CN101629903A - Optical system of scattering-type cloud particle detector - Google Patents
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本发明设计了一种基于单模光纤耦合输出半导体激光器、散射多角度接收的云粒子探测器。使用单模光纤耦合输出半导体激光器和方孔光阑研制云粒子探测器，通过使用方孔切掉高斯光束的边缘部分，仅保留高斯光束的顶部，利用4f光学系统将方孔成像在测量敏感区域中心位置，在测量敏感区域中心位置产生近似平顶光束，解决照明不均匀问题，使用方孔光阑产生正方形光束，使粒子穿过照亮区域的时间相同，电脉冲的时间宽度相同，易于后续的电子学处理。发明的云粒子探测器具有两个散射能量接收系统，从前向和侧后向两个角度接收粒子散射，根据两个角度输出电信号的比值，可以推断云粒子的相态。The invention designs a cloud particle detector based on a single-mode optical fiber coupling output semiconductor laser and scattering multi-angle reception. Develop a cloud particle detector using a single-mode fiber-coupled output semiconductor laser and a square hole diaphragm. By using a square hole to cut off the edge of the Gaussian beam, only the top of the Gaussian beam remains, and use a 4f optical system to image the square hole at the center of the measurement sensitive area. , to generate an approximate flat-top beam at the center of the measurement sensitive area, to solve the problem of uneven illumination, to use a square hole diaphragm to generate a square beam, so that the time for particles to pass through the illuminated area is the same, and the time width of the electric pulse is the same, which is easy for subsequent electronic processing . The cloud particle detector invented has two scattering energy receiving systems, which receive particle scattering from two angles: forward and sideward, and the phase state of cloud particles can be inferred according to the ratio of the electrical signals output from the two angles.
背景技术Background technique
人工增雨是人工影响天气的最重要的活动之一，具有很高的社会效益和经济效益。为使云中水分更多地转化为降水，从而达到增雨的目的，人工增雨活动需要于适当时机在云体的适当部位进行催化作业。但是，由于云体的复杂多变等因素，单凭地面上的一些观测手段所得到的信息很难准确的确定云中的可播区，这对催化决策的准确性造成很大影响，因此如何准确的了解云系的结构是人工影响天气科学问题的焦点。利用飞机直接飞入云系内部，进行有效的观测，是近代云物理学一直采用的研究方法。上世纪70年代以来，美国研制了一套自动化的机载云粒子测量系统(PMS)，目前该套仪器的在自动化测量和探测精度的方面均有了很大的提高，其中散射式云粒子探头是该套仪器中的一个组成部分，其测量范围为0.5-47um。Artificial rainfall enhancement is one of the most important activities of artificial weather modification, which has high social and economic benefits. In order to convert more water in the cloud into precipitation, thereby achieving the purpose of increasing rainfall, artificial rainfall enhancement activities need to be catalyzed at the appropriate part of the cloud body at an appropriate time. However, due to the complexity and changeability of the cloud body, it is difficult to accurately determine the seedable area in the cloud based on the information obtained from some observation methods on the ground, which has a great impact on the accuracy of catalytic decision-making. Therefore, how to Accurately understanding the structure of cloud systems is the focus of scientific problems in weather modification. Using airplanes to directly fly into the interior of the cloud system for effective observation is a research method that has been adopted in modern cloud physics. Since the 1970s, the United States has developed an automated airborne cloud particle measurement system (PMS). At present, the automatic measurement and detection accuracy of this set of instruments have been greatly improved. Among them, the scattering cloud particle probe It is an integral part of the set of instruments, and its measurement range is 0.5-47um.
