CN102498812A - Nitrogen and phosphorus emission-reduction method of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a nitrogen and phosphorus emission-reduction method of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management, which comprises a rice field water management and a rice field nutrient management. The water management of rice field adopts a time selective dry-wet alternate water-saving ecological irrigation mode, comprising the following steps: (1) after the rice is transplanted for 10-14 days, starting irrigation intermittently and irrigating the rice field to an original field surface water depth of 60-80mm; (2) irrigating until the water depth reaches the original field surface water depth when the field surface water declines and dries naturally to a water depth of 50-100 mm under the surface soil; (3) performing the step 2 repeatedly, stopping repeating the step 2 and maintaining the field surface water depth of 10-80 mm during the booting stage and flowering stage of rice in the repeating step 2 procedure; and (4) when the flowering stage is over, continuing to repeat the step 2 until the rice is yellow maturity; and harvesting rice when the field surface water declines and dries naturally to a water depth of 0-10 mm under the surface soil. The nutrient management of rice field adopts an ecological fertilizing mode at the right time and at the right place.

Description

Translated fromChinese

水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排方法Nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction method of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及一种水稻灌溉和施肥的优化管理来降低面源污染，具体来说是一种水稻干湿交替生态灌溉与适时适地生态施肥耦合的水肥管理氮磷减排技术，属于环境友好型农业面源污染控制环保领域。The invention relates to an optimized management of rice irrigation and fertilization to reduce non-point source pollution. Specifically, it is a water and fertilizer management nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction technology coupled with rice dry-wet alternate ecological irrigation and timely and appropriate ecological fertilization, which is environmentally friendly Agricultural non-point source pollution control and environmental protection.

背景技术Background technique

我国水稻种植面积达3100万公顷，占我国粮食作物总面积的27％，是我国灌溉用水量最大、化肥使施用量最多的作物。一方面，农田灌溉用水浪费相当严重，灌溉水的利用效率仅为0.45左右；另一方面，肥料的大量投入尽管提高了农作物的产量，但由于施肥不平衡、过度施氮及施氮方式不合理等，氮肥利用率仅为30％～35％。不合理的水肥管理造成农田氮磷的大量流失，导致水体富营养化，威胁着农业生态稳定和水环境安全。my country's rice planting area reaches 31 million hectares, accounting for 27% of the total area of food crops in my country. It is the crop with the largest amount of irrigation water and the largest amount of chemical fertilizers in my country. On the one hand, the waste of irrigation water in farmland is quite serious, and the utilization efficiency of irrigation water is only about 0.45; etc., nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency is only 30% to 35%. Unreasonable water and fertilizer management causes a large loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland, leading to eutrophication of water bodies, threatening the stability of agricultural ecology and the safety of water environment.

目前，农民常规水肥管理中普遍存在着“大水大肥”的现象：稻田灌溉采用大水漫灌，稻田处于长期淹水状态，灌溉水分投入过量，而田间施肥则往往凭经验施肥，为追求高产盲目增加肥料投入，肥料利用率低、氮磷流失量大，二者导致了农业面源污染。为应对水资源短缺和肥料过量投入，水稻节水灌溉技术和适配施肥逐渐研究深入，湿润灌溉、间歇灌溉、干湿交替灌溉、覆膜旱作等这些节水灌溉技术的应用对于降低稻田灌溉水量、提高水分利用效率起到了明显的促进作用，而测土配方施肥、适地养分管理等施肥技术的推广也对稻田肥料减量、肥料利用率提高和水稻增产发挥了显著的积极效应。但是这些水分管理和养分管理没有综合考虑水稻产量、肥料投入、和环境污染等因素而进行合理的协调配合，水肥的供应与水稻各生育期水肥需求仍然缺乏较好的匹配，农业面源污染减排压力依然严峻。At present, the phenomenon of "big water and large fertilizer" is common in farmers' conventional water and fertilizer management: flood irrigation is used for paddy field irrigation, paddy fields are in a state of long-term flooding, and excessive irrigation water is invested, while fertilization in the field is often fertilized based on experience, in order to pursue high yield. Blindly increasing fertilizer input, low fertilizer utilization rate, and large loss of nitrogen and phosphorus have led to agricultural non-point source pollution. In response to water shortages and excessive fertilizer input, rice water-saving irrigation technology and adaptive fertilization have been gradually studied. The application of these water-saving irrigation technologies, such as wet irrigation, intermittent irrigation, alternating wet and dry irrigation, and film-covered dry farming, is of great help in reducing rice field irrigation. Water quantity and water use efficiency have played a significant role in promoting, and the promotion of fertilization technologies such as soil testing and formula fertilization and appropriate nutrient management has also played a significant positive effect on the reduction of fertilizer in rice fields, the improvement of fertilizer use efficiency and the increase of rice production. However, these water management and nutrient management have not been reasonably coordinated and coordinated by comprehensively considering factors such as rice yield, fertilizer input, and environmental pollution. Exhaust pressure is still severe.

发明内容Contents of the invention

本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排方法，本发明针对农民常规水肥管理中“大水大肥”过量灌溉与施肥的不合理现象，所提出的新的水稻干湿交替生态灌溉与适时适地生态施肥耦合的水肥管理技术。该水肥管理技术中稻田的水分管理采用干湿交替灌溉管理，肥料管理主要是氮肥管理采用适时适地生态施肥。将干湿交替生态灌溉与生态施肥管理相结合，来优化水稻水肥管理，发挥水肥的协同作用，使得灌溉施肥与水稻对水肥吸收利用相匹配，从而降低稻田灌溉用水和肥料投入，促进水稻高产、提高水分和肥料利用效率、降低稻田排水并减少氮磷通过地表径流和地下淋溶渗漏等途径损失，为农业面源污染控制提供技术支持。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction method for ecological coupling management of rice, water and fertilizer. The present invention aims at the unreasonable phenomenon of excessive irrigation and fertilization of "big water and large fertilizer" in farmers' conventional water and fertilizer management. Water and fertilizer management technology coupled with alternating wet and dry ecological irrigation of rice and timely and appropriate ecological fertilization. In the water and fertilizer management technology, the water management of the paddy field adopts dry and wet alternate irrigation management, and the fertilizer management mainly uses nitrogen fertilizer management to adopt timely and appropriate ecological fertilization. Combining dry-wet alternating ecological irrigation and ecological fertilization management to optimize rice water and fertilizer management, play a synergistic role of water and fertilizer, make irrigation and fertilization match the absorption and utilization of water and fertilizer by rice, thereby reducing irrigation water and fertilizer input in rice fields, and promote high rice yields, Improve water and fertilizer use efficiency, reduce rice field drainage and reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loss through surface runoff and underground leaching and seepage, and provide technical support for agricultural non-point source pollution control.

为了解决上述技术问题，本发明提供一种水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排方法，包含稻田的水分管理和稻田的养分管理这两大部分，In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides a nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction method for rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management, which includes two major parts: water management in paddy fields and nutrient management in paddy fields.

稻田的水分管理采用择时干湿交替节水生态灌溉模式，包括以下步骤：The water management of paddy fields adopts the water-saving ecological irrigation mode of alternating wet and dry at different times, including the following steps:

①、水稻移植10～14天开始间歇性的灌溉，先将稻田灌溉至初始田面水深为60～80mm，①. Start intermittent irrigation 10-14 days after rice transplantation. First, irrigate the rice field until the initial field surface water depth is 60-80mm.

