技术领域technical field
本发明涉及岩体力学实验领域，具体涉及岩体结构面直剪试验中剪切面积的测量方法。The invention relates to the field of rock mass mechanics experiments, in particular to a method for measuring the shear area in the direct shear test of the rock mass structural surface.
背景技术Background technique
岩体结构面直剪试验的目的是确定岩体不连续面的抗剪参数，为岩体稳定性分析与防治提供依据，是比较常规的岩石力学试验。岩体结构面的抗剪强度是岩质边坡稳定性分析及其防治设计中最重要的力学参数之一，多年来国内外学者一直高度关注其取值问题。目前测量抗剪强度参数的方法主要有四种，即：模拟试验、参数反演、经验估算方法和直剪试验。其中，直剪试验原理简单、操作容易、成本低廉且试验周期短，因而被广泛应用于实际工程与科研教学中。The purpose of the direct shear test of the rock mass discontinuity is to determine the shear parameters of the discontinuous surface of the rock mass, and to provide a basis for the stability analysis and prevention of the rock mass. It is a relatively conventional rock mechanics test. The shear strength of rock discontinuities is one of the most important mechanical parameters in rock slope stability analysis and prevention design, and scholars at home and abroad have been paying close attention to its value for many years. At present, there are mainly four methods for measuring shear strength parameters, namely: simulation test, parameter inversion, empirical estimation method and direct shear test. Among them, the direct shear test has simple principle, easy operation, low cost and short test period, so it is widely used in practical engineering and scientific research teaching.
在直剪试验操作过程中，剪切面积的测量至关重要，直接影响试验结果。对于岩体结构面剪切面积的测量，常规的方法主要是首先将透明的蜡纸置于剪切破坏后的岩体结构面上，然后用铅笔将结构面剪切部分的轮廓手绘于透明蜡纸上，再借助网格纸逐个地数出透明蜡纸上闭合轮廓线所占的格子数，最后汇总并计算岩体结构面剪切面积。During the direct shear test operation, the measurement of the shear area is very important and directly affects the test results. For the measurement of the shear area of the structural surface of rock mass, the conventional method is to first place transparent wax paper on the structural surface of the rock mass after shear failure, and then use a pencil to hand-paint the outline of the sheared part of the structural surface on the transparent wax paper , and then count the number of grids occupied by the closed contour lines on the transparent wax paper one by one with the help of grid paper, and finally summarize and calculate the shear area of the rock mass structural plane.
常规的岩体结构面直剪试验中剪切面积的测量方法主要存在以下缺陷：The measurement method of the shear area in the direct shear test of the conventional rock mass structural surface mainly has the following defects:
（1）在描绘剪切部分面积的轮廓过程中，由于视觉角度和光线等原因，极易造成轮廓面积大于或小于实际剪切面积的误差；(1) In the process of drawing the outline of the cut area, due to the visual angle and light, it is very easy to cause the error that the outline area is larger or smaller than the actual cut area;
（2）在方格统计过程中，由于每个方格的尺寸微小（1mm×1mm），长时间观测易产生视觉疲劳，出现漏数、多数的现象；(2) In the process of grid statistics, due to the small size of each grid (1mm × 1mm ), long-term observation is easy to cause visual fatigue, and the phenomenon of missing numbers and majority occurs;
（3）在方格统计过程中，往往出现轮廓部分包含非整个方格的现象（如半个方格），通常的做法是采用四舍五入的方法，变成整数个，近似过程中引入了统计偏差；(3) In the process of grid statistics, there is often a phenomenon that the outline part contains not the entire grid (such as half a grid). The usual method is to use the rounding method to become an integer, and the statistical deviation is introduced in the approximation process. ;
（4）由于常规测量方法整个过程属于纯人工操作，工作效率较低，不适于大批量及处理中、大规模尺寸的岩体试验样本测量。(4) Since the whole process of the conventional measurement method is a purely manual operation, the work efficiency is low, and it is not suitable for the measurement of large batches and processing of medium and large-scale rock mass test samples.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明所要解决的技术问题是：为解决上述现有技术存在的缺陷，提供一种岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积的测量方法，该方法操作过程简单、便捷，并且测量准确。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for measuring the shear area of a rock mass structural surface in a direct shear test in order to solve the above-mentioned defects in the prior art. The method is simple, convenient and accurate in operation.
