CN102891373A - Base station antenna made of metamaterial - Google Patents
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Translated fromChinese技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种无线通讯的基站天线，尤其涉及一种无线通讯的且由超材料制成的基站天线。The invention relates to a base station antenna for wireless communication, in particular to a base station antenna for wireless communication made of metamaterials.
背景技术Background technique
基站天线是移动通信系统中无线接入的重要组成部分，其发展受到多方面因素的限制，特别是随着移动通信网络的不断向广度和深度的扩张，造成基站布局越来越密集。这也对基站天线的设计参数提出了更高的要求，如基站天线的增益、体积、前后比、交叉极化鉴别率、重量等相关参数。Base station antennas are an important part of wireless access in mobile communication systems, and their development is restricted by many factors, especially as mobile communication networks continue to expand in breadth and depth, resulting in increasingly dense base station layouts. This also puts forward higher requirements on the design parameters of the base station antenna, such as the gain, volume, front-to-back ratio, cross-polarization discrimination rate, weight and other related parameters of the base station antenna.
现有技术中的基站天线包括发射信号辐射振子、接收信号辐射振子及反射器。上述辐射振子沿着反射器纵向排列，在反射器的底板的四条边上分别垂直延伸形成四个侧壁，从而使反射器成为一侧开口的腔体。这样设置的反射器可将发射信号辐射振子产生的电磁辐射进行更好的反射以提高基站天线的前后比和交叉极化鉴别率。但是，上述基站天线辐射波的波瓣相对较宽，使该基站天线增益很难满足现代通信系统高增益的系统设计要求。A base station antenna in the prior art includes a transmitting signal radiating element, a receiving signal radiating element and a reflector. The radiation oscillators are arranged longitudinally along the reflector, and extend vertically on the four sides of the bottom plate of the reflector to form four side walls, so that the reflector becomes a cavity with one side open. The reflector arranged in this way can better reflect the electromagnetic radiation generated by the transmitting signal radiation oscillator to improve the front-to-back ratio and the cross-polarization discrimination rate of the base station antenna. However, the lobes of the radiated waves of the base station antenna are relatively wide, making it difficult for the gain of the base station antenna to meet the high-gain system design requirements of modern communication systems.
发明内容Contents of the invention
因此，有必要提供一种超材料制成的基站天线，用于减少基站天线辐射波的波瓣相对宽度，以提高基站天线的增益。Therefore, it is necessary to provide a base station antenna made of a metamaterial, which is used to reduce the relative width of the lobes of the radiation wave of the base station antenna, so as to increase the gain of the base station antenna.
一种超材料制成的基站天线，所述基站天线包括至少一个辐射振子，用于产生电磁辐射波；一超材料面板，用于将所述至少一个辐射振子产生的部分电磁波汇聚后并向外辐射；及一反射单元，用于将所述述至少两个辐射振子产生的剩余部分电磁波反射至超材料面板，所述超材料面板用于将该部分电磁波也一同汇聚后向外辐射。A base station antenna made of metamaterials, the base station antenna comprising at least one radiation oscillator for generating electromagnetic radiation waves; a metamaterial panel for converging part of the electromagnetic waves generated by the at least one radiation oscillator and sending them outward Radiation; and a reflection unit, used to reflect the remaining part of the electromagnetic wave generated by the at least two radiation oscillators to the metamaterial panel, and the metamaterial panel is used to also gather the part of the electromagnetic wave and radiate it outward.
进一步地，所述基站天线包括多个辐射振子且呈矩阵式固定于反射单元上。Further, the base station antenna includes a plurality of radiating elements and is fixed on the reflection unit in a matrix.
进一步地，所述基站天线还包括设置于反射单元上的多个无源功分器件，所述无源功分器件与分别所述多个辐射振子电连接且通过多输入多输出接口接收基带信号处理器产生的电信号。Further, the base station antenna also includes a plurality of passive power dividing devices arranged on the reflection unit, and the passive power dividing devices are electrically connected to the plurality of radiation oscillators respectively and receive baseband signals through a multiple-input multiple-output interface An electrical signal generated by a processor.
