本申请是申请号为98814242.2、申请日为1998年8月18日、发明名称为“多层载波离散多音通信技术”的专利申请的分案申请（申请号为200510125082.3）的分案申请（申请号为201010109116.0）的分案申请。This application is a divisional application (application number is 200510125082.3) of the patent application with the application number 98814242.2, the application date is August 18, 1998, and the invention title is "multi-layer carrier discrete multi-tone communication technology" (application number 200510125082.3) No. 201010109116.0) divisional application.
技术领域technical field
本发明一般涉及到无线电通信，尤其是涉及到在伴随有动态环境变化的困难和敌对环境中的多址联接通信技术。This invention relates generally to radio communications, and more particularly to multiple access communication techniques in difficult and hostile environments accompanied by dynamic environmental changes.
背景技术Background technique
在1940年代的二次世界大战期间发展起来的通信技术包括用来支持高频(HF)带业务的“频率分集通信”或“多层载波通信”。J.Proakis在Digital Communications，McGraw-Hill，1989，7.4-7.7段中提出了频率分集通信技术。Proakis是基于在大大衰减的信道例如是深度衰落的信道中接收时会产生误差而提出分集技术的。通过彼此独立衰落的信道为接收机提供原始信号的若干副本有可能连续通信，除非是在所有重复信道都同时发生衰落的不太可能的情况下。可以排除这种概率。Communication technologies developed during World War II in the 1940's include "frequency diversity communication" or "multi-layer carrier communication" to support high frequency (HF) band services. J. Proakis proposed frequency diversity communication technology in Digital Communications, McGraw-Hill, 1989, paragraphs 7.4-7.7. Proakis proposed the diversity technique based on the fact that errors will occur when receiving in a greatly attenuated channel such as a deeply fading channel. Providing a receiver with several copies of the original signal through channels that fade independently of each other makes it possible to communicate continuously, except in the unlikely event that all duplicate channels fade simultaneously. This possibility can be ruled out.
频率分集是许多分集方案当中的一种。由名义上被各个独立信道的相干带宽隔开的若干个载波信道执行同样的调制。按照时间分集，在不同的时隙中发送相同的信息。在一种分集方案中可以采用多单元天线。可以用若干接收天线接收从单个发射天线发送的信号。为了获得最佳效果，接收天线被分开足够远，以改变一组当中不同的多径干扰。往往需要名义上独立的十个波长来观测独立的信号衰落。Frequency diversity is one of many diversity schemes. The same modulation is performed by several carrier channels, nominally separated by the coherence bandwidth of each individual channel. According to time diversity, the same information is sent in different time slots. Multiple element antennas can be used in a diversity scheme. A signal transmitted from a single transmit antenna may be received by several receive antennas. For best results, the receive antennas are spaced far enough apart to accommodate different multipath interference within a group. Ten nominally independent wavelengths are often required to observe independent signal fading.
在一种更加成熟的分集方案中采用的信号带宽可以远远大于信道的相干带宽。这种信号的带宽W能够分解多径分量并且为接收机提供若干个独立衰落的信号路径。In a more sophisticated diversity scheme, the signal bandwidth used can be much larger than the coherent bandwidth of the channel. The bandwidth W of this signal is capable of resolving the multipath components and providing the receiver with several independently fading signal paths.
其他现有技术的分集方案包括入射角或是空间分集和极化分集。Other prior art diversity schemes include angle of incidence or space diversity and polarization diversity.
当带宽W远远大于用户可以利用的各个独立信道的相干带宽时，可以将信道进一步细分成许多频分复用子信道，每个独立信道的相干带宽都具有至少一个相互分离的中心频率。这样就能通过频分复用的子信道发送相同的信号，按照频率分集工作。采用覆盖带宽W的宽带二进制信号也可以获得同样的结果。When the bandwidth W is much larger than the coherent bandwidth of each independent channel available to the user, the channel can be further subdivided into many frequency division multiplexing sub-channels, and the coherent bandwidth of each independent channel has at least one center frequency separated from each other. In this way, the same signal can be transmitted through the sub-channels of frequency division multiplexing, and work according to frequency diversity. The same result can also be obtained with a wideband binary signal covering the bandwidth W.
G.K.Kaleh在IEEE Transactions on Communications，Spet.1994.上发表的一篇文章“Frequency-Diversity Spread-Spectrum CommunicationSystem to Counter Band-limited Gaussian Interference，”中描述了这种技术。这篇文章概括地描述了一种能够蓄意为敌的信号环境中工作的可靠的装置。This technique is described by G.K. Kaleh in an article "Frequency-Diversity Spread-Spectrum Communication System to Counter Band-limited Gaussian Interference," published in IEEE Transactions on Communications, Spet. 1994. This article outlines a reliable device capable of operating in a hostile signaling environment.
J.Proakis在“Spread Spectrum Signals for DigitalCommunication，”supra的第八章中描述了一种频率分集扩展频谱和多址联接的概念。详细描述了一种与跳频扩展频谱相结合的分集传输方式，用来防止多径衰落和局部频带干扰。J. Proakis in "Spread Spectrum Signals for Digital Communication,"supra Chapter 8 describes a concept of frequency diversity spread spectrum and multiple access connections. A diversity transmission method combined with frequency hopping spread spectrum is described in detail to prevent multipath fading and local frequency band interference.
早在1959年就有人提出了适合多元天线阵列的反向天线阵，用来在发送和接收期间提供相同的空间增益模式。有关这种技术的论述可参见R.Monzingo，T.Miller，Introduction to Adaptive Arrays，WileyInterscience Publications，1980；L.Van Atta的1959年的美国专利2，908，002“Electromagnetic Reflection”；和B.Glance，P.Henryd1983年5月10日的美国专利US4，383，332“High CapacityMobile RadioSystem”。TDD系统为实现反向天线阵列提供了一种有效的手段，能够减少技术和发送路径之间的信道变化。As early as 1959, an inverted antenna array suitable for multi-element antenna arrays was proposed to provide the same spatial gain pattern during transmission and reception. A discussion of this technique can be found in R. Monzingo, T. Miller, Introduction to Adaptive Arrays, Wiley Interscience Publications, 1980; U.S. Patent 2,908,002 "Electromagnetic Reflection" of L. Van Atta, 1959; and B. Glance , US Patent No. 4,383,332 "High Capacity Mobile Radio System" of P.Henryd on May 10, 1983. The TDD system provides an efficient means for implementing inverted antenna arrays, capable of reducing channel variations between technologies and transmit paths.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的一个目的是提供一种无线电通信系统，用于通过信道畸变截然不同的大范围分散的频带传播数据，象直接序列扩展频谱所需的那样，在干涉频率之间实际上没有发散信号。It is an object of the present invention to provide a radio communication system for propagating data over widely dispersed frequency bands with distinct channel distortions, as required for direct sequence spread spectrum, with virtually no diverging signals between interfering frequencies.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种在强窄带干扰条件下通信的无线电通信系统，例如是普通的蜂窝信号波形，在接收机的解扩展器处关闭受影响的频道。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system that communicates under conditions of strong narrowband interference, such as common cellular signal waveforms, with the affected frequency channels turned off at the despreader of the receiver.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种具有简单均衡的线性信道多径畸变的无线电通信系统。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system with simple equalization of linear channel multipath distortion.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种无线电通信系统，它能够与离散多音和正交频分复用式信道技术兼容。为了频率信道化和反信道化，还能够与时间分组多音和正交频分复用式调制/解调技术兼容。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system which is compatible with discrete multi-tone and OFDM channel techniques. For frequency channelization and anti-channelization, it is also compatible with time packet multi-tone and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation/demodulation techniques.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种能够与时分双工系统兼容的无线电通信系统，其中的多层载波扩展频谱调制格式是分组的，例如，如果多层载波扩展频谱信号是用离散多音和/或基于频率信道化和反信道化的正交频分复用产生的。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system compatible with a time division duplex system in which the multi-layer carrier spread spectrum modulation format is grouped, for example, if the multi-layer carrier spread spectrum signal is used with discrete multi-tone and /or generated by OFDM based on frequency channelization and de-channelization.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种具有频分多址联接式多址联接能力的无线电通信系统。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system having frequency division multiple access type multiple access capability.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种采取多层载波多址联接布局的具有码分多址联接式多址联接能力的无线电通信系统。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system having a code division multiple access type multiple access capability employing a multi-layer carrier multiple access layout.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种能够与高阶数字调制兼容的无线电通信系统。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system compatible with high order digital modulation.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种用于灵活请求式带宽数据速率连接的无线电通信系统。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system for flexible on-demand bandwidth data rate connections.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种在代码零位应用中具有空分多址联接式多址联接，干扰排除和信道均衡能力的无线电通信系统。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system having space division multiple access multiple access, interference rejection and channel equalization capabilities in code null applications.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种配合自适应天线阵列使用的无线电通信系统，采用空间延伸的扩展码利用每个空间信道或是天线束上独立的合成增益来扩展数据，从而控制信道带宽阵列扩散。It is another object of the present invention to provide a radio communication system for use with an adaptive antenna array that uses spatially extended spreading codes to spread data with independent synthesis gains on each spatial channel or antenna beam, thereby controlling the channel bandwidth of the array diffusion.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种能够与高级阵列适配技术兼容的无线电通信系统，例如是无盲点定向导航，盲点定向数据和其他技术，它利用了基带数据，信道结构或多层载波扩展格式的基本特性的优点。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system compatible with advanced array adaptation techniques, such as blind-spot-free directional navigation, blind-spot directional data and other techniques, which utilize baseband data, channel structure or multi-layer carrier extension Advantages of the fundamental properties of the format.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种能够与反向通信技术兼容的无线电通信系统。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system compatible with reverse communication techniques.
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种能够与常规的码分多址联接，数据触发系统反向兼容的无线电通信系统。Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio communication system which is backward compatible with conventional code division multiple access, data trigger systems.
简而言之，本发明的实施例包括一种“多层载波”扩展频谱通信系统，其中的扩展是在频域中通过将时域形式的基带信号与一组重叠或是多层的复合正弦载波波形相乘而完成的。实际的扩展是通过直接激励一个大型快速Fourier(FFT)变换库(bins)来完成的。这样就能明显降低计算的复杂性，缓和对输出FFT容量的要求。可以用一个β=9的Kaiser-Bessel窗口来填满单音之间的空间，不让这些单音与相邻的单音发生单音之间的干扰。特别是高值的β会在相邻的单音之间产生干扰，而相隔更远的单音之间的干扰很小。这种基本技术可以结合时分双工，码分多址联接，空分多址联接，频分多址联接，自适应天线阵列和干扰消除技术。Briefly, embodiments of the present invention include a "multi-layer carrier" spread-spectrum communication system in which spreading is performed in the frequency domain by combining a time-domain version of the baseband signal with a set of overlapping or multi-layered composite sinusoidal Carrier waveform multiplication is done. The actual scaling is done by directly stimulating a large library (bins) of Fast Fourier (FFT) Transforms. This can significantly reduce the computational complexity and ease the requirement on the output FFT capacity. A Kaiser-Bessel window of β=9 can be used to fill the space between the tones, so that the tones do not interfere with the adjacent tones. In particular, high values of β produce interference between adjacent tones, while little interference occurs between more distant tones. This basic technology can combine time division duplex, code division multiple access, space division multiple access, frequency division multiple access, adaptive antenna array and interference cancellation techniques.
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了一种多址联接通信系统，包括：多个无线电发射机，用于发射多个射频载波；多个无线电接收机，用于接收多个射频载波的至少一个子集；连接到多个无线电发射机的扩展器，采用第一数字扩展增益和第一数据独立且冗余地调制多个射频载波的幅值和相位；连接到多个无线电接收机的解扩展器，采用第一数字扩展增益独立地解调多个射频载波的幅值和相位，以恢复第一数据；以及连接着无线电发射机、无线电接收机、扩展器和解扩展器的多址联接装置，该多址联接装置被配置为利用空分多址联接SDMA协议、频分多址联接FDMA协议和码分多址联接CDMA协议中的至少一种来提供独立的通信信道。According to one aspect of the present invention, a multiple access communication system is provided, comprising: a plurality of radio transmitters for transmitting a plurality of radio frequency carriers; a plurality of radio receivers for receiving at least one sub-band of a plurality of radio frequency carriers set; a spreader connected to a plurality of radio transmitters, independently and redundantly modulates the amplitude and phase of a plurality of radio frequency carriers using a first digital spreading gain and first data; a despreader connected to a plurality of radio receivers , using a first digital spreading gain to independently demodulate the amplitude and phase of a plurality of radio frequency carriers to recover first data; and a multiple access apparatus connected to a radio transmitter, a radio receiver, a spreader and a despreader, the The multiple access means is configured to provide independent communication channels using at least one of a Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) protocol, a Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) protocol, and a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) protocol.
根据本方面的另一方面，提供了一种在多址联接通信系统中的方法，该方法包括通过执行以下操作来恢复用多个多层载波信号各自特有的扩展增益扩展并调制到多个多层载波信号的每一个上的数字通信信号：(1)将每个接收的多层载波信号信道化，以识别基带信号,其中接收的多层载波信号每一个都具有能够与多个接收的多层载波信号中的其它多层载波信号的信道带宽相分离的信道带宽；(2)通过应用与应用于每个接收的基带信号的扩展增益不同的解扩展加权，对多个接收的多层载波信号执行解扩展；(3)将接收的基带信号加以组合而获得对干扰进行补偿并且使信噪比最大化的基带信号；以及(4)消除出现在基带信号中的时间畸变或频率畸变，以恢复数字通信信号。According to another aspect of the present aspect, there is provided a method in a multiple access communication system, the method comprising recovering spreading and modulating with a plurality of multi-layer carrier signals with each characteristic spreading gain to a plurality of multi-layer carrier signals by performing the following operations: Digital communication signals on each of the multi-layer carrier signals: (1) channelize each received multi-layer carrier signal, each of which has multiple received multi-layer carrier signals capable of communicating with multiple received multi-layer carrier signals The channel bandwidth of the other multilayer carrier signals in the layer carrier signal is separated from the channel bandwidth; (2) the multiple received multilayer carrier (3) combining received baseband signals to obtain a baseband signal that compensates for interference and maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio; and (4) eliminates time distortion or frequency distortion occurring in the baseband signal to Recover digital communication signals.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种无线电通信方法，在用于频谱分集的广泛分散的频带上扩展数据。这样就能提供一种能够吸取频率分集优点的有效方式，特别是在频带广泛分散的应用中。An advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method that spreads data over widely dispersed frequency bands for spectrum diversity. This provides an efficient way to reap the benefits of frequency diversity, especially in applications where the frequency bands are widely dispersed.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种无线电通信方法，即使是在强烈的窄带干扰下也能通信。这样就能在出现强烈的窄带频分多址联接(FDMA)和象蜂窝覆盖应用中那样的时分多址联接(TDMA)蜂窝无线电信号时维持一种多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)链路。还可以在由于来自带外信号的谐波而出现伪造干扰时维持通信链路。An advantage of the present invention is that it provides a method of radio communication which is capable of communicating even in the presence of strong narrowband interference. This maintains a multilayer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) link in the presence of strong narrowband frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) cellular radio signals as in cellular coverage applications. It is also possible to maintain the communication link in the presence of spurious interference due to harmonics from out-of-band signals.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种无线电通信方法，它能够直接均衡线性信道畸变，并且能够使稳态或是准稳态线性信道畸变接近于发射扩展码上的乘法作用。还可以进一步将信道均衡操作溶入解扩展或扩展操作，除了消除分组内Doppler扩展之外不需要额外的滤波操作。其基本原理是配合着基带，预扩展，电文信号的带宽来均衡多径传播。如果电文信号的带宽很窄，这种多径均衡操作会极为简单。如果预扩展电文信号的带宽足够窄，例如预扩展电文信号的相关带宽或是反向带宽是传输信道中的最大多径延迟的大乘积，这种均衡操作就能减少到能够自动溶入自适应解扩展操作的综合乘法操作。它与常规的CDMA系统的差异在于后者需要额外的均衡操作，除非扩展信号的相关宽度是传输信道中的最大多径延迟的大乘积。It is an advantage of the present invention to provide a radio communication method which directly equalizes linear channel distortion and which approximates the multiplicative effect on the transmitted spreading codes for steady state or quasi-steady state linear channel distortion. It is also possible to further integrate the channel equalization operation into the despreading or spreading operation, and no additional filtering operation is required except for eliminating Doppler spreading within the group. The basic principle is to balance the multipath propagation with the baseband, pre-spread, and bandwidth of the message signal. If the bandwidth of the text signal is very narrow, this kind of multipath equalization operation will be extremely simple. If the bandwidth of the prespreading message signal is narrow enough, for example, the relevant bandwidth or the reverse bandwidth of the prespreading message signal is a large product of the maximum multipath delay in the transmission channel, this equalization operation can be reduced to be able to be automatically incorporated into the adaptive Synthetic multiplication operation of the despreading operation. It differs from conventional CDMA systems in that the latter requires additional equalization operations unless the relative width of the spread signal is a large product of the maximum multipath delay in the transmission channel.