本发明解决其技术问题采用以下的技术方案：The present invention solves its technical problem and adopts the following technical solutions:
本发明提供的岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积的测量方法，包括以下步骤：The method for measuring the shear area of the direct shear test of the rock mass structure surface provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
（1）直剪试验后的岩体结构面照片采集，数码相机应进行垂直拍摄，采用近景摄影模式，像素≥1200万；(1) After the direct shear test, the photos of the structural surface of the rock mass are collected, and the digital camera should be used for vertical shooting, using the close-up photography mode, with pixels ≥ 12 million;
（2）对采集的岩体结构面彩色图片裁剪与填充，要求填充的颜色深于剪切部分的颜色；(2) Cutting and filling the color picture of the collected rock mass structural surface, the color of the filling is required to be darker than the color of the cut part;
（3）将裁减与填充后的岩体结构面彩色图片转换为灰阶图片；(3) Convert the color picture of the cut and filled rock mass structural surface into a grayscale picture;
（4）根据得到的岩体结构面灰阶图片，选择灰度阀值；(4) According to the obtained grayscale image of the rock mass structural plane, select the grayscale threshold;
（5）基于选择的灰度阀值T，将岩体结构面灰阶图片转换为黑白二值图片；(5) Based on the selected grayscale thresholdT , the grayscale image of the rock mass structural plane is converted into a black and white binary image;
（6）计算白色部分占整个图片的面积百分比，即岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积百分比；(6) Calculate the area percentage of the white part in the entire picture, that is, the percentage of the shear area of the rock mass structural plane direct shear test;
（7）根据拍照时采用的刻度尺作为参照物，计算出岩体结构面实际的总面积；(7) Calculate the actual total area of the rock mass structural surface according to the scale used when taking pictures as a reference;
（8）求出岩体结构面直剪试验的剪切面积S’；(8) Obtain the shear areaS' of the direct shear test on the structural surface of the rock mass;
经过上述步骤，完成对岩体结构面直剪试验中剪切面积的测量。After the above steps, the measurement of the shear area in the direct shear test of the structural surface of the rock mass is completed.
上述步骤（5）中，在将岩体结构面灰阶图片转换为黑白二值图片过程时，经灰度阀值处理后的岩体结构面图像满足，In the above step (5), when converting the gray-scale image of the rock mass structural plane into a black and white binary image, the image of the rock mass structural plane after grayscale threshold processing satisfies,
， ,
式中：T为灰度阀值；x,y为图片中每个像素点的坐标；f(x,y)为灰阶图片中每个像素点对应的灰度值函数；g(x,y)为灰阶图片转换为黑白二值图片中每个像素点对应的灰度值函数；In the formula:T is the grayscale threshold;x, y are the coordinates of each pixel in the picture;f(x,y) is the grayscale value function corresponding to each pixel in the grayscale picture;g(x,y ) is the grayscale value function corresponding to each pixel in the grayscale image converted to black and white binary image;
标注为1的像素点对应剪切点，颜色设置为白色，标注为0的像素点对应非剪切点，表现为黑色；The pixel marked as 1 corresponds to the clipping point, and the color is set to white, and the pixel marked as 0 corresponds to the non-clipping point, which is displayed as black;
所述岩体结构面为灰黑色、灰褐色、灰色的灰岩，其灰度阀值T可以为110-160。对于其它岩性和颜色的岩体结构面，灰度阀值T均可根据观测规律获得。所述其它岩性的岩体结构面是指花岗岩、砂岩、页岩或大理岩等岩体结构面，所述其它颜色的岩体结构面是指白色、灰白色或黑色等岩体结构面。The structural surface of the rock mass is gray-black, gray-brown, gray limestone, and its gray thresholdT can be 110-160. For rock structural planes of other lithologies and colors, the gray thresholdT can be obtained according to observation rules. The rock mass structural surfaces of other lithologies refer to rock mass structural surfaces such as granite, sandstone, shale or marble, and the rock mass structural surfaces of other colors refer to rock mass structural surfaces such as white, off-white or black.
本发明可以按照下述公式计算剪切部分占整个图片的百分比，即岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积百分比：The present invention can calculate the percentage of the shearing part accounting for the whole picture according to the following formula, i.e. the shearing area percentage of the direct shear test of the rock mass structural surface:
，,
式中：W为岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积百分比，Pb为图片中剪切部分像素点个数；Pt为图片中岩体结构面总像素点个数。In the formula:W is the shear area percentage of the direct shear test of the rock mass structural plane,Pb is the number of pixels in the sheared part of the picture;Pt is the total number of pixels of the rock mass structural plane in the picture.
本发明可以按照下述公式计算岩体结构面的实际面积：The present invention can calculate the actual area of rock mass structure plane according to following formula:
，,
式中：S为岩体结构面的实际面积，C为岩体结构面尺寸比例尺，a和b分别为图片中岩体结构面的长宽，A和B分别为实际中岩体结构面的长宽。In the formula:S is the actual area of the rock mass structural plane, C is the size scale of the rock mass structural plane,a andb are the length and width of the rock mass structural plane in the picture, andA andB are the actual length of the rock mass structural plane, respectively. Width.
本发明可以按照下述公式求出岩体结构面剪切试验的剪切面积S’：The present invention can work out the shear areaS ' of rock mass structural plane shear test according to following formula:
， 式中：S’为岩体结构面直剪试验的剪切面积，S为岩体结构面的实际面积；W为岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积百分比。 , where:S' is the shear area of the rock mass structural plane direct shear test, S is the actual area of the rock mass structural plane;W is the percentage of the shear area of the rock mass structural plane direct shear test.
