BN value has a higher resistance to acids. High school and effects.
然而，常常也可能的是，相同类型的润滑剂必须用于不同质量的燃料。在这种情况下，于是，例如，较高或较低的酸含量能通过所使用的润滑剂的量的相应的增加或减小而在燃烧产品中得到补偿。However, it is often also possible that the same type of lubricant must be used for fuels of different qualities. In this case, then, for example, a higher or lower acid content can be compensated in the combustion products by a corresponding increase or decrease in the amount of lubricant used.
关于待施加的润滑剂的量的剂量的另一问题由润滑膜的状态（尤其是在往复式活塞内燃机的运行状态下润滑膜的厚度的时间偏差和/或空间偏差）来呈现。A further problem with dosing of the lubricant quantity to be applied is presented by the state of the lubricating film, in particular temporal and/or spatial deviations of the thickness of the lubricating film in the operating state of the reciprocating piston internal combustion engine.
自然地，所需的润滑剂的量可例如也取决于不同的运行参数，诸如转数、燃烧温度、发动机温度、冷却发动机可用到的冷却性能、负载以及许多其他运行参数。因此，有可能的是，对于给定转数和较高负载来说，与相同转数和较小负载相比，必须将不同量的润滑剂施加在汽缸的运行表面上。Naturally, the required amount of lubricant may eg also depend on different operating parameters such as the number of revolutions, combustion temperature, engine temperature, cooling performance available for cooling the engine, load and many other operating parameters. It is therefore possible that for a given number of revolutions and a higher load a different amount of lubricant has to be applied to the running surfaces of the cylinder than for the same number of revolutions and a lower load.
此外，内燃机本身的状态也对润滑剂的量有影响。因此，例如，已知的是，待使用的润滑剂的量可取决于活塞的活塞环的汽缸运行表面的磨损状态等强烈地变化。因此，对于具有新的尚未运行的汽缸运行表面的汽缸和/或对于处于磨合阶段的新的活塞环，的确希望在一定程度上增加摩擦，使得相反运转配合件（这意味着例如活塞环、活塞环凹槽，以及运行表面）可磨合，并可因此相对于彼此理想地设置。除其它结果外，这能由此实现，与已经运行大量运行小时的汽缸相比，在汽缸的磨合阶段期间通常以不同量的润滑剂来工作。为此，对于具有多个汽缸的发动机，尤其是对于每个汽缸，润滑剂的量常常可彼此分开设置。Furthermore, the state of the internal combustion engine itself also has an influence on the amount of lubricant. Thus, for example, it is known that the amount of lubricant to be used can vary strongly depending on the state of wear of the piston rings of the piston, the cylinder running surfaces, etc. Therefore, for cylinders with new as-yet-running cylinder running surfaces and/or for new piston rings in the running-in phase, it is indeed desirable to increase the friction to a certain extent, so that the counter-rotating parts (which means e.g. piston rings, piston ring groove, as well as the running surface) can wear in and can thus be ideally arranged relative to each other. This can be achieved, inter alia, by the fact that during the running-in phase of a cylinder, a cylinder is usually operated with a different amount of lubricant than a cylinder which has been in operation for a large number of operating hours. For this reason, for engines with a plurality of cylinders, especially for each cylinder, the amount of lubricant can often be set separately from one another.
而且汽缸运行表面通常将沿外周方向并且还沿纵向方向不同地磨损，而与所服务的运行小时无关。例如对于活塞环和活塞本身这也是确切类似的。Also the cylinder running surfaces will generally wear differently in the peripheral direction and also in the longitudinal direction, irrespective of the operating hours served. This is exactly the same, for example, for the piston rings and the piston itself.
因此，润滑剂的量不仅必须取决于服务于往复式活塞内燃机的运行小时数而设定，而且润滑剂的量也应取决于根据时间且根据位置的应用类型在汽缸壁的运行表面的不同点处在一个且同一汽缸内剂量可变。Therefore, the amount of lubricant must not only be set depending on the number of hours of operation serving the reciprocating piston internal combustion engine, but the amount of lubricant should also depend on the different points on the running surface of the cylinder wall according to the time and according to the type of application at the location The dosage is variable in one and the same cylinder.
为此，早已知在汽缸的运行表面中或移动活塞中的不同区域中提供润滑剂喷嘴，这些喷嘴优选地都单独可控，使得润滑剂的量可取决于时间和位置两者的应用而灵活变化。For this purpose, it has long been known to provide lubricant nozzles in the running surface of the cylinder or in different areas in the moving piston, these nozzles are preferably all individually controllable so that the amount of lubricant can be flexible depending on the application both time and position Variety.
为了确定在特定时间点待由特定润滑剂喷嘴引入的润滑剂的量，已知许多不同方法。在简单的情况下，可能考虑所使用的燃料的质量和润滑剂本身的指令的润滑剂的量根据例如作为负载或转数的函数的往复式活塞内燃机的运行状态而被简单控制，其中相反运转配合件的磨损状态也能基于已经服务的运行小时来考虑。In order to determine the amount of lubricant to be introduced by a particular lubricant nozzle at a particular point in time, many different methods are known. In simple cases, it is possible to take into account the quality of the fuel used and the commanded lubricant quantity of the lubricant itself is simply controlled depending on the operating state of the reciprocating piston internal combustion engine, for example as a function of load or number of revolutions, where inverse operation The state of wear of the mating parts can also be taken into account based on the operating hours already in service.
因此，本领域普通技术人员能区分所谓的液体动力润滑和不足润滑状态和/或混合润滑状态。人们论及在这样厚度的润滑膜已形成在相反运转配合件之间，这意味着，例如在汽缸壁的运行表面和活塞的活塞环之间时液体动力润滑的状态，相反运转配合件的表面借助润滑膜彼此很好地分开，使得这些不会彼此接触。不同的边界情况由所谓的混合摩擦或混合润滑状态显示。在混合摩擦的状态的情况下，相反运转配合件之间的润滑膜至少部分地如此薄，使得相反运转配合件直接彼此接触。在该情况下，存在刮伤的危险和最后抱缸的形成。所谓的不足润滑状态待在这两个边界情况之间发现。在不足润滑的状态下，润滑膜精确地如此厚使得相反运转配合件不再彼此接触；然而，润滑剂的量不那么足够使得在相反运转配合件之间形成液体动力润滑。尽可能地防止先前的混合润滑状态和不足润滑状态。这意味着润滑膜的厚度优选地被选择成使得在相反运转配合件之间设定液体动力润滑的状态。Thus, a person skilled in the art can distinguish between so-called hydrodynamic lubrication and under-lubricated and/or mixed-lubricated states. One speaks of the state of hydrodynamic lubrication when a lubricating film of such thickness has formed between counter-running fittings, which means, for example, between the running surface of a cylinder wall and the piston ring of a piston, the surfaces of counter-running fittings These are well separated from each other by means of a lubricating film so that these do not come into contact with each other. Different boundary conditions are manifested by so-called mixed friction or mixed lubrication states. In the case of mixed friction conditions, the lubricating film between the counter-running partners is at least partially so thin that the counter-running partners are in direct contact with each other. In this case, there is a risk of scuffing and eventual lock formation. A so-called underlubricated state is to be found between these two boundary cases. In an under-lubricated state, the lubricating film is precisely so thick that the counter-running partners are no longer in contact with each other; however, the amount of lubricant is not so sufficient that hydrodynamic lubrication is formed between the counter-running partners. Prevent previous mixed lubrication conditions and starvation lubrication conditions as much as possible. This means that the thickness of the lubricating film is preferably chosen such that a state of hydrodynamic lubrication is set between the counter-running partners.
在液体动力润滑的状态下运行自然地导致相应地高的润滑剂消耗。这一方面不仅相当不经济，而且也令人惊讶地显示出，不但润滑剂不足，而且润滑剂过剩都能导致汽缸中相反运转配合件的损坏。Operation with hydrodynamic lubrication naturally results in a correspondingly high lubricant consumption. Not only is this rather uneconomical on the one hand, but it has also surprisingly been shown that not only a shortage of lubricant but also an excess of lubricant can lead to damage to counter-running counterparts in the cylinder.