目前，最先进的散射式云粒子测量系统功能工作原理如下，系统使用658nm的连续激光作为照明光源，照明光束截面是200×180um，形成的测量敏感区域大小为2mm×180um。云粒子探头安装在飞机外部，且激光传输方向垂直于飞机飞行的方向，飞机飞行时可以认为粒子垂直于光束方向穿过激光束，粒子穿过过程中散射激光能量，直射光被贴在收集透镜上的全反镜反出光路，用以激光器能量的监测，散射光收集镜收集4-12°之间的散射能量，收集来的光被分光镜分为33/66％两部分(探测通道和质量控制通道)，分别使用光电探测器探测。其中质量控制通道其面有小孔光阑，当粒子距离测量中心位置较远时，根据几何成像的观点则成像的位置发生变化(前后发生变化)，而使部分的光被光阑挡住，因此出现质量控制通道能量小于探测通道的情况，距离焦点越远则质量控制通道探测得到的能量越少，而探测通道能量基本不发生变化，则根据两者之间的关系，可以舍弃距离焦点较远的粒子。在电子学上，探测通道和质量控制通道出来的电信号首先被放大，然后通过比较器进行质量控制，同时使用多通道信号分析仪对探测通道的信号进行分析，比较器输出为0或5V的数字信号送给DSP，作为接收和拒收的判断依据，如果是高电平则将分析仪输出的信号通过RS232串口送给计算机，若为低电平，则系统不记录该粒子。At present, the working principle of the most advanced scattering cloud particle measurement system is as follows. The system uses a 658nm continuous laser as the illumination source. The illumination beam cross section is 200×180um, and the measurement sensitive area formed is 2mm×180um. The cloud particle probe is installed outside the aircraft, and the laser transmission direction is perpendicular to the flight direction of the aircraft. When the aircraft is flying, it can be considered that the particles pass through the laser beam perpendicular to the beam direction. The laser energy is scattered during the particle passing process, and the direct light is attached to the collecting lens. The optical path reflected by the full reflection mirror is used to monitor the energy of the laser. The scattered light collecting mirror collects the scattered energy between 4-12°, and the collected light is divided into two parts of 33/66% by the spectroscope (detection channel and quality control channel), detected using photodetectors, respectively. The surface of the quality control channel has a small aperture diaphragm. When the particle is far away from the measurement center, according to the geometric imaging point of view, the imaging position changes (changes from front to back), and part of the light is blocked by the diaphragm. Therefore If the energy of the quality control channel is smaller than that of the detection channel, the farther the distance from the focus is, the less energy will be detected by the quality control channel, and the energy of the detection channel will basically not change. According to the relationship between the two, the distance from the focus can be discarded. particle of. In electronics, the electrical signals from the detection channel and the quality control channel are first amplified, and then quality controlled by a comparator. At the same time, a multi-channel signal analyzer is used to analyze the signal of the detection channel. The output of the comparator is 0 or 5V. The digital signal is sent to DSP as the basis for judging whether to accept or reject. If it is high level, the signal output by the analyzer will be sent to the computer through the RS232 serial port. If it is low level, the system will not record the particle.
在长时间的使用与维护中发现，对于上述散射式云粒子测量系统就光学部分而言主要存在以下几个方面的问题。(1)系统使用自由空间输出的半导体激光器，在光的传输过程中存在快轴、慢轴之分，经过一段距离后光斑为椭圆形状，不但激光模式在X轴、Y轴不同，而且不利于后续光学系统的设计、加工、处理；(2)系统中的200×180um光束是由光阑形成，由于光阑小孔很小，必须考虑波动光学中的衍射，因此，激光到达光学吸收体后，其大小远不止200um×180um这个尺寸，因为粒子散射能量本身很小，必须高度抑制直射光，增大反射镜的面积可以增加直射光的抑制程度，但同时也损耗了散射光，而且是0°附近的散射光，使散射光受到很大的衰减；(3)直射光全反镜由于不能使用调整架(怕对散射光有遮挡)而直接胶合在散射光收集透镜上；(4)接收系统中没有窄带滤光片，而云粒子探测一般是在白天进行，很多杂散光进入接收系统，影响系统的信噪比；(5)该系统只能得到云粒子的大小信息，不能获取云粒子的相态。现代光学技术的发展，为改进该系统提供了必要的条件，通过采用现代化的光电器件、结合严密的几何光学波动光学设计，应该能够得到优于该系统的云粒子探测系统。During the long-term use and maintenance, it is found that the above-mentioned scattering cloud particle measurement system mainly has the following problems in terms of the optical part. (1) The system uses semiconductor lasers output in free space. In the process of light transmission, there are fast axis and slow axis. After a certain distance, the light spot is elliptical. Design, processing, and processing of the subsequent optical system; (2) The 200×180um beam in the system is formed by an aperture. Since the aperture of the aperture is very small, diffraction in wave optics must be considered. Therefore, after the laser reaches the optical absorber , its size is far more than the size of 200um×180um, because the particle scattering energy itself is very small, the direct light must be highly suppressed, increasing the area of the mirror can