本发明对于颜色较浅的岩样，在岩体结构面可以分离的前提下，进行直剪试验前，采用表面涂抹黑色墨水的方法进行改进，然后再进行本方法中的步骤（1）-（8），同样得到岩体结构面剪切试验的剪切面积。In the present invention, for rock samples with lighter color, on the premise that the structural surface of the rock mass can be separated, before performing the direct shear test, the method of smearing black ink on the surface is used to improve, and then the steps (1)-( 8), and also obtain the shear area of the rock mass structural plane shear test.
本发明与常规剪切面积测量方法相比，具有以下优点及突出性进步：Compared with the conventional shear area measurement method, the present invention has the following advantages and prominent progress:
其一. 操作简单：由于测量过程实现了自动化，所以操作简单，适用于颜色较深的岩体结构面直剪试验的剪切面积测量，对于颜色较浅者，可以按照本方法的步骤（9）进行改善。One. Simple operation: because the measurement process has been automated, it is easy to operate and is suitable for the shear area measurement of the darker rock mass structural surface direct shear test. For the lighter color, you can follow the steps of this method (9 ) for improvement.
其二. 实用性强：由于测量过程实现了自动化，所以能够减少地质工作者的劳动强度，改善实验环境，试验周期缩短为常规方法的50%以下，从而提高了试验工作效率和测量精度。2. Strong practicability: Since the measurement process is automated, it can reduce the labor intensity of geologists, improve the experimental environment, and shorten the test cycle to less than 50% of conventional methods, thereby improving the test work efficiency and measurement accuracy.
其二. 测量成本较低：约降低测量成本约为常规方法的80%。Second, the measurement cost is low: the measurement cost is reduced by about 80% of the conventional method.
其三. 应用广：不仅适用于水利水电、地质勘测、矿山开采、公路建设的工程应用中，同时也广泛应用于科研院所教学研究当中。3. Wide application: not only suitable for engineering applications in water conservancy and hydropower, geological survey, mining, and road construction, but also widely used in teaching and research in scientific research institutes.
总之，本发明可以解决目前常规测量方法操作复杂、步骤繁琐、工作效率低、人为误差大等缺陷，并且由于操作简单，对减轻地质工作者的工作负担，提高测量精度与工作效率，具有重要的现实意义；同时由于成本较低，易于推广。In a word, the present invention can solve the defects of conventional measurement methods such as complex operation, cumbersome steps, low work efficiency, and large human error, and because of the simple operation, it has an important role in reducing the workload of geological workers and improving measurement accuracy and work efficiency. Practical significance; at the same time, due to the low cost, it is easy to promote.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的工艺流程图。Fig. 1 is a process flow diagram of the present invention.
图2为本发明实施例照片采集示意图。Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of photo collection according to an embodiment of the present invention.
图3为本发明实施例图片的示意图(彩色图片)。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram (color picture) of pictures of an embodiment of the present invention.
图4为本发明实施例图片的裁剪示意图(彩色图片)。Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of cutting a picture (color picture) according to an embodiment of the present invention.
图5为本发明实施例图片的填充示意图(彩色图片)。Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of filling pictures (color picture) according to the embodiment of the present invention.
图6为本发明实施例的某一岩体结构面的图片(彩色图片)。Fig. 6 is a picture (color picture) of a certain rock mass structure plane according to the embodiment of the present invention.
图7为本发明实施例基于图6的图片转换的灰阶图片。FIG. 7 is a grayscale image converted based on the image in FIG. 6 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
图8为本发明实施例的某一岩体结构面灰阶图片。Fig. 8 is a grayscale picture of a certain rock mass discontinuity plane according to an embodiment of the present invention.
图9为本发明实施例基于图8灰阶图片转换的黑白二值图片。FIG. 9 is a black-and-white binary image converted based on the grayscale image in FIG. 8 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
图10为本发明实施例的数据对比的曲线。Fig. 10 is a curve of data comparison of the embodiment of the present invention.
图中：1.数码相机； 2.岩体结构面。In the figure: 1. Digital camera; 2. Rock mass structural surface.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合实施例及附图对本发明作进一步说明。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the embodiments and accompanying drawings.
本发明提供的岩体结构面直剪试验中剪切面积的测量方法，参见图1至图9，包括以下步骤：The method for measuring the shear area in the rock mass structural surface direct shear test provided by the present invention, referring to Fig. 1 to Fig. 9, may further comprise the steps:
（1）岩体结构面照片采集：(1) Photo collection of rock mass structural surface:
将剪切后的岩体结构面置于光亮处，使用普通数码相机对剪切后的岩体结构面表面进行拍照。拍照前要求将岩体结构面表面清理干净，同时用1mm精度的刻度尺作为参照物放在旁边，刻度尺应包含在图片内。参见图2-图3，拍照时数码相机1的镜头垂直对焦岩体结构面2，选择近景模式进行拍摄，避免角度引起的误差，像素最好不低于1200万像素，获取清晰的岩体结构面彩色图片。Place the cut rock mass structural surface in a bright place, and use an ordinary digital camera to take pictures of the cut rock mass structural surface surface. Before taking pictures, it is required to clean the surface of the rock mass structural surface, and at the same time, use a scale with a precision of 1mm as a reference object, and the scale should be included in the picture. See Figures 2-3. When taking pictures, the lens of the digital camera 1 focuses vertically on the rock mass structure surface 2, and selects the close-up mode for shooting to avoid errors caused by angles. The pixels should preferably be no less than 12 million pixels to obtain a clear rock mass structure face color pictures.