该问题第一次被成功解决，这是因为借助传感器并且随后借助于调节单元评价传感器信号来确定了运行状态下润滑膜的特征参数，汽缸运行表面处的润滑膜的状态参数，尤其是润滑膜的厚度优选地通过润滑剂供应的相应剂量被局部优化。相应的设备和相关联的方法由申请人已在EP1505270A1中详细地讨论过。This problem was successfully solved for the first time, because the characteristic parameters of the lubricating film in the operating state, the state parameters of the lubricating film at the running surface of the cylinder, especially the lubricating film The thickness is preferably locally optimized by the corresponding dosage of the lubricant supply. A corresponding device and an associated method have been discussed in detail by the applicant in EP1505270A1.
虽然确定在汽缸运行表面的某一位置处必须被供应的润滑剂的所需量的问题通过本创新方法理想地解决了，但是在确定用于将润滑剂注入汽缸中的理想时间点中迄今为止仍存在困难。Although the problem of determining the required amount of lubricant that must be supplied at a certain location on the running surface of the cylinder is ideally solved by the innovative method, in determining the ideal point of time for injecting the lubricant into the cylinder so far Difficulties remain.
关于这一点，理想时间点可取决于许多参数，尤其是取决于内燃机运行的不同运行状态。关于这一点能起一定作用的参数中的一些是相同的，它们对于正确的润滑膜厚度是相关的，并且这些参数已经在前言中列出。尤其是，正确的时间点自然主要取决于上述不同的润滑方法。因此用于注入润滑剂的时间点自然强烈取决于润滑方法，无论润滑剂应例如被引入扫气空气中或例如应该被直接注入运转通过的活塞，例如注入活塞的活塞环组件中。In this regard, the ideal point in time can depend on many parameters, in particular on the different operating states in which the internal combustion engine is operated. Some of the parameters that can play a part in this are the same, they are relevant for correct lubricant film thickness, and these parameters have been listed in the introduction. In particular, the correct point in time is of course largely dependent on the different lubrication methods mentioned above. The point in time for injecting the lubricant is therefore naturally strongly dependent on the lubrication method, whether the lubricant is to be introduced, for example, into the scavenging air or, for example, directly injected into the passing piston, for example into the piston ring assembly of the piston.
用于将润滑剂供应至内燃机的活塞的润滑剂管线可尤其是在活塞杆的内部延伸。润滑剂也可用于润滑活塞杆的轴承，这在JP60-125713中示出。该润滑剂从汽缸内部空间经由贮存器或经由供给后管线被供应到轴承。活塞杆在填料箱中被引导。填料箱壳体被维持在过压下，这是因为空气通过由活塞操作的活塞泵被泵入填料箱中。由于填料箱壳体被维持在过压下，因此防止润滑剂露出，这意味着避免了泄漏。A lubricant line for supplying lubricant to the pistons of the internal combustion engine can in particular run inside the piston rod. Lubricants can also be used to lubricate the bearings of the piston rod, which is shown in JP60-125713. The lubricant is supplied to the bearing from the cylinder interior space via a reservoir or via an after-supply line. The piston rod is guided in the stuffing box. The stuffing box housing is maintained under overpressure because air is pumped into the stuffing box by a piston operated piston pump. Since the stuffing box housing is maintained under overpressure, lubricant exposure is prevented, which means leakage is avoided.
然而，填料箱壳体空间固定并且为此其以简单方式密封是可能的。对于接头连接（jointed connection），为此目的，必须提供壳体，该壳体实施接头连接的运动或封装整个接头连接，这导致对加压空气的非常高的要求。为此，JP60-125713中提供的解决方案对于避免涉及接头连接的润滑剂泄漏似乎不实用。However, the stuffing box housing is spatially fixed and for this purpose it is possible to seal it in a simple manner. For jointed connections, for this purpose a housing must be provided which implements the movement of the jointed connection or encloses the entire jointed connection, which leads to very high demands on the pressurized air. For this reason, the solution provided in JP60-125713 does not appear to be practical for avoiding lubricant leakage involving joint connections.
由于与经由活塞供应润滑剂相关联的问题，开发了多个解决方案，这些方案尤其是确保活塞和汽缸套的内壁之间的润滑，这是因为提供了润滑位置，经由这些润滑位置借助注入或借助喷嘴在汽缸套壁上引入润滑剂。Due to the problems associated with supplying lubricant via the piston, several solutions have been developed which ensure, inter alia, lubrication between the piston and the inner wall of the cylinder liner, since lubrication points are provided via which by means of injection or Lubricant is introduced on the cylinder liner wall by means of nozzles.
而且，对于实现活塞汽缸单元的有效润滑来说，除润滑油的量和其分布之外，在引入时间点活塞在汽缸中的位置是极其重要的。该位置也有马达的曲轴的所谓的曲柄角来描述。具体地，对于非常少量的润滑剂，润滑剂的量为上述原因应变得更小，重要的是，在活塞的正确位置处在汽缸内正确的活塞位置处施加润滑剂。仅因而确保少量润滑剂的尽可能有效地利用。Furthermore, besides the amount of lubricating oil and its distribution, the position of the piston in the cylinder at the point of introduction is extremely important for achieving effective lubrication of the piston-cylinder unit. This position is also described by the so-called crank angle of the crankshaft of the motor. In particular, for very small amounts of lubricant, the amount of lubricant should become smaller for the reasons mentioned above, it is important that the lubricant is applied at the correct position of the piston in the cylinder. This only ensures the most efficient possible utilization of the small amount of lubricant.
对于移动活塞中具有润滑剂喷嘴的润滑装置的概念，润滑剂必须经由长、复杂的供应被运送到润滑剂喷嘴，该长、复杂的供应因此与公差、使用曲杆的频率相关联。因构造空间原因并且由于汽缸中的运行条件用于定量配给润滑剂的阀仅布置在汽缸外。因此，用于大型发动机的供应管线具有数米长度，并且此外在阀和润滑剂喷嘴之间具有非常复杂的构造。阀的控制确实能非常精确地进行；然而，控制和润滑剂的实际引入之间的延迟不能完全减小并且为此不能精确地预定。而且，不能确保在阀下受控的润滑剂的量实际上也到达润滑剂喷嘴并且在该长供应管线范围内在润滑剂喷嘴处被引入。为此，时间点并且因此汽缸中的活塞位置不能精确设定以用于将润滑剂实际引入汽缸套，并且引入的润滑剂量不能精确设定。For the concept of a lubrication device with lubricant nozzles in the moving piston, the lubricant has to be delivered to the lubricant nozzles via a long, complex supply which is thus linked to the tolerances, frequency of use of the crank rod. For reasons of construction space and because of the operating conditions in the cylinder, the valves for dosing the lubricant are only arranged outside the cylinder. Therefore, supply lines for large engines have a length of several meters and moreover have a very complex construction between valves and lubricant nozzles. The control of the valve can indeed be done very precisely; however, the delay between the control and the actual introduction of the lubricant cannot be completely reduced and cannot be precisely predetermined for this reason. Furthermore, it cannot be ensured that the quantity of lubricant controlled under the valve actually also reaches the lubricant nozzle and is introduced there over the length of the long supply line. For this reason, the point in time and thus the position of the piston in the cylinder cannot be precisely set for the actual introduction of lubricant into the cylinder liner, and the amount of lubricant introduced cannot be precisely set.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为此，本发明的目的在于提供一种改进的润滑装置并且提供一种改进的用于润滑大型发动机的汽缸的运行表面以及检测润滑剂供应系统的润滑剂泄漏的方法。本发明的另一目的在于提供一种改进的用于十字头型发动机的活塞杆的接头连接的冷却系统，尤其是提供一种用于避免冷却系统中的泄漏的装置。To this end, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved lubricating device and to provide an improved method for lubricating the running surfaces of cylinders of large engines and detecting lubricant leakage of a lubricant supply system. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved cooling system for the joint connection of piston rods of a crosshead type engine, in particular to provide a device for avoiding leaks in the cooling system.