②、待田面自然水落干至表土以下50～100mm时，灌溉至初始田面水深；② When the natural water on the field surface dries up to 50-100mm below the surface soil, irrigate to the initial field surface water depth;

③、反复进行步骤②；在反复进行步骤②的过程中，当遇到水稻孕穗期及开花期时，停止进行步骤②，保持田面水深为10～80mm；3. Repeat step 2; in the process of repeating step 2, when rice booting stage and flowering stage are encountered, stop step 2, and keep the field surface water depth at 10-80 mm;

④、开花期结束后，继续反复进行步骤②，直至水稻黄熟；待田面自然水落干至表土以下0～10mm时，收割水稻；④. After the flowering period is over, continue to repeat step ② until the rice is yellow and ripe; when the natural water on the field surface dries up to 0-10mm below the surface soil, harvest the rice;

说明，在上述稻田的水分管理中：Explain, in the moisture management of above-mentioned paddy field:

田面水深是指田间水面距离稻田表土的深度，因水分蒸发、土壤渗漏和植物蒸腾等原因，田面水位会自然下降；待田面自然水落干至表土以下50～100mm时，是指水分下降至稻田表土以下50～100mm时。在整个稻田的水分管理期间，无论自然情况是下雨还是晴天，均需要满足相应条件才进行下一步骤；The water depth of the field surface refers to the depth from the water surface of the field to the topsoil of the paddy field. Due to water evaporation, soil leakage, and plant transpiration, the water level on the field surface will naturally drop; 50-100mm below the surface soil. During the water management period of the entire paddy field, no matter whether the natural situation is rainy or sunny, the corresponding conditions need to be met before proceeding to the next step;

稻田的养分管理采用适时适地生态施肥模式，包括如下步骤：The nutrient management of paddy fields adopts the timely and appropriate ecological fertilization mode, including the following steps:

①、确定水稻目标产量Y(kg hm^-2)：①. Determine the target rice yield Y (kg hm^-2 ):

水稻目标产量为当地(指该种植区域)稻谷往年最大产量的70～80％或当地稻谷往年平均产量的113～118％；稻谷是指含水率13.5～14.5％的稻谷；The target rice yield is 70-80% of the local (referring to the planting area) maximum rice yield in previous years or 113-118% of the local average rice yield in previous years; rice refers to rice with a moisture content of 13.5-14.5%;

往年一股是指前3～前10年度内，即，为了保证数据的相对正确性和获取原始数据的便捷性，最低选用3组数据，最高可选用10组数据。One share in previous years refers to the previous 3 to 10 years, that is, in order to ensure the relative accuracy of data and the convenience of obtaining original data, a minimum of 3 sets of data and a maximum of 10 sets of data can be selected.

②、获得土壤潜在氮素养分供应能力INS(kg hm^-2)：②. Obtain the potential nitrogen nutrient supply capacity of the soil INS (kg hm^-2 ):

事先设置缺N肥施肥区和常规施肥区；Set N-deficient fertilization area and conventional fertilization area in advance;

缺N肥施肥的水稻地上部分氮素积累量＝INS；Nitrogen accumulation in the aboveground part of rice fertilized with N fertilizer deficiency = INS;

③、测算水稻目标产量下的N素养分需求量RNR(kg hm^-2)：③. Calculate the N nutrient requirement RNR (kg hm^-2 ) under the target rice yield:

RNR＝Y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNSRNR=Y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNS

式中：RNR为水稻目标产量下的N素养分需求量(也即是水稻目标产量的氮素需求量)，Y为步骤①所得的水稻目标产量；CGN为常规施肥区稻谷中N营养元素的含量(kgkg^-1)；TB为常规施肥区水稻目标产量下的总生物量(秸秆干物质量+稻谷产量，kg hm^-2)；MCNS为常规施肥区水稻秸秆(干物质)中N营养元素的含量(kg kg^-1)，CGN、TB、MCNS均可以在水稻收获后实测获得；In the formula: RNR is the N nutrient demand under the target rice yield (that is, the nitrogen demand for the rice target yield), Y is the rice target yield obtained in step ①; CGN is the N nutrient content of rice in the conventional fertilization area content (kgkg^-1 ); TB is the total biomass (dry matter of straw + rice yield, kg hm^-2 ) under the target yield of rice in the conventional fertilization area; MCNS is the content of N nutrients in rice straw (dry matter) in the conventional fertilization area Content (kg kg^-1 ), CGN, TB, and MCNS can all be measured after rice harvest;

说明：式中的稻谷是指含水率13.5～14.5％的稻谷；Explanation: The rice in the formula refers to the rice with a moisture content of 13.5-14.5%;

④、估算氮肥施用量(FR，kg hm^-2)：④. Estimation of nitrogen fertilizer application rate (FR, kg hm^-2 ):

FR＝(RNR-INS)/(REN×NC)；REN为水稻对氮肥吸收利用率，设定为0.4～0.55(根据经验而得)；NC为肥料含氮量(可根据肥料的说明书而得知或者按照常规方法检测而得)；FR=(RNR-INS)/(REN×NC); REN is the nitrogen absorption and utilization rate of rice, which is set at 0.4-0.55 (obtained based on experience); NC is the nitrogen content of the fertilizer (obtained according to the instructions of the fertilizer) known or detected by conventional methods);

⑤、动态调整氮肥施用量：⑤. Dynamic adjustment of nitrogen fertilizer application amount:

对于人工插植水稻或机插水稻，插秧前1～2天田间需要施用基肥，基肥施用量为预测氮肥施用量FR的20％～30％，而后在水稻的分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期这3个关键生育期通过叶片比色卡在水稻叶片的LCC读数来调整氮肥施用量；For artificially transplanted rice or machine-transplanted rice, basal fertilizer needs to be applied in the field 1 to 2 days before transplanting. Nitrogen fertilizer application was adjusted through the LCC readings of the rice leaves on the leaf color card during the 3 key growth stages;

对于直播水稻，无需施基肥，直接在水稻的分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期这3个关键生育期通过叶片比色卡在水稻叶片的LCC读数来调整氮肥施用量；For direct-seeding rice, there is no need to apply basal fertilizer, and the nitrogen fertilizer application amount can be adjusted directly through the LCC reading of the leaf color card in the three key growth stages of rice: tillering stage, jointing stage, and booting stage;

调整规则为：The adjustment rules are:

当LCC≤3时，目标产量Y≤5t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为75kg hm^-2；5t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤6t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为100kg hm^-2；6t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤7t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为125kghm^-2；7t hm^-2＜目标产量Y，氮肥施用量为150kg hm^-2；When LCC≤3, target yield Y≤5t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 75kg hm^-2 ; 5t hm^-2 <target yield Y≤6t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 100kg hm^-2 ; 6t hm^{-2 2} <target yield Y≤7t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 125kghm^-2 ; 7t hm^-2 <target yield Y, nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 150kg hm^-2 ;

当LCC＝3.5时，目标产量Y≤5t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为50kg hm^-2；5t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤6t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为75kg hm^-2；6t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤7t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为100kghm^-2；7t hm^-2＜目标产量Y，氮肥施用量为125kg hm^-2；When LCC=3.5, target yield Y≤5t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 50kg hm^-2 ; 5t hm^-2 <target yield Y≤6t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 75kg hm^-2 ; 6t hm^{-2 2} <target yield Y≤7t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 100kghm^-2 ; 7t hm^-2 <target yield Y, nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 125kg hm^-2 ;

当LCC≥4时，目标产量Y≤5t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为0kg hm^-2；5t hm^-2＜目标产量Y，氮肥施用量为45kg hm^-2。When LCC≥4, target yield Y≤5t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 0kg hm^-2 ; 5t hm^-2 < target yield Y, nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 45kg hm^-2 .

