技术领域technical field
本发明涉及农业领域，具体涉及一种高效、低成本控制农药流失的方法。The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to a method for controlling pesticide loss with high efficiency and low cost.
背景技术Background technique
农药是农业保产丰收的保证。全世界由于病、虫、草、鼠害而损失的农作物收获量相当于潜在收获量的三分之一，如果一旦停止用药或严重的用药不当，一年后将减少收成25-40％，两年后将减少40-60％以至绝产。我国平均每年由于农药挽回粮食2500万吨、棉花40万吨、蔬菜800万吨、果品330万吨，减少经济损失约300亿元。传统的施药方法因风吹、日晒、雨淋而造成的农药流失和分解通常达60％-80％，造成有效成分释放速度快，药效持效时间短等问题，因此反复喷施，用药量成倍增长，造成生态系统平衡被破坏，土壤环境和水体环境污染日益严重，而且还会引起病虫害的抗药性。因此，着眼于现有的农药品种加工剂型和配方的改进，物理化学性能的改良，高效、低毒、低残留农药的研制，使用方法的改进等成为现代农业生产急需解决的重要问题。在诸多方法中，农药缓释技术展现出蓬勃发展之势，成为现代农药发展的主要方向之一。这是因为，缓释技术旨在根据病虫害发生规律、特点及环境条件，将农药制成以必要剂量、在特定的时间内、持续稳定地到达需要场所，以保持足够的持效期，既能经济、安全、有效地合理地控制病虫害，又把农药对环境的污染降至最低限度。Pesticides are the guarantee of agricultural production and bumper harvest. The harvest of crops lost due to diseases, insects, weeds, and rodents in the world is equivalent to one-third of the potential harvest. If the use of drugs is stopped or serious inappropriate use of drugs, the harvest will be reduced by 25-40% after one year. Years later it will be reduced by 40-60% or even become extinct. In my country, on average, 25 million tons of grain, 400,000 tons of cotton, 8 million tons of vegetables, and 3.3 million tons of fruit are saved every year due to pesticides, reducing economic losses by about 30 billion yuan. The loss and decomposition of pesticides caused by wind, sun, and rain in traditional pesticide application methods usually reach 60%-80%, resulting in problems such as fast release of active ingredients and short duration of drug effects. Therefore, repeated spraying, The dosage of medicines has doubled, resulting in the destruction of the balance of the ecological system, the pollution of the soil environment and water environment is becoming more and more serious, and it will also cause the resistance of diseases and insect pests. Therefore, focusing on the improvement of the processing formulations and formulations of existing pesticide varieties, the improvement of physical and chemical properties, the development of high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and low-residue pesticides, and the improvement of application methods have become important issues that need to be solved urgently in modern agricultural production. Among many methods, pesticide slow-release technology has shown a trend of vigorous development and has become one of the main directions of modern pesticide development. This is because the slow-release technology aims to make the pesticides reach the required places continuously and stably in the necessary dosage, within a specific time, according to the occurrence rules, characteristics and environmental conditions of the pests and diseases, so as to maintain a sufficient duration. Economical, safe, effective and reasonable control of pests and diseases, and minimize the pollution of pesticides to the environment.
目前农药缓释剂主要分为物理型和化学型两大类，前者主要依靠高分子化合物与原药间的物理结合形成，包括微胶囊体、均一体、包结化合物以及吸附性制品等；后者是原药与高分子化合物之间通过化学反应结合而成，包括原药与高分子直接结合、交联结合以及络合等多种方式。其中以物理型缓释剂的发展尤为迅速。虽然现有农药缓释技术取得了不同程度的成功，但是还存在着或多或少的问题，如缓释效率不高、造成二次污染等，且大多因工艺复杂、成本较高难以大规模推广应用。由于目前我国缓释技术还比较落后，缓释材料制备工艺尚不成熟，还难以精准、科学的控制农药释放速率，再加上病虫害发生的影响因素很多，其规律较为复杂，因此释放速率和病虫害发生规律难以匹配，容易造成有虫无药或有药无虫的结果，这样不仅造成了农药的流失和浪费，还不能达到理想的防治效果。At present, pesticide sustained-release agents are mainly divided into two categories: physical type and chemical type. The former is mainly formed by the physical combination between polymer compounds and the original drug, including microcapsules, homogeneous bodies, inclusion compounds, and adsorption products; The former is formed by the chemical reaction between the original drug and the polymer compound, including the direct combination of the original drug and the polymer, cross-linking, and complexation. Among them, the development of physical sustained-release agents is particularly rapid. Although the existing pesticide slow-release technology has achieved varying degrees of success, there are still more or less problems, such as low slow-release efficiency, secondary pollution, etc., and most of them are difficult to scale up due to complex processes and high costs. Promote apps. Since the slow-release technology in our country is still relatively backward at present, the preparation technology of slow-release materials is still immature, and it is difficult to accurately and scientifically control the release rate of pesticides. In addition, there are many factors affecting the occurrence of pests and diseases, and their laws are relatively complicated. Therefore, the release rate and pests and diseases It is difficult to match the regularity of occurrence, and it is easy to cause insects but no medicine or medicine but no insects. This not only results in the loss and waste of pesticides, but also fails to achieve the desired control effect.