本发明的另一个优点是提供了一种无线电通信方法，它能够兼容离散多音和正交频分复用式频道复用技术。这样就能用发射扩展码上的乘法效果精确地模拟稳态和线性信道畸变。Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method that is compatible with discrete multi-tone and OFDM channel multiplexing techniques. This enables accurate modeling of steady-state and linear channel distortions with the multiplicative effect on the transmitted spreading codes.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种能够兼容时分双工系统的无线电通信方法。例如，如果多层载波扩展频谱信号是用离散多音和/或正交频分复用式频道复用器和反向频道复用器产生的，就能采用时分双工通信格式将多层载波扩展频谱调制格式编组。在通信链路的任何一端都能对发射信道进行“本地”评估，大大简化了信道预加重，发射信道均衡拓扑逻辑和反向传输技术的实施。An advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method compatible with time division duplex systems. For example, if the multi-layer carrier spread-spectrum signal is generated using discrete multi-tone and/or OFDM channel multiplexers and inverse channel multiplexers, the multi-layer carrier can be transmitted using a time-division duplex communication format Group of spread spectrum modulation formats. The transmit channel can be evaluated "locally" at either end of the communication link, which greatly simplifies the implementation of channel pre-emphasis, transmit channel equalization topology logic and reverse transmission technology.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种具有码分多址联接式多址联接功能的无线电通信方法，例如是多层载波多址联接技术。点-对-多点通信链路采用扩展增益的线性内部相关(正交或非正交)集在频道的相同子集上发射信号，以便由解扩展器分离这些信号。因为扩展码可以是非正交的，在结合着空码技术使用时，本发明的首要优点是能够使用非正交扩展码。An advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method with CDMA multiple access function, such as multi-layer carrier multiple access technology. A point-to-multipoint communication link transmits signals on the same subset of frequency channels using a linear intercorrelated (orthogonal or non-orthogonal) set of spreading gains so that the signals are separated by a despreader. Since spreading codes can be non-orthogonal, a primary advantage of the present invention is the ability to use non-orthogonal spreading codes when used in conjunction with the null code technique.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种能够兼容“按需带宽”灵活数据速率技术的无线电通信方法。通过多个时间，频率，或多层载波信道向单个用户发送原始数据，在给定链路上的数据速率可以小幅地增、减。如果用多个多层载波信道来提高数据速率，就能在不增加带宽的情况下调节数据速率。An advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method compatible with "bandwidth on demand" flexible data rate technology. By sending raw data to a single user over multiple time, frequency, or multi-layer carrier channels, the data rate on a given link can be increased or decreased by small increments. If multiple multilayer carrier channels are used to increase the data rate, the data rate can be adjusted without increasing the bandwidth.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种能够兼容高级数字调制的无线电通信方法。它能够兼容任意的Mary数字基带调制格式，并且能够通过在每个频道上传输更多的位/符号而提高容量。通过改变每个原始数据中每个符号的位数还可以在多元通信网络中提高重新利用率和“负载平衡”。An advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method compatible with advanced digital modulation. It is compatible with anyMary digital baseband modulation format and can increase capacity by transmitting more bits/symbols per channel. Varying the number of bits per symbol in each raw data can also improve re-use and "load balancing" in multiplex communication networks.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种具有空分多址联接，干扰消除及信道均衡能力的无线电通信方法，例如是空码技术。这种空分多址联接式空码技术是理想或是接近理想的线性干扰消除和信号提取技术，这对于根据频率分集或频谱分集的信号在解扩展器上分离多层载波扩展频谱信号是有用的。这样就能消除多层载波扩展频谱信号的信元内部的干扰，并且能消除信元外部的干扰，例如是提高重新利用能力。这样就能更加有效地使用在各种扩展格式中普遍采用的空码。特别是能够为用于符号调制直接序列扩展频谱格式的空码技术提供一种二倍容量的改进，其中的扩展增益在每一个电文符号的基础上重复一次。An advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method with space division multiple access, interference cancellation and channel equalization capabilities, such as space code technology. This space-division multiple access-connected space-code technique is an ideal or near-ideal linear interference cancellation and signal extraction technique, which is useful for separating multi-layer carrier spread-spectrum signals on a despreader based on frequency-diversity or spectrum-diversity signals of. In this way, the interference inside the cell of the multi-layer carrier spread spectrum signal can be eliminated, and the interference outside the cell can be eliminated, for example, to improve the reuse capability. This enables more efficient use of space codes commonly used in various extension formats. In particular, it is possible to provide a double capacity improvement of the space code technique for symbol modulated direct sequence spread spectrum formats in which the spreading gain is repeated on a per text symbol basis.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种能够配合自适应天线阵列使用的无线电通信方法。An advantage of the present invention is to provide a method of radio communication that can be used with an adaptive antenna array.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种能够兼容前置阵列自适应技术的无线电通信方法，用来按照空间分集，频谱分集，极化分集以及空间/频谱/极化分集的组合来分离信号。An advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method compatible with pre-array adaptive techniques for separating signals according to space diversity, spectrum diversity, polarization diversity and combinations of space/spectrum/polarization diversity.
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种能够兼容反向通信技术的无线电通信方法。能够把反向通信技术直接扩展到包括单一天线或天线阵列的多层载波扩展频谱系统。并且能够将最复杂的操作集中在点-对-多点通信链路中的基站上，大大降低了整个系统的成本。An advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method compatible with reverse communication technology. It is possible to directly extend the reverse communication technology to a multi-layer carrier spread spectrum system including a single antenna or antenna array. And it is possible to concentrate the most complex operations on the base station in the point-to-multipoint communication link, which greatly reduces the cost of the whole system.
本发明进一步的优点是提供了一种能够向后兼容常规的码分多址联接数据激活技术的无线电通信方法。A further advantage of the present invention is to provide a radio communication method that is backward compatible with conventional CDMA data activation techniques.
本领域的技术人员在参照附图阅读了对最佳实施例的具体说明之后就能充分地理解本发明的上述及其他目的和优点。The above and other objects and advantages of the present invention can be fully understood by those skilled in the art after reading the detailed description of the preferred embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawings.
附图说明Description of drawings
在附图中in the attached picture
图1是本发明实施例的一种通信系统的方框图，图中有若干个远程移动单元分布在一或多个中央基站的空间内；Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a kind of communication system of the embodiment of the present invention, in the figure, several remote mobile units are distributed in the space of one or more central base stations;
图2A表示本发明一个实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波扩展频谱发射机组被连接到一个天线阵列上作为点-对点发射机，另一个天线阵列被连接到用于点-对-点接收机的一个多层载波扩展频谱接收机组5；Fig. 2 A represents the block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention, has a multi-layer carrier spread spectrum transmitter group to be connected on the antenna array among the figure as point-to-point transmitter, another antenna array is connected to be used for point-to-point A multi-layer carrier spread spectrum receiver group 5 of point receivers;
图2B表示本发明另一实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波多址联接发射机组被连接到一个天线阵列上作为网络发射机，另一个天线阵列被连接到用于网络接收机的一个多层载波多址联接接收机组；Fig. 2 B shows the block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, there is a group of multilayer carrier multiple access transmitters connected on the antenna array as network transmitter among the figure, another antenna array is connected to a network receiver Multi-layer carrier multiple access receiver group;
图3A表示本发明另一个实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波扩展频谱发射机被连接到一个时分双工器上作为点-对点发射机，另一个时分双工器被连接到用于点-对-点接收机的多层载波扩展频谱接收机；Fig. 3 A shows the block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, has a multi-layer carrier spread spectrum transmitter to be connected on the time division duplexer as point-to-point transmitter among the figure, another time division duplexer is connected to use Multilayer carrier spread spectrum receiver for point-to-point receiver;
图3B表示本发明另一个实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波多址联接发射机被连接到一个时分双工器上作为网络发射机，另一个时分双工器被连接到用于网络接收机的多层载波多址联接接收机；Fig. 3 B represents the block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, has a multi-layer carrier multiple access transmitter to be connected on the time division duplexer as network transmitter among the figure, another time division duplexer is connected to be used for network multi-layer carrier multiple access receiver of the receiver;
图4A表示本发明另一个实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波扩展频谱发射机被连接到一个空码器(code nuller)上作为点-对点发射机，另一个空码器被连接到用于点-对-点接收机的多层载波扩展频谱接收机；Fig. 4 A represents the block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, has a multi-layer carrier spread spectrum transmitter to be connected among the figure on a code nuller (code nuller) as point-to-point transmitter, another code nuller is connected to multilayer carrier spread spectrum receivers for point-to-point receivers;
图4B表示本发明另一个实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波多址联接发射机被连接到一个空码器上作为网络发射机，另一个空码器被连接到用于网络接收机的多层载波多址联接接收机；Fig. 4 B represents the block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, has a multi-layer carrier multiple access transmitter to be connected on the network transmitter as the network transmitter among the figure, another space code device is connected to the receiver for the network multi-layer carrier multiple access receiver;
图5A表示本发明另一个实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波扩展频谱发射机被连接到一个广泛分散的频道复用器(frequency channelizer)上作为点-对点发射机，另一个广泛分散的频道复用器被连接到用于点-对-点接收机的多层载波扩展频谱接收机；Fig. 5 A represents the block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, has a multilayer carrier spread spectrum transmitter to be connected on the frequency channel multiplexer (frequency channelizer) widely dispersed among the figure as point-to-point transmitter, another widely distributed Decentralized channel multiplexers are connected to multi-layer carrier spread spectrum receivers for point-to-point receivers;
图5B表示本发明另一个实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波多址联接发射机被连接到一个广泛分散的频道复用器上作为网络发射机，另一个广泛分散的频道复用器被连接到用于网络接收机的多层载波多址联接接收机；Fig. 5 B represents the block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, has a multi-layer carrier multiple access transmitter to be connected on the channel multiplexing device of a wide dispersion among the figure as network transmitter, another widely dispersed channel multiplexing device connected to a multilayer carrier multiple access receiver for a network receiver;
图6A表示本发明另一个实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波扩展频谱发射机组被连接到一个同步时分双工器组，后者又在用于点-对-点收发信机系统的多层载波扩展频谱发射机组的控制下通过一个反适配器连接到一个天线阵列和一个多层载波扩展频谱接收机组；Fig. 6 A shows the block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, there is a group of multi-layer carrier spread spectrum transmitters connected to a synchronous time division duplexer group among the figure, and the latter is used in point-to-point transceiver system A multi-layer carrier spread spectrum transmitter group connected to an antenna array and a multi-layer carrier spread spectrum receiver group through an anti-adapter;
图6B表示本发明另一个实施例的方框图，图中有一个多层载波多址联接发射机组被连接到一个同步时分双工器组，后者又在用于网络系统的多层载波多址联接发射机组的控制下通过一个反适配器连接到一个天线阵列和一个多层载波多址联接接收机组；Fig. 6 B shows the block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, has a group of multi-layer carrier multiple access transmitters connected to a synchronous time division duplexer group among the figure, and the latter in turn is used in the multi-layer carrier multiple access of the network system Transmitter group connected via an anti-adapter to an antenna array and a multilayer carrier multiple access receiver group;
图7A是一种类似于图2A，3A，4A，5A和6A中所包括的那种多层载波扩展频谱发射机的功能性框图；Fig. 7 A is a kind of functional block diagram similar to Fig. 2A, 3A, 4A, the kind multi-layer carrier spread spectrum transmitter included in 5A and 6A;
图7B是一种类似于图2A，3A，4A，5A和6A中所包括的那种多层载波扩展频谱接收机的功能性框图；Fig. 7 B is a kind of functional block diagram similar to Fig. 2A, 3A, 4A, the kind multilayer carrier spread spectrum receiver comprised in 5A and 6A;
图8是图1所示系统中包括的基站的一个框图，并且表示了这样一种可能性，天线阵列能够在空间上鉴别通信系统中的成员。所表示的各个功能性发射机和接收机线路包括许多信道，能够支持基本的多层载波扩展频谱通信媒介；Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a base station included in the system shown in Fig. 1 and shows the possibility that the antenna array can spatially identify members of the communication system. The various functional transmitter and receiver circuits shown include a number of channels capable of supporting a basic multi-layer carrier spread spectrum communication medium;
图9是图1所示系统中包括的一个典型的远程单元框图，并且表示了能够支持基本的多层载波扩展频谱通信媒介的自适应信道均衡和预加重功能；Figure 9 is a block diagram of a typical remote unit included in the system shown in Figure 1, and shows adaptive channel equalization and pre-emphasis functions capable of supporting basic multi-layer carrier spread spectrum communication media;
图10是一个多元T/R模块的框图，它包括各自具有一个天线的多个独立的T/R模块。可以随着天线数量而增、减系统的组成规模。空间处理发生在接收过程中的模-数转换(ADC)处理之后和发送过程中的数-模转换(DAC)操作之前。所有的空间以及频谱扩展操作都是对数字的数据执行的。系统中的所有关键频率和参考时钟都是从一个公共时钟例如是GPS时钟获得的。在图中表示了一种模块校准的机制，它对于TDD系统中的精确反向是必要的。Figure 10 is a block diagram of a multi-component T/R module that includes multiple independent T/R modules each having an antenna. The composition scale of the system can be increased or decreased with the number of antennas. Spatial processing occurs after analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) processing in receive and before digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) operations in transmit. All spatial and spectral spreading operations are performed on digital data. All critical frequencies and reference clocks in the system are derived from a common clock such as a GPS clock. A mechanism for module calibration is shown in the figure, which is necessary for accurate inversion in TDD systems.
图11是一种多层载波扩展频谱调制器的框图，在被一个独立的定标器复用的Kspread个独立扩展单元当中复制基带数据，由定标器提供给一种时分复用器组合成一个复合数据矢量；Figure 11 is a block diagram of a multilayer carrier spread spectrum modulator, in which baseband data is replicated among Kspread independent spreading units multiplexed by an independent scaler, provided by the scaler to a time division multiplexer to form a composite data vector;
图12是一个全数字完全自适应方式的多层载波扩展频谱解扩展器的框图。这种解扩展器包括若干个信道，用来处理多层载波扩展频谱载波媒介中的各个单音；Fig. 12 is a block diagram of a multi-layer carrier spread spectrum despreader in an all-digital fully adaptive manner. The despreader includes channels for processing individual tones in a multilayer carrier spread spectrum carrier medium;
图13表示了一例BPSK多音，它的数据长度为6，扩展系数Kspread是4，而各组之间的间隔是2。每一组单元g1-g4被表示成具有独立的幅值，可以通过信道均衡和预加重来控制，以便对抗干扰和其它问题；Fig. 13 shows an example of BPSK multi-tone, its data length is 6, the spreading coefficient Kspread is 4, and the interval between each group is 2. Each group of cells g1-g4 is represented as having an independent amplitude, which can be controlled by channel equalization and pre-emphasis to combat interference and other problems;
图14表示用来恢复从一个天线阵列接收的信号x(t)的一个“SCORE”处理器。这一处理器的控制包括控制滤波器h(t)，频移值α和共轭控制(＊)；Figure 14 shows a "SCORE" processor used to recover a signal x(t) received from an antenna array. The control of this processor includes control filter h(t), frequency shift value α and conjugate control (*);
图15是一个数据流程图，表示一种在两个单元子集当中选通的代码选通SCORE解扩展操作流程；FIG. 15 is a data flow diagram showing a code strobe SCORE despreading operation flow gated among two cell subsets;
图16是一个数据流程图，表示一种在两个单元子集当中选通的代码选通SCORE扩展操作流程，它和图15是对称的；Fig. 16 is a data flow chart, represents a kind of code gating SCORE expansion operation flow of gating in the middle of two cell subsets, and it is symmetrical with Fig. 15;
图17是用于本发明实施例的时分双工通信系统的一种时间-频率格式；Fig. 17 is a kind of time-frequency format for the time division duplex communication system of the embodiment of the present invention;
图18是一种基本DMT调制解调器的有效单音格式；Figure 18 is an effective tone format for a basic DMT modem;
图19是用来说明发射机/接收机校准方法的一个数据流程图；Figure 19 is a data flow diagram used to illustrate the transmitter/receiver calibration method;
图20是一种集成的单一天线T/R和离散多音(DMT)调制解调器的示意图，可用来实现本发明实施例的一种DMT式多层载波多址联接(SCMA)系统；Fig. 20 is a schematic diagram of an integrated single antenna T/R and a discrete multi-tone (DMT) modem, which can be used to realize a DMT type multi-layer carrier multiple access (SCMA) system of the embodiment of the present invention;
图21笼统地表示了本发明实施例的一种单线代码选通交叉-SCORE扩展器；FIG. 21 generally shows a single-line code strobe cross-SCORE expander according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图22是一个数据流程图，用来表示具有Kspread个单元子集的单线代码选通交叉-SCORE解扩展操作；Fig. 22 is a data flow diagram, is used to represent the single line code strobe interleave-SCORE despreading operation with Kspread unit subset;
图23是一个数据流程图，用来表示具有Nframe个分组/适配帧的一种单线交叉-SCORE算法；Fig. 23 is a data flow chart, is used for representing a kind of single-wire intersection-SCORE algorithm with Nframe grouping/adaptation frame;
图24是一个数据流程图，用来表示一种单一适配帧自相关统计运算；Fig. 24 is a data flow chart used to represent a single adaptation frame autocorrelation statistical operation;
图25是一个数据流程图，用来表示具有Kspread个单元子集的一种交叉-SCORE本征函数；Fig. 25 is a data flow chart, is used for representing a kind of cross-SCORE eigenfunction with Kspread unit subset;
图26是一个数据流程图，用来表示具有Kpart<Kspread个单元子集的一种代码键发生器；Fig. 26 is a data flow chart, is used for representing a kind of code key generator with Kpart<Kspread unit subset;
图27是一个数据流程图，用来表示具有Kpart<Kspread个单元子集的一种等效的代码键发生器；Fig. 27 is a data flow chart, is used for representing a kind of equivalent code key generator with Kpart<Kspread unit subset;
图28是一个数据流程图，用来表示具有Kpart个子集的一种交叉-SCORE本征函数；Fig. 28 is a data flow chart, is used for representing a kind of cross-SCORE eigenfunction with Kpart subsets;
图29是一个数据流程图，用来表示具有两个单元子集的一种交叉-SCORE本征函数；Figure 29 is a data flow diagram for representing a cross-SCORE eigenfunction with two cell subsets;
图30是一个数据流程图，用来表示本发明实施例的一种多线代码选通交叉-SCORE扩展器；Fig. 30 is a data flow chart, is used for representing a kind of multi-line code gating cross-SCORE expander of the embodiment of the present invention;
图31是一个数据流程图，用来表示在本发明的一个实施例中采用频率选通和两个单元子集的一种单线代码选通自动-SCORE扩展操作；FIG. 31 is a data flow diagram illustrating a single-line code-gated auto-SCORE expansion operation using frequency gating and two cell subsets in one embodiment of the invention;
图32是一个数据流程图，用来表示采用频率选通和两个单元子集的一种单线代码选通自动-SCORE解扩展操作；FIG. 32 is a data flow diagram illustrating a single-wire code-gated auto-SCORE despreading operation using frequency gating and two cell subsets;
图33是一个数据流程图，用来表示采用频率选通和两个单元子集的一种自动-SCORE本征函数；Figure 33 is a data flow diagram illustrating an auto-SCORE eigenfunction using frequency gating and two cell subsets;
图34是一个数据流程图，用来表示采用时间选通和半速率冗余选通的一种单线代码选通自动-SCORE扩展；FIG. 34 is a data flow diagram illustrating a single-wire code-gated auto-SCORE extension employing time gating and half-rate redundant gating;
图35是一个数据流程图，用来表示采用时间选通和半速率冗余选通的一种单线代码选通自动-SCORE解扩展。Figure 35 is a data flow diagram illustrating a single-wire code-gated auto-SCORE despreading using time gating and half-rate redundant gating.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
图1中用总的标号10表示本发明实施例的一种通信系统，系统10包括一个具有多个远端单元12-17双向无线电通信的基站11。如图1所示，基站11周围的远端单元12-17的位置代表三维空间中的各种不同位置，还可以假设所有或是一或多个远端处在各个时间点上。基站11有一个多元天线18。每个远端12-17有一的对应的天线19-24，这其中有些也是多元天线，例如21，23和24。天线18-24代表的各种形式有连接到一个收发信机的单一物理天线，隔离的发送和接收天线，以及各自代表差分空间信号灵敏度的天线阵列。另外，有些或是所有天线18-24都可以采用极化分集。也就是说，有些天线18-24可以是正测向极化(例如天线20)，有些则可以是负测向极化(例如天线22)。“正/负”极化测向可以采取“水平/垂直”线性极化，“顺时针/逆时针”圆形极化，“倾斜45/135”极化等等。实际噪声从四面八方侵入系统10，干扰源往往是由来自特定方向的信号所决定的。基站11和远端单元12-17之间的多径信号代表着一种可能造成信道衰落和其它问题的干扰。A communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown generally at 10 in FIG. 1. System 10 includes a base station 11 having a plurality of remote units 12-17 for two-way radio communication. As shown in FIG. 1, the locations of remote units 12-17 around base station 11 represent various locations in three-dimensional space, and it may also be assumed that all or one or more remotes are at various points in time. Base station 11 has a multi-element antenna 18 . Each remote end 12-17 has a corresponding antenna 19-24, some of which are also multi-element antennas, eg 21, 23 and 24. Antennas 18-24 represent various forms of a single physical antenna connected to a transceiver, separate transmit and receive antennas, and arrays of antennas each representing differential signal-in-space sensitivities. Alternatively, some or all of the antennas 18-24 may employ polarization diversity. That is, some antennas 18-24 may be of positive DF polarization (eg, antenna 20) and some may be of negative DF polarization (eg, antenna 22). "Positive/negative" polarized direction finding can adopt "horizontal/vertical" linear polarization, "clockwise/counterclockwise" circular polarization, "slanted 45/135" polarization and so on. Real noise invades the system 10 from all directions, and the source of the interference is often determined by the signal coming from a specific direction. Multipath signals between base station 11 and remote units 12-17 represent a form of interference that can cause channel fading and other problems.