进一步地，所述超材料面板的折射率在垂直于该超材料面板的中心轴上最大，以中心轴为圆心，随着半径的增大，折射率逐渐变小且折射率的变化量逐渐增大，相同半径处的折射率相同，所述辐射振子位于所述超材料面板的中心轴向上。Further, the refractive index of the metamaterial panel is the largest on the central axis perpendicular to the metamaterial panel, with the central axis as the center, as the radius increases, the refractive index gradually decreases and the variation of the refractive index gradually increases large, the refractive index at the same radius is the same, and the radiation oscillator is located on the central axis of the metamaterial panel.
进一步地，所述超材料面板包括由多个超材料片层叠加形成，每一超材料片层包括片状基材以及附着在该片状基材上的多个人造微结构。Further, the metamaterial panel is formed by stacking multiple metamaterial sheets, and each metamaterial sheet layer includes a sheet-shaped substrate and a plurality of artificial microstructures attached to the sheet-shaped substrate.
进一步地，所述片状基材选用陶瓷材料、高分子材料、铁电材料、铁氧材料、铁磁材料中的任意一种。Further, the sheet substrate is selected from any one of ceramic materials, polymer materials, ferroelectric materials, ferrite materials, and ferromagnetic materials.
进一步地，所述每一超材料片层中心点处的折射率最大，以中心点为圆心，随着半径的增大，折射率逐渐变小且折射率的变化量逐渐增大，相同半径处的折射率相同。Further, the refractive index at the central point of each metamaterial sheet is the largest, with the central point as the center, as the radius increases, the refractive index gradually decreases and the amount of change in the refractive index gradually increases, at the same radius have the same refractive index.
进一步地，所述每一超材料片层具有相同几何图案的人造微结构，以中心点为圆心，相同半径上的人造微结构尺寸相同，随着半径逐渐增大所述人造微结构的尺寸逐渐变小。Further, each of the metamaterial sheets has artificial microstructures with the same geometric pattern, with the center point as the center, and the artificial microstructures on the same radius have the same size, and the size of the artificial microstructures gradually increases as the radius gradually increases. get smaller.
进一步地，所述的人造微结构是附着在所述片状基材上的具有特定几何图案的金属线。Further, the artificial microstructure is a metal wire with a specific geometric pattern attached to the sheet substrate.
进一步地，所述几何图案为在工字形、工字形的衍生形、雪花状或雪花状的衍生形任意一种。Further, the geometric pattern is any one of an I-shape, a derivative of an I-shape, a snowflake or a derivative of a snowflake.
相对于现有技术，基站天线的辐射振子电磁波经由超材料面板折射汇聚向外辐射，从而减少了基站天线辐射波波瓣的宽度，使基站天线的增益得以显著提高。Compared with the existing technology, the radiating oscillator electromagnetic wave of the base station antenna is refracted and radiated outward through the metamaterial panel, thereby reducing the width of the radiation wave lobe of the base station antenna and significantly improving the gain of the base station antenna.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明中一实施方式中的基站天线的截面结构示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of a base station antenna in an embodiment of the present invention.
图2为图1所示基站天线去除超材料面板后的正向平面示意图。FIG. 2 is a schematic front plan view of the base station antenna shown in FIG. 1 after the metamaterial panel is removed.
图3为图2所示超材料面板相对中心轴对称的折射率分布示意图。FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the refractive index distribution of the metamaterial panel shown in FIG. 2 which is symmetrical to the central axis.
图4为图2所示超材料面板对电磁波进行汇聚的示意图。FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of converging electromagnetic waves by the metamaterial panel shown in FIG. 2 .
图5A为图2或图3所示的超材料面板上‘工字形’人造微结构。Fig. 5A is the 'I-shaped' artificial microstructure on the metamaterial panel shown in Fig. 2 or Fig. 3 .
图5B为图2或图3所示的超材料面板上‘雪花状’人造微结构。Fig. 5B is a 'snowflake-like' artificial microstructure on the metamaterial panel shown in Fig. 2 or Fig. 3 .
图5C为图2或图3所示的超材料面板上的另一种‘雪花状’的人造微结构。Fig. 5C is another 'snowflake-like' artificial microstructure on the metamaterial panel shown in Fig. 2 or Fig. 3 .