说明：稻田的养分管理中的步骤②和③是在本稻田种植区域内前一次水稻种植时间时进行相应的设置，从而获得步骤④的估算氮肥施用量，从而为如步骤⑤所述的本次水稻种植的“动态调整氮肥施用量”作好准备。Explanation: Steps ② and ③ in the nutrient management of paddy fields are set during the previous rice planting time in the paddy field planting area, so as to obtain the estimated nitrogen fertilizer application amount in step ④, so as to provide a basis for this time as described instep ⑤ Prepare for "dynamic adjustment of nitrogen fertilizer application" in rice cultivation.

作为本发明的水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排方法的改进：As the improvement of the nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction method of rice water fertilizer ecological coupling management of the present invention:

稻田的养分管理的步骤②中，水稻地上部分氮素积累量(kg hm^-2)＝秸秆干物质量(kghm^-2)×秸秆中含氮量(kg kg^-1)+稻谷产量(kg hm^-2)×稻谷中含氮量(kg kg^-1)；In step ② of nutrient management in paddy fields, nitrogen accumulation in the aboveground part of rice (kg hm^-2 ) = dry matter of straw (kghm^-2 ) × nitrogen content in straw (kg kg^-1 ) + rice yield (kg hm^{-2 2} ) × nitrogen content in rice (kg kg^-1 );

稻谷为含水率13.5～14.5％的稻谷。The rice is rice with a moisture content of 13.5-14.5%.

作为本发明的水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排方法的进一步改进：As a further improvement of the nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction method of rice water fertilizer ecological coupling management of the present invention:

稻田的水分管理中，田间水位监测采用测量管，该测量管为直径200mm、长400mm的PVC塑料管材，沿管材底部在管壁四周均匀钻一圈渗水孔，然后每隔20mm的高度在管壁四周均匀钻一圈渗水孔(即，相邻的上下两排渗水孔的孔间距为25mm)，渗水孔直径为5mm，共计11～12排孔，且同一水平面上一圈打30孔；In the water management of paddy fields, the field water level monitoring uses a measuring tube, which is a PVC plastic pipe with a diameter of 200mm and a length of 400mm. Drill a circle of seepage holes evenly around (that is, the hole spacing between the upper and lower rows of adjacent seepage holes is 25mm), the diameter of the seepage holes is 5mm, a total of 11 to 12 rows of holes, and 30 holes are drilled in a circle on the same horizontal plane;

将测量管的底部朝下笔直埋入稻田土壤中，使最上排的渗水孔位于表土以下0～5mm；刨去测量管内的泥土，从而使测量管内泥土的高度≤50mm。Bury the bottom of the measuring tube straight down into the soil of the paddy field, so that the top row of seepage holes is located 0-5mm below the surface soil; plan off the soil in the measuring tube, so that the height of the soil in the measuring tube is ≤50mm.

作为本发明的水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排方法的进一步改进：稻田的养分管理的步骤⑤中，叶片比色卡使用方法为：在一块田间选取均匀分布的10～15穴水稻；每穴选择最长的叶片比色，将叶片正面贴在叶色卡上，观察叶片颜色是否与叶色卡上的级数相同，相同为该级数，介于色彩中间等级的可取平均值。As a further improvement of the nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction method of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management of the present invention: in thestep 5 of the nutrient management of the rice field, the method of using the leaf color card is: select 10-15 holes of rice evenly distributed in a field; Choose the longest leaf color comparison in the hole, stick the front of the leaf on the leaf color card, and observe whether the leaf color is the same as the series on the leaf color card.

本发明的水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排方法，是指将择时干湿交替的节水生态灌溉与适时适地的生态施肥相配合来进行水肥耦合管理而形成的一种对稻田氮磷流失的具有强化减排效应的方法。The nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction method of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management of the present invention refers to a kind of water and fertilizer coupling management formed by combining water-saving ecological irrigation with alternating wet and dry at the right time and ecological fertilization at the right time and place. A method with enhanced mitigation effects on phosphorus loss.

在本发明的稻田的水分管理中，干湿交替灌溉作为一种稻田的节水灌溉方式，与常规连续淹水灌溉相比，其最大的特点在于允许稻田周期性的灌溉与落干，在农户实际操作中可以通过简单的测量管(为耐湿性管材)和刻度标尺来监测田间水位。In the water management of paddy field of the present invention, as a kind of water-saving irrigation method of paddy field, dry-wet alternate irrigation, compared with conventional continuous flood irrigation, its biggest feature is to allow periodic irrigation and drying of paddy field. In actual operation, the water level in the field can be monitored through a simple measuring tube (a moisture-resistant tube) and a scale.

在本发明的稻田的养分管理：稻田的养分管理采用适时适地生态施肥方式。适时适地生态施肥是一种以氮肥管理为中心，多元素配合的水稻优质高产高效的施肥技术，与农户常规施肥管理相比，最大的特点在于综合考虑了水稻品种的潜在产量，当地水稻生产的目标产量，水稻土壤本底养分供应能力，水稻目标产量下养分的需求量及水稻养分吸收利用率等因素来预测氮肥的施肥量，从水稻氮素平衡供应出发，调节氮肥分次施用时期，并在水稻主要生育期利用叶色卡来监测水稻植株氮素营养状况，从而调整氮肥施用量，以期获得施氮时间和施氮量与水稻对氮素吸收的协调一致，从而最大限度地提高肥料利用效率。Nutrient management in the paddy field of the present invention: the nutrient management in the paddy field adopts a timely and appropriate ecological fertilization method. Timely and appropriate ecological fertilization is a high-quality, high-yield and efficient fertilization technology centered on nitrogen fertilizer management and multi-element combination. Compared with conventional fertilization management by farmers, the biggest feature is that the potential yield of rice varieties is comprehensively considered. Local rice production The target yield of rice, the basic nutrient supply capacity of rice soil, the demand of nutrients under the target rice yield, and the absorption and utilization rate of rice nutrients are used to predict the amount of nitrogen fertilization. And during the main growth period of rice, the leaf color card is used to monitor the nitrogen nutrition status of rice plants, so as to adjust the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application, in order to obtain the coordination of nitrogen application time and nitrogen application amount and rice nitrogen absorption, so as to maximize the improvement of fertilizer production. usage efficiency.

本发明的水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排技术，通过水稻的水肥优化管理来发挥水肥的协同作用，使得灌溉施肥与水稻对水肥吸收利用相匹配，从而促进水稻高产、提高水分和肥料利用效率、降低稻田排水并减少稻田氮磷通过地表径流和地下淋溶渗漏等途径损失。其环境意义是通过合理的生态灌溉与生态施肥，降低稻田灌溉用水和肥料施用，减少稻田径流排水与氮磷流失，从而控制稻田农业面源污染，减轻河流湖泊水体富营养化和地下水硝酸盐污染的风险。The nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction technology of rice, water and fertilizer ecological coupling management of the present invention exerts the synergistic effect of water and fertilizer through the optimal management of rice water and fertilizer, so that irrigation and fertilization match the absorption and utilization of water and fertilizer by rice, thereby promoting high rice yield, improving water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, reduce paddy field drainage, and reduce the loss of paddy nitrogen and phosphorus through surface runoff and underground leaching and seepage. Its environmental significance is to reduce rice field irrigation water and fertilizer application, reduce rice field runoff drainage and nitrogen and phosphorus loss through reasonable ecological irrigation and ecological fertilization, thereby controlling agricultural non-point source pollution of rice fields, reducing eutrophication of rivers and lakes and groundwater nitrate pollution risks of.