系统10还可以包括由装备有多元天线26的第二基站25来体现的多点-对-多点和点-对-点的网络拓扑逻辑。多点-对-多点网络是图1所示系统的一种升级，可以在相邻的呼叫接口需要控制的单元系统中使用。网络中的每个基站或远端收发信机都可以具有任意不同数量的天线元和扩展系数，例如可以扩展到不同数量的频率单元。空间定位的干扰可能会来自其它多层载波网络和网络内部的单元以及来自其它干扰源，例如是干扰台或者被覆盖的网络的FDMA信号。实际噪声可能从四面八方平衡或不平衡地侵入系统，在这里“平衡”的意思是各向同性噪声。The system 10 may also include multipoint-to-multipoint and point-to-point network topology logic embodied by the second base station 25 equipped with multiple antennas 26 . The multipoint-to-multipoint network is an upgrade of the system shown in Figure 1 and can be used in cell systems where adjacent call interfaces need to be controlled. Each base station or remote transceiver in the network may have an arbitrarily different number of antenna elements and spreading factors, eg may be spread to a different number of frequency elements. Spatially located interference may come from other multi-layer carrier networks and cells within the network as well as from other sources of interference such as jammers or FDMA signals of overlayed networks. Actual noise can intrude into a system from all directions in a balanced or unbalanced manner, where "balanced" means isotropic noise.
系统10的无线电通信基本原理是本文所述的“多层载波扩展频谱”(SCSS)，由基站11和各个远端单元12-17同时相互发送本质上具有频率分集的离散的多个单音(DMT)。在来自一个单元11-17的每一组离散多音传输信号上对一个基带数据符号进行扩展频谱调制。指定的接收机甚至可以通过深度衰落或是受到强烈干扰的离散单音上的个别信道载波信息实现精确的数据恢复。The basic radio communication principle of system 10 is what is described herein as "multilayer carrier spread spectrum" (SCSS), whereby base station 11 and each remote unit 12-17 transmit to each other simultaneously a discrete plurality of tones ( DMT). A baseband data symbol is spread spectrum modulated on each set of discrete multitone transmission signals from a unit 11-17. Specific receivers can even achieve accurate data recovery from individual channel carrier information on deep fades or discrete tones that are heavily interfered with.
还可以进一步用各种方式来体现本发明，例如图2A-6B中所示的各种组合实施例。图2A-6B中采用的各个要素会进一步参照图7-16来描述。各个阵列中的天线可以采取任意的空间位置，这种阵列不需要有特殊的天线几何形状就能有效地工作。另外，这种天线在极化和空间上都可以移动。The present invention can also be further embodied in various ways, such as various combination embodiments shown in FIGS. 2A-6B . The various elements employed in Figures 2A-6B are further described with reference to Figures 7-16. The antennas in the individual arrays can assume arbitrary spatial positions, and the arrays do not require special antenna geometries to function effectively. In addition, this antenna can be shifted both in polarization and in space.
图2A表示由连接到一个多元天线阵列(AA)34上的多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)发射机组32构成的一个点-对-点发射机30。点-对-点接收机36包括连接到多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)接收机组40上的一个多元天线阵列(AA)38。每个天线阵列包括用来发送和接收数据的多个空间上隔离的天线。在图2A或是采用多层载波扩展和解扩展的图2B，6A或6B中没有加进例如是自适应线性组合和/或通过多个空间上分离的天线来传输的自适应天线阵列处理。这种阵列自适应处理被归入了多层载波扩展和解扩展操作。FIG. 2A shows a point-to-point transmitter 30 consisting of a multilayer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) transmitter group 32 connected to an elemental antenna array (AA) 34 . Point-to-point receiver 36 includes an elemental antenna array (AA) 38 connected to multi-layer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) receiver stack 40 . Each antenna array includes a plurality of spatially isolated antennas used to transmit and receive data. Adaptive antenna array processing such as adaptive linear combining and/or transmission through multiple spatially separated antennas is not incorporated in Figure 2A or Figures 2B, 6A or 6B with multi-layer carrier spreading and despreading. This array adaptive processing is subsumed into multi-layer carrier spreading and despreading operations.
图2B表示由连接到一个多元天线阵列(AA)46上的多层载波多址联接(SCMA)发射机组44构成的一个网络发射机42。网络接收机组48包括连接到多层载波多址联接(SCMA)接收机组52上的一个多元天线阵列(AA)50。FIG. 2B shows a network transmitter 42 consisting of a multi-layer carrier multiple access (SCMA) transmitter group 44 connected to an elemental antenna array (AA) 46 . The network receiver set 48 includes an elemental antenna array (AA) 50 connected to a multilayer carrier multiple access (SCMA) receiver set 52 .
图3A表示由连接到一个时分双工器(TDD)58上的多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)发射机56构成的点-对-点发射机54。点-对-点接收机60包括连接到多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)接收机64上的一个时分双工器62。FIG. 3A shows a point-to-point transmitter 54 consisting of a multilayer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) transmitter 56 connected to a time division duplexer (TDD) 58 . The point-to-point receiver 60 includes a time division duplexer 62 connected to a multilayer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) receiver 64 .
图3B表示的网络发射机66包括一个连接到时分双工器(TDD)70上的多层载波多址联接(SCMA)发射机68。网络接收机72包括连接到多层载波多址联接(SCMA)接收机76上的一个时分双工器74。The network transmitter 66 shown in FIG. 3B includes a multilayer carrier multiple access (SCMA) transmitter 68 connected to a time division duplexer (TDD) 70 . The network receiver 72 includes a time division duplexer 74 connected to a multilayer carrier multiple access (SCMA) receiver 76 .
图4A表示由连接到一个空码器82上的多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)发射机80构成的点-对-点发射机78。点-对-点接收机84包括连接到多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)接收机88上的一个空码器86。FIG. 4A shows a point-to-point transmitter 78 consisting of multiple layers of Carrier Spread Spectrum (SCSS) transmitters 80 connected to a space coder 82 . The point-to-point receiver 84 includes a space coder 86 coupled to a multilayer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) receiver 88 .
图4B表示由连接到一个空码器94上的多层载波多址联接(SCMA)发射机92构成的网络发射机90。网络接收机96包括连接到多层载波多址联接(SCMA)接收机100上的一个空码器98。FIG. 4B shows a network transmitter 90 consisting of a multilayer carrier multiple access (SCMA) transmitter 92 connected to a null coder 94 . The network receiver 96 includes a null coder 98 connected to a multilayer carrier multiple access (SCMA) receiver 100 .
图5A表示一个点-对-点发射机102，它包括连接到一个广泛分散的频道复用器106上的多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)发射机104。点-对-点接收机108包括连接到多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)接收机112上的一个广泛分散的频道复用器110。FIG. 5A shows a point-to-point transmitter 102 that includes multiple layers of carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) transmitters 104 connected to a channel multiplexer 106 that is widely dispersed. The point-to-point receiver 108 includes a widely dispersed channel multiplexer 110 connected to a multilayer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) receiver 112 .
图5B表示一个网络发射机114，它包括连接到一个广泛分散的频道复用器118上的多层载波多址联接(SCMA)发射机116。网络接收机120包括连接到多层载波多址联接(SCMA)接收机124上的一个广泛分散的频道复用器122。FIG. 5B shows a network transmitter 114 that includes multi-layer carrier multiple access (SCMA) transmitters 116 connected to a widely distributed channel multiplexer 118 . The network receiver 120 includes a widely distributed channel multiplexer 122 connected to a multilayer carrier multiple access (SCMA) receiver 124 .
图6A表示一种点-对-点收发信机系统126，其中的多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)发射机组128被连接到一个同步时分双工器(TDD)组130，后者又在多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)发射机组128的控制下通过一个反适配器136连接到一个多元天线阵列(AA)132和一个多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)接收机组134。Fig. 6 A shows a kind of point-to-point transceiver system 126, and multilayer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) transmitter group 128 among them is connected to a synchronous time-division duplexer (TDD) group 130, and the latter in turn in multilayer A carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) transmitter set 128 is connected via an anti-adapter 136 to an elemental antenna array (AA) 132 and a multilayer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) receiver set 134 under control.
图6B表示一种网络系统138，它包括连接到同步时分双工器(TDD)142上的一个多层载波多址联接(SCMA)发射机140，时分双工器又在多层载波多址联接(SCMA)发射机组140的控制下通过一个反适配器148连接到一个多元天线阵列(AA)144和一个多层载波多址联接(SCMA)接收机组146。Figure 6B shows a network system 138 that includes a multilayer carrier multiple access (SCMA) transmitter 140 connected to a synchronous time division duplexer (TDD) (SCMA) transmitter set 140 is connected via an anti-adapter 148 to a multielement antenna array (AA) 144 and a multilayer carrier multiple access (SCMA) receiver set 146 .
图7A表示一种类似于图2A，3A，4A，5A和6A中所包括的那种多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)发射机150。SCSS发射机150包括一个数-模转换器(DAC)152，用来将输入数字数据转换成用于传输的模拟信号。用于传输的模拟信息可以不通过DAC152直接输入。对应着上变换处理中的射频载波的每一次调制包括两个或更多信道(例如1，...，k)。例如，每个上变换信道包括一个同相(I)混频器154和连接到90°移相器158和本地振荡器(LO)160的一个正交(Q)混频器156。这样就能用调制信息来控制同相位和正交相位的AM载波射频的幅值。一对增益控制放大器162和164能够在被加法器166重组之前独立地调节各个同相位和正交相位的幅值。用一个带通滤波器(BPF)168剥离可能会干扰相邻信道的带外信号。由一个总加法器170组合来自所有信道的信号，并且产生发射机输出，然后提供给一个天线。扩展增益发生器172周期性地发出平行的输出，用来控制一组中每一个信道的所有增益控制放大器162和164。提供给各个增益控制放大器162和164的各个控制信号中包括用于开/关控制的一位信号数字线，用于离散灰色色度设定的多位平行数字控制线，或者是用于连续改变增益设定的一条模拟控制线。FIG. 7A shows a multilayer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) transmitter 150 similar to that included in FIGS. 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A and 6A. SCSS transmitter 150 includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 152 for converting incoming digital data into analog signals for transmission. Analog information for transmission can be directly input without going through DAC152. Each modulation corresponding to the RF carrier in the up-conversion process includes two or more channels (eg 1, . . . , k). For example, each up-conversion channel includes an in-phase (I) mixer 154 and a quadrature (Q) mixer 156 connected to a 90° phase shifter 158 and a local oscillator (LO) 160 . This allows the modulation information to be used to control the amplitude of the in-phase and quadrature-phase AM carrier radios. A pair of gain-controlled amplifiers 162 and 164 are capable of independently adjusting the magnitude of each in-phase and quadrature phase before being recombined by summer 166 . A bandpass filter (BPF) 168 is used to strip out-of-band signals that may interfere with adjacent channels. The signals from all channels are combined by a total summer 170 and produce a transmitter output which is then provided to an antenna. Spreading gain generator 172 periodically issues parallel outputs for controlling all gain controlled amplifiers 162 and 164 for each channel in a group. The respective control signals provided to the respective gain control amplifiers 162 and 164 include a single-bit signal digital line for on/off control, a multi-bit parallel digital control line for discrete gray hue settings, or a continuously varying An analog control line for gain setting.
对图7A和7B所示的用于发射机150和接收机180的模拟电路的一种显而易见的变更是采用全数字复用转换器(“transmux”)设计，例如是采用离散的数字逻辑或数字信号处理器。An obvious modification to the analog circuits for transmitter 150 and receiver 180 shown in FIGS. signal handler.
对例如图7A和7B所示的直接或复用转换器扩展和解扩展方案的一种最佳变更方式是本发明的正交频分复用(OFDM)的离散多音(DMT)方法。A preferred modification to the direct or multiplexed converter spreading and despreading scheme such as shown in Figures 7A and 7B is the discrete multi-tone (DMT) method of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) of the present invention.
参见图7A，在发射机150工作时，扩展增益发生器172产生的某些扩展增益输出要比用不同的扩展增益获得的输出更容易被指定的接收机接收到。发射机和接收机之间的介入无线电通信环境对某些相位和频率的衰减或是干扰通常要比对其它相位和频率的衰减或干扰大。无线电通信环境中包含同波道干扰，网间和网内加性干扰，以及更容易超过扩展码并且在接收机上难以消除的人为干扰/覆盖信号。扩展增益输出有能力补偿介入无线电通信环境中的信道畸变和同波道干扰的影响。在任何一个时刻应该产生的最佳扩展增益输出可以按照时间或空间用模仿的序列来确定，或者是按照对例如反向信道数据等通信质量的某种测量所获得的结果来调节。这种扩展码能够补偿同波道干扰源以及信道畸变。Referring to FIG. 7A, when transmitter 150 is in operation, certain spreading gain outputs generated by spreading gain generator 172 are more easily received by a given receiver than outputs obtained with different spreading gains. The intervening radio communication environment between the transmitter and receiver typically attenuates or interferes with some phases and frequencies more than others. The radio communication environment contains co-channel interference, inter-network and intra-network additive interference, and jamming/overlay signals that are more likely to exceed spreading codes and are difficult to cancel at the receiver. The extended gain output has the ability to compensate for the effects of channel distortion and co-channel interference in intervening radio communication environments. The optimum spreading gain output that should be produced at any one time can be determined in terms of time or space using a simulated sequence, or adjusted as a result of some measure of communication quality, such as reverse channel data. This spreading code is capable of compensating for co-channel interferers as well as channel distortions.
图7B表示一种类似于图2A，3A，4A，5A和6A中所包括的那种多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)接收机180，并且能够与图7A所示的发射机150互补。SCSS接收机180用一个平行驱动若干个独立频道的分离器181接收模拟信号。一个典型的信道包括带通滤波器182，分离器183，同相增益控制放大器184，正交相位增益控制放大器185，由移相器188和本地振荡器189驱动的一对相位检测器186和187，以及用来将所有接收机信道重新组合成数字信号的一个模-数转换器(ADC)190。每个下变换信道中包括同相(I)混频器186和连接到90°移相器188和本地振荡器(LO)189的正交(Q)混频器187。再连接一个解扩展加权发生器191，用来控制各个信道中独立的同相和正交放大器184和185。Figure 7B shows a multi-layer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) receiver 180 similar to that included in Figures 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A and 6A, and capable of complementing the transmitter 150 shown in Figure 7A. The SCSS receiver 180 receives analog signals with a splitter 181 driving several independent channels in parallel. A typical channel includes a bandpass filter 182, a splitter 183, a non-inverting gain-controlled amplifier 184, a quadrature-phase gain-controlled amplifier 185, a pair of phase detectors 186 and 187 driven by a phase shifter 188 and a local oscillator 189, and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 190 for recombining all receiver channels into a digital signal. Included in each down conversion channel are an in-phase (I) mixer 186 and a quadrature (Q) mixer 187 connected to a 90° phase shifter 188 and a local oscillator (LO) 189 . A despreading weight generator 191 is connected to control the independent in-phase and quadrature amplifiers 184 and 185 in each channel.
图8表示一个基站230。在最佳实施例中，对于“空码(code nulling)”，采用解扩展加权最大限度地增大信号-干扰比和信-噪比；并且根据从适应本地的扩展加权导出的扩展增益在最佳实施例中引入了方向性和反方向性。基站230类似于图1的基站11，它包括采用波束成形与远端单元进行定向无线电通信的天线阵列232，发射/接收(T/R)前端234，一组频道236，数据元变换器238，加权适配算法发生器240，多天线多线路解扩展器242，延迟和Doppler估算器243，延迟和Doppler均衡器组244，和一个符号解码器组246，例如是输出若干个恢复的基带数据信道的一种Trellis解码器。天线阵列232中可以没有，有些，或者全部都是极化分集的(例如天线233)。FIG. 8 shows a base station 230 . In the preferred embodiment, for "code nulling", despreading weights are employed to maximize the signal-to-interference and signal-to-noise ratios; Directionality and reverse directionality are introduced in the embodiments. Base station 230 is similar to base station 11 of FIG. 1 and includes an antenna array 232 for directional radio communication with remote units using beamforming, a transmit/receive (T/R) front end 234, a set of frequency channels 236, a data element converter 238, Weighted adaptation algorithm generator 240, multi-antenna multi-line despreader 242, delay and Doppler estimator 243, delay and Doppler equalizer group 244, and a symbol decoder group 246, such as outputting several restored baseband data channels A Trellis decoder for . None, some, or all of antenna array 232 may be polarization-diverse (eg, antenna 233).
有些输出基带数据信道被连接到一个符号编码器组248，例如是Trellis编码器。从此开始的传输线路包括延迟和Doppler预加重组250，多天线多线路扩展器252，天线和频道变换器254，连接到发射/接收补偿算法发生器256的发射/接收补偿组255，以及连接到T/R前端234的一个反向频道复用器组257。一个发射/接收分组触发器258接收GPS时间转移信息并且控制T/R前端234中独立的发射和接收时间的交错和持续时间。这种基站的天线阵列还可以只有一个天线元。在一个最佳实施例中，基站采用分组的时分双工DMT或OFDM调制器和解调器来执行反向频道复用器和频道复用器的工作。Some of the output baseband data channels are connected to a bank of symbol encoders 248, such as Trellis encoders. The transmission line from here on includes delay and Doppler pre-emphasis group 250, multi-antenna multi-line extender 252, antenna and channel changer 254, transmit/receive compensation group 255 connected to transmit/receive compensation algorithm generator 256, and connected to An inverse multiplexer bank 257 of the T/R head-end 234. A transmit/receive packet trigger 258 receives GPS time transfer information and controls the staggering and duration of the individual transmit and receive times in the T/R front end 234 . The antenna array of such a base station may also have only one antenna element. In a preferred embodiment, the base station implements the inverse channel multiplexer and channel multiplexer operations using packetized time division duplex DMT or OFDM modulators and demodulators.