南京师范大学一项研究表明，树叶表面的粗糙程度与其滞尘能力是正相关的。我们受此启发，发明了一种控制农药流失的方法，主要通过控失材料将农药分子附着在植物叶面和土壤表面上，降低其迁移率，减少挥发，提高其抗遇水淋洗能力，从而达到控制流失的目的。农药控失技术与现有缓释技术的区别在于：一是科学目标不同，前者是针对农药分子的流失，而后者是针对农药分子的释放速率；二是原理不同，前者是通过改性黏土自组装形成微纳网络结构将农药分子固定在叶面和土壤表面，而后者是通过微胶囊、化学键、吸附、包裹等方法降低农药分子释放速率；三是供养方法不同，前者是形成“农药库”，按“随需随取”供给病虫害，不存在释放速率问题，不会造成“有虫无药”的结果，而后者是释放出的农药才能被用来防治病虫害。A study by Nanjing Normal University showed that the roughness of the leaf surface is positively correlated with its ability to hold dust. Inspired by this, we invented a method to control the loss of pesticides, mainly by attaching pesticide molecules to plant leaves and soil surfaces through loss-controlling materials, reducing their mobility, reducing volatilization, and improving their ability to resist water leaching. So as to achieve the purpose of controlling loss. The difference between the pesticide loss control technology and the existing slow-release technology lies in: first, the scientific goals are different, the former is aimed at the loss of pesticide molecules, while the latter is aimed at the release rate of pesticide molecules; second, the principles are different, the former is through the modified clay. The assembly forms a micro-nano network structure to fix the pesticide molecules on the leaf surface and the soil surface, while the latter reduces the release rate of the pesticide molecules through microcapsules, chemical bonds, adsorption, encapsulation, etc.; the third is the different feeding methods, the former is to form a "pesticide library" , According to the "on-demand" supply of pests and diseases, there is no release rate problem, and it will not cause the result of "there are insects but no drugs", and the latter is the released pesticides that can be used to control pests and diseases.
本发明提供一种新型、高效率、低成本、工艺简单的控制农药流失的方法，容易为相关企业和农民接受，易于大面积推广应用，从而可以缓解传统农药施用造成的环境、经济和社会问题。The present invention provides a novel, high-efficiency, low-cost, and simple-process method for controlling the loss of pesticides, which is easily accepted by relevant enterprises and farmers, and easy to be popularized and applied in large areas, thereby alleviating the environmental, economic and social problems caused by traditional pesticide application .
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了缓解现有技术的不足和缺陷，本发明提供了一种高效、低成本的控制农药流失的方法。In order to alleviate the deficiencies and defects of the prior art, the present invention provides an efficient and low-cost method for controlling the loss of pesticides.
本发明采用如下技术方案：The present invention adopts following technical scheme:
高效、低成本的控制农药流失的方法，其特征在于包括以下步骤：The method for controlling the loss of pesticides with high efficiency and low cost is characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
(1)将胶体级凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土、木屑、壳聚糖、非离子型聚丙烯酰胺和预糊化淀粉按照75-100∶25-40∶25-40∶10-20∶10-20∶1-5∶10-20质量比进行复配制得控失剂，其中凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土以及木屑的粒径为200-300目，壳聚糖、聚丙烯酰胺、预糊化淀粉的的粒径为50-300目；(1) Colloidal grade attapulgite, diatomite, kaolin, wood chips, chitosan, non-ionic polyacrylamide and pregelatinized starch according to 75-100: 25-40: 25-40: 10-20: The mass ratio of 10-20:1-5:10-20 is compounded to obtain the loss control agent, wherein the particle size of attapulgite, diatomite, kaolin and sawdust is 200-300 mesh, chitosan, polyacrylamide, The particle size of pregelatinized starch is 50-300 mesh;
(2)按照10-20％的质量比将步骤(1)的控制剂均匀添加到农药中，通过圆盘、摇摆或挤压造粒得到控失农药颗粒剂。(2) Add the control agent in the step (1) evenly to the pesticide according to the mass ratio of 10-20%, and obtain the loss-controlling pesticide granule by disc, shaking or extrusion granulation.