increase the degree of suppression of direct light, but at the same time it also loses the scattered light, and it is 0 The scattered light in the vicinity of ° makes the scattered light greatly attenuated; (3) the direct light total reflection mirror cannot use the adjustment frame (for fear of blocking the scattered light), so it is directly glued on the scattered light collecting lens; (4) the receiving There is no narrow-band filter in the system, and cloud particle detection is generally carried out during the day, and a lot of stray light enters the receiving system, which affects the signal-to-noise ratio of the system; (5) The system can only obtain the size information of cloud particles, but cannot obtain cloud particle phase state. The development of modern optical technology provides the necessary conditions for improving the system. By adopting modern optoelectronic devices and combining rigorous geometrical optics and wave optics design, it should be possible to obtain a cloud particle detection system superior to this system.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明解决的技术问题：通过使用单模光纤耦合输出半导体激光器、非球面准直镜、方孔光阑和4f变换系统，既产生了需要的激光的均匀照明，又解决了光束切割过程中的衍射问题，提高了散射光接收的纯度；发明的云粒子探测器具有两个接收角度，根据两个角度输出电信号的比值，可以推断云粒子的相态。The technical problem solved by the present invention: by using a single-mode optical fiber to couple and output a semiconductor laser, an aspheric collimator, a square hole diaphragm and a 4f conversion system, the uniform illumination of the required laser light is produced, and the diffraction problem in the beam cutting process is solved. , improving the purity of scattered light reception; the cloud particle detector invented has two receiving angles, and the phase state of cloud particles can be inferred according to the ratio of the output electrical signals of the two angles.
本发明的技术解决方案如下：Technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
一种散射式云粒子探测器光学系统：包括发射光学单元、前向散射探测单元和侧后向散射探测单元；A scattering cloud particle detector optical system: including an emission optical unit, a forward scattering detection unit and a side backscattering detection unit;
所述发射光学单元包括：一台单模光纤耦合输出激光器(1)、非球面准直镜(2)、方孔光阑(3)、4f光学系统；所述4f光学系统包括傅立叶变换透镜(4)、反傅立叶变换透镜(6)和第一全反镜(5)；The transmitting optical unit includes: a single-mode fiber coupled output laser (1), an aspheric collimator (2), a square aperture stop (3), and a 4f optical system; the 4f optical system includes a Fourier transform lens (4) , anti-Fourier transform lens (6) and the first total reflection mirror (5);
所述前向散射探测单元包括：前向散射光收集透镜(9)、第一窄带滤光片(10)、第二全反镜(11)、第一光电探测器(12)、会聚透镜(13)、分光棱镜(14)、第二光电探测器(15)、小孔光阑(16)、第三光电探测器(17)；The forward scatter detection unit comprises: a forward scattered light collecting lens (9), a first narrow-band filter (10), a second total reflection mirror (11), a first photodetector (12), a converging lens ( 13), beam splitting prism (14), second photodetector (15), aperture diaphragm (16), third photodetector (17);
所述侧后向散射探测单元包括：第二窄带滤光片(19)、侧后向散射收集透镜(20)、第四光电探测器(21)；The side backscatter detection unit includes: a second narrow-band filter (19), a side backscatter collection lens (20), and a fourth photodetector (21);
所述光纤激光器(1)光纤末端输出的光使用非球面镜(2)进行准直，准直后使用方孔光阑(3)去切割，经4f光学系统(4)将方孔光阑(3)成像到测量区域中间即第一窗口玻璃(7)、第二窗口玻璃(8)之间中心位置；在该中间位置光束特性与方孔光阑(3)处光束特性相同，衍射现象不明显，因此，在以该点为中心的一个小范围内，形成均匀照明，同时由于粒子经过光束的时间相同，产生电信号的时域特性相同，消除了边缘效应，易于后续处理。The light output from the fiber end of the fiber laser (1) is collimated using an aspheric mirror (2), and after collimation, the square hole diaphragm (3) is used to cut, and the square hole diaphragm (3) is imaged to the measurement through the 4f optical system (4). The middle of the area is the central position between the first window glass (7) and the second window glass (8); the beam characteristics at this intermediate position are the same as those at the square hole diaphragm (3), and the diffraction phenomenon is not obvious. Therefore, at this In a small area centered on the point, uniform illumination is formed. At the same time, because the time of the particles passing through the beam is the same, the time domain characteristics of the generated electrical signal are the same, eliminating the edge effect and easy for subsequent processing.