关于使用Trellis编码调制的更多信息可以参见Boulle等人在IEEEPIMRC'94，pp.105-109上发表的“An Overview of Trellis CodedModulation Research in COST231”。More information on using Trellis coded modulation can be found in "An Overview of Trellis Coded Modulation Research in COST231" by Boulle et al., IEEE PIMRC'94, pp. 105-109.
图9中表示一个实施例的远端单元260。远端单元260类似于图1的远端单元12-17，它包括采用组合的空间和频谱分集与基站进行无线电通信的天线阵列262，发射/接收(T/R)前端264，一组频道266，数据元变换器268，加权适配算法发生器270，多天线解扩展器272，延迟和Doppler估算器273，延迟和Doppler均衡器组274，和一个符号解码器276，例如是输出一个恢复的基带数据信道的一种数据解码器。天线阵列262中可以没有，有些，或者全部都是极化分集的(例如天线263)。A remote unit 260 of one embodiment is shown in FIG. 9 . Remote unit 260 is similar to remote units 12-17 of FIG. 1 and includes an antenna array 262 for radio communication with a base station using combined space and spectrum diversity, a transmit/receive (T/R) front end 264, a set of frequency channels 266 , data element converter 268, weight adaptation algorithm generator 270, multi-antenna despreader 272, delay and Doppler estimator 273, delay and Doppler equalizer group 274, and a symbol decoder 276, such as outputting a restored A data decoder for the baseband data channel. None, some, or all of antenna array 262 may be polarization-diverse (eg, antenna 263).
输出基带数据信道被连接到一个符号编码器278，例如是一个数据编码器。从此开始的传输线路包括延迟和Doppler预加重单元280，多天线扩展器282，天线和频道变换器284，连接到发射/接收补偿算法发生器286的发射/接收补偿组285，以及连接到T/R前端264的一个反向频道复用器组287。一个发射/接收分组触发器288接收GPS时间转移信息并且控制T/R前端264中独立的发射和接收时间的交错和持续时间。The output baseband data channel is connected to a symbol encoder 278, eg a data encoder. The transmission line from here on includes delay and Doppler pre-emphasis unit 280, multi-antenna extender 282, antenna and channel changer 284, transmit/receive compensation group 285 connected to transmit/receive compensation algorithm generator 286, and connected to T/ An inverse channel multiplexer bank 287 of the R front end 264. A transmit/receive packet trigger 288 receives GPS time transfer information and controls the stagger and duration of the individual transmit and receive times in the T/R front end 264 .
这种基站的天线阵列可以只有一个天线元。各个远端单元的天线数量可以是不同的。这样就能根据一个具体单元的重要性或是数据速率来更改远端单元的费用。远端单元可以采用不同的扩展速率。它们能够在基站收发信机所使用的频道中不同的子集上扩展自己的数据。在一个最佳实施例中，远端单元采用分组的时分双工DMT或OFDM调制器和解调器执行反向频道复用器和频道复用器的工作。基站和远端单元之间的区别在于基站是从多个节点上收发信号，也就是多址联接。每个远端单元仅仅是收发自己需要的一个数据流。信道均衡技术和空码对于适应扩展和解扩展加权来说都是有限的方法。The antenna array of such a base station may have only one antenna element. The number of antennas may be different for each remote unit. This enables remote unit charges to be varied based on the importance or data rate of a particular unit. Remote units can use different spreading rates. They are able to spread their data over different subsets of the frequency channels used by the base transceiver station. In a preferred embodiment, the remote unit performs the inverse channel multiplexer and channel multiplexer operations using packetized time division duplex DMT or OFDM modulators and demodulators. The difference between a base station and a remote unit is that the base station transmits and receives signals from multiple nodes, that is, multiple access. Each remote unit only sends and receives a data stream that it needs. Both channel equalization techniques and empty codes are limited methods for adapting spreading and despreading weights.
图10表示一种多天线发射/接收模块290。模块290包括一个多元天线阵列291，每个信元连接到对应的一个单信道T/R模块292，例如是四个。每个T/R模块292被连接到一个分组触发器293，接收机校准发生器294，本地振荡器295和一个系统时钟296。它们都是由GPS时钟和Doppler校正信号来驱动的。每个T/R模块292包括一个T/R开关297，中频(IF)下变换器298，模-数转换器(ADC)299，数-模转换器(DAC)300，IF上变换器301和一个功率放大器(PA)302。在接收过程中学习接收加权信息，并且在发射过程中用于设定提供给每个天线元的有关发射功率，以补偿信道衰落或是干扰。需要注意的是，如果基站采用极化分集，发射/接收模块的极化都必须是单独激励的。FIG. 10 shows a multi-antenna transmit/receive module 290 . The module 290 includes a multi-element antenna array 291, and each cell is connected to a corresponding single-channel T/R module 292, for example, four. Each T/R module 292 is connected to a packet flip-flop 293 , receiver calibration generator 294 , local oscillator 295 and a system clock 296 . They are all driven by GPS clock and Doppler correction signal. Each T/R module 292 includes a T/R switch 297, an intermediate frequency (IF) down-converter 298, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 299, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 300, an IF up-converter 301 and A power amplifier (PA) 302 . The receiving weight information is learned during the receiving process, and used to set the relevant transmitting power provided to each antenna element during the transmitting process to compensate for channel fading or interference. It should be noted that if the base station adopts polarization diversity, the polarizations of the transmit/receive modules must be separately stimulated.
接收和发射时隙是在特定的时间触发的，可以根据United StatesDepartment of Defense使用的全球定位系统(GPS)提供的精确通用时间独立来源按照伪随机方式来确定。这种GPS时间是由驻留在通信平台的电路板上的导航系统获得的，让每个T/R模块292的接收机侧都知道一个分组所对应的时隙。GPS时间还用来获取系统中使用的本地振荡器和ACD/DAC时钟。接收机侧不需要与远端发射源同步。特别是接收机系统在接收第一个数据分组之前不需要知道通信装置之间的传播延迟和Doppler频移的范围。然而，在某些应用中可能需要在一定精度上知道通信装置之间的范围，速度，延迟和Doppler频移。在接收第一个数据分组之前不需要知道通信装置之间的范围，传播延迟和Doppler频移的范围。Receive and transmit slots are triggered at specific times that can be determined in a pseudo-random manner based on an independent source of precise universal time provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS) used by the United States Department of Defense. This GPS time is obtained by the navigation system resident on the communication platform's circuit board, allowing the receiver side of each T/R module 292 to know which time slot a packet corresponds to. GPS time is also used to obtain the local oscillator and ACD/DAC clocks used in the system. The receiver side does not need to be synchronized with the far-end transmitting source. In particular, the receiver system does not need to know the extent of the propagation delay and Doppler shift between the communicating devices before receiving the first data packet. However, in some applications it may be desirable to know the range, speed, delay and Doppler shift between communicating devices to a certain accuracy. The range between communicating devices, the propagation delay and the range of Doppler shift do not need to be known before the first data packet is received.
校准模式仅仅是根据需要选择使用。例如是在一次传输的开头，或者是在内部诊断指示出需要校准时执行。The calibration mode is only selected according to the needs. For example, at the beginning of a transfer, or when internal diagnostics indicate that a calibration is required.
在图12中，镜像地模拟如图11所示的编码，扩展和调制操作来执行解调，解扩展和解码操作。图11中的数据流可以反映出图12中的数据流，图11和12的数据流是相同的，一个图中的相加在另一个图中就换成了输出。这种对称性例如有DMT调制器和解调器，频率变换和反变换操作，扩展和解扩展操作，以及编码选通扩展和解扩展操作。扩展器的构造镜像解扩展器的构造。现有技术的CDMA收发信机不具有这样的对称性。对称性在本发明的实施例中是一个重要特征。In FIG. 12, the encoding, spreading, and modulating operations shown in FIG. 11 are mirrored to perform demodulation, despreading, and decoding operations. The data flow in Figure 11 can reflect the data flow in Figure 12, the data flow in Figures 11 and 12 is the same, the addition in one figure is replaced by the output in the other figure. Examples of such symmetries are DMT modulators and demodulators, frequency translation and inverse translation operations, spreading and despreading operations, and code strobe spreading and despreading operations. The construction of the expander mirrors that of the despreader. Prior art CDMA transceivers do not have such symmetry. Symmetry is an important feature in embodiments of the invention.
图11表示在实施例300中用于频道复用的一种离散多音多层载波扩展频谱(SCSS)调制器。来自导航和编码系统302的帧生成指令使一个信号调制器304将天文历，位置，速度，加速度和其它信息编码成一种Kcell符号数据矢量。然后用这些符号调制一组基带单音或快速Fourier变换(FFT)bins。在扩展器306中为Kspread个独立扩展单元复制这一Kcell基带单音，乘以一个独立的扩展增益用于天线“1”和频率单元“h”合成，例如将复合常数对等地乘以信元中的每一个符号，并且提供给一个时间复用器将信元组合成合成数据的一个Kactive-长矢量，其中的Kactive≥Kcell＊Kspread。将这一合成数据矢量提供给一个零衰减反向-FFT算子308将数据矢量直接转换成KFFT≥(1+SF)＊Kactive实时-IF时间采样，其中的“SF”代表这一系统中从阻带到通带的“形态系数”或是比例。然后将这一时间序列中的第一个Eroll＊KFFT采样复制310成一个Kpacket=(1+Eroll)＊KFFT-长数据序列。乘法器312用来自一个Kaiser-Bessel窗口314的Kpacket-长数据乘以这一序列，产生最终的采样信号。然后将采样信号提供给数-模转换器产生一个Tpacket*Kpacket/fs-长数据短脉冲串提供给上变频器和通信信道，其中的fs是DPC/DNC模块的复合采样速率。用来减少发射信号特征的所有参数都和GPS时间一致，使通信网络中的节点同时发射。系统中的每一个天线都重复这一过程。Figure 11 shows a discrete multi-tone multi-layer carrier spread spectrum (SCSS) modulator for channel multiplexing in embodiment 300. Frame generation instructions from navigation and encoding system 302 cause a signal modulator 304 to encode ephemeris, position, velocity, acceleration and other information into a Kcell symbolic data vector. These symbols are then used to modulate a set of baseband tones or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) bins. In the expander 306, this Kcell baseband single tone is copied for Kspread independent expansion units, multiplied by an independent expansion gain for antenna "1" and frequency unit "h" synthesis, for example, multiplying the composite constant equivalently Take each symbol in the cell and provide it to a time multiplexer to combine the cell into a Kactive -long vector of composite data, where Kactive ≥ Kcell * Kspread . This resultant data vector is provided to a zero-attenuation inverse-FFT operator 308 to convert the data vector directly into KFFT≥(1+SF)*Kactive real-IF time samples, where "SF" represents The "form factor" or ratio from stopband to passband. Then copy 310 the first Eroll *KFFT sample in this time series into a Kpacket =(1+Eroll )*KFFT-long data sequence. Multiplier 312 multiplies this sequence with Kpacket -long data from a Kaiser-Bessel window 314 to produce the final sampled signal. Then provide the sampling signal to the digital-to-analog converter to generate a Tpacket *Kpacket /fs-long data short burst to the up-converter and communication channel, where fs is the composite sampling rate of the DPC/DNC module. All parameters used to reduce the characteristics of the transmitted signal are aligned with GPS time, allowing the nodes in the communication network to transmit simultaneously. This process is repeated for each antenna in the system.
在基线系统300中包括按照基带单音编码的符号。每个Kcell数据位调制信号基带中的一个独立单音，如果用来调制单音的数据位等于0或是1，就分别用0或180°对单音进行相位调制。这种单音调制在可允许的发射功率下是非常有效的。它可以弥补无线电辐射检测技术的脆弱性，能够以低达3dB的Eb/N0可靠地解调发射的位序列。在单音相序的共轭自相干的基础上，BPSK格式能够采用有效和完善的方法从解扩展数据中消除定时和载波偏移。Included in baseline system 300 are symbols encoded in baseband tones. Each Kcell data bit modulates an independent tone in the baseband of the signal. If the data bit used to modulate the tone is equal to 0 or 1, the tone is phase-modulated by 0 or 180°, respectively. This single-tone modulation is very efficient at the allowable transmit power. It compensates for the vulnerability of radio radiation detection techniques and can reliably demodulate transmitted bit sequences with Eb/N0 as low as 3dB. Based on the conjugate autocoherence of the single-tone phase sequence, the BPSK format is capable of removing timing and carrier offsets from the despread data in an efficient and sophisticated way.
这种运算是用于单一天线的，例如对收发信机采用的每一个频率单元k和天线1使用不同的合成扩展增益gk1。这一通路在数-模转换操作之前使用分组扩展系数eroll和分组采样长度Kpacket=(1+eroll)KFFT采样(在DAC操作之后Tpacket=(1+eroll)TFFT持续时间)。可以根据扩展加权wk1按照电码本，随机，伪随机或是自适应等方式通过平均数量来确定扩展增益gk1。This operation is for a single antenna, for example using a different synthetic spreading gain gk1 for each frequency unit k and antenna 1 used in the transceiver. This path uses packet expansion factor eroll and packet sampling length Kpacket =(1+eroll )KFFT sampling before the digital-to-analog conversion operation (Tpacket =(1+eroll )TFFT duration after DAC operation). The spreading gain gk1 can be determined by means of an average quantity according to the spreading weight wk1 according to codebook, random, pseudo-random or adaptive manner.
每个数据符号的信息位数是Kbit。BPSK是一种简单的编码策略，其中的编码被忽略，而Kbit=1。平台天文历，位置，速度，和加速度信息是在某些应用中可以发送的数据的一些例子。BPSK对于数据速率不是系统主要问题的那些应用是最佳的调制方式。The number of information bits per data symbol is Kbit. BPSK is a simple encoding strategy where encoding is ignored and Kbit=1. Platform ephemeris, position, velocity, and acceleration information are some examples of data that may be sent in certain applications. BPSK is the best modulation for those applications where data rate is not a major issue for the system.
在其它实施例中有选择地包括了延迟和Doppler预加重操作。在最初编组之后采取这种方式以便在指定的接收机上消除从DMT调制器发射的信号的延迟和Doppler频移的影响。这种操作在网络中可以简化收发信机的设计，将延迟和Doppler消除操作集中在基站中完成。Delay and Doppler pre-emphasis operations are optionally included in other embodiments. This is done after the initial grouping in order to cancel the effects of delay and Doppler shift of the signal transmitted from the DMT modulator at the intended receiver. This operation can simplify the design of transceivers in the network, and concentrate the delay and Doppler elimination operations in the base station.
随着对多址联接收发信机的扩展概念的产生，可以在多用户收发信机中用一组独立的扩展增益(gk1(m))来扩展提供给用户m的数据符号。With the advent of the spreading concept for multiple access transceivers, a set of independent spreading gains (gk1(m)) can be used to spread the data symbols presented to user m in a multi-user transceiver.
图12表示一种全数字完全自适应的解扩展和波束成形接收机320。这种技术的背景可以参见Tsoulos等人1994年3月在IEEE#1-7803-1927，pp.615-619上发表的“Application of Adaptive Antenna Technology toThird Generation Mixed Cell Radio Architectures”。来自一个接收机导航和编码系统322的帧接收指令使得信号解调器324从Karray个阵列天线326上收集一串Tgate-长发射帧并且执行模-数转换，Tgate是Kgate个采样占用的持续时间。这其中包括一个Tguard-长时隙，用来解决发射和接收链路之间未知的传播延迟(Tgate=Tpacket+Tguard)，其中的Tpacket是分组的时间跨度，Tguard是Kguard个采样占用的时间间隔。从每一个ADC输出一个Kgate-长数字数据帧，然后提供给一个窗口式零衰落稀疏FFT328，用每个被FFT库的整数分开的单音将分组转换到频域。FIG. 12 shows an all digital fully adaptive despreading and beamforming receiver 320 . The background of this technology can be found in "Application of Adaptive Antenna Technology to Third Generation Mixed Cell Radio Architectures" published by Tsoulos et al. in March 1994 on IEEE#1-7803-1927, pp.615-619. Frame reception instructions from a receiver navigation and encoding system 322 cause the signal demodulator 324 to collect a series of Tgate -long transmit frames from the Karray array antenna 326 and perform analog-to-digital conversion, where Tgate is Kgate samples Duration of occupancy. This includes a Tguard -long time slot to account for the unknown propagation delay between the transmit and receive links (Tgate =Tpacket +Tguard ), where Tpacket is the time span of the packet, and Tguard is K The time interval occupied byguard samples. A Kgate -long frame of digital data is output from each ADC, which is then fed to a windowed zero-fading sparse FFT328, which converts the packet into the frequency domain with each tone separated by an integer number of FFT banks.
FFT库被提供给一个多路分解器330，从接收的数据组中消除无用的FFT库，并且将剩下的库编组成Kcell×(Kspread＊Karray)数据矩阵，这其中包含从各个发射的扩展单元接收到的单音，其中的Kspread是频率扩展稀疏，Kcell是每个预扩展数据单元的符号数，而Karray是天线的数目。各个扩展数据单元通过一组线性合成器332消除覆盖各个单元的同波道干扰，并且对来自接收的数据组的原始基带符号单音解扩展。利用代码选通自相干恢复方法来适配合成器的加权，同时对接收的数据信号解扩展，并且执行按照频率的多天线接收和有用的扩展信号的空间滤波。The FFT bins are provided to a demultiplexer 330, which eliminates useless FFT bins from the received data set, and marshals the remaining bins into a Kcell × (Kspread * Karray ) data matrix, which contains data from each The single tone received by the transmitted extension unit, where Kspread is frequency spread sparse, Kcell is the number of symbols of each pre-spread data unit, and Karray is the number of antennas. Each spread data unit passes through a set of linear combiners 332 that cancel co-channel interference covering each unit and despread the original baseband symbol tones from the received data set. The weights of the synthesizer are adapted using a code-gated self-coherence recovery method while despreading the received data signal and performing multi-antenna reception per frequency and spatial filtering of the useful spread signal.
合成器加权被用来构筑一组可用于后续的反向传输的发射加权。然后将这种单音提供给一个延迟和Doppler均衡单元334来评估和消除来自接收数据组的Doppler频移(非整数FFT库-频移)和线性传播延迟(相位超前)。由一个符号解调器336来评估发射的信息符号。The combiner weights are used to construct a set of transmit weights that can be used for subsequent backtransmissions. This tone is then provided to a delay and Doppler equalization unit 334 to evaluate and remove Doppler shift (non-integer FFT bank - frequency shift) and linear propagation delay (phase lead) from the received data set. The transmitted information symbols are evaluated by a symbol demodulator 336 .
接着，接收到的由各个用户发射的数据分组被解扩展，并且从接收的干扰环境中提取出来。一直到按照高信号-干扰比和信-噪比对基带信号解扩展之后，即使是在有强烈噪声和同波道干扰的情况下，处理器都不需要与发射机具有精确的定时/载波同步，Next, the received data packets transmitted by the respective users are despread and extracted from the received interference environment. The processor does not need precise timing/carrier synchronization with the transmitter until after the baseband signal has been despread for high SIR and SNR, even in the presence of strong noise and co-channel interference,
在接收机上从信道中提取由用户m发射的Kcell符号，用相同的合成扩展加权wk1(m)为频率单元k和天线1上接收到的Kcell个单音逐个加权，然后逐个单音地将这些单元加在一起，让接收到的每个频率单元中的单音q成为系统中使用的所有Kspread＊Karray个频率单元和天线的总和。The Kcell symbols transmitted by user m are extracted from the channel at the receiver, and the Kcell tones received on frequency unit k and antenna 1 are weighted one by one with the same synthetic spreading weight wk1 (m), and then tone by tone These elements are summed together so that the received tone q in each frequency element is the sum of all Kspread *Karray frequency elements and antennas used in the system.
