CN101448922B - Process for producing solid fuel, apparatus therefor and solid fuel produced by the process - Google Patents
Process for producing solid fuel, apparatus therefor and solid fuel produced by the processDownload PDFInfo
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/46—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on sewage, house, or town refuse
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/42—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on animal substances or products obtained therefrom, e.g. manure
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
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Abstract
Translated fromChinese
Description
Translated fromChinese技术领域technical field
本发明涉及以下水道污泥或畜禽粪便为原料的固体燃料的制造方法及装置，以及由该方法制造的固体燃料。The present invention relates to a method and device for producing solid fuel with sewage sludge or livestock manure as raw material, and the solid fuel produced by the method.
背景技术Background technique
作为以下水道污泥为原料的固体燃料的制造方法，提出了例如下述的方法。As a method for producing solid fuel using sewage sludge as a raw material, for example, the following methods have been proposed.
一种固体燃料的制造方法，其特征在于，包括下述工序：将干燥至含水率为0～50％的下水道污泥在约520K～770K下进行碳化处理的碳化工序和对由所述碳化处理得到的污泥碳化物混合废油和废油残渣中的至少一种来进行制粒处理的混合制粒工序(参照专利文献1)。A method for producing solid fuel, characterized in that it includes the following steps: a carbonization step of carbonizing sewage sludge dried to a moisture content of 0 to 50% at about 520K to 770K; A mixed granulation process in which the obtained sludge carbide is mixed with at least one of waste oil and waste oil residue and granulated (see Patent Document 1).
作为其它的固体燃料制造方法，有一种污泥处理方法，其特征在于，混合下水道脱水饼、废塑料粉碎物和/或废纸粉碎物，并在成型后使其干燥(参照专利文献2)。As another solid fuel production method, there is a sludge treatment method characterized by mixing sewer dewatered cake, waste plastic pulverized product and/or waste paper pulverized product, and drying after molding (refer to Patent Document 2).
专利文献1：日本特开2006-152097号公报Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-152097
专利文献2：日本特开2006-15174号公报Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-15174
发明内容Contents of the invention
在包括专利文献1、2在内的其它普通的固体燃料制造方法中，针对在固体燃料制造方法的各工序中产生的强烈恶臭的对策都不能说是充分的。In other common solid fuel production methods including
另外，特别是专利文献1的方法中，在碳化工序后实施混合废油和废油残渣中的至少一种来进行制粒处理的混合制粒工序，但由于碳化处理后的污泥成为粉状而悬浮，因此存在其处理环境非常恶劣，制粒工序的操作繁杂的问题。In addition, especially in the method of
本发明是为了解决上述问题而完成的，其目的在于，得到在固体燃料的生产工序中尽可能地抑制恶臭的产生、并能够简化操作工序的固体燃料的制造方法及制造装置，以及由该方法制造的固体燃料。The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, and its object is to obtain a solid fuel manufacturing method and a manufacturing apparatus that can suppress the generation of bad odor as much as possible in the production process of solid fuel and can simplify the operation process, and Manufactured solid fuel.
为了解决上述问题，本发明人测定了含有固体成分的污泥粒子的干燥过程中的粒径变化，观察了内部结构，并考察了热处理温度对恶臭的影响。In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors measured the particle size change during the drying process of sludge particles containing solid components, observed the internal structure, and examined the influence of heat treatment temperature on odor.
1)干燥过程中粒径变化的测定1) Determination of particle size change during drying
对于初期粒径d0＝7mm的粒子，利用规定温度的气流进行热处理，测定干燥过程中粒径的变化。Particles with an initial particle diameter of d0 =7 mm were heat-treated with an air flow at a predetermined temperature, and changes in particle diameter during drying were measured.
另外，如下制作用于下水道污泥干燥实验的粒子。首先，将下水道污泥弄碎为规定大小的块状物，接着，以使块状物的表面密度高于内部密度的方式，使污泥块状物一边在板面上转动，一边成型为球形或以球形为基础的形状。该成型过程中，如果以稍微加压的方式压实，则形成凹凸面少的具有光滑表面的块状物。In addition, particles used in a sewage sludge drying experiment were produced as follows. First, the sewage sludge is crushed into lumps of a predetermined size, and then, the sludge lumps are turned into a spherical shape while turning on the plate surface so that the surface density of the lumps is higher than the internal density. or spherical-based shapes. In this molding process, if compacted with slight pressure, a lump with a smooth surface with few irregularities is formed.
粒径d(mm)和含水比C(％)相对于热处理温度Ta＝473K、343K时的无因次时间t的变化同时表示于图2。在此，含水比C(％)是指粒子中含有的水分量相对于除去水分的干燥质量的比。The change of the particle size d (mm) and the water content ratio C (%) with respect to the dimensionless time t at the heat treatment temperature Ta=473K and 343K is shown in Fig. 2 at the same time. Here, the water content ratio C (%) refers to the ratio of the amount of water contained in the particles to the dry mass from which water has been removed.