所述的高效、低成本的控制农药流失的方法，其特征在于：所述的农药包括杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀线虫剂、除草剂和植物生长调节剂。The method for controlling the loss of pesticides with high efficiency and low cost is characterized in that: the pesticides include insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators.
所述的高效、低成本的控制农药流失的方法，其特征在于：所述的控失农药可以制成粉剂或控失农药乳液。The high-efficiency and low-cost method for controlling pesticide loss is characterized in that the loss-controlling pesticide can be made into powder or emulsion.
所述的高效、低成本的控制农药流失的方法，其特征在于控失农药乳液制备方法为：将胶体级凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土、木屑以及预糊化淀粉按照75-100∶25-40∶25-40∶10-20∶10-20质量比进行复配制得控失剂，然后经过高速剪切10-30min，控制转速为15000转/分钟，粒径要求为500-700目；然后，按照10-30％的质量比均匀添加到农药乳油中，农药包括杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀线虫剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂，超声10-20min，分装即为控失农药乳液。The high-efficiency and low-cost method for controlling the loss of pesticides is characterized in that the method for preparing the pesticide loss-controlled emulsion is: mix colloidal grade attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, wood chips and pregelatinized starch at a ratio of 75-100:25 - 40: 25-40: 10-20: 10-20 mass ratio is compounded to obtain the loss control agent, and then undergoes high-speed shearing for 10-30 minutes, the control speed is 15000 rpm, and the particle size is required to be 500-700 mesh; Then, according to the mass ratio of 10-30%, it is evenly added to the pesticide emulsifiable concentrate. Pesticides include insecticides, fungicides, nematocides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators. Ultrasonic for 10-20 minutes, and the packaging is the loss control pesticide. lotion.
本发明的原理为：对于控失农药颗粒剂和粉剂：凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土、木屑以及预糊化淀粉遇水后在聚丙烯酰胺、壳聚糖的高分子架桥、卷扫和网捕作用下，发生胶体脱稳并自组装成微纳网络结构，通过氢键、范德华力和粘滞力等作用“网捕”并固定住农药活性分子，放大其空间尺寸，降低它们从农药颗粒内部向外的迁移速率。同时，粗糙的叶面和土壤表面微观结构可以有效将凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土、木屑以及预糊化淀粉附着其上，可以增强其抗遇水淋洗能力，从而减少其流失、延长药效、降低施药量和频次、提高利用率、最大程度降低其对人体健康和环境的毒害作用。The principle of the present invention is: for loss control pesticide granules and powders: attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, wood chips and pregelatinized starch are bridged and swept by polymers of polyacrylamide and chitosan after being exposed to water. Under the action of catching and netting, the colloid destabilizes and self-assembles into a micro-nano network structure, "netting" and fixing the active pesticide molecules through hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces and viscous forces, enlarging their spatial dimensions and reducing them from The rate of migration from the inside of the pesticide particle to the outside. At the same time, the rough leaf surface and soil surface microstructure can effectively attach attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, wood chips and pregelatinized starch to it, which can enhance its resistance to water leaching, thereby reducing its loss and prolonging the life of the soil. Improve the efficacy, reduce the amount and frequency of application, improve the utilization rate, and minimize its toxic effects on human health and the environment.
对于控失农药乳液：胶体级凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土、木屑具有较大的比表面积和多孔结构，可以将农药分子固定其中；预糊化淀粉可以在凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土、木屑表面起到修饰作用，使其具有良好的分散性，添加到农药乳液中可以形成均匀稳定的农药制剂；具有较好的流变性，可以牢固地附着在粗糙的页面和土壤表面，不易随水流失和挥发。For loss-controlling pesticide emulsion: colloidal grade attapulgite, diatomite, kaolin, and wood chips have a large specific surface area and porous structure, which can fix pesticide molecules; pregelatinized starch can be used in attapulgite, diatomite, The surface of kaolin and sawdust can be modified to make it have good dispersibility. It can form a uniform and stable pesticide preparation when added to the pesticide emulsion; it has good rheology and can be firmly attached to rough pages and soil surfaces. Loss and volatilization with water.
本发明的有益效果：Beneficial effects of the present invention:
1、在同等药效下，可以减少流失15-30％，延长药效时间2-6倍，降低用量20-40％，减少施药频次50-70％。1. Under the same drug effect, it can reduce the loss by 15-30%, prolong the drug effect time by 2-6 times, reduce the dosage by 20-40%, and reduce the frequency of application by 50-70%.
2、可以在叶面和土壤表面形成“农药库”，按“随需随取”供养，持续稳定，不会形成“有虫无药”的局面。2. A "pesticide library" can be formed on the leaf surface and soil surface, and it can be supported according to "on-demand", continuous and stable, and will not form a situation of "no insects but no medicine".