每个多元收发信机最好最小数量的合成空间和频谱自由度Karray＊Kspread，以便使侵入各个频率单元的非层叠载波干扰源不起作用。剩下的自由度被用来改善解扩展基带信号的SINR或是用来分离层叠的多层载波信号。然后调节单元解扩展器的加权，使解扩展基带信号的功率达到最大。这样就形成了一种空码解决方案，明显地比常规解扩展方法更加有力。理想的解扩展器调节解扩展加权，使非层叠载波干扰源下降到每个频率单元上的噪声水平而不起作用，同时提高解扩展信号的SINR。多元解扩展器还能够明显地减弱零位，在给定的频率单元内抵御弱无线电信号的干扰源。可以用软空码对准在给定频率单元中用微弱功率接收的干扰源。例如，如果干扰源频谱在一些特定频率上具有微弱的值，就可以用较弱的空码对准干扰源通频带的外沿。Each multivariate transceiver preferably combines a minimum number of spatial and spectral degrees of freedom Karray * Kspread in order to render non-stacked carrier interferers invading individual frequency cells ineffective. The remaining degrees of freedom are used to improve the SINR of the despread baseband signal or to separate stacked multilayer carrier signals. Then adjust the weighting of the unit despreader to maximize the power of the despread baseband signal. This results in an empty code solution that is significantly more powerful than conventional despreading methods. An ideal despreader adjusts the despreading weights such that non-stacked carrier interferers are rendered ineffective down to the noise level on each frequency unit, while improving the SINR of the despread signal. Multi-element despreaders are also capable of significantly attenuating nulls against weak radio signal sources of interference within a given frequency cell. Interfering sources received with weak power in a given frequency cell can be targeted with soft space codes. For example, if the interferer's spectrum has weak values at some specific frequencies, weaker null codes can be aimed at the outer edge of the interferer's passband.
一般来说，包括自适应天线阵列的解扩展加权能够明显改善信号传输和接收操作的质量和容量。对于系统的接收机一侧，可以采用摸索或是非校准方法对准有用信号中接近理想的波束，同时用空码对准干扰信号。In general, despreading weights involving adaptive antenna arrays can significantly improve the quality and capacity of signal transmission and reception operations. For the receiver side of the system, a heuristic or non-calibration method can be used to align the near-ideal beam in the useful signal, and at the same time use the empty code to align the interfering signal.
一般来说是这样来调节解扩展加权的，使解扩展基带信号例如是估算的数据符号的信号-干扰比和信噪比(SINR)最大。这样所产生的一组空码解扩展加权与原先在链路的另一端用来扩展基带信号的扩展增益有明显的不同。特别是这样产生的解扩展加权能够同时消除信道畸变，例如多径传输造成的选择增益和衰落。解扩展能够在需要最大信号-干扰比来消除收发信机接收到的干扰和解扩展器需要最大的信噪比(SNR)这二者之间实现一种最佳的折衷。在常规的DSSS和CDMA系统中，解扩展码被设置成等于链路另外一端的扩展码，并且仅仅使解扩展基带信号的SNR最大。Generally, the despreading weights are adjusted such that the signal-to-interference ratio and the signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) of the despread baseband signal, eg, estimated data symbols, are maximized. The resulting set of empty code despreading weights is significantly different from the spreading gain originally used to spread the baseband signal at the other end of the link. In particular, the resulting despreading weights are capable of simultaneously canceling channel distortions such as selective gain and fading caused by multipath transmission. Despreading achieves an optimal compromise between the need for maximum signal-to-interference ratio to cancel the interference received by the transceiver and the despreader's need for maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In conventional DSSS and CDMA systems, the despreading code is set equal to the spreading code at the other end of the link, and only the SNR of the despread baseband signal is maximized.
这种操作在本发明的实施例中是摸索着进行的，在解扩展器上不知道发射扩展增益和信道畸变。这样能简化网络内部使用的协议，允许在网络中的收发信机上使用未知的扩展增益。还允许采用适应性确定的扩展增益不断优化地减轻收发信机在传输过程中遇到的噪声，干扰和信道畸变。This operation is performed heuristically in the embodiment of the present invention, and the transmit spreading gain and channel distortion are not known at the despreader. This simplifies the protocols used within the network, allowing unknown spreading gains to be used at the transceivers in the network. It also allows continuously optimized mitigation of noise, interference and channel distortion encountered by the transceiver during transmission with an adaptively determined spreading gain.
这种方案能够改进采用天线阵列的多元SCMA或SCSS收发信机，不需要对扩展，解扩展，或是增益/加权自适应算法进行任何实质性的修改。不同之处在于多元收发信机的多元扩展和解扩展操作的维数。然而，因为自由度比较大，多元收发信机具有更大的容量能够用来分离SCSS信号。可以提高被辐射测量检测装置截听的范围和/或抗扰性，因为它能够由网络中的其他发报机控制空间波束。由于具备了从空间上使干扰信号无效的能力，即使干扰是来自广泛的频率范围，对来自非SCSS信号的干扰的抗扰性也能得到改善。This scheme can improve multi-element SCMA or SCSS transceivers employing antenna arrays without requiring any substantial modification of the spreading, despreading, or gain/weight adaptation algorithms. The difference lies in the dimensionality of the multivariate spreading and despreading operations of the multivariate transceiver. However, because of the larger degrees of freedom, the multiplex transceiver has a greater capacity to separate SCSS signals. The range and/or immunity to interception by radiometric detection devices can be improved because it enables spatial beam steering by other transmitters in the network. Immunity to interference from non-SCSS signals is improved due to the ability to spatially neutralize interfering signals, even if the interference is from a broad frequency range.
对单个数据分组起作用的快速收敛方法也能够与频道复用的有用信号或处理器结构相互组合，对干扰源信号采取频率选择的消除方法，不需要阵列校准数据或是知道或者估算出定向的有用信号或干扰源信号。系统10(图1)能够在分组之间的信道几何结构明显变化的高动态环境下检测和解调数据分组。这样，处理器就能够在典型的过负荷环境下操作，此时的干扰数量不少于接收机天线阵列中的天线数量。Fast convergence methods that work on individual data packets can also be combined with channel-multiplexed useful signals or processor structures that employ frequency-selective cancellation methods for interferer signals that do not require array calibration data or knowledge or estimation of directional useful signal or interference source signal. System 10 (FIG. 1) is capable of detecting and demodulating data packets in highly dynamic environments where channel geometry varies significantly from packet to packet. This allows the processor to operate under typical overload conditions where the number of interferers is not less than the number of antennas in the receiver antenna array.
在系统的发射机一侧可以采用定向或反向自适应方法，用最大功率和/或最小发射无线电信号(定向模式)向发射源定向返回有用信号，或者是连带着在干扰源的方向上用最小的辐射向发射源定向返回有用信号(反向模式)。Directional or reverse adaptive methods can be used on the transmitter side of the system, using maximum power and/or minimum transmitted radio signal (directional mode) to return the useful signal directional to the transmitting source, or in conjunction with the direction of the interference source. Minimal radiation is directed back to the source of the useful signal (reverse mode).
在那些对非SCSS干扰的兼容不是主要问题的发报机的应用中，或者是干扰的发射和接收平台并不处在同一位置的情况下，定向模式是有用的。这种模式还可以用于通信平台遭受严重非SCSS干扰的场合，例如是在必须向通信链路的另一端传送最大功率的情况下。Directional mode is useful in transmitter applications where compatibility with non-SCSS jamming is not a major concern, or where the transmitting and receiving platforms of the jamming are not co-located. This mode can also be used in situations where the communication platform is subject to severe non-SCSS interference, such as when maximum power must be delivered to the other end of the communication link.
可以用处理器精确地测量接收的有用信号控制矢量，即使是在干扰源完全覆盖了有用信号通频带和分组间隔的情况下，也能够将最大波束定向返回通信链路的另一端，不需要知道接收的有用信号来自何方。系统10(图1)能够向通信链路的另一端传送Karaay系数大功率，为系统提供对任何干扰的抗扰性。即使通信链路的另一端是采用单一天线来发射和接收也能够实现。反之，系统10(图1)也能用Karaay系数小功率维持通信链路。这样就能按照系数Karaay来缩小系统能够被敌方检测到的地理范围。The processor can be used to accurately measure the received desired signal control vector, even when the interferer completely covers the desired signal passband and packet spacing, and can direct the maximum beam back to the other end of the communication link without knowing Where does the received useful signal come from. System 10 (FIG. 1) is capable of transmittingKaraay coefficient high power to the other end of the communication link, providing the system with immunity to any interference. This is possible even if the other end of the communication link uses a single antenna for both transmit and receive. Conversely, system 10 (FIG. 1) is also capable of maintaining a communication link with lowKaraay coefficient power. This reduces the geographical range in which the system can be detected by the adversary according to the factor Karaay .
在图6A和6B中由反向-适配器136和148体现的反向模式对于窃听器的位置与干扰源处在同一位置的情况是有用的，例如可用来评估人为干扰策略的有效性。这种策略在欠负荷环境下最有用，可以用宽带空信号指向干扰源。The reverse mode represented by reverse-adapters 136 and 148 in FIGS. 6A and 6B is useful for situations where the bug is co-located with the jammer, for example to assess the effectiveness of a jamming strategy. This strategy is most useful in underloaded environments, where a broadband null signal can be used to point at the source of interference.
图13表示一种单帧数字多音(DMT)调制和扩展格式340。格式340例如可用于Kcell=6和Kspread=4的环境，每个扩展单元被两个FFT库隔开，也就是Kspace=2。首先将需要发送的六个数据位变换成一组±数据符号。在四个扩展单元的FFT库上按照每个单元特有的合成加权gk反复用符号激励六个基带FFT库。这种合成加权就是扩展增益，它对每一个数据分组是按照随机或伪随机方式来设置的。在频域中执行这种扩展，用一组重叠或是层叠的合成正弦波载波波形乘以时域中的基带信号。实际的扩展是通过直接激励一个大型FFT库而完成的，显著降低了计算的复杂性，使输出FFT具有适度的容量。在本发明中采用β=9的Kaiser-Bessel窗口来“填满”单音之间的空间，不让这些单音与相邻的单音发生单音之间的干扰。特别是高值的β会在相邻的单音之间产生干扰，而相隔更远的单音之间的干扰很小。Figure 13 shows a single-frame digital multi-tone (DMT) modulation and spreading format 340 . The format 340 can be used, for example, in the environment of Kcell =6 and Kspread =4, and each spreading cell is separated by two FFT banks, that is, Kspace =2. First convert the six data bits to be sent into a set of ± data symbols. The six baseband FFT banks are repeatedly symbol-excited on the FFT banks of the four extension units according to the synthesis weights gk specific to each unit. This composite weight is the spreading gain, which is set randomly or pseudo-randomly for each data group. This expansion is performed in the frequency domain by multiplying the baseband signal in the time domain by a set of overlapping, or layered, synthetic sine-wave carrier waveforms. The actual scaling is done by directly stimulating a large FFT library, significantly reducing computational complexity and enabling output FFTs with modest capacity. In the present invention, a Kaiser-Bessel window of β=9 is used to "fill up" the space between the tones, so as not to allow these tones to interfere with adjacent tones. In particular, high values of β produce interference between adjacent tones, while little interference occurs between more distant tones.
非摸索或校准技术使用基带数据序列或信道畸变的知识和扩展增益根据优化的信号评估方法来产生理想的加权；例如是采用最小二乘方技术。摸索或非校准技术利用基带信号中更一般的特性来适配解扩展加权。也可以采用这些技术的混合用基带信号和/或传输信道的已知和未知成分来构筑一种有效的方案。特别有效的摸索技术的例子包括恒定-模数，复合-模数以及方向确定技术。例如是使用电文符号星群的特性来适配解扩展加权。在解调器(图12)中有许多方法可以用来适配多元解扩展加权。首先有一种占优模式预测(DMP)方法，它吸取了已知分组到达时间或是离散多音多层载波信号的已知扩展参数的优点。其次还有代码选通自相干恢复(SCORE)方法，它吸取了离散多音多层载波信号中的已知的自相干或是频谱扩展的信号成分之间的非零关系的优点。Non-heuristic or calibration techniques use knowledge of the baseband data sequence or channel distortion and spreading gains to generate ideal weights according to an optimized signal evaluation method; for example using least squares techniques. Heuristic or non-calibration techniques exploit more general properties in the baseband signal to adapt the despreading weights. Mixtures of these techniques can also be used to construct an efficient scheme using known and unknown components of the baseband signal and/or transmission channel. Examples of particularly effective heuristic techniques include constant-modulus, compound-modulus, and direction-determining techniques. For example, the characteristics of the telegram symbol constellation are used to adapt the despreading weights. There are many ways to adapt the multivariate despreading weights in the demodulator (Fig. 12). First there is a Dominant Mode Prediction (DMP) method, which takes advantage of known packet arrival times or known spreading parameters of discrete multi-tone multilayer carrier signals. Secondly, there is the code-gated self-coherence recovery (SCORE) method, which takes advantage of the known self-coherence or non-zero relationship between the signal components of the spectrum spread in the discrete multi-tone multi-layer carrier signal.
在这两类基本方法中，自相干恢复技术对于单一分组探测和离散多音多层载波信号的检测具有最高的利用价值。Among these two basic methods, self-coherence recovery technology has the highest utilization value for single packet detection and detection of discrete multi-tone multi-layer carrier signals.
常规的频谱和其他类型的自相干恢复吸取了已知频谱和/或共轭自相干特性的优点。这是一种给定的通信信号的频移和/或共轭成分之间的非零关系。摸索方法不需要预先知道有用信号的内容或者是信号的来源。因而不需要用特定的接收机校准信息来训练接收机的天线阵列。摸索方法是采用了自身对有用信号相互关联的特定频移的知识。参见B.Agee，S.Schell，W.Gardner，“Self-Coherence Restoral:A New Approach to BlindAdaptation of Antenna Arrays，”in Proceedings of the Twenty-FirstAsilomar Conference on Signals，Systems and Computers，1987。还可以参见B.Agee，S.Schell，W.Gardner，“Self-Coherence Restoral:A NewApproach to Blind Adaptative Signal Extraction Using AntennaArrays，”IEEE Proceedings，Vol.78，No.4，pp.753-767，April 1990。还可以参见B.Agee，“The Property Restoral Approach to BlindAdaptative Signal Extraction，”Ph.D.Dissertation，University ofCalifornia，Davis，CA，1989。Conventional spectral and other types of autocoherence recovery take advantage of known spectral and/or conjugate autocoherence properties. This is a non-zero relationship between the frequency shift and/or conjugate components of a given communication signal. The heuristic method does not require prior knowledge of the content of the useful signal or the source of the signal. Thus there is no need to train the antenna array of the receiver with specific receiver calibration information. The heuristic approach employs its own knowledge of the specific frequency shifts in which the wanted signals are correlated. See B. Agee, S. Schell, W. Gardner, "Self-Coherence Restoral: A New Approach to Blind Adaptation of Antenna Arrays," in Proceedings of the Twenty-First Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 1987. See also B. Agee, S. Schell, W. Gardner, "Self-Coherence Restoral: A New Approach to Blind Adaptive Signal Extraction Using Antenna Arrays," IEEE Proceedings, Vol.78, No.4, pp.753-767, April 1990. See also B. Agee, "The Property Restoral Approach to Blind Adaptative Signal Extraction," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis, CA, 1989.
在一种双侧频带调幅信号中，由于双侧频带调幅信号的格式，也由于真实-IF表现，任何这种信号处理的真实-IF表现都与其载波频率和DC共轭对称。这些对称是彼此偏移的，致使信号的正、负频率成分彼此相等。通过计算双侧频带调幅的有用信号和被频移了二倍载波的自身复制品之间的相关系数可以观测到这种完美的频谱自相干性。频移算子将负频率成分与正频率成分占据的频带相混合，使相关系数拥有非零的值。仅仅是在这一频移值被用于复制品时才会出现这种非零值。相关系数小于本例中的整数。通过在原始和频移的双侧频带调幅信号中滤除无关的非层叠有用信号无线电信号就可以获得一个整数相关系数。In a double-band AM signal, due to the format of the double-band AM signal, and also due to the true-IF behavior, the true-IF behavior of any such signal processing is symmetric to its carrier frequency and DC conjugate. These symmetries are offset from each other such that the positive and negative frequency components of the signal are equal to each other. This perfect spectral autocoherence can be observed by calculating the correlation coefficient between the double-sided AM-modulated wanted signal and its own replica shifted by twice the carrier frequency. The frequency shift operator mixes the negative frequency components with the frequency band occupied by the positive frequency components, so that the correlation coefficient has a non-zero value. This non-zero value occurs only when this frequency shift value is used for replicas. The correlation coefficient is less than an integer in this example. An integer correlation coefficient is obtained by filtering out the irrelevant non-stacked desired signal radio signal from the original and frequency-shifted double-band AM signal.
在图14中采用一种交叉自相干恢复(SCORE)处理器350来执行对一个多天线接收的数据信号x(t)的恢复。处理器350首先通过一系列滤波，频移和共轭算子来处理接收的数据，产生一个仅仅和处理器瞄准的信号有关的信号u(t)。然后令原始和经过处理的信号x(t)=u(t)通过一对能够使合成器输出信号y(t)=w”x(t)和r(t)=c”u(t)之间的相关系数最大的波束和空码调整器(线性元件合成器)352和354。用来瞄准处理器的控制参数有通常被设置成一个延迟算子的滤波器算子，频移值α和共轭标志(＊)。这些处理器参数被设置在没有干扰时能够产生强大的相关系数的值，例如是在向处理器发送有用信号的情况下。In FIG. 14 a cross self-coherent recovery (SCORE) processor 350 is employed to perform recovery of a multi-antenna received data signal x(t). Processor 350 first processes the received data through a series of filtering, frequency shifting and conjugation operators to produce a signal u(t) related only to the signal targeted by the processor. The original and processed signals x(t)=u(t) are then passed through a pair of Beam and space code adjusters (linear element combiners) 352 and 354 with the largest correlation coefficient. The control parameters used to target the processor are the filter operator usually set as a delay operator, the frequency shift value α and the conjugate flag (*). These processor parameters are set to values that produce strong correlation coefficients in the absence of interference, such as sending useful signals to the processor.