图5D为图2或图3所示的超材料面板上的人造微结构的一种具体形式‘雪花状’结构的又一种衍生结构。Fig. 5D is yet another derived structure of a specific form of 'snowflake-like' structure of the artificial microstructure on the metamaterial panel shown in Fig. 2 or Fig. 3 .
图6是采用工字形结构的人造微结构在超材料面板中每层基板中的排列示意图。Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of artificial microstructures adopting an I-shaped structure in each layer of the substrate in the metamaterial panel.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合相关附图及具体实施例对本发明做进一步的描述：The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with relevant drawings and specific embodiments:
图1为本发明中一实施中的基站天线的截面结构示意图，基站天线10包括反射单元101、多个辐射振子102及用于将多个辐射振子102产生的电磁波进行汇聚的超材料面板103。所述多个辐射振子102产生的部分电磁波经由所述超材料面板103汇聚并向外辐射，而多个辐射振子102产生的剩余部分的电磁波经过反射单元101反射至所述超材料面板103上，所述超材料面板103将该部分被反射的辐射波汇聚后向外辐射。1 is a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of a base station antenna in an implementation of the present invention. The base station antenna 10 includes a
图2为图1所示基站天线去除超材料面板103后的正向平面示意图。所述反射单元101包括一底板121，所述辐射振子102通过馈电支架(图中未出)固定于底板121上，其中辐射振子呈矩阵式排列于反射单元101上。在本实施方式中，所述反射单元101采用金属材料制成。FIG. 2 is a schematic front plan view of the base station antenna shown in FIG. 1 with the metamaterial panel 103 removed. The
所述基站天线10还包括设置于反射单元101上的多个无源功分器件105，所述无源功分器件105与分别所述多个辐射振子102分别电连接且通过多输入输出(MIMO)接口106接收基带信号处理器产生的电信号。此处的即是指多输入多输出。即MIMO天线上的所有单个的天线同时发射，同时接收。The base station antenna 10 also includes a plurality of passive
超材料面板103对入射电磁波的折射率分布如图3所示，中心轴向处的折射率为n1，以中心轴AA′与超材料面板的交点为圆心，随着半径的逐渐增加折射率逐渐变小，而且随着半径的增大，折射率的变化量逐渐增大，其中n1＞n2＞n3＞...＞np，(nm-nm-1)＞(nm-1-nm-2)，m为大于3小于等于q的自然数。The refractive index distribution of the metamaterial panel 103 to the incident electromagnetic wave is shown in Figure 3. The refractive index at the central axis is n1 , and the intersection point of the central axis AA' and the metamaterial panel is the center of the circle. As the radius gradually increases, the refractive index gradually becomes smaller, and as the radius increases, the variation of the refractive index increases gradually, where n1 >n2 >n3 >...>np , (nm -nm-1 )>(nm-1 -nm-2 ), m is a natural number greater than 3 and less than or equal to q.
由上述描述可知，超材料面板103的设计至关重要，下面对超材料面板103做具体说明，由辐射振子102产生的电磁波经由超材料面板103平行射出，在该超材料面板1033基材上设置人造微结构，基材采用介电绝缘材料制成，可以为陶瓷材料、高分子材料、铁电材料、铁氧材料、铁磁材料等，例如高分子材料可以为环氧树脂或聚四氟乙烯。人造微结构为以一定的几何形状附着在基材上的金属线，金属线可以是剖面为圆柱状或者扁平状的铜线、银线等，当然金属线的剖面也可以为其他形状，金属线通过蚀刻、电镀、钻刻、光刻、电子刻或离子刻等工艺附着在基材上，每一超材料片层划分为多个单元(包括该单元中的单元基材和附着在该单元基材上的人造微结构)，每个单元都具有一个人造微结构，每一个单元都会对通过其中的电磁波产生响应，从而影响电磁波在其中的传输，每个单元的尺寸取决于需要响应的电磁波，通常为所需响应的电磁波波长的十分之一，否则空间中包含人造微结构的单元所组成的排列在空间中不能被视为连续。It can be seen from the above description that the design of the metamaterial panel 103 is very important. The metamaterial panel 103 will be described in detail below. The electromagnetic wave generated by the