3、本发明机理独特、原料丰富、成本低廉、环境友好、工艺简单、省工省力、增产增收，易于为农民接收，具有较大的市场前景。3. The invention has unique mechanism, abundant raw materials, low cost, environmental friendliness, simple process, saves labor and effort, increases production and income, is easy to be accepted by farmers, and has a great market prospect.
4、可以有效减少农药挥发、径流和渗透损失，将农药活性成分保持在一定范围内，防治其扩散和迁移，进而可以减少农药对水体和土壤的污染。4. It can effectively reduce pesticide volatilization, runoff and seepage loss, keep the active ingredients of pesticides within a certain range, prevent their diffusion and migration, and then reduce the pollution of pesticides to water and soil.
具体实施方式：Detailed ways:
实施例1：将胶体级凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土、木屑、壳聚糖、非离子型聚丙烯酰胺、预糊化淀粉按照75∶35∶30∶15∶15∶3∶15质量比进行复配制得控失剂，其中凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土以及木屑的粒径要求为250目，壳聚糖、聚丙烯酰胺、预糊化淀粉的的粒径要求为100目。然后，按照15％的质量比均匀添加到液态杀虫剂中，通过摇摆造粒得到控失农药颗粒剂。Example 1: Colloidal grade attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, wood chips, chitosan, nonionic polyacrylamide, and pregelatinized starch are mixed according to the mass ratio of 75:35:30:15:15:3:15 Compounding is carried out to obtain a loss control agent, wherein the particle size of attapulgite, diatomite, kaolin and wood chips is required to be 250 mesh, and the particle size of chitosan, polyacrylamide and pregelatinized starch is required to be 100 mesh. Then, according to the mass ratio of 15%, it is evenly added into the liquid insecticide, and the loss-controlling pesticide granule is obtained by shaking granulation.
实施例2：将胶体级凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土、木屑、壳聚糖、非离子型聚丙烯酰胺、预糊化淀粉按照100∶40∶25∶20∶20∶5∶10质量比进行复配制得控失剂，其中凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土以及木屑的粒径要求为200目，壳聚糖、聚丙烯酰胺、预糊化淀粉的的粒径要求为150目。然后，按照20％的质量比均匀添加到粉末杀虫剂中，得到控失农药粉剂。Example 2: Colloidal grade attapulgite, diatomite, kaolin, wood chips, chitosan, non-ionic polyacrylamide, and pregelatinized starch are used in a mass ratio of 100:40:25:20:20:5:10 Compounding is carried out to obtain the loss control agent, wherein the particle size requirement of attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, kaolin and wood chips is 200 mesh, and the particle size requirement of chitosan, polyacrylamide and pregelatinized starch is 150 mesh. Then, according to the mass ratio of 20%, it is evenly added to the powdered insecticide to obtain the loss-controlling pesticide powder.
实施例3：将胶体级凹凸棒土、硅藻土、高岭土、木屑以及预糊化淀粉按照75∶20∶40∶10∶10质量比进行复配制得控失剂，然后经过高速剪切(转速为15000转/分钟)20min，粒径要求为700目。然后，按照20％的质量比均匀添加到杀虫剂乳油(毒死蜱)中，超声10min，分装即为控失毒死蜱乳液。控失毒死蜱和普通毒死蜱对水稻中稻飞虱防治效果(％)，剂量为1000克/公顷，采用茎叶喷雾：Embodiment 3: Colloidal grade attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, wood chips and pregelatinized starch are compounded according to the mass ratio of 75:20:40:10:10 to obtain the loss control agent, and then through high-speed shearing (rotating speed 15,000 rpm) for 20 minutes, and the particle size is required to be 700 mesh. Then, according to the mass ratio of 20%, it is evenly added to the insecticide emulsifiable concentrate (chlorpyrifos), ultrasonicated for 10 minutes, and then packaged to obtain the loss-controlling chlorpyrifos emulsion. The control effect (%) of chlorpyrifos and ordinary chlorpyrifos on rice planthoppers, the dose is 1000 g/ha, and the stem and leaf spray is used:
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201210007509.XACN102578082B (en) | 2012-01-12 | 2012-01-12 | Method for controlling loss of pesticide at high efficiency and low cost |
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| CN201210007509.XACN102578082B (en) | 2012-01-12 | 2012-01-12 | Method for controlling loss of pesticide at high efficiency and low cost |
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| CN102578082Atrue CN102578082A (en) | 2012-07-18 |
| CN102578082B CN102578082B (en) | 2014-08-13 |
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN201210007509.XAActiveCN102578082B (en) | 2012-01-12 | 2012-01-12 | Method for controlling loss of pesticide at high efficiency and low cost |
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