（2）图片的裁剪和填充：(2) Cropping and filling of pictures:
拍摄的岩体结构面彩色图片，除了岩体结构面本身，作为参照的比例尺和周围多余的混凝土试块均在照片中，在进行岩体结构面剪切面积统计时，这些范围是不应该给予计算的，因此需要将这些范围进行裁剪。又由于岩体结构面形状为近长方形，但不是规则的长方形，并且在试样浇筑过程中，部分混凝土覆盖于岩体结构面边缘处，这些不规则以及混凝土覆盖的部分应该进行图像处理，填充为比剪切部分更深的颜色（图4-图5）。In the color pictures of the structural surface of the rock mass, except for the structural surface of the rock mass itself, the scale used as a reference and the surrounding redundant concrete test blocks are all in the photo. When calculating the shear area of the structural surface of the rock mass, these ranges should not be given Calculated, so these ranges need to be clipped. Since the shape of the structural surface of the rock mass is nearly rectangular, but not regular, and during the sample pouring process, part of the concrete covers the edge of the structural surface of the rock mass, these irregular and concrete-covered parts should be image-processed and filled. to a darker color than the cutout (picture 4-picture 5).
该步骤可以在Adobe Photoshop、MATLAB等图像处理软件中进行实现。实际研究中，是基于MATLAB软件进行编程处理的，但是为了使操作过程通俗易懂，现以应用更加广泛的Adobe Photoshop(Adobe Photoshop CS3 中文版)软件为例加以说明。This step can be implemented in image processing software such as Adobe Photoshop and MATLAB. In the actual research, the programming process is based on MATLAB software, but in order to make the operation process easy to understand, the more widely used Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Photoshop CS3 Chinese version) software is used as an example to illustrate.
具体操作步骤是：运用工具箱中的矩形选框工具对图片进行裁剪，提取出我们所研究的岩体结构面（图4）；然后利用工具箱中的油漆桶工具，结合工具箱中的多边形套索工具精确提取研究区域，并将非研究区域填充为深颜色（图5）。The specific operation steps are: use the rectangular marquee tool in the toolbox to crop the picture to extract the rock mass structure surface we are studying (Figure 4); then use the paint bucket tool in the toolbox to combine the polygons in the toolbox The lasso tool precisely extracts the study area and fills the non-study area with a dark color (Figure 5).
（3）彩色图片转换为灰阶图片：(3) Convert color pictures to grayscale pictures:
该步骤利用了数字图像处理中的图像分割技术。该技术就是根据研究的需求，把待处理的图像分割成具有独特性质的、特定的若干个区域，并进一步提出研究者所感兴趣目标的技术与过程。作为图像处理和图像分析的关键步骤，根据采用的方法，图像分割技术主要分为以下几类：基于阀值、基于区域、基于边缘、基于特定理论的图像分割技术等。目前比较常用的图像分割技术是基于灰度阀值的方法。由于是基于灰度阀值，因此首先必须将采集的岩体结构面彩色照片进行灰度处理，使原彩色图片变为灰阶图片（图6-图7）。在这个过程中，图像的灰度信息是没有发生变化的。This step utilizes image segmentation techniques in digital image processing. This technology is to divide the image to be processed into several specific regions with unique properties according to the needs of the research, and further propose the technology and process of the target of interest to the researcher. As a key step in image processing and image analysis, image segmentation techniques are mainly divided into the following categories according to the method adopted: threshold-based, region-based, edge-based, and specific theory-based image segmentation techniques, etc. At present, the commonly used image segmentation technology is based on the gray threshold method. Because it is based on the grayscale threshold, it is first necessary to perform grayscale processing on the collected color photos of the structural surface of the rock mass, so that the original color pictures can be converted into grayscale pictures (Figure 6-Figure 7). In this process, the grayscale information of the image does not change.
在将照相机拍摄的岩体结构面剪切后的表面彩色图片转换成灰阶图片过程中，一张灰阶图像就是一个矩阵，矩阵中每一个数字对应图像中的每一个像素，并且矩阵中的数字大小代表像素的灰度值，取值范围是0-255。其中，0在灰阶图像中显示黑色，255代表白色。In the process of converting the surface color image cut from the rock structure plane captured by the camera into a grayscale image, a grayscale image is a matrix, each number in the matrix corresponds to each pixel in the image, and the number in the matrix corresponds to each pixel in the image. The size of the number represents the gray value of the pixel, and the value range is 0-255. Among them, 0 represents black in the grayscale image, and 255 represents white.