系统在两个方向上接收云粒子的散射，分别收集前向散射和侧后向散射，根据两个方向上光电探测器的输出可以推断待测粒子的相态。The system receives the scattering of cloud particles in two directions, and collects forward scattering and side backward scattering respectively. According to the output of photodetectors in two directions, the phase state of the particle to be measured can be inferred.
散射式云粒子探测系统光路，包括以下步骤：The optical path of the scattering cloud particle detection system includes the following steps:
(1)单模光纤耦合输出激光器的激光从光纤末端输出；(1) The laser output from the single-mode fiber-coupled output laser is output from the end of the fiber;
(2)非球面准直镜将其光纤末端的输出变为平行光，其光斑尺寸为2mm；(2) The aspheric collimator turns the output at the end of its fiber into parallel light, and its spot size is 2mm;
(3)使用300um×300um的方孔光阑去切割整形后的激光束，仅适用高斯光束中间相对均匀的部分；(3) Use a 300um×300um square hole diaphragm to cut the shaped laser beam, only applicable to the relatively uniform part of the Gaussian beam;
(4)使用4f光学系统将方孔光阑上的方孔的成像到测量敏感区域(第一窗口玻璃与第二窗口玻璃之间中心位置处)；(4) Use the 4f optical system to image the square hole on the square hole diaphragm to the measurement sensitive area (at the center between the first window glass and the second window glass);
(5)所有发射部分元件通过窗口玻璃与外界空气隔离；(5) All emitting components are isolated from the outside air through the window glass;
(6)所有前向散射接收器件通过窗口玻璃与外界空气隔离；(6) All forward scattering receiving devices are isolated from the outside air through window glass;
(7)前向散射透镜收集13°以内的光信号，包括直射信号和散射信号；(7) The forward scattering lens collects the optical signal within 13°, including the direct signal and the scattered signal;
(8)利用窄带滤光片抑制收集的杂散光，增加信噪比；(8) Use a narrow-band filter to suppress the collected stray light and increase the signal-to-noise ratio;
(9)使用45°全反镜将散射光全反，该全反镜中间开孔，孔的大小使直射光完全通过。(9) Use a 45° total reflection mirror to fully reflect the scattered light. There is a hole in the middle of the total reflection mirror, and the size of the hole allows the direct light to pass through completely.