根据本发明的大型发动机包括汽缸套、可移位地布置在该汽缸套中的活塞、驱动轴以及用于将该驱动轴连接至所述活塞的连接元件。所述大型发动机还包括用于借助流体介质润滑或冷却所述汽缸和/或所述活塞和/或所述连接元件的装置，并且包括用于将所述流体介质从贮存器输送到使用地点的第一连接管线。所述第一连接管线至少部分地延伸穿过所述连接元件，其中，所述第一连接管线中的所述流体介质基本上在压力P1下被加压。还设置有第二连接管线，该第二连接管线接收流体介质，该流体介质在压力P2下被加压，在正常操作模式下，压力P2高于最大压力P1。A large engine according to the invention comprises a cylinder liner, a piston displaceably arranged in the cylinder liner, a drive shaft and a connecting element for connecting the drive shaft to said piston. Said large engine also comprises means for lubricating or cooling said cylinders and/or said pistons and/or said connecting elements by means of a fluid medium and means for conveying said fluid medium from a reservoir to a place of use Connect the pipeline first. The first connecting line extends at least partially through the connecting element, wherein the fluid medium in the first connecting line is substantially pressurized at a pressure P1. There is also provided a second connecting line which receives a fluid medium which is pressurized at a pressure P2 which is higher than the maximum pressure P1 in the normal operating mode.
具体地，由于所述第一连接管线中的泄漏引起的压力P1的减小是可测的，所述第一连接管线中的泄漏导致所述第一连接管线中的减压，并因此导致P1和P2之间的压差增大。所述第二连接管线中的泄漏导致压力P2的减小，因此发生P1和P2之间压差的减小。In particular, a decrease in pressure P1 due to a leak in said first connecting line is measurable, said leak in said first connecting line leading to a depressurization in said first connecting line and thus to P1 The pressure difference between and P2 increases. A leak in said second connecting line results in a reduction in pressure P2, whereby a reduction in the pressure difference between P1 and P2 occurs.
所述连接元件包括具有十字头的活塞杆，其中，所述十字头包括接头，在该接头处邻接有至少一个连杆，所述至少一个连杆连接至所述驱动轴，使得所述驱动轴的旋转运动能借助所述活塞的位移而产生。The connecting element comprises a piston rod with a crosshead, wherein the crosshead comprises a joint at which adjoins at least one connecting rod connected to the drive shaft such that the drive shaft The rotational movement can be produced by means of the displacement of the piston.
根据实施方式，在所述接头中可设置有多个孔。这些孔可以是所述第二连接管线的一部分。可以在所述接头和用于产生压力P2的所述贮存器之间设置泵。另选地，所述贮存器本身可以维持在压力P2下，甚至维持在更高的压力下，以便补偿所述管线中的压力损失。在正常操作模式下，压力P2基本上是恒定的。所述泵可经由节流元件连接至所述第一连接管线。具体地，在所述节流元件和所述第一连接管线之间可设置有脉冲发生器，其中，所述脉冲发生器具体地包括至少一个阀或滑阀或电磁阀。可设置接头臂，用于将所述流体介质供给到所述第一连接管线和/或所述第二连接管线。该接头臂被称为曲杆。另选地，例如，也可设置耐压软管。According to an embodiment, a plurality of holes may be provided in the joint. These holes may be part of said second connecting line. A pump may be provided between said connection and said reservoir for generating pressure P2. Alternatively, the reservoir itself can be maintained at pressure P2, or even at a higher pressure, in order to compensate for pressure losses in the pipeline. In normal operating mode, the pressure P2 is substantially constant. The pump can be connected to the first connection line via a throttling element. In particular, a pulse generator may be arranged between the throttling element and the first connecting line, wherein the pulse generator specifically comprises at least one valve or slide valve or solenoid valve. A joint arm may be provided for supplying said fluid medium to said first connecting line and/or said second connecting line. This joint arm is called a crank. Alternatively, for example, a pressure-resistant hose can also be provided.
在所述第一连接管线和所述第二连接管线中可设置用于检测泄漏的压力传感器，以便检测所述第一连接管线中的压力P1和第二连接管线中的压力P2。所述压力传感器发出能被引入评价单元的信号。所测量的压力可与所述评价单元中的相应的基准压力进行比较。如果产生超过操作压力的波动宽度的压差，则输出指示泄漏的警报。Pressure sensors for detecting leaks may be provided in the first connecting line and the second connecting line so as to detect the pressure P1 in the first connecting line and the pressure P2 in the second connecting line. The pressure sensor emits a signal which can be fed into the evaluation unit. The measured pressure can be compared with a corresponding reference pressure in the evaluation unit. If a differential pressure exceeding the fluctuation width of the operating pressure is generated, an alarm indicating a leak is output.
用于根据本发明的装置的使用地点可例如是汽缸润滑，包括用于将润滑剂施加在所述汽缸的运行表面上的润滑点。自然地，也可以以相同方式设置多个润滑点。具体地，可以在所述第二连接管线和曲轴空间之间设置密封件。The place of use for the device according to the invention may for example be cylinder lubrication, including lubrication points for applying lubricant to the running surfaces of said cylinder. Naturally, multiple lubrication points can also be provided in the same way. In particular, a seal may be provided between the second connecting line and the crankshaft space.
本发明还涉及一种用于润滑或冷却大型发动机的方法，其中，所述大型发动机包括汽缸套、可移位地布置在该汽缸套中的活塞、驱动轴以及用于将该驱动轴连接至所述活塞的连接元件，并且还包括用于借助流体介质润滑或冷却所述汽缸和/或所述连接元件的装置。所述流体介质从贮存器被输送到使用地点。设置有第一连接管线，该第一连接管线至少部分地延伸穿过所述连接元件。所述流体介质在所述第一连接管线中基本上在压力P1下被加压。设置有第二连接管线，该第二连接管线接收流体介质，该流体介质在压力P2下被加压，并且在正常操作模式下，压力P2高于最大压力P1。压力P1可具体地由于所述第一连接管线中的泄漏而减小。The invention also relates to a method for lubricating or cooling a large engine comprising a cylinder liner, a piston displaceably arranged in the cylinder liner, a drive shaft and means for connecting the drive shaft to The connecting element of the piston, and also comprises means for lubricating or cooling the cylinder and/or the connecting element by means of a fluid medium. The fluid medium is transported from the reservoir to the point of use. A first connecting line is provided which extends at least partially through the connecting element. The fluid medium is pressurized substantially at the pressure P1 in the first connecting line. A second connecting line is provided, which receives a fluid medium which is pressurized at a pressure P2, and in normal operating mode, the pressure P2 is higher than the maximum pressure P1. The pressure P1 may decrease in particular due to leaks in said first connecting line.
所述贮存器可设计为用于润滑剂或冷却剂的公共轨道贮存器，该贮存器连接至用于相应的汽缸的所有润滑剂管线或冷却剂管线。因此，能确保每个润滑剂管线或每个冷却剂管线中存在相同的压力。The reservoir can be designed as a common rail reservoir for lubricant or coolant, which reservoir is connected to all lubricant lines or coolant lines for the respective cylinder. Thus, it can be ensured that the same pressure exists in each lubricant line or each coolant line.
润滑点可关于由汽缸的纵向轴线（A）确定的轴向布置在汽缸壁的不同位置处。当润滑剂不仅在绕汽缸圆周分布的多个点处被引入，而且还在不同轴向位置处被引入时，润滑剂能在运行表面的较大表面范围内均匀分布。润滑剂的施加由此可同时发生，这意味着，所有的锁定元件在相同时间点打开。然而，还可以在不同时间点引入润滑剂，这意味着例如润滑先于活塞运动。The lubrication points can be arranged at different positions on the cylinder wall with respect to the axial direction determined by the cylinder's longitudinal axis (A). When the lubricant is introduced not only at multiple points distributed around the circumference of the cylinder, but also at different axial positions, the lubricant can be evenly distributed over a large surface area of the running surface. The application of lubricant can thus take place simultaneously, which means that all locking elements are opened at the same point in time. However, it is also possible to introduce the lubricant at different points in time, which means for example that the lubrication precedes the piston movement.