该步骤可以在Adobe Photoshop、MATLAB等图像处理软件中进行实现，比如在Adobe Photoshop CS3 (中文版)软件中，具体操作步骤是：可以运用菜单栏中图像(I)→调整(A)→Black & White…工具实现彩色图像向灰阶图片的转换。This step can be implemented in Adobe Photoshop, MATLAB and other image processing software, for example, in Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Chinese version) software, the specific operation steps are: you can use Image (I)→Adjustment (A)→Black & The White... tool realizes the conversion of color images to grayscale images.
（4）选择灰度阀值T：(4) Select the gray thresholdT :
在岩体结构面直剪试验剪切过程中，结构面表面接触的部位，由于受到摩擦破坏，产生岩石碎屑，出现擦痕，较周围没有剪切部位，一般来说颜色较浅，这也正是采用常规剪切面积测量方法进行统计的依据。本发明同样根据这一现象，利用图像分割技术，将岩体结构面图像中受到剪切（颜色相对较浅）部位进行提取。During the shearing process of the direct shear test on the structural surface of the rock mass, the parts in contact with the surface of the structural surface will produce rock debris and scratches due to friction and damage. Compared with the surrounding parts without shearing, generally speaking, the color is lighter, which is also It is the basis for statistics using the conventional shear area measurement method. Also based on this phenomenon, the present invention uses the image segmentation technology to extract the sheared (relatively lighter) parts in the image of the rock mass discontinuity plane.
灰度阀值T的确定，需要根据多次观测规律，进行目视检查直方图，寻找出剪切（颜色相对较浅）部位灰度的最小值，从而确定最终阀值T，本发明中所述岩体结构面为灰黑色、灰褐色、灰色的灰岩，其灰度阀值T可以为110-160。对于其它岩性和颜色的岩体结构面，灰度阀值T均可根据观测规律获得。所述其它岩性的岩体结构面是指花岗岩、砂岩、页岩或大理岩等岩体结构面，所述其它颜色的岩体结构面是指白色、灰白色或黑色等岩体结构面。The determination of the grayscale thresholdT requires visual inspection of the histogram according to the law of multiple observations to find the minimum value of the grayscale of the cut (relatively lighter) part, thereby determining the final thresholdT. The structural surface of the rock mass is gray-black, gray-brown, gray limestone, and its gray thresholdT can be 110-160. For rock structural planes of other lithologies and colors, the gray thresholdT can be obtained according to observation rules. The rock mass structural surfaces of other lithologies refer to rock mass structural surfaces such as granite, sandstone, shale or marble, and the rock mass structural surfaces of other colors refer to rock mass structural surfaces such as white, off-white or black.
该步骤可以在Adobe Photoshop、MATLAB等图像处理软件中进行实现，比如在Adobe Photoshop CS3 (中文版)软件中，具体操作步骤是：利用工具栏中魔棒工具，点击灰阶图片中剪切（颜色相对较浅）部位，此时在窗口右上方的直方图中便可显示该部位的灰度值。因为越亮的部位灰度值越大，图片中剪切（颜色相对较浅）部位往往不是一个固定值，因此我们必须多次操作，重复该过程，直至寻找出剪切（颜色相对较浅）部位的灰度最小值，即灰度阀值T。This step can be realized in image processing software such as Adobe Photoshop, MATLAB, such as in Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Chinese version) software, concrete operation steps are: utilize magic wand tool in the tool bar, click and cut (color Relatively shallow), the gray value of this part can be displayed in the histogram at the top right of the window. Because the gray value of the brighter part is larger, the clipping (relatively lighter color) part in the picture is often not a fixed value, so we have to operate multiple times and repeat the process until we find the clipping (relatively lighter color) The minimum gray value of the part is the gray thresholdT.
（5）灰阶图片转换为黑白二值图片：(5) Convert a grayscale image to a black and white binary image:
该转换的目的是将图像中结构面剪切部分区域提取出来，其原理是基于步骤（4）中所选择的灰度阀值T进行处理，将岩体结构面灰阶图片转换为黑白二值图片（图8-图9），其中白色区域为剪切部分，黑色区域为非剪切部分。The purpose of this conversion is to extract the sheared part of the structural plane in the image. The principle is to process it based on the gray thresholdT selected in step (4), and convert the gray scale image of the structural plane of the rock mass into a black and white binary value. Picture (Figure 8-Figure 9), where the white area is the cut part, and the black area is the non-cut part.