本发明的水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排技术的具有以下显著优点：The nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction technology of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management of the present invention has the following significant advantages:

1)、水肥耦合管理氮磷减排技术操作方便：只需要通过埋设耐湿性管材(测量管)即可方便观察田间水位，并判断是否需要进行灌溉，而通过“测土配肥”后利用简单的叶片比色卡在水稻关键生育期叶片上比对读数即可适时适地施用氮肥；1), water and fertilizer coupling management nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction technology is easy to operate: only need to bury the moisture-resistant pipe (measuring pipe) to conveniently observe the field water level and judge whether irrigation is needed, and it is easy to use after "soil testing and fertilizer matching" The leaf color card can be used to apply nitrogen fertilizer in a timely and appropriate manner by comparing the readings on the leaves at the critical growth stage of rice;

2)、水肥耦合管理氮磷减排技术应用成本低：水肥耦合管理中田间水分管理通过耐湿性管材来实现，养分管理具体是追肥管理通过叶片比色卡实现。一个耐湿性管材和一支叶片比色卡成本仅25元，且均可以反复使用，成本低。2) The application cost of water-fertilizer coupling management nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction technology is low: in the water-fertilizer coupling management, field moisture management is realized through moisture-resistant pipes, and nutrient management is specifically topdressing management through leaf color cards. A moisture-resistant pipe and a blade color card cost only 25 yuan, and both can be used repeatedly, with low cost.

3)、水肥耦合管理氮磷减排技术氮磷减排潜力大：通过生态灌溉，稻田径流排水量和渗漏淋溶量可减少20～30％，而生态施肥降低了肥料投入，稻田田面水和渗漏水中氮磷浓度可降低15～25％，因而水肥耦合管理稻田田间氮磷流失负荷能够削减30～45％，稻田氮磷减排潜力巨大。3) The nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction technology of water and fertilizer coupling management has great potential for nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction: through ecological irrigation, the runoff drainage and seepage and leaching of paddy fields can be reduced by 20-30%, while ecological fertilization reduces fertilizer input, and paddy field surface water and The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in seepage water can be reduced by 15-25%. Therefore, the nitrogen and phosphorus loss load in paddy fields can be reduced by 30-45% under water-fertilizer coupling management, and the potential for nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction in paddy fields is huge.

综上所述，本发明将生态灌溉与生态施肥技术有机地结合起来，根据水稻不同生育期的水肥需求规律，确定水肥因子的最佳施用量及水、肥协同作用的最佳时期，充分发挥水肥耦合的效应，提高水肥分利用率，增加水稻产量，从而建立区域性高产、高效、节水的经济适用与环境友好的水肥管理模式，防止不合理的灌溉与施肥造成的氮磷流失，对节约水资源和农业面源污染氮磷减排具有重要的意义。In summary, the present invention organically combines ecological irrigation and ecological fertilization techniques, and determines the optimal application rate of water and fertilizer factors and the optimal period of water and fertilizer synergy according to the law of water and fertilizer demand in different growth stages of rice, so as to fully develop The coupling effect of water and fertilizer can improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer and increase rice yield, so as to establish a regional high-yield, high-efficiency, water-saving, economical and environmentally friendly water and fertilizer management model, and prevent the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus caused by unreasonable irrigation and fertilization. It is of great significance to save water resources and reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from agricultural non-point source pollution.

附图说明Description of drawings

下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细说明。The specific implementation manners of the present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

图1是干湿交替生态灌溉水位监测管及其田间应用；Fig. 1 is a dry-wet alternate ecological irrigation water level monitoring pipe and its field application;

图2是稻田不同灌溉模式下的降雨量与田面水深变化过程；Figure 2 shows the change process of rainfall and field surface water depth under different irrigation modes in paddy fields;

图3是稻田暴雨径流产生量与发生次数；Figure 3 shows the amount and occurrence frequency of rainstorm runoff in paddy fields;

图4是稻田不同水肥管理模式下暴雨径流TN浓度；Figure 4 shows the concentration of TN in the rainstorm runoff under different water and fertilizer management modes in paddy fields;

图5是稻田不同水肥管理模式下暴雨径流TP浓度。Figure 5 shows the TP concentration of the rainstorm runoff under different water and fertilizer management modes in paddy fields.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

实施例1、一种水稻水肥生态耦合管理的氮磷减排方法，主要通过干湿交替节水生态灌溉与适时适地的生态施肥(即稻田的水分管理和稻田的养分管理)这2大内容配合实施；Embodiment 1, a nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction method of rice water and fertilizer ecological coupling management, mainly through the two major contents of alternating wet and dry water-saving ecological irrigation and timely and appropriate ecological fertilization (i.e. water management in paddy fields and nutrient management in paddy fields) Cooperate with the implementation;

1)、稻田的水分管理1) Water management in paddy fields

稻田的水分管理采用择时干湿交替节水生态灌溉模式，包括以下步骤：The water management of paddy fields adopts the water-saving ecological irrigation mode of alternating wet and dry at different times, including the following steps:

前期准备工作：initial preparation work:

A、对于人工插植水稻或机插水稻：稻谷播种后，经过2～3周的育秧期，将秧苗人工或机插于平整的田块，此时维持稻田的田面水深(田间水面距离稻田表土的深度)30～50mm 12天，从而保证水稻能够顺利的存活和返青；A. For artificially transplanting rice or machine-transplanting rice: after the rice is sown, after a seedling raising period of 2 to 3 weeks, the seedlings are artificially or machine-inserted in a flat field. depth) 30-50mm for 12 days, so as to ensure that the rice can survive and turn green smoothly;

对于直播水稻：在水稻种子出芽早期田面无需灌溉，保持湿润即可，待水稻发芽出苗后适当浅水层灌溉(保持田面水深10～30mm，时间为12天)；For direct-seeding rice: No need to irrigate the field surface in the early stage of rice seed germination, just keep it moist. After the rice germinates and emerges, it should be irrigated in a shallow water layer (keep the water depth of the field surface at 10-30mm, and the time is 12 days);

B、在稻田中埋置测量管(即耐湿性管材，一种PVC塑料管，直径(内径)200mm，长400mm)，沿管材底部在管壁四周均匀钻一圈渗水孔(即最下排的渗水孔的底部与管材底部相齐平)，然后每隔20mm的高度在管壁四周均匀钻一圈渗水孔，渗水孔直径为5mm，即，相邻的上下两排渗水孔的孔间距为25mm。在上下方向上共计11排孔，且同一水平面上一圈打30孔。测量管用于监测田间水位(见图1)。B. Embed a measuring pipe (that is, a moisture-resistant pipe, a PVC plastic pipe with a diameter (inner diameter) of 200mm and a length of 400mm) in the paddy field, and drill a circle of water seepage holes evenly around the pipe wall along the bottom of the pipe (that is, the bottom row The bottom of the seepage hole is flush with the bottom of the pipe), and then drill a circle of seepage holes evenly around the pipe wall at a height of 20mm. . There are a total of 11 rows of holes in the up and down direction, and 30 holes are drilled in a circle on the same horizontal plane. Measuring tubes are used to monitor the water level in the field (see Figure 1).