(10)散射光由会聚透镜进行聚焦；(10) The scattered light is focused by the converging lens;
(11)分光棱镜将聚焦后的散射光分为3∶1两部分，分光棱镜反3透1；(11) The beam-splitting prism divides the focused scattered light into two parts of 3:1, and the beam-splitting prism reflects 3 and transmits 1;
(12)分光棱镜反射部分对应质量控制通道，探测器前面放一小孔用于质量控制，透射部分直接由光电探测器探测；(12) The reflection part of the beam splitting prism corresponds to the quality control channel, a small hole is placed in front of the detector for quality control, and the transmission part is directly detected by the photoelectric detector;
(13)侧后向散射部分光学元件通过窗口玻璃与外界大气隔离；(13) The optical elements of the side backscattering part are isolated from the outside atmosphere through the window glass;
(14)窄带滤光片用于抑制杂散光引起的噪声；(14) The narrow-band filter is used to suppress the noise caused by stray light;
(15)收集透镜将侧后向散射聚焦到探测器，用于侧后向散射能量的探测；(15) The collection lens focuses the side backscatter to the detector for detection of side backscatter energy;
本发明中激光器为光纤耦合输出激光器为连续激光器，波长为685nm，输出功率为35mW。所说非球面准直镜的工作口径为2mm，准直后激光的发散角小于1mrad。所说方孔光阑方孔大小为300um×300um。4f光学系统包括傅立叶变换透镜、全反镜、反傅立叶变换透镜。傅立叶变换透镜对经过方孔光阑的光进行傅立叶变换，全反镜将光的传输方向改变90度，但不改变光的性质，反傅立叶变换透镜对入射的光进行反傅立叶变换，最终将方孔的像呈现在测量敏感区域中间。In the present invention, the laser is a fiber-coupled output laser, which is a continuous laser with a wavelength of 685nm and an output power of 35mW. The working diameter of the aspheric collimating mirror is 2 mm, and the divergence angle of the laser light after collimation is less than 1 mrad. The size of the square hole of the square hole diaphragm is 300um×300um. The 4f optical system includes a Fourier transform lens, a total reflection mirror, and an inverse Fourier transform lens. The Fourier transform lens performs Fourier transform on the light passing through the square aperture diaphragm. The total mirror changes the transmission direction of the light by 90 degrees, but does not change the nature of the light. The inverse Fourier transform lens performs inverse Fourier transform on the incident light, and finally transforms the square aperture The image is presented in the middle of the measurement sensitive area.
所述的第一、第二、第三窗口玻璃均为石英平板，分别用来密封发射光学系统、前向散射接收系统、侧后向接收系统。The first, second, and third window glasses are all quartz plates, which are respectively used to seal the transmitting optical system, the forward scattering receiving system, and the side backward receiving system.
所述的散射光接收透镜分别用来接收前向散射和侧后向散射，接收透镜所成的接收立体角分别为4-13°、128.5-141.5°。所述的窄带滤光片中心透过波长为685nm，带宽为10nm，带宽内透过率为99％。所述的全反镜(11)为685nm45°全反，中心有一方孔，可以让激光的直射光直接通过，照射在探测器上，用于监测激光器能量的抖动。The scattered light receiving lenses are respectively used to receive forward scattering and side back scattering, and the receiving solid angles formed by the receiving lenses are 4-13° and 128.5-141.5° respectively. The central transmission wavelength of the narrow-band filter is 685nm, the bandwidth is 10nm, and the transmittance within the bandwidth is 99%. The total reflection mirror (11) is a 685nm 45° total reflection, with a square hole in the center, which allows the direct light of the laser to pass through directly and irradiates the detector to monitor the vibration of the laser energy.
所述的会聚透镜(13)将粒子散射光信号会聚到探测器，会聚后相差很小，接近衍射极限。所述的分光棱镜将散射光信号分为3∶1两部分。所述的小孔光阑(16)用于探测区域的控制，其直径为200um。所述的光电探测器(12)、(15)、(17)、(21)分别用于激光器功率监视、前向散射探测、前向散射质量控制通道探测、侧后向散射探测。The converging lens (13) converges the particle scattered light signal to the detector, and after converging, the phase difference is very small, close to the diffraction limit. The beam splitting prism divides the scattered light signal into two parts at 3:1. The aperture diaphragm (16) is used to control the detection area, and its diameter is 200um. The photodetectors (12), (15), (17) and (21) are respectively used for laser power monitoring, forward scattering detection, forward scattering quality control channel detection and side backward scattering detection.