本发明的另一应用在于检测用于大型发动机的汽缸或活塞的冷却剂的泄漏。冷却剂能在汽缸壁中或活塞的内部中循环的流体介质。冷却剂能像润滑剂一样借助泵被输送到相应的使用地点。Another application of the invention is to detect leakage of coolant for cylinders or pistons of large engines. Coolant A fluid medium capable of circulating in the walls of a cylinder or in the interior of a piston. Like lubricants, the coolant can be pumped to the respective point of use.
泵可具体地设计为具有多个进给活塞的活塞泵。所述进给活塞优选地由凸轮轴驱动。所述凸轮轴可具体地由电动机驱动。为此，所述凸轮轴的转数（这意味着每单位时间的进给冲程数）能在由所述电动机预定的转数的范围内任意变化。根据另一变型，所述进给活塞也可连接至工作活塞，其中，所述工作活塞能借助流体压力装置而移动，使得能产生进给毂。所述进给活塞在分配器中输送润滑剂或冷却剂。当旋转活塞泵的所述进给活塞一个接一个地实施它们的进给冲程时，具体地，当所述凸轮轴的凸轮布置成彼此有角度地移位时，所述分配器中的压力偏差可被减小。The pump can be designed in particular as a piston pump with a plurality of feed pistons. The feed piston is preferably driven by a camshaft. Said camshaft may in particular be driven by an electric motor. For this purpose, the number of revolutions of the camshaft, which means the number of feed strokes per unit time, can be varied arbitrarily within the range of the number of revolutions predetermined by the electric motor. According to another variant, the feed piston can also be connected to a working piston, wherein the working piston can be moved by means of fluid pressure means so that a feed hub can be created. The feed piston delivers lubricant or coolant in the distributor. When the feed pistons of the rotary piston pump carry out their feed strokes one after the other, in particular when the cams of the camshaft are arranged to be angularly displaced from each other, the pressure deviation in the distributor can be reduced.
流体压力装置可以是由附加贮存器提供的润滑剂或冷却剂。该贮存器具体地处于比用于润滑的贮存器高的压力下。该贮存器可处于超过50巴的压力下，典型地，在从50巴达到且包括100巴的压力范围内。用于润滑装置的润滑剂具体地由处于达到50巴的压力下的贮存器提供。润滑剂或冷却剂的压力达到用于脉冲的50巴，并且优选地在从10至15巴的范围内的基础压力下处于从40至50巴的范围。该压力对应于压力P1，其中必须考虑管线中的压力损失。处于压差下的两个贮存器（这通常意味着润滑剂贮存器或润滑剂容器或冷却剂贮存器）的使用允许以润滑剂或冷却剂操作泵。由此，在驱动流体和操作流体（这意味着用于润滑的润滑剂或冷却剂）之间设置密封件变得过时。由此能省除在泵中设置密封元件，这导致能更成本有效地制造泵，并且还导致操作和维护简化。The fluid pressure means may be lubricant or coolant supplied from an additional reservoir. This reservoir is in particular at a higher pressure than the reservoir used for lubrication. The reservoir may be at a pressure in excess of 50 bar, typically within a pressure range from 50 bar up to and including 100 bar. The lubricant for lubricating the device is provided in particular by a reservoir at a pressure up to 50 bar. The pressure of the lubricant or coolant is up to 50 bar for pulses and is preferably in the range from 40 to 50 bar at a base pressure in the range from 10 to 15 bar. This pressure corresponds to pressure P1, wherein pressure losses in the pipeline must be taken into account. The use of two reservoirs under a pressure difference (this usually means a lubricant reservoir or a lubricant container or a coolant reservoir) allows the pump to be operated with lubricant or coolant. Thereby, it becomes obsolete to provide a seal between the drive fluid and the operating fluid, which means lubricant or coolant for lubrication. The provision of sealing elements in the pump can thus be dispensed with, which leads to a more cost-effective manufacture of the pump and also to simplified operation and maintenance.
用于润滑装置的贮存器的压力优选地小于用于泵的工作活塞的致动的贮存器的压力。The pressure of the reservoir for the lubricating device is preferably lower than the pressure of the reservoir for actuation of the working piston of the pump.
锁定元件的设置优选地依据大型发动机的负载而进行。因此，润滑剂供应能精确地匹配需要。The setting of the locking element is preferably carried out according to the load of the large engine. Therefore, the lubricant supply can be precisely matched to the demand.
锁定元件的设置具体地依据曲柄角和/或转数和/或扭矩和/或大型发动机的汽缸的位置而进行。The setting of the locking element takes place in particular as a function of the crank angle and/or the number of revolutions and/or the torque and/or the position of the cylinders of the large engine.
根据具体而简单的变型，当汽缸空间中的压力高于润滑剂的进给压力时，停止向汽缸壁的运行表面上供应润滑剂。因此，能确保当活塞在上死点附近时没有润滑剂到达汽缸的燃烧空间。因此能防止润滑剂在燃烧过程期间存在于燃烧空间中，并因此防止引起润滑剂的燃烧，否则该燃烧可能会导致不希望有的沉积物和废气。According to a concrete and simple variant, the supply of lubricant onto the running surface of the cylinder wall is stopped when the pressure in the cylinder space is higher than the feed pressure of the lubricant. Therefore, it can be ensured that no lubricant reaches the combustion space of the cylinder when the piston is near the top dead center. Lubricant is thus prevented from being present in the combustion space during the combustion process and thus from causing combustion of the lubricant which could otherwise lead to undesired deposits and exhaust gases.
润滑剂的压力例如可借助压力传感器测量并被传输到评价单元。该评价单元检查压力是否处于由上阈值和下阈值限定的预定压力范围内。针对压力P1以及压力P2两者都进行该检查。评价单元计算P2和P1之间的压差。在正常操作模式下，压力P2处于P1的压力以上。如果压差是负的，则这指示泄漏的存在。The pressure of the lubricant can be measured, for example, by means of a pressure sensor and transmitted to the evaluation unit. The evaluation unit checks whether the pressure is within a predetermined pressure range defined by an upper threshold and a lower threshold. This check is performed both for pressure P1 as well as for pressure P2. The evaluation unit calculates the pressure difference between P2 and P1. In normal operating mode, the pressure P2 is above the pressure of P1. If the differential pressure is negative, this indicates the presence of a leak.
对于负压差，可发出警报。降到该压力之下，尤其是在较长一段时间内降到该压力之下可指示润滑装置中的泄漏，该润滑装置必须被立即检查以便避免因润滑不足造成的损坏。For negative differential pressure, an alarm can be issued. A drop below this pressure, especially over an extended period of time, may indicate a leak in the lubrication arrangement which must be checked immediately in order to avoid damage due to insufficient lubrication.
附图说明Description of drawings
将参照示意图在下文中更加详细地说明本发明。示出了：The invention will be explained in more detail hereinafter with reference to schematic diagrams. show:
图1是贯穿大型发动机中的活塞汽缸装置的剖面；Fig. 1 is a section through the piston cylinder device in a large engine;
图2是用于根据本发明的润滑装置的根据一实施方式的二冲程大型柴油发动机的汽缸；Fig. 2 is a cylinder of a two-stroke large diesel engine according to an embodiment for a lubricating device according to the present invention;
图3是用于确定第一连接管线和第二连接管线之间的压差的组件的细节；Figure 3 is a detail of an assembly for determining the pressure difference between the first connecting line and the second connecting line;
图4是润滑剂供应的示意图；Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of lubricant supply;
图5是用于正常操作模式下的润滑压力P1和P2的过程以及用于故障的p、t曲线图。Figure 5 is a diagram of the course of lubrication pressures P1 and P2 for normal operating mode and p, t for faults.