图15和16表示在一般的代码选通SCORE操作中采用的代码选通操作。某些代码选通构造需要明显地修改扩展器和解扩展器数据流及其结构。本文中描述了可用于代码选通SCORE解扩展器自适应算法的一种方法。也存在能够在分组之间或是频率单元内部而不是频率单元之间执行代码选通的其他方法。例如是跨着偶数分组的Kcell个基带符号用选通代码重复数据符号，而不会影响到通过扩展器和解扩展器的数据流。Figures 15 and 16 illustrate the code gating operation employed in a typical code gating SCORE operation. Certain code gating constructs require significant modification of the expander and despreader data streams and their structure. A method that can be used for code-gated SCORE despreader adaptation algorithms is described herein. There are also other methods that can perform code gating between packets or within frequency units rather than between frequency units. For example, the data symbols are repeated with a gating code across Kcell baseband symbols of an even group without affecting the data flow through the spreader and despreader.
代码选通自相干恢复吸取了通信系统已经具备了自相干信息的优点，为自适应扩展器带来便利，但是只有取得通信系统中的选通信息才能知道这种信息。本发明包括了两种代码选通SCORE方法。The self-coherent recovery of code gating absorbs the advantage that the communication system already has self-coherent information, which brings convenience to the adaptive extender, but this information can only be known by obtaining the gating information in the communication system. The present invention includes two code gating SCORE methods.
最适合用于多址联接通信的一种自相干恢复方法包括在扩展操作之前对基带电文信号采取唯一代码选通操作，它对通信系统中的每一个链路都是唯一地确定的。例如，如果将频率单元的各单元分割成偶数和奇数两个子集，而仅仅对奇数子集采用代码键，如图15和16所示。在偶数子集上采用图11及有关说明所示的方法扩展数据符号。A self-coherent recovery method most suitable for use in multiple access communications involves gating the baseband text signal with a unique code prior to the spreading operation, which is uniquely identified for each link in the communications system. For example, if each unit of the frequency unit is divided into two subsets of even number and odd number, and the code key is only used for the odd number subset, as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 . On the even subsets, the data symbols are extended using the method shown in FIG. 11 and related descriptions.
对奇数子集也跨越采用类似的扩展方法。然而，首先对用这些单元发送的数据符号执行代码选通操作，将这些单元乘以对网络中每一个用户m都不同的一个恒定模数代码键c(m)=[c4(m)]。这种操作在多址联接解扩展器上是相反的。在解扩展操作之后但又在对偶数和奇数频率单元上采用的解扩展器的输出加以组合之前用奇数频率单元乘以共轭的代码键c＊(m)。在一个单用户(SCSS)收发信机上，仅仅对这一SCSS收发信机采用的单个代码键执行代码选通操作。在获取单一分组的过程中，在线性组合操作之前将解扩展的(共轭)代码键提供给每个收发信机天线上接收的每个奇数频率单元。A similar extension method is used for odd subsets as well. However, first a code gating operation is performed on the data symbols sent with these units, which are multiplied by a constant modulus code key c(m)=[c4 (m)] that differs for each user m in the network . This operation is reversed on the multiple access despreader. The odd frequency units are multiplied by the conjugated code key c*(m) after the despreading operation but before combining the outputs of the despreaders employed on the even and odd frequency units. On a single user (SCSS) transceiver, the code gating operation is performed on only a single code key employed by the SCSS transceiver. In obtaining a single packet, the despread (conjugate) code key is provided to each odd frequency unit received on each transceiver antenna prior to the linear combination operation.
代码选通操作的效果是让用这种代码键发送的信号在奇数频率单元乘以解扩展代码键之后在偶数和奇数频率单元之间具有统一的相关系数。反之，同样的代码选通操作会使采用不同的代码键发送的所有其他信号在偶数和奇数频率单元之间具有很小的相关系数。除非在接收信号上出现(假设未知的)延迟和Doppler频移，都会保持这种状态。然后跨越将所得的信号直接输入到图14所示的交叉-SCORE算法，在其中用偶数(没有选通的)频率单元代替x(t)，而用奇数(选通的)频率单元代替u(t)，其中的t代表符号索引q=1，...，Kcell而不是时间索引。解扩展加权能够使施加于偶数和奇数频率单元的解扩展信息合成器的输出之间的相关系数最大。The effect of the code gating operation is to have a signal transmitted with such a code key have a uniform correlation coefficient between even and odd frequency bins after multiplying the odd frequency bin by the despread code key. Conversely, the same code gating operation will cause all other signals transmitted using different code keys to have small correlation coefficients between even and odd frequency bins. This is maintained unless there are (assumed unknown) delays and Doppler shifts on the received signal. The resulting signal is then directly fed into the cross-SCORE algorithm shown in Fig. 14, where x(t) is replaced by even (not gated) frequency bins and u(t) by odd (gated) frequency bins ( t), where t represents the symbol index q=1,..., Kcell instead of the time index. The despread weighting enables to maximize the correlation coefficient between the output of the despread information synthesizer applied to even and odd frequency bins.
这种方法仅仅根据一个链路上已知的代码键就能够明确地检测和解扩展网络中的任何链路。在单用户SCSS收发信机中，收发信机仅仅对与其通信的链路解扩展，不需要额外的操作来获得这一链路以及识别它传送的信号准确与否。如果由于在长途传输中出现“端口混洗”等不利信道条件而暂时丢失，还能够自动恢复链路。在多用户SCMA收发信机上，这种方法仅仅根据用节点链接到收发信机时使用的已知代码键就能够明确地检测，解扩展以及识别收发信机所支持的每一条链路，不会随着信道条件的变化出现端口调动或混洗。这种代码键可以通过包括代码选通操作在内的扰频而实现保密。This method is able to unambiguously detect and despread any link in the network based only on the known code key on one link. In a single-user SCSS transceiver, the transceiver only despreads the link it is communicating with, and no additional operations are required to acquire this link and identify whether the signal it carries is accurate or not. It also automatically restores the link if it is temporarily lost due to adverse channel conditions such as "port shuffling" during long-distance transmissions. On a multi-user SCMA transceiver, this method can unambiguously detect, despread, and identify each link supported by the transceiver based solely on the known code keys used by nodes linked to the transceiver, without Port shuffling or shuffling occurs as channel conditions change. This code key can be secured by scrambling including code gating operations.
还可以用多种方式来概括基本的代码选通SCORE方法。特别是可以对偶数和奇数频率采用代码键，这样就能提高安全性和去除频率单元之间的相关性。代码选通还可以应用于时间而不是频率，采用偶数分组期间被忽略并且在奇数分组期间在所有频率单元上执行的代码选通在后续的分组上发送数据符号。如果将扩展码在这些成对的分组上保持不变，这种方案就能够使用更加有效的自动-SCORE方法来适应解扩展加权。The basic code-gated SCORE method can also be generalized in a variety of ways. In particular, code keys can be used for even and odd frequencies, which increases security and de-correlates frequency units. Code gating can also be applied to time rather than frequency, sending data symbols on subsequent packets with a code gating that is ignored during even packets and performed on all frequency units during odd packets. If the spreading code is kept constant over these pairs of packets, this scheme can adapt the despreading weights using a more efficient auto-SCORE method.
还可以在系统中使用大量的频率或分组子集，每一个子集采用一组独立的代码键。在这种情况下，解扩展器采用从交叉-SCORE本征方程的超级矢量解释中获得的一种广义的交叉SCORE方法。参见B.Agee，“The Property-Restoral Approach to Blind Adaptive SignalExtraction，”in Proc.1989CSI-ARO Workshop on Advanced Topics inCommunications，May1989，Ruidoso，NM；和B.Agee，“The PropertyRestoral Approach to Blind Adaptive SignalExtraction，”Ph.D.Dissertation，University of California，Davis，CA，June1989。收发信机所能支持的多址联接通信的数量随着频率子集数量的增多而下降，但是加权计算的稳定性有所改善，噪声下降，并且这种算法的非多层载波排除能力保持不变。频率子集数量的限制等于扩展系数Kspread。It is also possible to use a large number of frequency or grouping subsets in the system, each using a separate set of code keys. In this case, the despreader employs a generalized cross-SCORE approach obtained from the supervector interpretation of the cross-SCORE eigenequations. See B. Agee, "The Property-Restoral Approach to Blind Adaptive Signal Extraction," in Proc. 1989 CSI-ARO Workshop on Advanced Topics in Communications, May 1989, Ruidoso, NM; and B. Agee, "The Property-Restoral Approach to Blind Adaptive Signal Extraction," Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis, CA, June1989. The number of multiple access communications that a transceiver can support decreases with the number of frequency subsets, but the stability of the weighting calculation improves, the noise decreases, and the non-multi-layer carrier rejection ability of this algorithm remains the same. Change. The limit on the number of frequency subsets is equal to the spreading factor Kspread .
代码选通自相干恢复方法采用多单元自相干恢复本征方程的占优模式直接从信道化数据超级矢量中提取有用的基带信号。该方法同时执行频率相关的空间滤波，在扩展的有用信号上的每一个单元内部组合天线元，并且对结果的数据信号解扩展，组合成频率单元。The code-gated self-coherent recovery method uses the dominant mode of the multi-unit self-coherent recovery eigenequation to extract useful baseband signals directly from the channelized data supervector. The method simultaneously performs frequency-dependent spatial filtering, combines antenna elements within each unit on the spread useful signal, and despreads the resulting data signal, combining into frequency units.
只要接收的数据分组可达到的最大解扩展和波束成形SINR是正的，代码选通自相干恢复方法就能在正或负接收SINR上有效地操作。该方法可作为一种固有的解扩展，线性组合算子来适应天线阵列。对任意数量的天线，包括Karray=1的单一天线系统可以采用相同的方法。代码选通自相干恢复方法在其任何执行点上不需要预先知道扩展增益或是基础的电文序列。这种方法不需要对解扩展的电文序列搜索时间或Doppler频移。The code-gated self-coherent recovery method can operate efficiently on positive or negative receive SINRs as long as the maximum despreading and beamforming SINR achievable by the received data packets is positive. The method can be used as an inherent despreading, linear combination operator to fit the antenna array. The same method can be used for any number of antennas, including a single antenna system with Karray =1. The code-gated self-coherent recovery method does not require a priori knowledge of either the spreading gain or the underlying message sequence at any point of its execution. This method does not require search time or Doppler frequency shifts for the despread message sequence.
代码选通自相干恢复本征方程的占优本征值用来在首次开通通信链路时检测新的信号分组。接收机根据需要工作，在通信信道中发送一个分组时向另一端返回脉冲。The dominant eigenvalues of the code-gated self-coherence recovery eigenequation are used to detect new signal packets when the communication link is first opened. The receiver works as needed, sending pulses back to the other end when a packet is sent on the communication channel.
也可以采用其他方法在代码选通自相干恢复之后提高或有效地检测离散多音多层载波数据分组。特别是用代码选通自相干恢复本征方程的少数占优本征值来预测最大代码选通自相干恢复本征值的平均和标准偏差，从而大大提高了检测可靠性。然后用预测的平均值减少真实的最大本征值，并且按照预测的标准偏差定标，大大加强了正确检测的统计趋势。Other methods may also be employed to enhance or efficiently detect discrete multi-tone multi-layer carrier data packets after code gating self-coherent recovery. In particular, the average and standard deviation of the largest code-gated self-coherence recovery eigenvalues are predicted by using the few dominant eigenvalues of the code-gated self-coherence recovery eigenequation, thereby greatly improving the detection reliability. The true largest eigenvalue is then reduced by the predicted mean and scaled by the predicted standard deviation, greatly strengthening the statistical tendency of correct detections.
其他方法是在代码选通自相干恢复期间采用下游解扩展和解调算子确保分组检测。Other approaches employ downstream despreading and demodulation operators to ensure packet detection during code-gated self-coherent recovery.
在获取第一数据分组期间的初始Doppler恢复采用频域模拟的空间分级均衡器，在全重建的接收地点FFT提取第一数据分组，并且用一种线性内插法对下变换到发射地点频率重建的结果输出信号执行副采样。采用适当的自适应方法对单音中心的数据执行线性组合加权再采样。采用最小二乘方特性恢复算法例如是恒定模数法尽量减少解扩展数据符号的模数变化。最小二乘方恒定模数法吸取了采用BPSK调制格式产生的发射数据单音的特性具有恒定模数的优点，但是，如果发射的信号经历的Doppler频移是单音间隔的非整数倍数，这一特性就被破坏了。最小二乘方恒定模数法为解扩展器输出信号恢复这一特性。所有这些操作都是在明显的Doppler频移和路径延迟环境下执行的。参见B.Agee，“TheLeast-Squares CMA:A New Approach to Rapid Correction of ConstantModulus Signals，”in Proc.1986，International Conference on Acoustics，Speech and Signal Processing，Vol.2，pg.19.2.1，April1986，Tokyo，Japen。Initial Doppler recovery during the acquisition of the first data packet uses a frequency-domain analog spatially graded equalizer, FFT extracts the first data packet at the receive site for full reconstruction, and down-converts to the transmit site frequency reconstruction using a linear interpolation method The resulting output signal performs subsampling. Perform a linear combination weighted resampling of the data at the center of the tone using an appropriate adaptive method. A least squares characteristic recovery algorithm, such as a constant modulus method, is used to minimize modulus changes of despread data symbols. The least squares constant modulus method takes the advantage of the constant modulus of the characteristics of the transmitted data tone generated by the BPSK modulation format. However, if the Doppler frequency shift experienced by the transmitted signal is a non-integer multiple of the tone interval, this A feature is destroyed. The least squares constant modulus method restores this property for the despreader output signal. All these operations are performed in the environment of significant Doppler frequency shift and path delay. See B. Agee, "The Least-Squares CMA: A New Approach to Rapid Correction of Constant Modulus Signals," in Proc.1986, International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.2, pg.19.2.1, April1986, Tokyo , Japen.
有两种方法可以用来为数据传输产生天线阵列加权。反向传输与共轭接收加权成比例地设置发射加权，而定向模式与共轭分组控制矢量成比例地设置发射加权。反向模式最适合民用电信和军用射程内部通信应用，干扰信号可能是一个多点通信网络中的其他成员。There are two methods that can be used to generate antenna array weights for data transmission. Reverse transmission sets transmit weights proportional to conjugate receive weights, while directional mode sets transmit weights proportional to conjugate packet control vectors. Reverse mode is best suited for civil telecommunications and military range intercom applications where interfering signals may be other members of a multipoint communications network.
定向模式最适合用于发报机主要关心隐蔽性而人为干扰和截听平台并不处在同一位置的应用场合。这种模式在通信平台遭受强烈干扰的应用中是有用的，为了在存在干扰无线电辐射的情况下通信，必须向通信链路的另一端传送最大的功率。然而，这种方法对合作通信系统中来自其他干扰的定向能量不具有吸引性质。Directional mode is best used in applications where the transmitter is primarily concerned with stealth and the jamming and interception platforms are not co-located. This mode is useful in applications where the communication platform is subject to strong interference, and in order to communicate in the presence of interfering radio emissions, maximum power must be delivered to the other end of the communication link. However, this approach is not attractive for directed energy from other interferers in cooperative communication systems.
定向模式还提供了一种乘法器适应策略，如果空间链路采用很大的匹配扩展系数，就能够大大简化解扩展器的复杂性。Directional mode also provides a multiplier adaptation strategy that can greatly simplify the despreader complexity if the space link uses a large matching spreading factor.
本文中描述了反向传输模式。反向模式是将发射机天线阵列加权设置在等于信号接收期间算出的共轭阵列加权。如果发射和接收算子落在同一个频带上，并且发射和接收路径之间的任何内在差别是均衡的，发射机天线阵列就采用与接收机天线阵列相同的增益图形。发射机天线阵列在信号接收期间可能出现干扰的方向上评估无效的方向。各个方向上采用的无效深度是根据接收到的干扰强度来确定的。The reverse transfer mode is described in this article. Reverse mode sets the transmitter antenna array weights equal to the conjugate array weights calculated during signal reception. If the transmit and receive operators fall on the same frequency band, and any inherent differences between the transmit and receive paths are equalized, the transmitter antenna array adopts the same gain pattern as the receiver antenna array. The transmitter antenna array evaluates invalid directions in directions where interference may occur during signal reception. The invalid depth used in each direction is determined according to the received interference strength.
在本文中，gk是一个Karray×1矢量，并且代表在通过频率单元“K”发射时采用的多元扩展矢量，接收机通过频率单元“K”接收时采用的多元解扩展矢量用wk代表，它也是一个Karray×1矢量。In this paper, gk is a Karray ×1 vector, and represents the multivariate spreading vector used when transmitting through frequency unit “K”, and the multivariate despreading vector adopted by the receiver when receiving through frequency unit “K” is denoted by wk Represents, it is also a Karray ×1 vector.
本发明的实施例为频率选择发射加权提供了一种最佳结构，在每个扩展单元上采用不同的一组Karray×1个扩展(gk)加权对发射分组进行扩展。设置一种频率选择反向发射加权，与信号接收期间在每个频率单元上采用的Karray×1个线性合成器解扩展加权wk成比例地设置(多元)扩展增益gk，使gk=λwk。这种模式对于受宽带干扰源支配的环境特别有效，因为产生的无效深度会受到在每个频率单元上采用的天线阵列分散的限制。在这种情况下，处理器能够使干扰源在频率和空间上无效。发射机天线阵列仅仅使干扰源所占据的那些频率单元上的各个干扰源无效。这样有利于接收有用信号分组，但是，如果将目标对准在整个分组通频带上远离干扰源位置的分组无线电信号，并不影响发射一个分组。如果局部频带干扰源的数量超过了天线阵列中的天线元数量，任何手段都不能达到这一目的。The embodiment of the present invention provides an optimal structure for frequency selective transmission weighting, and a different set of Karray ×1 spreading (gk) weights are used in each spreading unit to spread the transmitting packet. Set a frequency-selective reverse transmit weight, and set the (multivariate) spreading gain gk in proportion to the Karray × 1 linear synthesizer despreading weights wk employed on each frequency unit during signal reception, such that gk =λwk . This mode is particularly effective in environments dominated by broadband interferers, since the resulting null depth is limited by the spread of the antenna array employed on each frequency cell. In this case, the processor is able to neutralize the interferer both in frequency and space. The transmitter antenna array neutralizes individual interferers only on those frequency cells that the interferer occupies. This facilitates the reception of the desired signal packet, but does not affect the transmission of a packet if the packet radio signal is targeted at a location far from the source of interference across the packet passband. This cannot be achieved by any means if the number of local frequency band interferers exceeds the number of antenna elements in the antenna array.
定向传输模式将发射机天线阵列加权设置在等于(共轭的)Karray×1分组控制矢量。如果发射和接收算子落在同一个频带上，通过适当地均衡以往发射/接收切换过程中在发射和接收路径之间的任何差别而获得的天线阵列就能将最大无线电功率指向通信链路的另一端，或者是用最小发射无线电能量关闭这一链路。定向天线会忽略干扰源的位置，例如，它仅仅是假设截听机是处在通信链路范围内的任何位置。The directional transmission mode sets the transmitter antenna array weights equal to the (conjugated) Karray x 1 packet steering vector. Antenna arrays obtained by properly equalizing any differences between the transmit and receive paths during previous transmit/receive handoffs can direct the maximum radio power to the communication link if the transmit and receive operators fall on the same frequency band. The other end, or close the link with minimal transmitted radio energy. A directional antenna ignores the location of the source of interference, for example, it simply assumes that the interceptor is anywhere within range of the communication link.