C、稻田的排水口设置在高于稻田表土80mm的位置处，从而确保田面水深最多为80mm。C. The drainage outlet of the paddy field is set at a position 80mm higher than the surface soil of the paddy field, so as to ensure that the water depth of the paddy field is at most 80mm.

埋置测量管时，将测量管底部朝下笔直埋入稻田土壤(此稻田土壤是指距田边500mm处的土壤，从而既能保证测量田间水位高度的方便，也能确保数据的准确性，即，避免了在稻田的四周边缘所可能存在的数据偏差)中，使最上排的渗水孔的顶端位于稻田表土以下0～5mm；刨去测量管内的泥土，从而使测量管内泥土的高度≤50mm(例如为10mm)，此高度能保证刨去管内泥土至犁底层，从而可保证淹水时测量管内外水位一致。When embedding the measuring tube, bury the bottom of the measuring tube down straight into the paddy field soil (the paddy field soil refers to the soil at a distance of 500mm from the edge of the field, so as to ensure the convenience of measuring the height of the field water level and ensure the accuracy of the data. That is, to avoid the data deviation that may exist around the edge of the paddy field), make the top of the top row of seepage holes 0-5mm below the surface soil of the paddy field; plan off the soil in the measuring tube, so that the height of the soil in the measuring tube≤50mm (for example being 10mm), this height can guarantee that the soil in the pipe is planed to the bottom of the plow, so as to ensure that the water level inside and outside the measuring pipe is consistent when flooded.

①、水稻移植12天(即将秧苗人工或机插于平整的田块之日起12天，或者待水稻发芽出苗之日起12天)开始间歇性的灌溉，先将稻田灌溉至初始田面水深为60～80mm。①. Start intermittent irrigation 12 days after rice transplantation (12 days from the day when the seedlings are inserted into the flat field manually or by machine, or 12 days from the day when the rice germinates and emerges). 60-80mm.

②、待田面自然水落干至表土以下80～90mm时，灌溉至初始田面水深(即，灌溉至田面水深为60～80mm)。②. When the natural water on the field surface dries up to 80-90mm below the surface soil, irrigate to the initial field surface water depth (ie, irrigate to the field surface water depth of 60-80mm).

③、反复进行步骤②；在进行反复进行步骤②的过程中，当遇到水稻孕穗期及开花期时，停止进行步骤②，保持田面水深为10～20mm；其余水稻的生长期间，仍然按照步骤②的规律要求进行。③, repeat step ②; in the process of repeatedly performing step ②, when the rice booting stage and flowering stage are encountered, stop step ②, and keep the field surface water depth at 10-20mm; during the growth of the rest of the rice, still follow the steps ②The law requires to carry out.

④、等到水稻的开花期结束后，继续反复进行步骤②，直至水稻黄熟；待田面自然水落干至表土以下5～10mm时，收割水稻；④. After the flowering period of rice is over, continue to repeat step ② until the rice is yellow and ripe; when the natural water on the field surface dries up to 5-10 mm below the surface soil, harvest the rice;

2)、稻田的养分管理采用适时适地生态施肥模式，包括如下步骤：2), the nutrient management of paddy fields adopts the timely and appropriate ecological fertilization mode, including the following steps:

①、确定水稻目标产量Y(kg hm^-2)：①. Determine the target rice yield Y (kg hm^-2 ):

水稻目标产量为当地(该种植区域)稻谷前5年内最大产量的75％或当地稻谷前5年内平均产量的115％；稻谷为含水率14％的稻谷。The target yield of rice is 75% of the maximum yield of local rice (the planting area) in the first 5 years or 115% of the average yield of local rice in the first 5 years; the rice is rice with a moisture content of 14%.

②、获得土壤潜在氮素养分供应能力INS(kg hm^-2)：②. Obtain the potential nitrogen nutrient supply capacity of the soil INS (kg hm^-2 ):

我们定义土壤某种养分的潜在供应能力(Indigenous nutrient supply)为：在不施用该种肥料养分，而其它养分元素充分供应的情况下，作物生长期间其地上部累积的该种养分的总量。因此，水稻土壤潜在氮素养分供应能力(INS，kg hm^-2)即指水稻在生育季节从土壤溶液中吸收的所有非当季肥料养分数量，具体包括：从土壤固相释放的养分，以及除了肥料之外的来自灌溉、大气干湿沉降、生物固N、以及偶发洪水等带入的养分，这是一个综合性指标。土壤潜在氮素养分供应能力可通过在该区域代表性田块设立缺N肥施肥区来估算，即水稻地上部分在缺N肥施肥区(P、K和其它养分充足供应)累积的总N量为土壤潜在氮素养分供应量。We define the potential supply capacity of a certain nutrient in the soil (Indigenous nutrient supply) as: the total amount of the nutrient accumulated in the above-ground part of the crop during the growth period when the fertilizer nutrient is not applied and other nutrients are fully supplied. quantity. Therefore, the potential nitrogen nutrient supply capacity of rice soil (INS, kg hm^-2 ) refers to the amount of all out-of-season fertilizer nutrients that rice absorbs from the soil solution during the growing season, including: nutrients released from the soil solid phase, and In addition to fertilizers, nutrients brought in from irrigation, atmospheric dry and wet deposition, biofixed N, and occasional floods are a comprehensive indicator. The potential nitrogen nutrient supply capacity of the soil can be estimated by setting up a N-deficient fertilization area in a representative field of the region, that is, the total N accumulated in the aboveground part of rice in the N-deficient fertilization area (Sufficient supply of P, K and other nutrients) is the potential nitrogen nutrient supply of the soil.

在测定土壤潜在N素养分供应具体实施中，常规施肥区(FFP)区和缺N肥施肥区(N0)各占田块的一半，面积分别为500～1000m²。常规施肥区按氮、磷、钾配施，一股每公顷施肥折合纯N180～300kg、P₂O₅ 45～60kg、K₂O 90～150kg；缺N肥施肥区不施氮肥，磷肥、钾肥与常规施用量一致。水稻的收割后，缺N肥施肥区(P、K和其它养分充足供应)水稻地上部分累积的总N量为土壤潜在氮素养分供应量INS。In the specific implementation of determining soil potential N nutrient supply, the regular fertilization area (FFP) area and the N-deficient fertilization area (N0) each account for half of the field, with an area of 500-1000m² . In conventional fertilization areas, nitrogen, phosphorus_, and potassium are applied together, and one share of fertilization per hectare is equivalent to pure N180-300kg,_P2O5 45-60kg, and K2O90-150kg; N-deficient fertilization areas do not apply nitrogen fertilizers, phosphorus_fertilizers , and potassium fertilizers Consistent with conventional application rate. After rice harvesting, the total N accumulated in the aboveground part of rice in the N-deficient fertilization area (Sufficient supply of P, K and other nutrients) is the potential nitrogen nutrient supply INS of the soil.