具体实施方式detailed description
图1中示意性地示出了贯穿大型发动机的剖面。根据图1的大型发动机具有汽缸装置，该汽缸装置具有呈汽缸套20形式的汽缸和活塞25。汽缸装置还具有新鲜空气供应系统101。图1的汽缸装置是现有技术中已知的用于纵向扫气的二冲程大型柴油发动机的典型装置。A section through a large engine is schematically shown in FIG. 1 . The large engine according to FIG. 1 has a cylinder arrangement with a cylinder in the form of a cylinder liner 20 and a piston 25 . The cylinder arrangement also has a fresh air supply system 101 . The cylinder arrangement of Fig. 1 is a typical arrangement known in the prior art for longitudinally scavenged two-stroke large diesel engines.
活塞25被布置成能在汽缸套20内沿着汽缸套20的汽缸壁22往复移位。活塞25在两个转折点（即，上死点（OT）和下死点（UT））之间进行往复运动，其中上死点（OT）布置在下死点（UT）和出口阀102之间。The piston 25 is arranged to be reciprocally displaceable within the cylinder liner 20 along the cylinder wall 22 of the cylinder liner 20 . The piston 25 reciprocates between two turning points, ie, an upper dead center (OT) and a lower dead center (UT), wherein the upper dead center (OT) is disposed between the lower dead center (UT) and the outlet valve 102 .
活塞25包括活塞环组件，该活塞环组件在图2中示意性地示出为仅具有三个活塞环27、28、29，即，最靠近出口阀102并且因此也靠近燃烧空间23的上活塞环28（也称为顶环）、在图2中相对于出口阀102布置在第一活塞环28之下的第二活塞环27，以及布置在活塞环27之下的另一活塞环29。The piston 25 comprises a piston ring assembly which is shown schematically in FIG. 2 with only three piston rings 27 , 28 , 29 , namely the upper piston closest to the outlet valve 102 and thus also to the combustion space 23 . A ring 28 (also called top ring), a second piston ring 27 arranged below the first piston ring 28 relative to the outlet valve 102 in FIG. 2 , and a further piston ring 29 arranged below the piston ring 27 .
根据图示，燃烧空间23在顶部由具有喷嘴的汽缸盖103和出口阀102限定边界，所述喷嘴未被详细示出，并且借助于该喷嘴能将燃料注入燃烧空间23中，所述出口阀102在图1中被示出为处于关闭位置。According to the illustration, the combustion space 23 is delimited at the top by a cylinder head 103 with a nozzle, not shown in detail, and by means of which fuel can be injected into the combustion space 23 , and an outlet valve 102 . 102 is shown in Figure 1 in a closed position.
活塞25以本身已知的方式经由活塞杆13连接至十字头14，在大型发动机运行期间，活塞25的往复运动从活塞杆13传递到大型发动机的曲轴。根据图示，活塞杆13被引导穿过扫气空间110并且穿过填料箱111，所述扫气空间110相对于出口阀102而言邻接汽缸套20的底部，所述填料箱111将扫气空间110和位于其下的曲轴空间115密封开来，使得没有由箭头112所表示的新鲜空气能从扫气空间110到达曲轴空间115中。涡轮增压器113在高压下（例如，在高达4巴的压力下）将新鲜空气运送至扫气空间110。A piston 25 is connected to the crosshead 14 via a piston rod 13 in a manner known per se, from which the reciprocating motion of the piston 25 is transmitted to the crankshaft of the large engine during operation of the large engine. According to the illustration, the piston rod 13 is guided through a scavenging space 110 adjoining the bottom of the cylinder liner 20 with respect to the outlet valve 102 and through a stuffing box 111 which will scavenge The space 110 is sealed off from the crank space 115 located therebeneath, so that no fresh air, indicated by the arrow 112 , can pass from the scavenging space 110 into the crank space 115 . The turbocharger 113 delivers fresh air to the scavenging space 110 at high pressure, eg at a pressure of up to 4 bar.
活塞25被设计为用冷却剂70在内部冷却的活塞25，其中，冷却剂经由未示出的供应管线来供应和移除。The piston 25 is designed as a piston 25 internally cooled with a coolant 70 , wherein the coolant is supplied and removed via a supply line not shown.
活塞25在图1中被示出为处于OT和UT之间的位置中。沿出口阀102的方向，活塞上边缘71由活塞25的套表面72的最上点限定。活塞25布置成能在汽缸套20中沿着活塞轴线在下死点的方向上沿轴向往复移位。Piston 25 is shown in FIG. 1 in a position between OT and UT. In the direction of the outlet valve 102 , the piston upper edge 71 is defined by the uppermost point of the sleeve surface 72 of the piston 25 . The piston 25 is arranged to be reciprocally displaceable axially in the cylinder liner 20 in the direction of the bottom dead center along the piston axis.
活塞25被设计为两件式。它包括所谓的活塞顶73和通过未示出的螺纹拧在活塞顶73上的活塞裙74，其中，活塞顶73沿出口阀的方向布置，并且活塞裙74沿扫气空间110的方向布置。活塞裙74具有筒状的套表面，该套表面的最低点限定沿扫气空间110的方向的活塞裙下边缘75。The piston 25 is designed in two parts. It comprises a so-called piston crown 73 and a piston skirt 74 screwed onto the piston crown 73 by a thread not shown, wherein the piston crown 73 is arranged in the direction of the outlet valve and the piston skirt 74 is arranged in the direction of the scavenging space 110 . The piston skirt 74 has a cylindrical sleeve surface, the lowest point of which defines a piston skirt lower edge 75 in the direction of the scavenging space 110 .
图2所示的三个活塞环27、28、29布置在活塞顶73的套表面72处，第一、上活塞环28沿出口阀的方向布置，相邻的第二活塞环29沿活塞裙下边缘75的方向布置，并且与第二活塞环29相邻的第三活塞环27沿活塞下边缘25的方向布置。活塞环27定位在最上活塞环28和最下活塞环29之间。The three piston rings 27, 28, 29 shown in Figure 2 are arranged on the sleeve surface 72 of the piston crown 73, the first and upper piston rings 28 are arranged along the direction of the outlet valve, and the adjacent second piston ring 29 is arranged along the piston skirt. The direction of the lower edge 75 is arranged, and the third piston ring 27 adjacent to the second piston ring 29 is arranged in the direction of the lower edge 25 of the piston. The piston ring 27 is positioned between the uppermost piston ring 28 and the lowermost piston ring 29 .
根据图2，润滑剂和冷却剂穿过活塞杆13被传输到活塞25。根据图1，润滑剂和/或冷却剂经由十字头14供应至活塞杆13。为此目的，十字头包括在图3中详细示出的通道。这些通道经由曲杆120供应。曲杆120表示位置上固定的贮存器30（参见图2）和十字头14之间的连接元件，可在贮存器30和十字头14之间设置泵1。另选地，贮存器30可设计成类似于公共轨道贮存器，并且可包括已在足够的高压下被加压的润滑剂或冷却剂。足够的高压因此应被理解为在压力P1和/或P2以上的压力，并且足以平衡十字头14的供应的压力损失。According to FIG. 2 , lubricant and coolant are conveyed through the piston rod 13 to the piston 25 . According to FIG. 1 , lubricant and/or coolant is supplied to the piston rod 13 via the crosshead 14 . For this purpose, the crosshead includes channels which are shown in detail in FIG. 3 . These channels are supplied via bent rods 120 . The curved rod 120 represents the connecting element between the positionally fixed reservoir 30 (see FIG. 2 ) and the crosshead 14 between which the pump 1 can be arranged. Alternatively, the reservoir 30 may be designed similarly to a common rail reservoir and may comprise lubricant or coolant which has been pressurized at a sufficiently high pressure. A sufficiently high pressure is thus to be understood as a pressure above the pressures P1 and/or P2 and sufficient to balance the pressure loss of the supply of the crosshead 14 .
如图1所示，曲杆120本身可具有一个或更多个接头连接件以便平衡十字头的运动。As shown in FIG. 1 , the bent rod 120 itself may have one or more joint connections in order to balance the movement of the crosshead.