由图2可知，粒径在Ta＝343K时比在Ta＝473K时减小，Ta＝343K时的粒径相对于初期粒径为84％，而Ta＝473K时的粒径相对于初期粒径为90％。假设热处理温度Ta越高，沿粒子半径方向的温度分布越大，则Ta＝473K时由于表面早于内部被加热并干燥，形成成为坚硬的固体壁的外壳，因此难以产生体积收缩。与此相对，Ta＝343K时，由于干燥不是仅在外部而是整体地进行，因此在表面还没有完全变硬之前内部的水分就蒸发，从而产生收缩。It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the particle size decreases at Ta=343K than at Ta=473K, the particle size at Ta=343K is 84% relative to the initial particle size, and the particle size at Ta=473K is 84% relative to the
2)内部结构的观察(干燥过程中粒子截面的观察)2) Observation of internal structure (observation of particle cross section during drying)
干燥污泥粒子时，为了明确干燥过程中内部的状态，拍摄将干燥过程中的粒子切断后的截面并进行观察。Ta＝473K和Ta＝343K时的结果分别表示于图3(a)～(c)、图4(a)～(c)。When drying sludge particles, in order to clarify the internal state during the drying process, the cross-section of the particles during the drying process is cut and observed. The results at Ta=473K and Ta=343K are shown in Fig. 3(a)-(c) and Fig. 4(a)-(c), respectively.
各图中的(a)表示初期状态的粒子截面。此时，可以看出含有白色纤维状物质的固体成分完全与水分融合。干燥过程中，在Ta＝473K的情况下，首先，表面干燥而形成外壳，之后，内部产生裂纹，如果其继续发展，则成长为孔隙。与此相对，在Ta＝343K的情况下，没有清楚地看到如Ta＝473K时的那种外壳，而是整体地干燥。在含水比C为43％的阶段(各图中的(b))可以看到，热处理温度引起的差异明显，Ta＝473K的情况下内部还是湿润的，而Ta＝343K的情况下内部也轻度干燥，析出白色纤维状物质。(a) in each figure shows the particle cross section in the initial state. At this time, it can be seen that the solid components containing white fibrous substances are completely fused with water. In the drying process, in the case of Ta=473K, first, the surface is dried to form a shell, and then cracks are generated inside, and if they continue to develop, they grow into pores. On the other hand, in the case of Ta=343K, the crust as in the case of Ta=473K was not clearly seen, but was completely dried. At the stage where the water content ratio C is 43% ((b) in each figure), it can be seen that the difference caused by the heat treatment temperature is obvious. In the case of Ta=473K, the inside is still wet, and in the case of Ta=343K, the inside is also light. After drying, a white fibrous substance was precipitated.
根据如上所述的干燥过程中粒径变化的测定和内部结构的观察，可以认为由于热处理温度的不同，污泥粒子的干燥特性产生了下述差异。From the measurement of the particle diameter change and the observation of the internal structure during the drying process as described above, it is considered that the drying characteristics of the sludge particles are different as follows due to the difference in the heat treatment temperature.
高温干燥的情况下，体积还没有收缩，表面就先干燥而形成外壳。内部通过该外壳继续干燥，但由于外壳坚硬，因此妨碍了体积的收缩。In the case of high-temperature drying, the surface dries first to form a shell before the volume shrinks. The interior continues to dry through this shell, but the shrinkage of the volume is hindered by the rigidity of the shell.
污泥粒子的外壳形成是由粒子表面的水分蒸发速度和内部的水分扩散速度的平衡所引起的。即，热处理温度高时，蒸发速度大，粒子表面附近的温度梯度和含水比梯度变陡，因此，在内部的含水比高的状态下，体积还没有收缩，表面就干燥而形成外壳。粒径变化小于低温干燥时是由于外壳坚硬，从而妨碍了体积的收缩。另外，干燥过程中，虽然作为溶质的固体成分与水分同样地由内部向表面扩散，但高温干燥的情况下，表面附近先干燥硬化，内部的固体成分难以扩散，因此，形成整体上疏松的多孔状粒子(参照图3(c))。The shell formation of sludge particles is caused by the balance between the water evaporation rate on the particle surface and the water diffusion rate inside the particle. That is, when the heat treatment temperature is high, the evaporation rate is high, and the temperature gradient near the surface of the particle and the gradient of the water content ratio become steeper. Therefore, in the state where the internal water content ratio is high, the surface dries to form a shell before the volume shrinks. The particle size change is smaller than that of low-temperature drying because the outer shell is hard, which hinders the volume shrinkage. In addition, during the drying process, although the solid content as a solute diffuses from the inside to the surface like water, but in the case of high-temperature drying, the vicinity of the surface dries and hardens first, and the solid content inside is difficult to diffuse, so the overall loose porous is formed. shaped particles (see Figure 3(c)).