在基材选定的情况下，通过调整人造微结构的图案、尺寸及其在基材上的空间分布，可以调整超材料上各处的等效介电常数及等效磁导率进而改变超材料各处的等效折射率。当人造微结构采用相同的几何形状时，某处人造微结构的尺寸越大，则该处的等效介电常数越大，折射率也越大。本实施例采用的人造微结构的图案为工字形，如图5A所示，人造微结构在基材上的分布如图6所示，由图6可知，基板上如图5B所示的在三维空间中各条边相互垂直的雪花状的人造微结构的尺寸从中心向周围逐渐变小，在基板中心处，雪花状的人造微结构的尺寸最大，并且在距离中心相同半径处的雪花状人造微结构的尺寸相同，因此基板的等效介电常数由中间向四周逐渐变小，中间的等效介电常数及等效磁导率最大，因而基板的折射率从中间向四周逐渐变小，中间部分的折射率最大。When the substrate is selected, by adjusting the pattern, size and spatial distribution of the artificial microstructure on the substrate, the equivalent permittivity and equivalent permeability of the metamaterial can be adjusted to change the superstructure. The equivalent refractive index throughout the material. When the artificial microstructure adopts the same geometric shape, the larger the size of the artificial microstructure at a certain place, the larger the equivalent dielectric constant and the larger the refractive index of the place. The pattern of the artificial microstructure used in this embodiment is I-shaped, as shown in Figure 5A, and the distribution of the artificial microstructure on the substrate is as shown in Figure 6, as can be seen from Figure 6, the three-dimensional structure shown in Figure 5B on the substrate The size of the snowflake-like artificial microstructure whose sides are perpendicular to each other in space gradually decreases from the center to the surrounding. At the center of the substrate, the size of the snowflake-like artificial microstructure is the largest, and at the same radius from the center The size of the microstructure is the same, so the equivalent dielectric constant of the substrate gradually decreases from the middle to the surrounding, and the equivalent dielectric constant and equivalent magnetic permeability in the middle are the largest, so the refractive index of the substrate gradually decreases from the middle to the surrounding. The refractive index of the middle portion is the largest.
如图3所示，由馈源S发出的电磁波经过超材料面板汇聚后沿S1方向平行传出时，偏折角θ与折射率的关系为：Sinθ＝q·Δn(参见Metamaterials：Theory，Design，and Applications，Publisher：Springer，ISBN 1441905723，75页-76页)，其中q是沿轴向排列的人造微结构的厚度；Δn表示相邻单元的折射率变化量，且0＜q·Δn＜1，由上述公式可知，超材料面板上相邻单元的折射率变化量大小相同时，对于传输到该位置的电磁波的偏折角相同，折射率变化量越大，偏折角越大。As shown in Fig. 3, when the electromagnetic wave emitted by the feed source S is converged by the metamaterial panel and transmitted parallel to the S1 direction, the relationship between the deflection angle θ and the refractive index is: Sinθ=q·Δn (see Metamaterials: Theory, Design, and Applications, Publisher: Springer, ISBN 1441905723, pages 75-76), where q is the thickness of artificial microstructures arranged along the axial direction; Δn represents the refractive index variation of adjacent units, and 0<q·Δn<1 , it can be seen from the above formula that when the refractive index changes of adjacent units on the metamaterial panel are the same, the deflection angles of the electromagnetic waves transmitted to this position are the same, and the greater the refractive index change, the larger the deflection angle.