本发明能够在频率选择的基础上实现定向方法。它可以提供一些好处，但是宽带通信；链路例外，因为分组控制矢量在分组通频带上变化的范围很大，有大量的Kspread值，或者是通信信道高度分散。然而这并不重要，因为最大功率模式不会受到分组控制矢量中的次要误差的严重损害。The present invention enables the directional method to be implemented on the basis of frequency selection. It can provide some benefits, but wideband communications; links are the exception because the packet control vector varies widely over the packet passband, have a large number of Kspread values, or the communications channel is highly dispersed. This is not important however, since the maximum power mode is not severely impaired by minor errors in the packet control vectors.
如果通信链路受到强烈的人为干扰，或者是必须在短通信间隔例如是单个分组内评估分组控制矢量，评估的误差可能会很大。特别是过于简单的方法会造成定向发射机天线阵列指向环境干扰源发射能量的强大波束。定向传输方法或是分组控制矢量评估器应该简单到足以用廉价手段来实现，但是又要完善到足以在人为干扰和传输环境的预期范围内可靠地工作。If the communication link is subject to strong jamming, or if the packet control vector has to be evaluated within short communication intervals such as a single packet, the error in the evaluation can be large. In particular, an overly simplistic approach would result in a directional transmitter antenna array pointing a powerful beam of energy at the source of environmental interference. The directional transmission method, or packet control vector estimator, should be simple enough to be implemented inexpensively, yet sophisticated enough to work reliably within the expected range of jamming and transmission environments.
有三种控制矢量评估方法可供选择。第一是相关方法，利用接收和评估的分组数据之间的关系来评估分组控制矢量。第二是多元ML-类比方法，采用按照适当的简化条件和存在频道复用(多元)数据的情况下获得的最大似然性(ML)评估器来评估分组控制矢量。第三是参变量方法，采用适当的参变量模型来约束分组控制矢量，从而进一步优化多元评估器。There are three control vector evaluation methods to choose from. The first is a correlation method that uses the relationship between received and evaluated packet data to estimate packet control vectors. The second is the multivariate ML-analog approach, which uses a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator obtained under appropriate simplification conditions and in the presence of channel-multiplexed (multivariate) data to evaluate group control vectors. The third is the parametric method, which employs an appropriate parametric model to constrain the grouped control vectors, thereby further optimizing the multivariate estimator.
相关方法是用来评估分组控制矢量的三种方法当中最简单的方法。这种方法的弱点是，考虑到存在单一干扰源的条件下获得的评估，这种评估缩小到按照接收的干扰源和分组信号之间的交叉关联定标的分组控制矢量加上干扰源控制矢量。为了将这一交叉关联减少到零所需的时间-带宽产物(采样)远远大于干扰源信号的1/S，例如，如果干扰源比分组信号强五十dB，就需要1，000，000个采样。因此，这种方法通常是不可取的。The correlation method is the simplest of the three methods used to evaluate group control vectors. The weakness of this approach is that, considering the estimate obtained in the presence of a single interferer, this estimate is reduced to the packet control vector scaled by the cross-correlation between the received interferer and the packet signal plus the interferer control vector . The time-bandwidth product (samples) required to reduce this cross-correlation to zero is much greater than 1/S of the interferer signal, for example, if the interferer is fifty dB stronger than the packet signal, 1,000,000 samples. Therefore, this approach is generally not advisable.
其它两种方法利用优化的最大似然性(ML)评估程序评估分组控制矢量来克服这种限制。产生的评估结果能够利用简单(非参变量)或是参变量控制矢量模型在存在宽带或是局部频带干扰源的条件下提供精确的控制矢量评估值。另外还可以用常规的Cramer-Rao边界分析来预测这些评估值的性能。The other two methods use an optimized maximum likelihood (ML) evaluation procedure to evaluate group control vectors to overcome this limitation. The resulting estimates are capable of providing accurate control vector estimates in the presence of wide-band or local-band interferers using simple (non-parametric) or parametric control vector models. Alternatively, conventional Cramer-Rao boundary analysis can be used to predict the performance of these estimates.
为多元环境中获得的任何非参变量控制矢量评估推导出有用的性能边界。将接收的数据分割成Kspread个独立频率单元，每个单元中包含一个按照未知的复合控制矢量定标并且受到额外的复合Gaussian干扰影响的已知(或是估算的)分组基带。用ak=gk来模拟Pe单元中的控制矢量，其中的“a”是(频率独立的)分组控制矢量，而gk是在第Kth个扩展单元上获得的无矢量接收到的单一天线分组扩展增益。假设复合Gaussian干扰对各个单元是独立的，并且在第Kth个单元中暂时写入平均值零和未知的自相关矩阵Derive useful performance bounds for any nonparametric control vector evaluation obtained in a multivariate environment. The received data is partitioned into Kspread independent frequency units, each unit containing a known (or estimated) packet baseband scaled by an unknown complex control vector and subject to additional complex Gaussian interference. The control vector in the Pe unit is modeled by ak = gk, where "a" is the (frequency independent) group control vector and gk is the single-antenna group spreading gain for vectorless reception obtained at the Kth extension unit . Composite Gaussian disturbances are assumed to be independent for individual cells, and an autocorrelation matrix with mean zero and unknown is temporarily written in the Kth cell
假设分组控制矢量a是Karray维的Karray维矢量的一种任意复合体，例如，a不仅局限于任何参变量模型组(例如以方位角和仰角为参变量的矩阵集合)。采用这种模型建立起来的控制矢量评估例如有非参变量技术。参见H.Van Trees，Detection，Estimation，and Modulation Theory，Part I，New York:Wiley，1968。采用Cramer-Rao边界理论，就能够获得任何无偏差的评估值，它具有由给定的Cramer-Rao边界所界定的评估精度(均方根误差)。矩阵R被翻译成干扰自相关矩阵的广义的“平均”，它等于平均的逆自相关矩阵的倒数。Assume that the grouping control vector a is an arbitrary complex of Karray-dimensional vectors of Karray dimension, for example, a is not limited to any parameter model group (such as a set of matrices with azimuth and elevation angles as parameters). Control vector evaluations established using such models include, for example, non-parametric techniques. See H. Van Trees, Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part I, New York: Wiley, 1968. Using the Cramer-Rao bound theory, it is possible to obtain any unbiased estimate with an estimate accuracy (root mean square error) bounded by a given Cramer-Rao bound. The matrix R is translated into the interference autocorrelation matrix The generalized "average" of , which is equal to the inverse of the averaged inverse autocorrelation matrix.
在最佳实施例中，空间控制矢量和频谱扩展增益(gk)是采用以下公式来计算的In the preferred embodiment, the spatial control vector and the spectral spreading gain (gk) are calculated using the following formula
并且and
其中的RHKHK是在频谱单元K的一个适配块上测量的数据自相关矩阵，而wk是频谱单元K上采用的解扩展加权的空间分量。控制矢量和解扩展增益还可以用来计算改进的解扩展加权wk，然后可以在多级解扩展程序中用来执行空间处理(每个频率单元的线性组合)以及频谱处理(所有频率单元的线性组合)。where RHKHK is the data autocorrelation matrix measured on an adapted block of spectral unit K, and wk is the spatial component of the despreading weight used on spectral unit K. The control vectors and despreading gains can also be used to compute improved despreading weights wk, which can then be used in a multistage despreading procedure to perform spatial processing (linear combination of each frequency bin) as well as spectral processing (linear combination of all frequency bins ).
图1-14所示的多层载波扩展频谱无线电通信设备结合了本发明其它实施例提供的空码技术。空码干扰消除技术能够与多层载波扩展频谱技术有效地组合。关于空码技术的详情可参见Brian Agee“Solving theNear-Far Problem:Exploitation of Spatial and Spectral Diversity inWireless Personal Communication Networks，”Wireless PersonalCommunications，edited by Theodore S.Rappaport等人，KluwerAcademic Publishers，1994，Ch.7。以及参见Sourour等人的“Two StageCo-channel Inference Cancellation in Orthogonal Multi-Carrier CDMAin a Frequency Selective Fading Channel，”IEEE PIMRC'94，pp.189-193。还可以参见Kondo等人的“Multi Carrier CDMA System withCo-channel Inference Cancellation，”March1994，IEEE，#0-7803-1927，pp.1640-1644。The multi-layer carrier spread spectrum radio communication equipment shown in FIGS. 1-14 combines the empty code technology provided by other embodiments of the present invention. Space code interference cancellation technology can be effectively combined with multi-layer carrier spread spectrum technology. For more information on empty code technology, see Brian Agee "Solving the Near-Far Problem: Exploitation of Spatial and Spectral Diversity in Wireless Personal Communication Networks," Wireless Personal Communications, edited by Theodore S. Rappaport et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994, Ch.7. Also see Sourour et al., "Two Stage Co-channel Inference Cancellation in Orthogonal Multi-Carrier CDMA in a Frequency Selective Fading Channel," IEEE PIMRC'94, pp. 189-193. See also Kondo et al., "Multi Carrier CDMA System with Co-channel Inference Cancellation," March 1994, IEEE, #0-7803-1927, pp. 1640-1644.
图1-14所示的基本多层载波扩展频谱无线电通信设备可以组合在本发明的多址联接实施例中，同时按照空间，频率和/或代码来分隔独立的信道，例如是空分多址联接(SDMA)，频分多址联接(FDMA)和码分多址联接(CDMA)。The basic multi-layer carrier spread spectrum radio communication equipment shown in Figures 1-14 can be combined in multiple access embodiments of the present invention, while separating independent channels according to space, frequency and/or code, such as space division multiple access Access (SDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
在SDMA实施例中采用的天线阵列可以在空间上有选择地定向，例如是建立两个最小区域。每一个区域中的发射和接收机对将其对应的天线阵列调谐到仅仅接受其所属的发射机-接收机对中的另一方，排除出现在其它多址联接信道的其它区域中的其它对。本发明的实施例通过将SDMA技术与多层载波扩展频谱技术加以组合来进行自身识别。关于SDMA的进一步细节可参见Forssen等人的“Adaptive Antenna Arrays forGSM900/DSC1800，”March1994，IEEE#0-7803-1927，pp.605-609。还可以参见Talwar等人的“Reception of Multiple C0-Channel DigitalSignals using Antenna Arrays with Applications to PCS，”1994，IEEE#0-7803-1825，pp.790-794。还可以参见Weis等人的“A Novel AlgorithmFor Flexible Beam Forming for Adaptive Space Division Multiple AccessSystems，”IEEE PIMRC'94，pp.729a-729e。CDMA与天线阵列的组合可参见Naguib等人的“Performance of CDMA Cellular Network WithBase-Station Antenna Arrays:The Downlink，”1994IEEE，#0-7803-1825，pp.795-799。以及Xu等人的“Experimental Studies ofSpace-Division-Multiple-Access Schemes for Spectral Efficient WirelessCommunications，”1994IEEE，#0-7803-1825，pp.800-804。还可以参见M.Tangemann的“Influence of the User Mobility on the Spatial MultiplexGain of an Adaptive SDMA System，”IEEE PIMRC'94，pp.745-749。Antenna arrays employed in SDMA embodiments may be selectively oriented in space, for example to create two minimum areas. The transmit and receiver pairs in each zone tune their corresponding antenna arrays to accept only the other of the transmitter-receiver pair to which they belong, to the exclusion of other pairs present in other zones of other multiple access channels. Embodiments of the present invention perform self-identification by combining SDMA technology with multi-layer carrier spread spectrum technology. Further details on SDMA can be found in Forssen et al., "Adaptive Antenna Arrays for GSM900/DSC1800," March 1994, IEEE #0-7803-1927, pp. 605-609. See also "Reception of Multiple CO-Channel Digital Signals using Antenna Arrays with Applications to PCS," Talwar et al., 1994, IEEE #0-7803-1825, pp. 790-794. See also Weis et al., "A Novel Algorithm For Flexible Beam Forming for Adaptive Space Division Multiple Access Systems," IEEE PIMRC'94, pp. 729a-729e. The combination of CDMA and antenna arrays can be found in Naguib et al., "Performance of CDMA Cellular Network With Base-Station Antenna Arrays: The Downlink," 1994 IEEE, #0-7803-1825, pp. 795-799. and "Experimental Studies of Space-Division-Multiple-Access Schemes for Spectral Efficient Wireless Communications," by Xu et al., 1994 IEEE, #0-7803-1825, pp. 800-804. See also M. Tangemann, "Influence of the User Mobility on the Spatial Multiplex Gain of an Adaptive SDMA System," IEEE PIMRC'94, pp.745-749.
在FDMA实施例中，对每个信道采用多个载波的子集，例如是最小的两个子集，各自具有最小的两个频率分集载波用来建立最小的两个信道。每一个区域中的发射和接收机对将其对应的载波子集调谐到排除出现在其它多址联接信道的其它载波子集。本发明的实施例通过将FDMA技术与多层载波扩展频谱技术加以组合来进行自身识别。In an FDMA embodiment, a subset of multiple carriers is used for each channel, for example, two minimum subsets each having a minimum two frequency diversity carriers for establishing a minimum two channels. The transmit and receiver pairs in each zone tune their corresponding subset of carriers to the exclusion of other subsets of carriers present on other multiple access channels. Embodiments of the present invention perform self-identification by combining FDMA technology with multi-layer carrier spread spectrum technology.
在CDMA实施例中采用了多个扩展和解扩展加权，每一组用于各自的信道。在全球定位系统(GPS)中的导航接收机就是采用了这种多址联接方式。本发明的实施例将CDMA技术与图1-14的多层载波扩展频谱技术加以组合而超越了现有技术。关于CDMA在多载波环境中的应用可以参见Fettweis等人的“On Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access(MC-CDMA)Modem Design，”1994IEEE#0-7803-1927，pp.1670-1674。还可以参见DaSilva等人的“MultiCarrier Orthogonal CDMA Signals forQuasi-Synchronous Communication Systems，”IEEE Journal on SelectedAreas in Communication，Vol.12，No.5，June1994。还可以参见Reiners等人的“MultiCarrier Transmission Technique in Cellular MobileCommunication Systems，”March 1994，IEEE #0-7803-1927，pp.1645-1649。进一步参见Yee等人的“Multi-Carrier CDMA in IndoorWireless Radio Networks，”IEEE Trans.Comm.，Vol.E77-B，No.7，July1994，pp.900-904。在信道衰落环境下使用CDMA可以参见Stefan Kaiser的“On the Performance of Different Detection Techniques forOFDM-CDMA in Fading Channels，”Institute for CommunicationTechnology，German Aerospace Research Establishment(DLR)，Oberpfaffenhofen，Germany，1994。以及参见Chandler等人的“AnATM-CDMA Air Interface For Mobile Personal Communications，”IEEEPIMRC'94，pp.110-113。关于这种技术的进一步描述还可以参见Chouly等人的“Orthogonal multicarrier techniques applied to direct sequencespread spectrum CDMA systems，”1993IEEE，#0-7803-0917，pp.1723-1728。In the CDMA embodiment multiple spreading and despreading weights are used, one for each channel. The navigation receiver in the Global Positioning System (GPS) uses this multiple access connection method. Embodiments of the present invention go beyond the prior art by combining CDMA techniques with the multi-layer carrier spread spectrum techniques of FIGS. 1-14. Regarding the application of CDMA in a multi-carrier environment, please refer to "On Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) Modem Design," 1994IEEE#0-7803-1927, pp.1670-1674 by Fettweis et al. See also DaSilva et al., "MultiCarrier Orthogonal CDMA Signals for Quasi-Synchronous Communication Systems," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, Vol. 12, No. 5, June 1994. See also "MultiCarrier Transmission Technique in Cellular Mobile Communication Systems," Reiners et al., March 1994, IEEE #0-7803-1927, pp.1645-1649. See further, "Multi-Carrier CDMA in Indoor Wireless Radio Networks," by Yee et al., IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. E77-B, No. 7, July 1994, pp. 900-904. The use of CDMA in the channel fading environment can refer to Stefan Kaiser's "On the Performance of Different Detection Techniques for OFDM-CDMA in Fading Channels," Institute for Communication Technology, German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, 1994. Also see Chandler et al., "AnATM-CDMA Air Interface For Mobile Personal Communications," IEEE PIMRC'94, pp. 110-113. A further description of this technique can also be found in "Orthogonal multicarrier techniques applied to direct sequence spread spectrum CDMA systems," by Chouly et al., 1993 IEEE, #0-7803-0917, pp.1723-1728.
Bar-Ness等人在“Synchronous Multi-User Multi-Carrier CDMACommunication System With Decorrelating InterferenceCanceller，”IEEE，PIMRC'94，pp.184-188中描述了多载波CDMA和解关联干扰消除技术的结合。In "Synchronous Multi-User Multi-Carrier CDMA Communication System With Decorrelating Interference Canceller," Bar-Ness et al. describe the combination of multi-carrier CDMA and de-correlating interference cancellation techniques in IEEE, PIMRC'94, pp. 184-188.
用于多层载波扩展频谱无线电通信的多址联接方法包括根据多个离散频率信道各自的合成正弦波的合成的幅值和相位增益构成发射的多层载波扩展增益。然后在发射机上用一个矢量乘法器和一个反向频道复用器来扩展一个任意的窄带基带数据。下一步就是在按照多层载波扩展增益扩展到多个离散频率信道上之后从发射机同时发送。接收机利用矢量内部产物线性合成器和频率复用器对多个离散频率信道解扩展，恢复出任意的窄带基带的扩展前信号，免除信道干扰。频道可以是不连续的并且分布在多个频带内。或者是在发射中采用重叠的频道，并且包括正交频分复用式调制格式。或者是发射分组的数据，对基带数据进行扩展，发送，并且按照正交频分复用式的频道复用器结构对离散的分组解扩展。A multiple access method for multi-layer carrier spread spectrum radiocommunications includes forming a multi-layer carrier spreading gain for transmission from the combined amplitude and phase gains of the respective combined sine waves of a plurality of discrete frequency channels. An arbitrary narrowband baseband data is then spread at the transmitter with a vector multiplier and an inverse channel multiplexer. The next step is to transmit simultaneously from the transmitter after spreading to multiple discrete frequency channels according to the multi-layer carrier spreading gain. The receiver despreads multiple discrete frequency channels by using a vector internal product linear synthesizer and a frequency multiplexer, recovers any narrowband baseband pre-spread signal, and avoids channel interference. Channels may be non-contiguous and spread over multiple frequency bands. Or use overlapping frequency channels in the transmission and include OFDM modulation formats. Or transmit the packet data, extend the baseband data, send it, and despread the discrete packet according to the OFDM channel multiplexer structure.