现假设岩体结构面图像的直方图对应函数，该图像由非剪切与剪切两部分组成，在灰阶图像中，非剪切与剪切部分的像素会具有两种主要模式的灰度级，本发明所采用的分割技术便是选取一个灰度阀值T来分离这两种模式的像素。任何满足的像素点称为剪切点（对象点）；任何满足的像素点则称为非剪切点（背景点）。即，经灰度阀值T处理后的岩体结构面图像满足，Assume now that the histogram corresponding function of rock discontinuity image , the image is composed of non-cut and cut parts. In the grayscale image, the pixels in the non-cut and cut parts will have two main modes of gray levels. The segmentation technology adopted in the present invention is to select A grayscale thresholdT to separate the pixels of these two modes. any satisfaction pixels is called the cut point (object point); any satisfying The pixel points are called non-clipping points (background points). That is, the image of the discontinuity surface of the rock mass processed by the gray threshold T satisfy,
（1）， (1),
式中：T为灰度阀值；x,y为图片中每个像素点的坐标；f(x,y)为灰阶图片中每个像素点对应的灰度值函数；g(x,y)为灰阶图片转换为黑白二值图片中每个像素点对应的灰度值函数。In the formula:T is the grayscale threshold;x, y are the coordinates of each pixel in the picture;f(x,y) is the grayscale value function corresponding to each pixel in the grayscale picture;g(x,y ) is the grayscale value function corresponding to each pixel in the grayscale image converted to a black and white binary image.
标注为1的像素点对应剪切点，颜色设置为白色，标注为0的像素点对应非剪切点，表现为黑色。The pixel marked as 1 corresponds to the clipping point, and the color is set to white, and the pixel marked as 0 corresponds to the non-clipping point, which is displayed as black.
该步骤可以在Adobe Photoshop、MATLAB等图像处理软件中进行实现，比如在Adobe Photoshop CS3 (中文版)软件中，具体操作步骤是：可以运用菜单栏中图像(I)→阀值(T)工具，点击后会出现一对话框，将步骤（4）中所选择的灰度阀值T填入阀值色阶中，便可实现灰阶图片向黑白二值图片的转换，图中，白色部分便是岩体结构面直剪试验中的剪切部分。This step can be realized in Adobe Photoshop, MATLAB and other image processing software, such as in Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Chinese version) software, the specific operation steps are: you can use the image (I)→threshold (T) tool in the menu bar, After clicking, a dialog box will appear, fill the grayscale thresholdT selected in step (4) into the threshold color scale, and then the conversion from grayscale image to black and white binary image can be realized. In the figure, the white part is It is the shear part in the direct shear test of the rock mass structural plane.
（6）根据公式（2）计算白色部分（剪切部分）占整个图片的百分比，即岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积百分比：(6) Calculate the percentage of the white part (sheared part) in the entire picture according to formula (2), that is, the percentage of the sheared area of the direct shear test of the rock mass structural plane:
（2）， (2),
式中：W为岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积百分比，Sb为图片中剪切部分面积，St为图片中岩体结构面总面积。In the formula:W is the percentage of the shear area of the rock mass structural plane in the direct shear test,Sb is the area of the sheared part in the picture, andSt is the total area of the rock mass structural plane in the picture.
由步骤（4）可知，一张岩体结构面灰阶图片是由大量的像素点按照矩阵的方式排列组合而成，如果肉眼通过放大镜观察照片，即可以看到排列整齐的小格子，其中每一个小格子即为一个像素点。像素点是图片中的最小显示单位，我们可以通过计算像素点百分比来得到剪切面积百分比，并且该方式也便于在计算机上操作，提高工作效率，减少人为误差。因此，最终式（2）可转换为式（3）进行求解，It can be seen from step (4) that a grayscale image of a rock mass structural surface is composed of a large number of pixels arranged in a matrix. If you observe the photo with a magnifying glass, you can see neatly arranged small grids, each of which A small grid is a pixel. A pixel is the smallest display unit in a picture. We can calculate the percentage of the clipping area by calculating the percentage of the pixel, and this method is also easy to operate on a computer, improving work efficiency and reducing human error. Therefore, the final formula (2) can be transformed into formula (3) for solution,
（3）， (3),
式中：W为岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积百分比，Pb为图片中剪切部分像素点个数；Pt为图片中岩体结构面总像素点个数。In the formula:W is the shear area percentage of the direct shear test of the rock mass structural plane,Pb is the number of pixels in the sheared part of the picture;Pt is the total number of pixels of the rock mass structural plane in the picture.
该步骤可以在Adobe Photoshop、MATLAB等图像处理软件中进行实现，比如在Adobe Photoshop CS3 (中文版)软件中，可以在直方图信息窗口中计算出岩体结构面直剪试验剪切面积百分比W。This step can be implemented in image processing software such as Adobe Photoshop, MATLAB, etc. For example, in Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Chinese version) software, the shear area percentageW of the direct shear test of the rock mass structural plane can be calculated in the histogram information window.