本发明与现有技术相比具有的优点在于：Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the advantages that:
本发明针对云粒子探测器研制过程中光束控制困难以及仪器使用过程中的边缘效应两个问题，通过使用单模光纤耦合输出半导体激光器、方孔光阑和4f光学系统研制云粒子探测器，并通过多角度收集散射光，可以获取云粒子相态信息。半导体激光器的自由输出光斑一般为椭圆形，椭圆形光斑不易控制，因此，将该椭圆光斑汇聚进入单模光纤，光纤末端输出的光斑为高斯光束，是最为理想的激光传输模式；边缘效应是云滴粒子探测器的主要误差来源之一，通过使用方孔光阑切掉高斯光束的边缘部分，仅保留高斯光束的顶部，使用4f光学系统减小衍射的影响，产生近似平顶光束，消除边缘效应；发明的云粒子探测器具有两个散射能量接收系统，从前向和侧后向两个角度接收粒子散射，根据两个角度输出电信号的比值，可以推断云粒子的相态。The present invention aims at two problems of light beam control difficulty in the development process of the cloud particle detector and edge effects in the use process of the instrument. The cloud particle detector is developed by using a single-mode optical fiber to couple and output a semiconductor laser, a square hole diaphragm and a 4f optical system, and through multiple By collecting scattered light at different angles, the phase information of cloud particles can be obtained. The free output spot of a semiconductor laser is generally elliptical, and the elliptical spot is not easy to control. Therefore, converging the elliptical spot into a single-mode fiber, and the output spot at the end of the fiber is a Gaussian beam, which is the most ideal laser transmission mode; the edge effect is cloud One of the main error sources of the droplet particle detector, by using the square aperture diaphragm to cut off the edge part of the Gaussian beam, only retaining the top of the Gaussian beam, using the 4f optical system to reduce the influence of diffraction, producing an approximate flat-top beam, and eliminating the edge effect; The cloud particle detector invented has two scattering energy receiving systems, which receive particle scattering from two angles: forward and sideward, and the phase state of cloud particles can be inferred according to the ratio of the electrical signals output from the two angles.
(1)使用单模光纤耦合输出激光器，输出的激光模式好，光斑为圆形光斑易于处理；使用非球面镜对光纤输出光进行准直，准直后的激光发散角小且光束直径小；(1) Using a single-mode fiber coupled output laser, the output laser mode is good, and the light spot is a circular spot, which is easy to handle; the aspheric mirror is used to collimate the output light of the fiber, and the laser after collimation has a small divergence angle and a small beam diameter;
(2)利用方孔光阑去切高斯光束，利用4f光学系统消除衍射对系统的影响；(2) Use the square hole diaphragm to cut the Gaussian beam, and use the 4f optical system to eliminate the influence of diffraction on the system;
(3)在系统中全反镜中心开孔，让直射光直接穿过，用以监测激光器能量，减小了光学加工的难度。(3) A hole is opened in the center of the total reflection mirror in the system to allow direct light to pass through directly to monitor the energy of the laser, reducing the difficulty of optical processing.
(4)在散射接收过程中使用窄带滤光片，抑制仪器白天工作时的杂散光引起的噪声。(4) Use a narrow-band filter in the scattering receiving process to suppress the noise caused by stray light when the instrument works during the day.
(5)使用多方向散射的接收，不但接收前向散射，而且接收侧后向散射，利用前向散射可以获取粒子的尺寸，利用两方向散射的比值可以获取粒子的相态信息。(5) The reception using multi-directional scattering not only receives forward scattering, but also receives side back scattering. The size of particles can be obtained by using forward scattering, and the phase information of particles can be obtained by using the ratio of scattering in two directions.
附图说明：Description of drawings:
图1为散射式云粒子探测器的光路示意图Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the optical path of the scattering cloud particle detector
图中：1-单模光纤耦合输出激光器；2-非球面准直镜；3-方孔光阑；4-傅立叶变换透镜；5-第一全反镜；6-反傅立叶变换透镜；7-第一窗口玻璃；8-第二窗口玻璃；9-前向散射光收集透镜；10-第一窄带滤光片；11-第二全反镜；12-第一光电探测器；13-会聚透镜；14-分光棱镜；15-第二光电探测器；16-小孔光阑；17-第三光电探测器；18-第三窗口玻璃；19-第二窄带滤光片；20-侧后向散射收集镜；21-第四光电探测器。In the figure: 1-single-mode fiber coupled output laser; 2-aspheric collimating mirror; 3-square aperture diaphragm; 4-Fourier transform lens; 5-first total reflection mirror; 6-inverse Fourier transform lens; 7-first Window glass; 8-second window glass; 9-forward scattered light collection lens; 10-first narrow-band filter; 11-second total reflection mirror; 12-first photodetector; 13-converging lens; 14 - dichroic prism; 15 - second photodetector; 16 - pinhole diaphragm; 17 - third photodetector; 18 - third window glass; 19 - second narrow band filter; 20 - side backscatter collection mirror; 21 - the fourth photodetector.