材料的折射率与其介电常数及磁导率存在如下关系：其中k为比例系数，k取值为正负1，ε为材料的介电常数，u为材料的磁导率，通过对超材料空间中每一点的介电常数ε的精确设计，可以实现由发射源发出的电磁波经超材料折射后平行射出的汇聚特性。The refractive index of a material has the following relationship with its permittivity and magnetic permeability: Among them, k is the proportionality coefficient, the value of k is plus or
若干人造微结构可通过人工仿真技术实现，即可由人工对具有特定电磁特性的人造微结构进行设计，将片状基板划分为多个单元，每个单元中的基材与附着在该单元上的人造微结构的等效介电常数ε与等效磁导率μ的选择方法为：Several artificial microstructures can be realized through artificial simulation technology, that is, artificial microstructures with specific electromagnetic characteristics can be manually designed, and the sheet substrate is divided into multiple units, and the base material in each unit is connected with the substrate attached to the unit. The selection method of the equivalent permittivity ε and equivalent permeability μ of the artificial microstructure is:
通过计算机仿真和实验测试，先预设发射源与超材料面板的距离，预选一个单元(包括该单元中的基材和附着在基材上具有一定几何形状的人造微结构)作为中心处的单元，将若干单元(包含不同几何参数的人造微结构)响应发射源发出的电磁波的电磁特性进行测量，存储测量得到的电磁响应曲线，确定各种不同单元结构的等效介电常数以及等效磁导率并存在于一个数据库中；然后根据公式Sinθ＝q·Δn，(参见Metamaterials：Theory，Design，andApplications，Publisher：Springer，ISBN 1441905723，75页-76页)，对于不同的偏转角度，确定折射率的变化量，确定不同半径处的折射率，根据折射率与介电常数和磁导率的关系从数据库中选择符合条件的单元结构。Through computer simulation and experimental testing, first preset the distance between the emission source and the metamaterial panel, and pre-select a unit (including the substrate in the unit and the artificial microstructure attached to the substrate with a certain geometric shape) as the unit at the center , measure the electromagnetic characteristics of several units (artificial microstructures containing different geometric parameters) in response to the electromagnetic waves emitted by the emission source, store the measured electromagnetic response curves, and determine the equivalent dielectric constant and equivalent magnetic properties of various unit structures Conductivity and exists in a database; then according to the formula Sinθ=q·Δn, (see Metamaterials: Theory, Design, and Applications, Publisher: Springer, ISBN 1441905723, pages 75-76), for different deflection angles, determine the refractive index Determine the refractive index at different radii, and select a qualified unit structure from the database according to the relationship between the refractive index and the permittivity and permeability.
上面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述，但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式，人造微结构的图案可以是二维、也可以是三维结构，不限于该实施例中使用的“工”字形(如图5A所示)，可以为“工”字形的衍生结构，可以是图5B所示的在三维空间中各条边相互垂直的雪花状及图5C和图5D所示的雪花状的衍生结构，也可以是其他的几何形状，其中不同的人造微结构可以是图案相同，但是其设计尺寸不同；也可以是图案和设计尺寸均不相同。构成超材料的基板的数量根据需要可增可减，每一片基板的结构可以相同，也可以不同，只要满足由天线单元发出的电磁波经过超材料面板传播后可以平行射出即可。The embodiments of the present invention have been described above in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned specific embodiments. The patterns of artificial microstructures can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional structures, and are not limited to the ones used in this embodiment. The "I" font (as shown in Figure 5A) can be a derivative structure of the "I" font, and can be a snowflake shape in which each side is perpendicular to each other in three-dimensional space as shown in Figure 5B and shown in Figure 5C and Figure 5D. The snowflake-like derivative structure can also be other geometric shapes, wherein different artificial microstructures can have the same pattern but different design sizes; or they can have different patterns and design sizes. The number of substrates constituting the metamaterial can be increased or decreased according to needs, and the structure of each substrate can be the same or different, as long as the electromagnetic waves emitted by the antenna unit can be emitted in parallel after propagating through the metamaterial panel.
通过使用在基站天线前端添加一超材料面板103，从而将辐射振子102产生的大部分电磁波经由超材料面板折射汇，而将辐射振子102产生的剩余部分电磁波经过反射单元101反射至超材料面板103并折射汇聚同，从而大大减少了辐射波波瓣的宽度，使基站天线10的增益得以显著提高，保证了基站天线的信号强度以确保为移动通讯无线稳定得接入。By adding a metamaterial panel 103 at the front end of the base station antenna, most of the electromagnetic waves generated by the
上述的具体实施方式仅仅是示意性的，而不是限制性的，本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的启示下，在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下，还可做出很多形式，这些均属于本发明的保护之内。The specific implementation above is only illustrative, rather than restrictive. Under the enlightenment of the present invention, those skilled in the art can also make Many forms, these all belong to the protection of the present invention.
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