（7）岩体结构面的实际面积S：(7) The actual areaS of the structural plane of the rock mass:
根据拍照时采用的刻度尺作为参照物，可以得出图片中岩体结构面尺寸比例尺C，如果图片中岩体结构面的长宽分别为a和b，那么实际中岩体结构面的长宽应为A=a×C和B=b×C，所以岩体结构面的实际面积为，According to the scale used as a reference when taking pictures, the size scaleC of the rock mass structural surface in the picture can be obtained. If the length and width of the rock mass structural surface in the picture area andb respectively, then the actual length and width of the rock mass structural surface should beA=a×C andB=b×C , so the actual area of the rock mass structural plane is,
（4）， (4),
（8）求出岩体结构面剪切试验的剪切面积S’：(8) Calculate the shear areaS' of the rock mass structural plane shear test:
该步骤是根据图像方法求得岩体结构面直剪试验中的剪切面积，分别由步骤（6）和（7）测量出的剪切部分占总面积的百分比W以及岩体结构面的实际总面积S，那么剪切面积为：This step is to obtain the shear area in the direct shear test of the rock mass structural plane according to the image method, the percentageW of the sheared part of the total area measured by steps (6) and (7) and the actual area of the rock mass structural plane The total areaS , then the shear area is:
（5）。 (5).
按公式（5）求出岩体结构面剪切试验的剪切面积S’，参见表1和图10，与常规方法计算的剪切面积S’’的结果具有很好的一致性。但是，工作效率及精度较常规方法大大提高。According to the formula (5), the shear areaS' of the rock mass structural plane shear test is obtained, see Table 1 and Figure 10, and the result of the shear areaS'' calculated by the conventional method is in good agreement. However, the work efficiency and precision are greatly improved compared with conventional methods.
（9）再改进，如果所试验岩样颜色较浅，剪切破坏后颜色差异较小时，在岩体结构面可以分离的前提下，进行直剪试验前，先在岩体结构面表面涂抹一层黑色墨水，然后进行步骤（1）-（8），同样可以得到理想效果。(9) Further improvement, if the color of the rock sample to be tested is relatively light, and the color difference after shear failure is small, on the premise that the rock mass structural surface can be separated, before performing the direct shear test, first smear a Layer black ink, and then proceed to steps (1)-(8), you can also get the desired effect.
经过上述步骤，实现对岩体结构面直剪试验中剪切面积的测量。Through the above steps, the measurement of the shear area in the direct shear test of the structural surface of the rock mass is realized.
附表schedule
表1Table 1
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210255330.6ACN102749046B (en) | 2012-07-23 | 2012-07-23 | Method for measuring shearing area of rock structural plane in direct shear test |
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210255330.6ACN102749046B (en) | 2012-07-23 | 2012-07-23 | Method for measuring shearing area of rock structural plane in direct shear test |
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102749046A CN102749046A (en) | 2012-10-24 |
| CN102749046Btrue CN102749046B (en) | 2015-04-22 |
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210255330.6AActiveCN102749046B (en) | 2012-07-23 | 2012-07-23 | Method for measuring shearing area of rock structural plane in direct shear test |
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN102749046B (en) |
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105910906A (en)* | 2016-06-17 | 2016-08-31 | 三峡大学 | Numerical description method of marble post-peak brittleness-malleability-plasticity conversation mechanical property |
| CN106053256A (en)* | 2016-08-09 | 2016-10-26 | 南华大学 | Method for calculating shear strength index of rock mass structural plane |
| CN106556541B (en)* | 2016-09-28 | 2019-01-25 | 同济大学 | An experimental method for studying the evolution of rock joint surface morphology during the whole shearing process |
| CN107144243A (en)* | 2017-04-19 | 2017-09-08 | 中国电力科学研究院 | A kind of method and system for measuring rock mass discontinuity failure by shear area |
| CN107132132B (en)* | 2017-05-15 | 2020-08-04 | 重庆大学 | Shear test device and test method for rock fracture surface at any angle |
| CN107655807B (en)* | 2017-09-13 | 2019-12-10 | 广西大学 | Analysis method of water permeability efficiency of permeable concrete based on sinking index |
| CN107782640B (en)* | 2017-10-20 | 2020-07-31 | 东北大学 | A method for the detection of water homogeneity and the calculation of diffusion coefficient of rock specimens |
| CN111043962A (en)* | 2018-03-01 | 2020-04-21 | 杭州富阳新远新能源有限公司 | Ball seat painting area for automobile ball hinge joint and partition detection method thereof |
| CN108734714B (en)* | 2018-06-06 | 2022-11-25 | 中国地质大学（北京） | A Method of Analyzing Carbonate Rock Structure Based on Matlab |
| CN109522382B (en)* | 2018-11-14 | 2020-09-29 | 国家基础地理信息中心 | Spatial data gridding statistical method and device |
| CN110243698A (en)* | 2019-06-03 | 2019-09-17 | 绍兴文理学院 | A fast calculation method for surface shear loss area based on the whole process visualization test of structural surface |
| CN114945938A (en)* | 2020-10-30 | 2022-08-26 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Detection method of defect actual area, detection method and device of display panel |
| CN113284092A (en)* | 2021-04-28 | 2021-08-20 | 中国地质大学（武汉） | Automatic identification method and device for structural plane shearing failure area based on feature matching |
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN201555778U (en)* | 2009-12-01 | 2010-08-18 | 杜时贵 | Multiscale large rock mass structural plane direct shear tester |
| CN101865679A (en)* | 2010-06-18 | 2010-10-20 | 杭州双树科技有限公司 | A Plane Area Measurement Method Based on Digital Image Technology |
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000304523A (en)* | 1999-04-20 | 2000-11-02 | Kobukuro Iron Works Co Ltd | Sectional area measuring method of belt conveyer carrying object |