具有润滑装置10的二冲程大型柴油发动机的汽缸在图2中以剖面图的方式示意性地示出。图2的二冲程大型柴油发动机包括多个汽缸20，其中，为了清楚，仅示例性地示出了一个汽缸20。汽缸20包括汽缸壁22，该汽缸壁以本身已知的方式沿外周方向限定汽缸20的内部空间23。活塞25设置在汽缸20内，该活塞布置成能相对于汽缸20的轴向方向A沿着汽缸壁22的运行表面21往复移位。运行表面21可设置在表面层处，该表面层例如借助于热喷涂而被施加在汽缸壁22的表面上。至少一个润滑点7、17（尤其是润滑喷嘴26、46）布置在汽缸壁22中，该汽缸壁借助泵1以本身已知的方式被供应润滑剂，使得润滑膜可在运行状态下被施加在汽缸壁22上的运行表面21上。A cylinder of a two-stroke large diesel engine with a lubrication device 10 is shown schematically in section in FIG. 2 . The two-stroke large diesel engine of Fig. 2 comprises a plurality of cylinders 20, of which only one cylinder 20 is shown by way of example for the sake of clarity. The cylinder 20 comprises a cylinder wall 22 which, in a manner known per se, delimits an interior space 23 of the cylinder 20 in the peripheral direction. A piston 25 is arranged inside the cylinder 20 , which piston is arranged to be reciprocally displaceable along the running surface 21 of the cylinder wall 22 relative to the axial direction A of the cylinder 20 . The running surface 21 can be provided on a surface layer which is applied to the surface of the cylinder wall 22 , for example by means of thermal spraying. At least one lubrication point 7 , 17 (in particular lubrication nozzles 26 , 46 ) is arranged in the cylinder wall 22 , which is supplied with lubricant by means of the pump 1 in a manner known per se, so that a lubricating film can be applied in the operating state On the running surface 21 on the cylinder wall 22 .
润滑点7、17经由润滑管线8、18连接至泵1。润滑管线中的每个均具有锁定元件5、15。润滑管线是分配器3的一部分，该分配器也可被设计为公共轨道贮存器。泵1将润滑剂从贮存器30通过分配器3输送到润滑点7、17。该布置可在使用冷却剂来代替润滑剂以便冷却活塞或汽缸时使用。The lubrication points 7 , 17 are connected to the pump 1 via lubrication lines 8 , 18 . Each of the lubrication lines has a locking element 5 , 15 . The lubrication line is part of the distributor 3, which can also be designed as a common rail reservoir. The pump 1 delivers the lubricant from the reservoir 30 through the distributor 3 to the lubrication points 7 , 17 . This arrangement can be used when coolant is used instead of lubricant to cool pistons or cylinders.
泵1可用润滑剂或伺服油或冷却剂来操作。这意味着，贮存器30在大约20巴的压力下提供润滑剂或冷却剂。泵1的工作活塞33用由贮存器31供应的润滑剂或冷却剂来操作，该贮存器31在比贮存器30更高的压力下被加压。通常，贮存器31中的压力处于50至100巴之间，尤其是在50巴附近（加上管线的压力损失）。贮存器31还可使用来经由第二连接管线将润滑剂或冷却剂供应到十字头。节流元件可以设置在贮存器和第二连接管线之间，以便将压力转换成低压P1，该低压P1至多在40至50巴之间，用于脉冲。The pump 1 can be operated with lubricant or servo oil or coolant. This means that the reservoir 30 supplies lubricant or coolant at a pressure of about 20 bar. The working piston 33 of the pump 1 is operated with lubricant or coolant supplied from a reservoir 31 which is pressurized at a higher pressure than the reservoir 30 . Typically, the pressure in the reservoir 31 is between 50 and 100 bar, especially around 50 bar (plus the pressure loss of the line). The reservoir 31 can also be used to supply lubricant or coolant to the crosshead via the second connecting line. A throttling element can be arranged between the reservoir and the second connecting line in order to convert the pressure to a low pressure P1 of at most between 40 and 50 bar for pulses.
被引入泵1的工作活塞空间34中的润滑剂经由相应的开口39到达进给空间36。只要工作活塞存在于工作活塞空间35中，开口39就连接至工作活塞空间34，这意味着，泵1的冲程尚未启动。润滑剂一被施加到工作活塞空间34中的工作活塞上，这就设定成抵抗保持装置37的阻力的运动。每个开口39均由进给活塞38封闭，并且存在于进给空间36中的润滑剂被压缩。因为进给空间36以流体传导的方式连接至分配器3，因此存在于分配器3和/或润滑剂管线8、18中的润滑剂也被压缩。The lubricant introduced into the working piston space 34 of the pump 1 reaches the feed space 36 via corresponding openings 39 . The opening 39 is connected to the working piston space 34 as long as the working piston is present in the working piston space 35 , which means that the stroke of the pump 1 has not yet started. As soon as lubricant is applied to the working piston in the working piston space 34 , this sets into motion against the resistance of the holding device 37 . Each opening 39 is closed by a feed piston 38 and the lubricant present in the feed space 36 is compressed. Since the feed space 36 is fluidically connected to the distributor 3, the lubricant present in the distributor 3 and/or in the lubricant lines 8, 18 is also compressed.
当进给冲程完成时，润滑剂已在润滑剂管线8、18中获得所需的压力。该压力可借助于分配器3中的压力传感器监控，而无论压力是否存在于确保润滑所需的可预先确定的带宽内。该带宽通常处于从10至50巴的范围内，具体地，该范围包括从10至15巴的基础压力到处于40至50巴之间的用于脉冲的压力。When the feed stroke is complete, the lubricant has acquired the required pressure in the lubricant line 8 , 18 . This pressure can be monitored by means of a pressure sensor in the distributor 3 , whether or not the pressure is present within the predeterminable bandwidth required to ensure lubrication. This bandwidth is generally in the range from 10 to 50 bar, in particular this range includes a base pressure of 10 to 15 bar to a pressure for pulses of between 40 and 50 bar.
润滑剂因此被提供在润滑剂管线8、18中，以便在所希望的时间点被施加在汽缸20的运行表面21处。所希望的时间点由中央单元50确定，该中央单元将信号经由信号传送线42、43传送到相应的锁定装置5、15的开口。因此，润滑的时间点可由中央单元完全自由地确定。Lubricant is thus provided in the lubricant lines 8 , 18 to be applied at the running surface 21 of the cylinder 20 at the desired point in time. The desired point in time is determined by the central unit 50 which transmits the signal via the signal transmission lines 42 , 43 to the opening of the respective locking device 5 , 15 . The timing of the lubrication can thus be determined completely freely by the central unit.
自然地，锁定装置5、15的关闭时间点同样可由中央单元50任意确定。因此，所需的润滑剂量可为特定的润滑周期而精确地设定。Naturally, the closing time of the locking device 5 , 15 can likewise be determined arbitrarily by the central unit 50 . Therefore, the required amount of lubricant can be precisely set for a specific lubrication cycle.
图2中示例性地示出了测量装置40，借助该测量装置40，检测用于二冲程大型柴油发动机的运行状态的标称值。测量装置40产生作为标称值的特征的电信号，并将该信号沿信号传输线41传输到中央单元50，该中央单元50用于控制润滑系统。在该中央单元50中评价前述信号。如果评价结果要求进行润滑，则将信号从中央单元经由信号传输线42、43传输至锁定元件5、15，使得这些元件被致动，这意味着，它们为了润滑剂的通流而被打开或关闭。信号也可用于控制泵1。这可用于馈电电流可被改变的泵，例如，诸如循环泵、叶轮泵之类的旋转泵。例如，驱动泵的马达的转数可被改变，使得能够改变每单位时间通过泵输送的容积流量。对于旋转活塞泵来说，也存在该可能性。这种旋转活塞泵通常包括多个活塞，这些活塞借助于由电动机驱动的凸轮轴移动。为了增大凸轮轴的转数，增加每单位时间的活塞冲程数，并因此改变通过泵输送的容积流量。自然地，也可使用具有单个进给活塞的泵，其中，进给活塞可液压移动或可借助于凸轮轴移动。FIG. 2 shows by way of example a measuring device 40 with which nominal values for the operating state of a two-stroke large diesel engine are detected. The measuring device 40 generates an electrical signal that is characteristic of the nominal value and transmits this signal along the signal transmission line 41 to the central unit 50 for controlling the lubrication system. The aforementioned signals are evaluated in this central unit 50 . If the result of the evaluation calls for lubrication, a signal is transmitted from the central unit via signal transmission lines 42, 43 to the locking elements 5, 15, so that these elements are actuated, that is, they are opened or closed for the lubricant to flow through . The signal can also be used to control pump 1. This can be used for pumps where the feed current can be varied, eg rotary pumps such as circulation pumps, impeller pumps. For example, the number of revolutions of the motor driving the pump can be varied so that the volumetric flow delivered by the pump per unit time can be varied. This possibility also exists for rotary lobe pumps. Such rotary piston pumps generally comprise a plurality of pistons which are moved by means of a camshaft driven by an electric motor. In order to increase the number of revolutions of the camshaft, the number of piston strokes per unit time is increased and thus the volumetric flow delivered by the pump is changed. Naturally, pumps with a single feed piston can also be used, wherein the feed piston is movable hydraulically or by means of a camshaft.