具体实施方式：Detailed ways:
如图1所示，本发为明基于新颖光路的散射式云粒子探测器，它使用单模光纤耦合输出半导体激光器作为照明光源，使用非球面准直镜将激光准直；利用方孔光阑和4f变换系统，既产生了需要的激光的均匀照明，又解决了光束切割过程中的衍射问题，提高了散射光接收的纯度；接收散射时，使用窄带滤光片，提高了仪器白天工作时的信噪比；发明的云粒子探测器具有两个接收角度，不但可以获取云粒子的尺寸，而且可以根据两个角度散射强度的比值，可以推断云粒子的相态。As shown in Figure 1, the present invention is a scattering cloud particle detector based on a novel optical path, which uses a single-mode fiber coupled output semiconductor laser as an illumination source, uses an aspheric collimator to collimate the laser light; utilizes a square hole diaphragm and a 4f The conversion system not only produces the required uniform illumination of the laser light, but also solves the diffraction problem in the beam cutting process and improves the purity of scattered light reception; when receiving scattered light, a narrow-band filter is used to improve the signal of the instrument during daytime work. Noise ratio: The cloud particle detector invented has two receiving angles, not only can obtain the size of cloud particles, but also can infer the phase state of cloud particles according to the ratio of the scattering intensity of the two angles.
该系统由一台单模光纤耦合输出激光器1、非球面准直镜2、方孔光阑3、傅立叶变换透镜4、第一全反镜5、反傅立叶变换透镜6、第一窗口玻璃7、第二窗口玻璃8、前向散射光收集透镜9、第一窄带滤光片10、第二全反镜11、第一光电探测器12、会聚透镜13、分光棱镜14、第二光电探测器15、小孔光阑16、第三光电探测器17、第三窗口玻璃18、第二窄带滤光片19、侧后向散射收集镜20、第四光电探测器21组成。The system consists of a single-mode fiber coupled
其中单模光纤耦合输出激光1用来产生685nm的单模连续激光，在本系统中作为照明光源，其中非球面准直镜2用于对光纤末端输出的激光进行准直，非球面镜相对于球面镜有更好的准直效果，准直后激光的发散角小于1mrad。其中方孔光阑3用于切割激光光束，只取高斯光束的中间部分，产生近似的均匀的照明。傅立叶变换透镜4经过光阑切割的激光进行傅立叶变换。第一全反镜5将变换后的光转过90°，不改变光的性质。反傅立叶变换透镜6，对光进行反傅立叶变换，使其最终方孔的像成在探测区域的中心位置(第一窗口玻璃与第二窗口玻璃间中心位置)。The single-mode fiber coupled
第一窗口玻璃7用来密封发射光学系统，使其与外界大气隔离。第二窗口玻璃8用来密封前向接收系统，使其与外界大气隔离。前向散射光收集透镜9所成的接收立体角分别为13°。第一窄带滤光片用来抑制进入前向接收系统的杂散光。第二全反镜11中心开孔，让直射光直接通过，使最终进入前向散射系统的光为4-13°。光电探测器12用于系统直射光的测量，可以用以检测激光器能量变化。会聚透镜13将粒子散射光信号会聚到探测器，会聚后相差很小，接近衍射极限。分光棱镜14将散射光信号分为3∶1两部分，反3透1。第二光电探测器15用来获取粒子尺寸的大小，其幅度大小与粒子尺寸相关。小孔光阑16用于探测区域的控制，其直径为200um。第三光电探测器17用于质量控制，根据其与第二探测器的比值，可以确定粒子是否在探测灵敏区域。The first window glass 7 is used to seal the emitting optical system and isolate it from the outside atmosphere. The second window glass 8 is used to seal the forward receiving system and isolate it from the outside atmosphere. The receiving solid angles formed by the forward scattered light collecting lenses 9 are respectively 13°. The first narrow-band filter is used to suppress stray light entering the forward receiving system. The center of the second