| JP2007017163A (en)* | 2005-07-05 | 2007-01-25 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | Evaluation method for granular products |
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN201555778U (en)* | 2009-12-01 | 2010-08-18 | 杜时贵 | Multiscale large rock mass structural plane direct shear tester |
| CN101865679A (en)* | 2010-06-18 | 2010-10-20 | 杭州双树科技有限公司 | A Plane Area Measurement Method Based on Digital Image Technology |
| Title |
|---|
| DWTT试验剪切面积百分数测定方法的研究;任立志等;《冶金分析》;20100930;第30卷;第1317页第1栏第1段-第2栏第1段，第1318页最后1段，附图4-6* |
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102749046A (en) | 2012-10-24 |
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102749046B (en) | Method for measuring shearing area of rock structural plane in direct shear test | |
| Valero et al. | Automated defect detection and classification in ashlar masonry walls using machine learning | |
| Ratti et al. | Urban texture analysis with image processing techniques | |
| CN102175700B (en) | Method for detecting welding seam segmentation and defects of digital X-ray images | |
| Lallensack et al. | Photogrammetry in ichnology: 3D model generation, visualisation, and data extraction | |
| CN103969168B (en) | A kind of method for quantitatively determining of loose mineral cross-sectional hole rate | |
| WO2019134252A1 (en) | Method and device for automated portrayal and accurate measurement of width of structural crack | |
| CN105045950A (en) | Three-dimensional laser scan based bridge safety evaluation system | |
| CN112819066A (en) | Res-UNet single tree species classification technology | |
| CN104331686B (en) | A kind of soil surface improving straw mulching rate human assistance identifying system | |
| CN102353622A (en) | Monitoring and measuring method for dust concentration in working faces in underground coal mine | |
| CN104268830A (en) | Digital-image-based method for determining permeability coefficient of nonuniform geotechnical material | |
| CN108805863A (en) | The method of depth convolutional neural networks combining form detection image variation | |
| CN110047146B (en) | An error correction method based on 3D restoration of a single rotating body image | |
| CN111626358A (en) | Tunnel surrounding rock grading method based on BIM picture recognition | |
| CN114428110A (en) | Method and system for detecting defects of fluorescent magnetic powder inspection image of bearing ring | |
| CN105654482A (en) | Digital image technology-based soil-rock mixture representative element volume size determining method | |
| Nespeca et al. | Point cloud segmentation in heritage preservation. advanced digital process for historical houses | |
| Kim et al. | Application of photogrammetry and image analysis for rock slope investigation | |
| CN116503331A (en) | Rapid and intelligent analysis method for rock mass quality grade | |
| CN205301075U (en) | Survey impact specimen fracture fibre section rate system | |
| Anangsha et al. | A new autonomous program customized for computing surface cracks in an unsaturated soil in a 1-D column | |
| Peterson et al. | Robust test of the flatbed scanner for air-void characterization in hardened concrete | |
| CN114705517A (en) | Characterization method and system for machine-made sand concrete homogeneity | |
| CN103761525A (en) | Micro-CT digital image processing-based component detection method of cathode carbon block for aluminium electrolysis |
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| ASS | Succession or assignment of patent right | Owner name:WUHAN ZHONGDI LARGE ASSET MANAGEMENT CO., LTD. Free format text:FORMER OWNER: CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCES (WUHAN) Effective date:20150902 | |
| C41 | Transfer of patent application or patent right or utility model | ||
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right | Effective date of registration:20150902 Address after:430074 Wuhan Road, Hongshan, Shandong Province, Lu Lu Road, No. 388, No. Patentee after:Wuhan in the big asset management Co., Ltd. Address before:430074 Wuhan Road, Hongshan, Shandong Province, Lu Lu Road, No. 388, No. Patentee before:China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) | |
| C41 | Transfer of patent application or patent right or utility model | ||
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right | Effective date of registration:20160205 Address after:430206 Hubei province high tech Development Zone, East Lake high tech Avenue, No. 999, the future of science and technology city overseas talent building, block A, building, building 4 Patentee after:WUHAN GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE CO., LTD. Address before:430074 Wuhan Road, Hongshan, Shandong Province, Lu Lu Road, No. 388, No. Patentee before:Wuhan in the big asset management Co., Ltd. | |
| C41 | Transfer of patent application or patent right or utility model | ||
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right | Effective date of registration:20160302 Address after:430206 999 hi tech Avenue, East Lake New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei Patentee after:Central light technology transfer Co Ltd Address before:430206 Hubei province high tech Development Zone, East Lake high tech Avenue, No. 999, the future of science and technology city overseas talent building, block A, building, building 4 Patentee before:WUHAN GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE CO., LTD. |