在本情况下，开关阀32的开关频率能被改变。在该情况下，信号从中央单元50经由信号传输线44被传输至开关阀32。具体地，开关阀被设计为电磁阀。开关阀32可采取两个位置。第一位置中，工作活塞33和贮存器30之间的连接打开，使得能将润滑剂从工作活塞33存在于其中的工作活塞空间34供给回到贮存器30中。贮存器30和进给空间36之间的连接管线打开，使得润滑剂能流入进给空间36中。In this case, the switching frequency of the switching valve 32 can be changed. In this case, a signal is transmitted from the central unit 50 to the switching valve 32 via the signal transmission line 44 . Specifically, the switching valve is designed as a solenoid valve. The switching valve 32 can assume two positions. In the first position, the connection between the working piston 33 and the reservoir 30 is open such that lubricant can be fed back into the reservoir 30 from the working piston space 34 in which the working piston 33 is present. The connecting line between the reservoir 30 and the feed space 36 is open so that lubricant can flow into the feed space 36 .
借助保持装置37（在本示例中为弹簧）将工作活塞33带到其上端位置，并且该工作活塞现在准备进给冲程。当开关阀32从中央单元50获得进行进给冲程的信号时，它切换开关，使得通至贮存器31的连接被打开。在高压下将润滑剂从贮存器31引入工作活塞空间35中，并且工作活塞33进行进给冲程，这意味着，借助进给活塞38将润滑剂从进给空间泵入分配器3中。此外，工作活塞不必以密封方式与进给空间分离。因此，不需要使驱动侧工作活塞空间35与进给活塞侧工作活塞空间34密封开来。The working piston 33 is brought to its upper end position by means of the holding device 37 (a spring in this example) and is now ready for the feed stroke. When the on-off valve 32 receives a signal from the central unit 50 to perform the feed stroke, it switches the switch so that the connection to the reservoir 31 is opened. Lubricant is introduced under high pressure from the reservoir 31 into the working piston space 35 and the working piston 33 performs a feed stroke, which means that lubricant is pumped from the feed space into the distributor 3 by means of the feed piston 38 . Furthermore, the working piston does not have to be separated from the feed space in a sealed manner. Therefore, it is not necessary to seal the drive-side working piston space 35 from the feed-piston-side working piston space 34 .
锁定元件5、15打开一定时间段，使得润滑剂基于测量装置40的测量值被施加到运行表面21上。每个锁定元件5、15保持打开的时间段可单独匹配，并且取决于通过测量装置40检测的测量值。The locking elements 5 , 15 are opened for a certain period of time so that lubricant is applied to the running surface 21 based on the measured values of the measuring device 40 . The time period for which each locking element 5 , 15 remains open can be individually adapted and depends on the measured value detected by the measuring device 40 .
自然地，可提供多个测量装置，这些测量装置测定大型发动机的不同参数。Naturally, several measuring devices can be provided which determine different parameters of the large engine.
同样可以设定润滑剂的压力，使得它处在燃烧空间中的最大压力和燃烧空间中的最小压力之间。燃烧空间中的压力至少在压缩冲程的最后阶段、燃料空气混合物点火的时间点以及膨胀阶段开始时处于润滑剂压力以上，使得没有润滑剂能进入燃烧空间中。仅当燃烧空间中的压力在膨胀阶段期间、新鲜空气供应期间或压缩冲程的第一阶段期间处于润滑剂的压力以下时，才可能将润滑剂引入到汽缸的运行表面上。该情况的另选是，当活塞在压缩冲程中已经过润滑点时，润滑剂的引入是可能的，这意味着，润滑点通向填充有扫气空气的汽缸空间，该扫气空气在相应的扫气空气压力下被加压。扫气空气压力在这一点上通常或多或少处于通常在大约3巴的环境压力以上。因此，在润滑点的位置和活塞之间存在连接。如果活塞（这意味着活塞环组件）定位在润滑点上方，则扫气空气压力基本上存在于锁定元件处，而存在于燃烧空间（这意味着活塞环组件和出口阀之间的汽缸空间）中的压力显著更高。The pressure of the lubricant can likewise be set such that it lies between a maximum pressure in the combustion space and a minimum pressure in the combustion space. The pressure in the combustion space is above the lubricant pressure at least at the end of the compression stroke, at the point of ignition of the fuel-air mixture and at the beginning of the expansion phase, so that no lubricant can enter the combustion space. The introduction of lubricant onto the running surfaces of the cylinder is only possible if the pressure in the combustion space is below the pressure of the lubricant during the expansion phase, during the fresh air supply or during the first phase of the compression stroke. An alternative to this situation is that the introduction of lubricant is possible when the piston has already passed the lubrication point during the compression stroke, which means that the lubrication point leads to the cylinder space filled with scavenging air, which in the corresponding The scavenging air pressure is pressurized. The scavenging air pressure at this point is usually more or less above the ambient pressure, usually around 3 bar. Therefore, there is a connection between the position of the lubrication point and the piston. If the piston (which means the piston ring assembly) is positioned above the lubrication point, the scavenging air pressure exists essentially at the locking element, but in the combustion space (this means the cylinder space between the piston ring assembly and the outlet valve) The pressure in is significantly higher.
当由此在压缩冲程期间润滑点处于由活塞环组件覆盖的区域中时，在抵抗汽缸空间中的压力进给润滑剂期间，当活塞存在于上死点附近时，润滑剂可能会到达汽缸空间，这是因为扫气空气侧上的压力基本上小于汽缸空间中燃烧空间侧压力中的压力。When the lubrication point is thus in the area covered by the piston ring assembly during the compression stroke, during the feed of lubricant against the pressure in the cylinder space, when the piston exists near top dead center, the lubricant may reach the cylinder space , because the pressure on the scavenging air side is substantially lower than the pressure on the combustion space side in the cylinder space.
图2中还示出，润滑剂或冷却剂被供应到活塞25。根据本发明的装置10用于借助流体介质来润滑或冷却汽缸套20和/或活塞25和/或连接元件13、14、19、120。流体介质具体地是冷却剂或润滑剂。第一连接管线被设置用于将流体介质从贮存器30供应到使用地点20、25、13、14、19。第一连接管线11至少部分地延伸穿过连接元件13、14、19。图1中仅示出穿过活塞杆13的路线。然而，连接管线能以相同方式设置在十字头、曲杆以及活塞中，尤其是设置在活塞裙中。流体介质基本上在压力P1下存在于第一连接管线中。设置有第二连接管线12，在该第二连接管线12中，接收P2压力下的流体介质。压力P2在正常操作模式下高于最大压力P1。It is also shown in FIG. 2 that lubricant or coolant is supplied to the piston 25 . The device 10 according to the invention is used for lubricating or cooling the cylinder liner 20 and/or the piston 25 and/or the connecting elements 13 , 14 , 19 , 120 by means of a fluid medium. The fluid medium is in particular a coolant or a lubricant. A first connection line is provided for supplying fluid medium from the reservoir 30 to the point of use 20 , 25 , 13 , 14 , 19 . The first connecting line 11 extends at least partially through the connecting elements 13 , 14 , 19 . Only the route through the piston rod 13 is shown in FIG. 1 . However, the connecting lines can be arranged in the same way in the crosshead, crank rod and piston, especially in the piston skirt. The fluid medium is present in the first connecting line substantially at pressure P1. A second connecting line 12 is provided in which the fluid medium is received at a pressure of P2. The pressure P2 is higher than the maximum pressure P1 in normal operating mode.