分组在时间上可以是重叠，连续，或者是不连续的。在最佳实施例中，在从链路的另一端顺序接收完一或多个分组之后按顺序发送一或多个分组。按顺序发送和接收多个分组能够实现不对称的通信，例如是在一个方向上传送比另一个方向上更多的分组，并且能够增加发送和接收之间的防护时间，例如可以用来在蜂窝通信网络中解决基站对基站的干扰问题。Packets can be overlapping, consecutive, or discontinuous in time. In a preferred embodiment, one or more packets are transmitted sequentially after one or more packets have been sequentially received from the other end of the link. Sending and receiving multiple packets in sequence enables asymmetric communication, such as sending more packets in one direction than the other, and increases the guard time between sending and receiving, such as in cellular Solve the interference problem of base station to base station in the communication network.
离散多音正交频分复用与具有离散多音多层载波和天线阵列处理技术的天线阵列处理技术的组合吸取了离散多音和离散多音多层载波没有扩散的优点。在任何应用中对自适应天线阵列性能的明显改善都需要能够消除空间干扰，在自适应接收机前面不需要调节静止或准静止的线性扩散(例如是由于前端接收机有缺陷，非零阵列孔径，以及固定的多径散射和反射)。这一点在蜂窝式点-对-多点通信网络中特别有用，在这种网络中包括用于在同一组频道上供多个用户之间通信的空分多址联接(SDMA)拓扑逻辑，因为每个空间处理器必须在对这一网孔内的用户有干扰的方向上形成深度的无效。The combination of discrete multi-tone OFDM and antenna array processing technology with discrete multi-tone multi-layer carrier and antenna array processing technology absorbs the advantages of discrete multi-tone and discrete multi-layer carrier without spreading. Appreciable improvement in the performance of adaptive antenna arrays in any application requires the ability to cancel spatial interference without the need to accommodate stationary or quasi-stationary linear spreads in front of the adaptive receiver (e.g. due to defective front-end receivers, non-zero array aperture , and fixed multipath scattering and reflections). This is especially useful in cellular point-to-multipoint communication networks that include Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) topology logic for communication between multiple users on the same set of frequency channels, because Each spatial processor must create deep nulls in directions that interfere with users within this cell.
码分多址联接(CDMA)采用线性独立(通常是正交)的各组扩展增益在同一组频道上发送多个信号。在解扩展器上采用适当的组合加权来分离这些信号。Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) uses linearly independent (usually orthogonal) sets of spreading gains to transmit multiple signals on the same set of frequency channels. These signals are separated using appropriate combining weights at the despreader.
直接序列扩频系统的优点在于空分多址联接式的多址联接，排除干扰，并且具有信道均衡能力(空码技术)。空码技术已经被应用于符号调制直接序列扩频(MOS-DSSS)或脉冲调制直接序列扩频(MOP-DSSS)格式，扩展增益的周期精确地等于电文符号的一个整数(往往是一个符号间隔)。空码技术和多层载波调制格式的组合是有用的，例如可以在HF/VHF跳频截听系统中用来消除频谱冗余干扰。在现有技术中，已经配合着模仿对流层散射通信链路的多层载波信号采用了包括空码干扰消除的一般跳频截听技术。但是本发明则将这种技术扩展到了点-对点和点-对-多点的通信，这其中的发报机和干扰源包括多层载波扩展频谱调制格式。例如进一步包括了定向数据摸索适应方法，可用于在通信系统发送的业务和导频数据的已知特性的基础上优化解扩展。The advantage of the direct sequence spread spectrum system lies in the multiple access connection of the space division multiple access type, eliminates interference, and has channel equalization capability (empty code technology). The empty code technique has been applied to the symbol-modulated direct-sequence spread spectrum (MOS-DSSS) or pulse-modulated direct-sequence spread spectrum (MOP-DSSS) format, and the period of the spreading gain is exactly equal to an integer number of message symbols (often a symbol interval ). The combination of empty code technology and multi-layer carrier modulation format is useful, for example, in HF/VHF frequency hopping interception systems to eliminate spectral redundancy interference. In the prior art, a general frequency hopping interception technique including null code interference cancellation has been adopted in conjunction with a multi-layer carrier signal imitating a troposcatter communication link. However, the present invention extends this technique to point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communications where the transmitters and interferers include multi-layer carrier spread spectrum modulation formats. For example, it further includes a directional data heuristic adaptation method, which can be used to optimize despreading on the basis of known characteristics of traffic and pilot data sent by the communication system.
本发明是将多层载波扩频式通信和基于干扰消除的空码技术组合在一起，提高通信系统的容量，提高对信道畸变的容限，并且更少地依赖扩展增益之间的关系。不需要正交近似性，并且本发明的实施例对窄带干扰或是其它系统成员的多层载波扩展频谱信号不太敏感。如果将用来消除干扰的空码技术和多层载波扩展频谱通信网络相结合，这种效果最好。特别是，如果给定相同的扩展增益和空码器(线性合成器)组合，包括用来消除干扰的空码技术的多层载波扩展频谱通信链路能够支持的链路数量可以达到符号调制直接序列扩展频谱系统的二倍。The present invention combines multi-layer carrier spread spectrum communication with interference elimination-based space code technology, improves the capacity of the communication system, improves the tolerance to channel distortion, and less depends on the relationship between the expansion gains. Orthogonality approximation is not required, and embodiments of the present invention are less sensitive to narrowband interference or multi-carrier spread spectrum signals from other system members. This works best if the space-code technique used to eliminate interference is combined with a multi-layer carrier spread-spectrum communication network. In particular, given the same combination of spreading gain and space coder (linear synthesizer), the number of links that can be supported by a multi-layer carrier spread spectrum communication link including space code techniques for interference cancellation can reach symbol-modulated direct Sequential spread spectrum system doubles.
本发明在网络中组合了用于消除干扰的模块技术和用来适配解扩展器的数据定向方法。这种组合而成的系统比用于点-对-点和点-对多点(多址联接)通信的竞争方法具有明显的优越性。这种系统能够吸取通信系统中全带宽时间量的优点，从而缩短系统中的解扩展器的探测和跟踪时间。这种系统还能在解扩展器上解扩展和解调有用信号的指定的多层载波扩展频谱信号，不需要知道信号发射机所包括的扩展增益(摸索解扩展特性)，从而简化或是省掉在网络中使用代码选通策略，并且能够采用反向技术来优化用于通信信道和网络的扩展增益。由解扩展器接收(单元内或是单元外)没有干扰的多层载波扩展频谱信号，不需要知道扩展增益或是干扰信号的程度，这样就能比(典型的非线性)序列方法简单得多，后者需要在接收机上解调和重新调制干扰和有用信号。可以为静态线性信道扩散提供自动补偿，包括在系统前端的内部减少扩散效应，不需要知道或是实际估算信道扩散，这样就能降低解扩展方法以及系统硬件的复杂性。The invention combines a modular technique for interference cancellation and a data orientation method for adapting despreaders in the network. This combined system has clear advantages over competing methods for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint (multiple access) communications. Such a system can take advantage of the amount of time in the full bandwidth of the communication system, thereby reducing the detection and tracking time of the despreaders in the system. This system can also despread and demodulate the specified multi-layer carrier spread spectrum signal of the useful signal on the despreader. Drop-in networks use code gating strategies and can employ inverse techniques to optimize spreading gains for communication channels and networks. Multi-layer carrier spread-spectrum signal received by the despreader without interference (inside or outside the unit), without knowledge of the spreading gain or the extent of the interfering signal, which can be much simpler than (typically non-linear) sequential methods , the latter requires demodulation and remodulation of the interfering and wanted signals at the receiver. Automatic compensation for static linear channel dispersion can be provided, including reduction of dispersion effects internally in the system front end, without the need to know or actually estimate the channel dispersion, thus reducing the complexity of the despreading method and system hardware.
空码技术可以扩展到空间处理技术便于使用反向传输方法，大大提高整体系统的性能价格比。The empty code technology can be extended to the space processing technology to facilitate the use of the reverse transmission method, which greatly improves the performance-price ratio of the overall system.
将空码和空间处理技术与用于波束控制的自适应天线阵列加以组合能够改善普通的天线收发信机无法达到的范围。这种组合还能够通过降低相邻单元产生的干扰来提高多元网络的容量。用于消除干扰的无效控制能够用更加紧密的编组来提高通信网络的容量。更加紧密的编组能够在单元内部分离吻合的频率，这样就能采用空分多址联接拓扑逻辑。可以采用直通式方法将天线阵列和空码技术加以组合，增加空码器的维数，例如用来在MOS-DSSS系统中组合空间信道和时间信道，或者是通过增加空码器维数在多层载波扩展频谱系统中组合空间信道和频率信道。Combining space code and spatial processing techniques with adaptive antenna arrays for beam steering can improve range beyond the reach of ordinary antenna transceivers. This combination can also increase the capacity of multi-element networks by reducing the interference generated by neighboring cells. Ineffective control to eliminate interference can increase the capacity of communication networks with tighter grouping. Tighter grouping enables the separation of coincident frequencies within the cell, allowing the use of space-division multiple access topology logic. The straight-through method can be used to combine the antenna array and the space code technology to increase the dimension of the space code, for example, to combine the space channel and the time channel in the MOS-DSSS system, or to increase the dimension of the space code in multiple Combination of spatial and frequency channels in layered carrier spread spectrum systems.
多层载波扩频调制格式允许解扩展器随着空间信道数量的增加而降低多层载波扩展频谱扩展增益，以便保持作为天线元数量的函数的空码器常数的复杂性。这样就能提供稳定的数据定向接收机自适时间。线性复杂性随着通信网络中天线和用户数量的增加而增长。而用户的空间分布随着通信波束的增加而减少。The multi-layer carrier spread spectrum modulation format allows the despreader to decrease the multi-layer carrier spread spectrum spreading gain as the number of spatial channels increases in order to preserve the complexity of the null code constant as a function of the number of antenna elements. This provides a stable data orientation receiver adaptation time. The linear complexity grows with the number of antennas and users in the communication network. While the spatial distribution of users decreases with the increase of communication beams.
空码数据自适应定向反向传输技术与多层载波扩频调制的组合提供了一种优越的通信方式。可以提高点-对-点和点-对-多点通信链路的用户容量，范围，功率，和/或成本效率，这些性能都优于全信道预加重方法。The combination of space code data adaptive directional reverse transmission technology and multi-layer carrier spread spectrum modulation provides a superior communication method. The user capacity, range, power, and/or cost efficiency of point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication links may be improved, all of which are superior to full channel pre-emphasis methods.
多层载波扩展频谱和自适应天线阵列的组合有助于消除空间相干干扰，例如是在蜂窝多层载波扩展频谱网络中，干扰源可以来自网络中其它成员的信号，并且多元天线阵列主要是在网络中的基站上使用。The combination of multi-layer carrier spread spectrum and adaptive antenna array helps to eliminate spatially coherent interference. used on base stations in the network.
图17表示时分双工通信系统的一种时间-频率格式。Fig. 17 shows a time-frequency format of a time division duplex communication system.
图18表示一种基本DMT调制解调器的有效单音格式。Figure 18 shows an effective tone format for a basic DMT modem.
图19表示一种发射机/接收机校准方法。系统的校准和补偿有两种独立的模式。SCSS cal信号从cal开关注入接收机，测量接收路径扩散。SCSScal信号途经发射调制器到输出接收机，通过转换开关测量合成的发射和接收路径扩散。发射路径是根据合成的接收和发射cal数据来推导的。在DSP后端中通过发射和处理SCSS cal波形来执行补偿。Figure 19 shows a transmitter/receiver calibration method. There are two independent modes for calibration and compensation of the system. The SCSS cal signal is injected into the receiver from the cal switch, and the receive path spread is measured. The SCSScal signal is routed from the transmit modulator to the output receiver, and the combined transmit and receive path spread is measured through the switch. The transmit path is derived from the combined receive and transmit cal data. Compensation is performed in the DSP backend by emitting and processing the SCSS cal waveform.
图20是一种集成的单一天线T/R和DMT调制解调器(基于SCMA的DMT)的示意图。Figure 20 is a schematic diagram of an integrated single antenna T/R and DMT modem (SCMA-based DMT).
图21笼统地表示了一种单线代码选通交叉-SCORE扩展操作的示意图。它对于单线处理是最佳的模式。可以按照最快收敛时间(最低TBP)使用交叉-SCORE算法。不会受到定时和Doppler频移的影响。它能够可靠地消除各个单元内部的Karray个干扰。它可以分离Karray个SCSS信号。它的不足在于不能可靠地分离>Karray个SCSS信号(不执行空码)，并且在频率变化很大的环境中不能相对调节到最大SINR。FIG. 21 generally shows a schematic diagram of a single-line code-gated interleaving-SCORE extension operation. It is the best mode for single-line processing. The cross-SCORE algorithm can be used with the fastest convergence time (lowest TBP). Unaffected by timing and Doppler shifts. It can reliably eliminate Karray disturbances inside each unit. It can separate Karray SCSS signals. Its shortcoming is that it cannot reliably separate >Karray SCSS signals (no empty code is performed), and it cannot be relatively adjusted to the maximum SINR in an environment with large frequency variations.
图22表示一例具有Kspread个单元子集的单线代码选通交叉-SCORE解扩展操作。Figure 22 shows an example of a single-wire code-gated interleaving-SCORE despreading operation with a subset of Kspread elements.
图23表示一例具有Nframe个分组/适配帧的一种单线交叉-SCORE算法。解扩展加权是根据多级交叉SCORE本征方程的主模式来计算的。Fig. 23 shows an example of a single-wire cross-SCORE algorithm with Nframe packets/adaptation frames. Despreading weights are computed from the principal modes of the multilevel crossed SCORE eigenequations.
图24表示一种单一适配帧自相关统计运算。Fig. 24 shows a single adapted frame autocorrelation statistical operation.
图25表示具有Kspread个单元子集的一种交叉-SCORE本征方程。解扩展加权是根据多级交叉SCORE本征方程的主模式来计算的。Figure 25 shows a cross-SCORE eigenequation with a subset of Kspread elements. Despreading weights are computed from the principal modes of the multilevel crossed SCORE eigenequations.
图26表示具有Kpart<Kspread个单元子集的一种代码键发生器。Figure 26 shows a code key generator with Kpart<Kspread cell subsets.
图27表示具有Kpart<Kspread个单元子集的一种等效的代码键发生器。Fig. 27 shows an equivalent code key generator with Kpart<Kspread cell subsets.
图28表示具有Kpart个子集的一种交叉-SCORE本征方程。解扩展加权是根据多级交叉SCORE本征方程的主模式来计算的。Figure 28 shows a cross-SCORE eigenequation with Kpart subsets. Despreading weights are computed from the principal modes of the multilevel crossed SCORE eigenequations.
图29表示具有两个单元子集的一种交叉-SCORE本征方程。解扩展加权是根据多级交叉SCORE本征方程的主模式来计算的。Figure 29 shows a cross-SCORE eigenequation with two subsets of elements. Despreading weights are computed from the principal modes of the multilevel crossed SCORE eigenequations.
图30表示一种多链路代码选通交叉-SCORE扩展器。它是多链路处理的一种改进模式。它允许针对SCSS干扰条件修改交叉SCORE收敛时间。它不会受到定时和Doppler频移的影响。它能够可靠地消除各个单元内部的Karray个干扰。它可以分离Karray＊Kscore个SCSS信号。它的不足在于不能可靠地分离>Karray＊Kscore个SCSS信号(不完全空码)，并且在频率变化很大的环境中不能相对调节到最大STAR。Figure 30 shows a multi-link code gated cross-SCORE spreader. It is an improved mode of multilink handling. It allows modification of the cross SCORE convergence time for SCSS interference conditions. It is not affected by timing and Doppler shift. It can reliably eliminate Karray disturbances inside each unit. It can separate Karray*Kscore SCSS signals. Its shortcoming is that it cannot reliably separate >Karray*Kscore SCSS signals (incomplete empty codes), and it cannot be relatively adjusted to the maximum STAR in an environment with large frequency changes.
图31表示采用频率选通和两个单元子集的一种单线代码选通自动-SCORE扩展操作。它是高度移动性系统的一种最佳模式。它可以分离Karray＊Kscore个SCSS链路。它能够消除各个单元内部的Karray个非SCSS干扰。它不会受到定时和Doppler频移的影响。它的不足在于不能分离>Kscore个SCSS链路(不完全空码)，并且作为解扩展算法的一部分需要(简单的)定时跟踪。Figure 31 shows a single-wire code-gated auto-SCORE extension operation using frequency gating and two cell subsets. It is an optimal mode for highly mobile systems. It can separate Karray*Kscore SCSS links. It is capable of eliminating Karray non-SCSS interference inside individual cells. It is immune to timing and Doppler shifts. It suffers from the inability to separate >Kscore SCSS links (incomplete empty codes), and requires (simple) timing tracking as part of the despreading algorithm.
图32是采用频率选通和两个单元子集的一种单线代码选通自动-SCORE解扩展操作。Figure 32 is a single-wire code-gated auto-SCORE despreading operation using frequency gating and two cell subsets.
图33表示采用频率选通和两个单元子集的一种自动-SCORE本征方程。Figure 33 shows an auto-SCORE eigenequation using frequency gating and two cell subsets.
图34表示采用时间选通和半速率冗余选通的一种单线代码选通自动-SCORE扩展。它是低移动性系统的一种最佳模式。它可以分离Karray＊Kspread个SCSS链路。它能够消除各个单元内部的Karray个非SCSS干扰。它不会受到定时和Doppler频移的影响。在解扩展器上提供3dB SNR增益。它的不足在于容量减少一半，并且作为解扩展算法的一部分需要(简单的)Doppler跟踪。Figure 34 shows a single-wire code-gated auto-SCORE extension using time gating and half-rate redundant gating. It is an optimal mode for low mobility systems. It can separate Karray*Kspread SCSS links. It is able to eliminate Karray non-SCSS interference inside each unit. It is immune to timing and Doppler shifts. Provides 3dB SNR gain on the despreader. Its downside is that the capacity is cut in half, and it requires (simple) Doppler tracking as part of the despreading algorithm.
图35表示采用时间选通和半速率冗余选通的一种单线代码选通自动-SCORE解扩展。Figure 35 shows a single-wire code-gated auto-SCORE despreading using time gating and half-rate redundant gating.
总之，自适应天线阵列可以用来增加网络系统容量，采用波束控制，无效控制，或者是波束和无效控制的组合。这种无效控制或者是波束和无效控制技术的组合在本发明中与作为SCSS扩展器/解扩展器使用的信道化的DMT/OFDM频道复用器组合在一起。In conclusion, adaptive antenna arrays can be used to increase network system capacity by using beam steering, null steering, or a combination of beam and null steering. This null steering or combination of beam and null steering techniques is combined in the present invention with a channelized DMT/OFDM channel multiplexer used as a SCSS spreader/despreader.
尽管本发明是参照了具体实施例来描述的，应该认识到这一切并不对本发明构成限制。本领域的技术人员在阅读了说明书之后完全有能力作出各种各样的修改和变更。因此，权利要求书的用意是要覆盖属于本发明的原理和范围内的所有修改和变更。While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood that these are not limitations of the invention. Those skilled in the art are fully capable of making various modifications and changes after reading the specification. Therefore, it is the intention of the appended claims to cover all modifications and changes falling within the principle and scope of the invention.
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