第三窗口玻璃18用于密封侧后向散射接收系统，将侧后向散射接收单元与外界空气隔离开。第二窄带滤光片19用来抑制进入侧后向散射接收单元的杂散光，提高信噪比。侧后向散射收集透镜20用来接收粒子的侧后向散射，接收的立体角为128.5-141.5°。第四光电探测器21用于粒子侧后向散射的探测。The
下面结合附图说明散射式云粒子探测器的具体实现过程。The specific implementation process of the scattering cloud particle detector will be described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
系统工作时，打开光纤耦合输出激光器1的电源，激光器出光，光纤尾部有单模激光输出，输出激光的发散角决定于所用光纤的数值孔径。发散的激光经过非球面镜2进行准直，非球面准直镜输出的光斑直径为2mm，激光的发三角微为1mrad，根据单模光的特性，此时光斑的能量分布是按照高斯函数旋转对称的高斯光斑，即光斑的中间能量大，沿径向方向逐渐减小。为获取近似的均匀照明，在光路中心位置处放置一个300um×300um的方孔光阑3。在紧贴光阑的后表面处，透过的光束形状接近方孔，但由于小孔尺寸较小，若无其他光学透镜，随着光的传输，衍射现象十分严重。为此，使用4f光学系统，光阑出来的光首先经过傅立叶变换透镜4进行傅立叶变换，形成频谱面，再用一相同的傅立叶透镜6对光进行反傅立叶变换，将小孔的像成在测量敏感区域中心位置(第一窗口玻璃与第二窗口玻璃间中心位置)，在这个位置光斑的特性等同于光阑处的光斑特性，能够产生近似的均匀照明。穿过测量敏感区域的粒子把激光向周围散射，散射过程遵循Mie散射理论，并由于粒子很小，可以看作点光源。When the system is working, turn on the power of the fiber-coupled
粒子的前向散射光由散射光接收透镜9接收，并用一窄带滤光片10滤掉进入系统的其他波长的杂散光，其接收的立体角最大为13°，但由于在0°附近，散射光和直接入射光无法分开，因此，滤光片后面放置一45°全反镜11，该全反镜中间开孔，让直接入射光通过，该部分光可以用第一光电探测器12进行探测，可以监视激光功率的变化。全反镜11中心开孔导致0-4°以内的散射光被损失，4-13°内的散射光进入被反射，用会聚透镜13进行会聚，会聚光在进入探测器前被分光棱镜14分为两部分，该分光棱镜将信号光分为反透3∶1两部分。透射光直接由第二光电探测器15进行探测，其输出信号幅度与粒子尺寸大小相关。反射光在进入第三光电探测器17必须经过直径为200um的小孔光阑16。当粒子从测量区域的中心位置通过时，此时光被聚焦的很小，能够顺利通过小孔，随着粒子进入光路的位置偏离中心位置，成像变大，导致部分光被小孔光阑挡住，偏离中心位置处越多，被挡住的光也就越多，导致第三光电探测17和第二光电探测器15的输出变为1∶1，此时粒子经过的路径为测量敏感区域的最边缘。The forward scattered light of the particles is received by the scattered light receiving lens 9, and the stray light of other wavelengths entering the system is filtered out with a narrow-
侧后向散射与前向散射的接收原理相同，只是光轴不同，并且不再重复使用质量控制。侧后向散射光经光学窗口18、窄带滤光片19由散射光收集透镜20进行收集，该透镜收集光的立体角范围为128.5-141.5°，侧后向散射光由第四光电探测器21进行探测。Side backscatter has the same reception principle as forward scatter, only the optical axis is different, and the quality control is no longer repeated. The side backscattered light is collected by the scattered
根据Mie散射理论，如果粒子为液态，其折射率为1.33，当粒子尺寸一定时，其向空间散射能量的模式是固定的，也就是说前向散射和侧后向散射的比值是固定的。实际测量时，第二光电探测器15的输出决定了所测粒子大小，第二光电探测器15与第四光电探测器21的比值，如果正好为理论计算的前后向散射比值，此时，粒子为液态，否则，记为固态，即冰晶。According to the Mie scattering theory, if the particle is in a liquid state, its refractive index is 1.33. When the particle size is constant, its pattern of scattering energy into space is fixed, that is to say, the ratio of forward scattering to side backward scattering is fixed. During actual measurement, the output of the
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