图3示出了第一连接管线11和第二连接管线12之间用于冷却和/或润滑的装置的细节。示出了十字头14以及活塞杆13的一部分的剖面图。根据图3，套管元件117也存在于活塞杆13和十字头14之间。因为活塞杆13能相对于十字头旋转，因此设置了密封件118，以便关于曲轴空间115密封第一连接管线11和第二连接管线12。FIG. 3 shows details of the means for cooling and/or lubrication between the first connecting line 11 and the second connecting line 12 . A cross-sectional view of part of the crosshead 14 and the piston rod 13 is shown. According to FIG. 3 , a sleeve element 117 is also present between the piston rod 13 and the crosshead 14 . Since the piston rod 13 is rotatable relative to the crosshead, a seal 118 is provided in order to seal the first connecting line 11 and the second connecting line 12 with respect to the crankshaft space 115 .
流体介质存在于第一连接管线11中，该流体介质例如是冷却剂或润滑剂。存在于第一连接管线中的流体介质具有压力P1。第一连接管线延伸穿过活塞杆13、套管元件117，并且还穿过十字头114。为此目的，在十字头的外套表面处存在有敞开通道，该敞开通道表示在连接管线11处连接至延伸穿过曲杆120的供应管线。供应管线以及供应管线至十字头的连接未在图中示出。A fluid medium is present in the first connection line 11 , for example a coolant or a lubricant. The fluid medium present in the first connecting line has a pressure P1. The first connecting line extends through the piston rod 13 , the sleeve element 117 and also through the crosshead 114 . For this purpose, there is an open channel at the jacket surface of the crosshead, which represents the connection at the connecting line 11 to the supply line extending through the bent rod 120 . The supply line and the connection of the supply line to the crosshead are not shown in the figure.
流体介质在第二连接管线12中循环，该流体介质以相似方式在压力P2下被加压。具体地，对于正常操作模式而言，压力P2可以是恒定的。因为第二连接管线中的流体介质的压力P2大于第一连接管线中的流体介质的压力P1，因此首先确保了第一连接管线的流体介质不能被排到外面。在第一连接管线11中发生泄漏的情况下，借助于第二连接管线中的较高压力P2防止了流体介质露出。为此，在第一连接管线11中发生泄漏的情况下，流体介质能以压力P2流入第一连接管线11中。因此，第一连接管线中的压力增大，同时第二连接管线中的压力下降，从而发生了压力平衡。由压力平衡导致的压力下降被测量，并且被传输至评价单元。评价单元不断比较所测的压力和基准压力。压差由于压力平衡而下降，为此，评价单元发出信号，例如，警报。该警报给出第一连接管线中存在泄漏的信号。A fluid medium circulates in the second connecting line 12 , which fluid medium is pressurized in a similar manner at pressure P2 . In particular, for the normal mode of operation, the pressure P2 may be constant. Because the pressure P2 of the fluid medium in the second connecting line is greater than the pressure P1 of the fluid medium in the first connecting line, it is first ensured that the fluid medium in the first connecting line cannot be discharged to the outside. In the event of a leak in the first connecting line 11 , the escape of the fluid medium is prevented by means of the higher pressure P2 in the second connecting line. To this end, in the event of a leak in the first connecting line 11 , the fluid medium can flow at the pressure P2 into the first connecting line 11 . Consequently, the pressure in the first connecting line increases while the pressure in the second connecting line decreases, so that pressure equalization occurs. The pressure drop caused by the pressure equalization is measured and transmitted to the evaluation unit. The evaluation unit continuously compares the measured pressure with a reference pressure. The differential pressure drops due to the pressure equalization, for which purpose the evaluation unit issues a signal, for example an alarm. This alarm signals the presence of a leak in the first connecting line.
当第二连接管线12中存在泄漏时，压力P2下降。压力P2关于基准压力的下降由评价单元测量。评价单元也在该情况下产生输出信号，例如，警报。该警报可不同于给出第一连接管线中存在泄漏的信号的警报。When there is a leak in the second connecting line 12, the pressure P2 drops. The drop of pressure P2 with respect to the reference pressure is measured by an evaluation unit. The evaluation unit also generates an output signal, for example an alarm, in this case. This alarm may be different from the alarm which signals the presence of a leak in the first connecting line.
图4示出了一实施方式，该图示出了以不同方式产生第一连接管线11和第二连接管线12中的不同压力P1和P2。通过泵1从贮存器30输送的流体介质借助于未详细示出的分配器元件被分入第一连接管线11和第二连接管线12。泵下游的压力管线中的压力由此与较高压P2对应。在连接管线11中设置有节流元件125，用于减小压力。还可在节流元件125处的连接中设置脉冲发射器126。脉冲发射器用于分配脉冲电流。具体地，当流体介质是润滑剂时，能有利地在某一时间点输出润滑剂。脉冲发射器可例如被设计为锁定元件，具体地，设计为阀。Figure 4 shows an embodiment which shows that the different pressures P1 and P2 in the first connecting line 11 and in the second connecting line 12 are generated in different ways. The fluid medium delivered by the pump 1 from the reservoir 30 is divided into a first connecting line 11 and a second connecting line 12 by means of a distributor element not shown in detail. The pressure in the pressure line downstream of the pump thus corresponds to the higher pressure P2. A throttle element 125 is arranged in the connecting line 11 for reducing the pressure. A pulse transmitter 126 may also be provided in the connection at the throttle element 125 . Pulse transmitters are used to distribute pulsed current. In particular, when the fluid medium is lubricant, the lubricant can advantageously be delivered at a certain point in time. The pulse transmitter can eg be designed as a locking element, in particular as a valve.
图5中所示的曲线图示出了流体介质的压力的路线，该压力表示在y轴上，而时间表示在x轴上。因此，实线示出了在第二或第一连接管线中发生紧急泄漏之后的压力P2和其变化。此外，虚线表示第一连接管线11中发生泄漏的情况下的压力P1和其变化。如上所说明的，压力P1在出现泄漏时增大，使得在作为基准压力存储的压力P1和由于泄漏而增大的压力P1’之间出现压差。The graph shown in Fig. 5 shows the course of the pressure of the fluid medium, the pressure being represented on the y-axis and the time being represented on the x-axis. Thus, the solid line shows the pressure P2 and its change after an emergency leak in the second or first connecting line. In addition, the dotted line indicates the pressure P1 and its change in the case where a leak occurs in the first connection line 11 . As explained above, the pressure P1 increases when a leak occurs, so that a pressure difference occurs between the pressure P1 stored as the reference pressure and the pressure P1' increased due to the leak.
此外，曲线图示出了在流体介质待以脉冲方式输送时脉冲的压力路线。在装置的正常操作模式下，脉冲的最大压力处于压力P1的最小值以下。Furthermore, the graph shows the pressure course of the pulses when the fluid medium is to be delivered in pulses. In the normal operating mode of the device, the maximum pressure of the pulses is below the minimum value of pressure P1.
自然地，根据本发明的装置，以及用于检测泄漏的方法不限于附图中所示的具体实施方式，而是可以针对根据本发明的每个流体供应系统而产生。Naturally, the device according to the invention, as well as the method for detecting leaks, are not limited to the specific embodiments shown in the figures, but can be produced for each fluid supply system according to the invention.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12155055.2 | 2012-02-13 | ||
| EP12155055 | 2012-02-13 |
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103244302A CN103244302A (en) | 2013-08-14 |
| CN103244302Btrue CN103244302B (en) | 2017-10-27 |
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| CN201310051640.0AExpired - Fee RelatedCN103244302B (en) | 2012-02-13 | 2013-02-08 | Big-block engine including cylinder lubrication device and the method for lubricating its cylinder |
| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP2626525A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP6177537B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20130093037A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN103244302B (en) |
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