即，前一年度需要在该水稻田内事先按照上述要求设置缺N肥施肥区和常规施肥区；That is, in the previous year, it is necessary to set up N-deficient fertilization areas and conventional fertilization areas in the paddy field in accordance with the above requirements;

缺N肥施肥区的水稻地上部分氮素积累量＝INS；Nitrogen accumulation in the aboveground part of rice in the N-deficient fertilization area = INS;

水稻地上部分氮素积累量(kg hm^-2)＝秸秆干物质量(kg hm^-2)×秸秆(干物质)中含氮量(kg kg^-1)+稻谷产量(kg hm^-2)×稻谷中含氮量(kg kg^-1)；稻谷为含水率14％的稻谷。按照此公式可得出缺N肥施肥区的水稻地上部分氮素积累量，即土壤潜在氮素养分供应能力INS。Nitrogen accumulation in the aboveground part of rice (kg hm^-2 ) = dry matter of straw (kg hm^-2 ) × nitrogen content in straw (dry matter) (kg kg^-1 ) + rice yield (kg hm^-2 ) × rice Medium nitrogen content (kg kg^-1 ); rice is rice with a moisture content of 14%. According to this formula, the nitrogen accumulation in the aboveground part of rice in the N-deficient fertilization area can be obtained, that is, the potential nitrogen nutrient supply capacity INS of the soil.

③、测算水稻目标产量下的N素养分需求量RNR(kg hm^-2)：③. Calculate the N nutrient requirement RNR (kg hm^-2 ) under the target rice yield:

RNR＝Y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNSRNR=Y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNS

式中：RNR为水稻目标产量下的N素养分需求量，Y为步骤①所得的水稻目标产量；CGN为常规施肥区稻谷中N营养元素的含量(kg kg^-1)；TB为常规施肥区水稻目标产量下的总生物量(秸秆干物质量+稻谷产量，kg hm^-2)；MCNS为常规施肥区水稻秸秆(干物质)中N营养元素的含量(kg kg^-1)，CGN、TB、MCNS均可以在水稻收获后实测获得；In the formula: RNR is the N nutrient demand under the target yield of rice, Y is the target yield of rice obtained in step ①; CGN is the content of N nutrients in rice in the conventional fertilization area (kg kg^-1 ); TB is the conventional fertilization area The total biomass under the target rice yield (dry matter of straw + rice yield, kg hm^-2 ); MCNS is the content of N nutrients in rice straw (dry matter) in the conventional fertilization area (kg kg^-1 ), CGN, TB, MCNS can be measured after rice harvest;

稻谷为含水率14％的稻谷。The rice is rice with a moisture content of 14%.

④、估算氮肥施用量(FR，kg hm^-2)：④. Estimation of nitrogen fertilizer application rate (FR, kg hm^-2 ):

FR＝(RNR-INS)/(REN×NC)；REN为水稻对氮肥吸收利用率，设定为0.4～0.5；NC为肥料含氮量；FR=(RNR-INS)/(REN×NC); REN is the absorption and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer by rice, which is set at 0.4-0.5; NC is the nitrogen content of fertilizer;

⑤、动态调整氮肥施用量：⑤. Dynamic adjustment of nitrogen fertilizer application amount:

对于人工插植水稻或机插水稻，插秧前1～2天田间需要施用基肥，基肥施用量为预测氮肥施用量FR的20％～30％，而后在水稻的分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期这3个关键生育期通过叶片比色卡在水稻叶片的LCC读数来调整氮肥施用量；For artificially transplanted rice or machine-transplanted rice, basal fertilizer needs to be applied in the field 1 to 2 days before transplanting. Nitrogen fertilizer application was adjusted through the LCC readings of the rice leaves on the leaf color card during the 3 key growth stages;

对于直播水稻，无需施基肥，直接在水稻的分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期这3个关键生育期通过叶片比色卡在水稻叶片的LCC读数来调整氮肥施用量；For direct-seeding rice, there is no need to apply basal fertilizer, and the nitrogen fertilizer application amount can be adjusted directly through the LCC reading of the leaf color card in the three key growth stages of rice: tillering stage, jointing stage, and booting stage;

调整规则为：The adjustment rules are:

当LCC≤3时，目标产量Y≤5t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为75kg hm^-2；5t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤6t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为100kg hm^-2；6t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤7t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为125kghm^-2；7t hm^-2＜目标产量Y，氮肥施用量为150kg hm^-2；When LCC≤3, target yield Y≤5t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 75kg hm^-2 ; 5t hm^-2 <target yield Y≤6t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 100kg hm^-2 ; 6t hm^{-2 2} <target yield Y≤7t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 125kghm^-2 ; 7t hm^-2 <target yield Y, nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 150kg hm^-2 ;

当LCC＝3.5时，目标产量Y≤5t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为50kg hm^-2；5t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤6t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为75kg hm^-2；6t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤7t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为100kghm^-2；7t hm^-2＜目标产量Y，氮肥施用量为125kg hm^-2；When LCC=3.5, target yield Y≤5t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 50kg hm^-2 ; 5t hm^-2 <target yield Y≤6t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 75kg hm^-2 ; 6t hm^{-2 2} <target yield Y≤7t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 100kghm^-2 ; 7t hm^-2 <target yield Y, nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 125kg hm^-2 ;

当LCC≥4时，目标产量Y≤5t hm^-2，氮肥施用量为0kg hm^-2；5t hm^-2＜目标产量Y，氮肥施用量为45kg hm^-2。When LCC≥4, target yield Y≤5t hm^-2 , nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 0kg hm^-2 ; 5t hm^-2 < target yield Y, nitrogen fertilizer application rate is 45kg hm^-2 .

具体如表1所示。The details are shown in Table 1.

表1、基于叶片比色卡读数(LCC)及目标产量(Y)下的生态施肥方案Table 1. Ecological fertilization scheme based on leaf color card readings (LCC) and target yield (Y)

说明表1中：目标产量Y≤6t hm^-2，是指5t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤6t hm^-2，目标产量Y≤7t hm^-2，是指6t hm^-2＜目标产量Y≤7t hm^-2。Explanation in Table 1: target yield Y≤6t hm^-2 means 5t hm^-2 < target yield Y≤6t hm^-2 , target yield Y≤7t hm^-2 means 6t hm^-2 < target yield Y≤ 7t hm^-2 .

叶片比色卡使用方法为：在一块田间选取均匀分布的10～15穴水稻；每穴选择最长的叶片比色，将叶片正面贴在叶色卡上，观察叶片颜色是否与叶色卡上的级数相同，相同为该级数，介于色彩中间等级的可取平均值。实际操作中可以根据叶色偏向的色级取相邻近的级数，记录各次测定结果，然后计算出一个田块所有测定的平均值，根据表1中提供的施肥方案施肥可获得较高的产量和提高施肥效益。The method of using the leaf color card is as follows: select 10-15 holes of rice evenly distributed in a field; select the longest leaf color for each hole, stick the front of the leaf on the leaf color card, and observe whether the color of the leaf is consistent with that on the leaf color card. The number of levels is the same, and the same is the number of levels, which is the average value of the middle level of the color. In actual operation, the adjacent series can be taken according to the color grade of the leaf color deviation, and the measurement results of each measurement can be recorded, and then the average value of all measurements in a field can be calculated. Fertilization according to the fertilization scheme provided in Table 1 can obtain higher yield and improve fertilization efficiency.

下面结合具体实验对本发明作进一步描述。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific experiments.

实验1：水肥生态耦合管理对稻田径流氮磷减排效果实验Experiment 1: The effect of water and fertilizer ecological coupling management on the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from rice field runoff

于2010年在杭州市余杭区径山镇前溪村(30°21′N，119°53′E)选取了代表性的稻田进行水肥生态耦合管理(ASM，如实施例1所示)和农民常规水肥管理(FCP)对稻田径流排水中氮磷流失减排效果的对比试验研究。In 2010, in Qianxi Village, Jingshan Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City (30 ° 21 'N, 119 ° 53 ' E), a representative paddy field was selected to carry out water and fertilizer ecological coupling management (ASM, as shown in Example 1) and farmers' routine Comparative experimental study on the effect of water and fertilizer management (FCP) on the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in rice field runoff and drainage.

在稻田灌溉方面，水肥生态耦合管理实验区(ASM)采用干湿交替的节水生态灌溉方式，农民常规水肥管理(FCP)采用连续淹水灌溉方式；在生态施肥实施前课题组在径山镇农业生产调查得到该区域的水稻多年(5年)平均产量约为6600kg hm^-2，因而确定实验区的田块目标产量为Y＝(1+15％)×6600＝7600kg hm^-2。在该地前一年度事先设立缺氮肥施肥区和常规施肥区进行比对，测定的土壤潜在氮素养分供应能力(INS)平均为85kghm^-2；而常规施肥区稻谷中N营养元素的浓度含量为CGN＝0.011kg kg^-1，常规施肥区水稻目标产量下的总生物量TB＝15000kg hm^-2，常规施肥区水稻秸秆(干物质)中N营养元素的浓度为MCNS＝0.005kg kg^-1，因此水稻目标产量下的养分需求RNR＝Y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNS＝7600×0.011+(15000-7600)×0.005＝120.6kg hm^-2；氮肥使用尿素，尿素的含氮量为0.46kg kg^-1，氮肥吸收利用率REN为0.45，因而估测ASM处理的田块氮肥施用量为FR＝(RNR-INS)/(NC×REN)＝(120.6-85)/(0.46×0.45)＝172kg hm^-2。In terms of paddy field irrigation, the water-fertilizer ecological coupling management experimental area (ASM) adopts the water-saving ecological irrigation method of alternating dry and wet, and the farmer's conventional water and fertilizer management (FCP) adopts the continuous flooding irrigation method; According to the survey of agricultural production, the average yield of rice in this region for many years (5 years) is about 6600kg hm^-2 , so the target yield of the field in the experimental area is determined to be Y=(1+15%)×6600=7600kg hm^-2 . In the previous year, a nitrogen deficient fertilization area and a conventional fertilization area were set up in advance for comparison, and the measured soil potential nitrogen nutrient supply capacity (INS) was 85kghm^-2 on average; while the concentration of N nutrient elements in rice in the conventional fertilization area CGN＝0.011kg kg^-1 , the total biomass TB＝15000kg hm^-2 under the target yield of rice in the conventional fertilization area, and the concentration of N in rice straw (dry matter) in the conventional fertilization area is MCNS＝0.005kg kg^-1 , so the nutrient requirement under the rice target yield RNR=Y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNS=7600×0.011+(15000-7600)×0.005=120.6kg hm^-2 ; nitrogen fertilizer uses urea, and the nitrogen content of urea is 0.46kg kg^-1 , the absorption and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer REN is 0.45, so it is estimated that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the field treated by ASM is FR=(RNR-INS)/(NC×REN)=(120.6-85)/(0.46×0.45 ) = 172 kg hm⁻² .

稻田适时适地生态施肥具体操作过程中，按25％估测的氮肥施用量(43kg hm^-2)作基肥，同时根据水稻关键生育期(如分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期)叶片比色卡读数LCC值进行了三次追肥，3次的LCC均为4，因此共计追肥45*3＝135kg hm^-2。整个水稻季ASM处理实际氮肥施用量核算为178kg hm^-2。In the specific operation process of timely and appropriate ecological fertilization in paddy fields, use 25% of the estimated nitrogen fertilizer application rate (43kg hm^-2 ) as the base fertilizer, and at the same time, according to the leaf color chart of the key growth stages of rice (such as tillering stage, jointing stage, and booting stage) The read LCC value was topdressed three times, and the LCC of the three times was 4, so the total topdressing was 45*3=135kg hm^-2 . The actual amount of nitrogen fertilizer application in the ASM treatment of the whole rice season was calculated as 178kg hm^-2 .

研究发现：(1)通过田间水位监测及灌溉计量装表统计表明整个水稻季水肥生态耦合管理(ASM)稻田总水分用量为9170t hm^-2(其中灌溉水量核定为4200t hm^-2，其余为天然水)，农民常规水肥管理(FCP)稻田总水分用量为11850t hm^-2(其中灌溉水量核定为6880t hm^-2，其余为天然水)，水肥生态耦合管理每公倾节省灌溉水量2680吨，显著降低了稻田灌溉水量。同时，尽管连续强降雨造成了田面水的溢流，但水稻整个生育期内水肥生态耦合管理(ASM)稻田的田面水位显著低于常规水肥管理(FCP)稻田(见图2)，且FCP处理暴雨径流发生11次，稻田径流排水总量1980t hm^-2，ASM处理暴雨径流发生8次，稻田径流排水总量1310t hm^-2，水肥生态耦合管理每公倾减少径流排水670吨，表明采用干湿交替节水生态灌溉方式的水肥生态耦合管理可显著降低暴雨径流发生次数与发生量(见图3)；(2)ASM处理氮肥施用量为178kg hm^-2，而当地常规水肥管理农民氮肥施肥量为240kg hm^-2，其纯氮投入削减比例达25.8％，表明采用适时适地生态施肥的水肥生态耦合管理每公倾节省氮肥施用量62kg(折合尿素135kg)，显著降低了稻田氮肥施用量。此外，由于氮肥的合理使用促进了水稻生长，ASM处理中磷肥用量也从FCP处理的55kg P ha^-1削减至45kg P ha^-1，纯磷削减比例达18.2％；(3)水肥生态耦合较常规水肥管理有效降低了暴雨径流氮磷的流失量(见图4、图5)。统计结果显示，相对于FCP处理，ASM处理稻田总氮、总磷流失削减率分别达47.6％、44.4％，表明干湿交替节水生态灌溉与适时适地生态施肥耦合的氮磷减排技术对稻田氮、磷流失的减排作用显著。最终测产表明，ASM处理水稻产量为7478kg hm^-2，而FCP处理水稻产量为7125kg hm^-2。The research found that: (1) According to the statistics of field water level monitoring and irrigation meter installation, the total water consumption of the paddy field under the ecological coupling management of water and fertilizer (ASM) in the whole rice season was 9170t hm^-2 (of which the irrigation water was approved to be 4200t hm^-2 , and the rest was natural water), farmers' conventional water and fertilizer management (FCP) total water consumption in paddy fields is 11850t hm^-2 (of which the irrigation water is approved to be 6880t hm^-2 , and the rest is natural water), and the ecological coupling management of water and fertilizer saves 2680 tons of irrigation water per hectare, which is significant Reduced irrigation water for paddy fields. At the same time, although the continuous heavy rainfall caused the overflow of surface water, the water level of the paddy field under the ecological coupling management of water and fertilizer (ASM) was significantly lower than that of the paddy field of conventional water and fertilizer management (FCP) throughout the rice growth period (see Figure 2), and the FCP treatment Rainstorm runoff occurred 11 times, and the total amount of runoff and drainage from paddy fields was 1980t hm^-2 . ASM treatment of stormy runoff occurred 8 times, and the total amount of runoff and drainage from rice fields was 1310t hm^-2 . Ecological coupling management of water and fertilizer reduced runoff and drainage by 670 tons per hectare. The water-fertilizer ecological coupling management of the wet-alternating water-saving ecological irrigation method can significantly reduce the frequency and amount of rainstorm runoff (see Figure 3); (2) The nitrogen fertilizer application amount of ASM treatment is 178kg hm^-2 , while the local conventional water and fertilizer management farmers use nitrogen fertilizer 240kg hm^-2 , and the reduction ratio of pure nitrogen input is 25.8%, which shows that the water and fertilizer ecological coupling management of timely and appropriate ecological fertilization saves 62kg of nitrogen fertilizer application per hectare (equivalent to 135kg of urea), which significantly reduces the nitrogen fertilizer application amount of paddy fields . In addition, due to the rational use of nitrogen fertilizer to promote the growth of rice, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer in ASM treatment was also reduced from 55kg P ha^-1 to 45kg P ha^-1 in FCP treatment, and the reduction ratio of pure phosphorus reached 18.2%; (3) The ecological coupling of water and fertilizer was relatively low. Conventional water and fertilizer management effectively reduced the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in storm runoff (see Figure 4 and Figure 5). The statistical results show that compared with the FCP treatment, the reduction rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loss in paddy fields under the ASM treatment are 47.6% and 44.4%, respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus loss in paddy fields has a significant emission reduction effect. The final yield measurement showed that the yield of rice treated with ASM was 7478kg hm^-2 , while the yield of rice treated with FCP was 7125kg hm^-2 .

最后，还需要注意的是，以上列举的仅是本发明的若干个具体实施例。显然，本发明不限于以上实施例，还可以有许多变形。本领域的普通技术人员能从本发明公开的内容直接导出或联想到的所有变形，均应认为是本发明的保护范围。Finally, it should be noted that the above examples are only some specific embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and many variations are possible. All deformations that can be directly derived or associated by those skilled in the art from the content disclosed in the present invention should be considered as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure is characterized in that comprising the water management in rice field and the nutrient management in rice field;

Alternation of wetting and drying water-saving ecological irrigation pattern when selecting is adopted in the water management in said rice field, may further comprise the steps:

1., rice transplantation began intermittent irrigation in 10～14 days, was 60～80mm with irrigation of paddy fields to the initial field face depth of water earlier;

2., when treating that field face nature water falls to doing to 50～100mm below the table soil, irrigate the face depth of water to initial field;

3., carry out step 2. repeatedly; Carry out repeatedly in the step process 2. said, when paddy rice booting stage and flowering stage, stop to carry out step 2., keeping the field face depth of water is 10～80mm;

4., after finish flowering stage, continue to carry out step 2. repeatedly, until the paddy rice yellow maturity; When treating that field face nature water falls to doing to 0～10mm below the table soil, the harvesting paddy rice;

Ecological rightly fertilizer application mode is in good time adopted in the nutrient management in said rice field, comprises the steps:

1., confirm paddy rice target output Y (kg hm^-2):

Said paddy rice target output be local paddy maximum production in former years 70～80% or local paddy average yield in former years 113～118%; Said paddy is the paddy of moisture content 13.5～14.5%;

2., obtain the potential nitrogen nutrient deliverability of soil INS (kg hm^-2):

Be provided with in advance and lack fertile fertilization area of N and conventional fertilizer application district;

The paddy rice acrial part nitrogen accumulation amount=INS that lacks the fertile fertilization area of N;

3., the N attainment under the measuring and calculating paddy rice target output is divided demand RNR (kg hm^-2):

RNR＝y×CGN+(TB-Y)×MCNS

In the formula: RNR divides demand for the N attainment under the paddy rice target output, and Y is the 1. paddy rice target output of gained of step; CGN is content (the kg kg of N nutritive element in the conventional fertilizer application district paddy^-1); TB is total biomass (stalk amount of dry matter+rice yield, the kg hm under the conventional fertilizer application district paddy rice target output^-2); MCNS is content (the kg kg of N nutritive element in the conventional fertilizer application district rice straw^-1), said CGN, TB, MCNS all can survey acquisition after rice harves;

Said paddy is the paddy of moisture content 13.5～14.5%;

4., estimation amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer (FR, kg hm^-2):

FR=(RNR-INS)/(REN * NC); Said REN be paddy rice to the nitrogen absorption and utilization rate, be set at 0.4～0.55; Said NC is the fertilizer nitrogen content;

5., dynamically adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer:

For artificial transplanting paddy rice or machine-transplanted rice; Base manure need be used in preceding 1～2 day field of rice transplanting; The base manure amount of application is 20%～30% of prediction amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer FR, then tillering stage of paddy rice, shooting stage, booting stage these 3 key developmental stages adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer through the blade colorimetric card at the LCC of rice leaf reading;

For direct seading rice, need not basal dressing, directly tillering stage of paddy rice, shooting stage, booting stage these 3 key developmental stages adjust amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer through the blade colorimetric card at the LCC of rice leaf reading;

Regulation rule is:

When LCC≤3, target output Y≤5t hm^-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 75kg hm^-25t hm^-2＜target output Y≤6t hm^-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 100kg hm^-26t hm^-2＜target output Y≤7t hm^-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 125kg hm^-27t hm^-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 150kg hm^-2

When LCC=3.5, target output Y≤5t hm^-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 50kg hm^-25t hm^-2＜target output Y≤6t hm^-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 75kg hm^-26t hm^-2＜target output Y≤7t hm^-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 100kghm^-27t hm^-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 125kg hm^-2

When LCC>=4, target output Y≤5t hm^-2, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer is 0kg hm^-25t hm^-2＜target output Y, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer are 45kg hm^-2

2. the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure according to claim 1 is characterized in that:

The step of the nutrient in said rice field management 2. in, paddy rice acrial part nitrogen accumulation amount (kg hm^-2)=stalk amount of dry matter (kg hm^-2Nitrogen content (kgkg in the) * stalk^-1)+rice yield (kg hm^-2(the kg kg of nitrogen content in the) * paddy^-1);

Said paddy is the paddy of moisture content 13.5～14.5%.

3. the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure according to claim 2 is characterized in that:

In the water management in said rice field; The field water level monitoring adopts measuring tube, and said measuring tube is the PVC plastic pipe of diameter 200mm, long 400mm, around tube wall, evenly bores a circle infiltration hole along the tubing bottom; Every then height at a distance from 20mm evenly bores a circle infiltration hole around tube wall; The infiltration bore dia is 5mm, amounts to 11～12 rounds, and a circle is made a call to 30 holes on the same horizontal plane;

With straight down the imbedding in the paddy soil in measuring tube bottom, making the most upward, row's infiltration hole is positioned at 0～5mm below the table soil; Shoot off earth in the measuring tube, thus make the height≤50mm of earth in the measuring tube.

4. the nitrogen phosphorus discharge-reducing method of the ecological coupling management of paddy rice liquid manure according to claim 3 is characterized in that:

The step of the nutrient in said rice field management 5. in, said blade colorimetric card method for using is: choose equally distributed 10～15 cave paddy rice in a field; The longest blade colorimetric is selected in every cave, and face of blade is attached on the leaf colour atla, observe leaf color whether with the leaf colour atla on progression identical, be all this progression mutually, average between color is middle-bracket.

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