另一方面，低温干燥的情况下，虽然表面先干燥，但不形成外壳而整体干燥，因此，产生大幅度的体积收缩，固体成分也容易挥发。On the other hand, in the case of low-temperature drying, although the surface is dried first, but the entire body is dried without forming a shell, a large volume shrinkage occurs, and the solid content is also likely to volatilize.
热处理温度低的情况下，由于粒子内的温度梯度和含水比梯度小，因此，固体成分不会移动到表面上而形成硬的外壳，随着干燥的进行而产生大幅度的体积收缩(参照图4(c))。在343K的条件下，直到完全干透都不形成外壳，由于热处理时水分和挥发成分从压力阻力低的表面被释放至外部，因此，表面凹凸不平。When the heat treatment temperature is low, since the temperature gradient and moisture ratio gradient inside the particles are small, the solid content will not move to the surface to form a hard shell, and a large volume shrinkage will occur as the drying progresses (see Fig. 4(c)). Under the condition of 343K, no shell is formed until it is completely dried, and the surface is uneven because moisture and volatile components are released from the surface with low pressure resistance to the outside during heat treatment.
另外，对于初期粒径d0＝5mm、3mm的粒子，在几种条件下都显示出与d0＝7mm时几乎相同的特性，外壳及外皮的厚度与d0＝7mm的粒子相同。In addition, the particles with primary particle diameters d0 =5 mm and 3 mm exhibit almost the same characteristics as d0 =7 mm under several conditions, and the thickness of the shell and skin is the same as that of the particles with d0 =7 mm.
由上述试验可知，污泥粒子在高温(473K)和低温(343K)的热处理条件下存在显著的差异，因此，本发明人进一步对各种热处理温度条件进行了同样的试验，得到如下结果。From the above test, it can be seen that there is a significant difference between the heat treatment conditions of high temperature (473K) and low temperature (343K) for sludge particles. Therefore, the inventors further carried out the same test on various heat treatment temperature conditions, and obtained the following results.
使污泥块状物的表面平滑地成型后，在443K～513K的高温场所中进行热处理时，例如，如果边吹送高温气流边进行热处理，则成为形成硬的外壳、外壳表面光滑、纤维状物质以正确规则排列的状态。该现象也与一边使污泥粒子在外部被加热的高温转动面内壁上转动一边进行热处理时的情况相同。After smoothing the surface of sludge lumps, heat treatment is carried out in a high-temperature place of 443K to 513K. For example, if heat treatment is performed while blowing high-temperature airflow, a hard shell is formed, and the surface of the shell is smooth and fibrous. States arranged in correct order. This phenomenon is also the same as the case where heat treatment is performed while rotating the sludge particles on the inner wall of the high-temperature rotating surface that is externally heated.
另一方面，如果热处理温度低于443K，即使使用除去块状物表面的凹凸使其光滑、表面密度高于内部密度的污泥块状物，热处理后的表面仍变得凹凸不平。更具体而言，在373K或343K的条件下，即使使用调整过形状的球状污泥块状物，热处理后表面仍然变得凹凸不平，有时表面产生裂纹。另外，在343K的情况下，如上所述，块状物的收缩大，直到完全干透都不会形成硬的外壳。On the other hand, if the heat treatment temperature is lower than 443K, the surface after heat treatment becomes uneven even when using sludge lumps whose surface density is higher than the inner density by removing the unevenness of the lump surface to make it smooth. More specifically, at 373K or 343K, even with adjusted spherical sludge lumps, the surface still becomes uneven after heat treatment, and sometimes cracks appear on the surface. Also, in the case of 343K, as mentioned above, the shrinkage of the lumps is large, and a hard shell does not form until completely dry.
热处理温度低时，热处理后的粒子表面粗糙，可以观察到纤维状的物质杂乱地缠绕。这是因为在热处理过程中，水分或挥发成分从压力阻力低的表面释放至外部，破坏了光滑的表面的缘故。When the heat treatment temperature is low, the surface of the particles after the heat treatment is rough, and fibrous substances are observed to be entangled randomly. This is because moisture or volatile components are released from the surface with low pressure resistance to the outside during the heat treatment, thereby destroying the smooth surface.
由以上结果得到如下见解：如果在443K～513K、优选453K以上热处理污泥块状物，则块状物的粒径减少小，继续保持热处理前的形状，热处理后表面光滑且形成坚硬的外壳。From the above results, the following insights are obtained: if the sludge lumps are heat-treated at 443K to 513K, preferably above 453K, the particle size of the lumps will decrease slightly, and the shape before heat treatment will continue to be maintained. After heat treatment, the surface is smooth and a hard shell is formed.
其次，还确认了干燥过程中污泥块状物的表面状态对块状物的影响。其结果可知，在443K～513K下热处理凹凸面少的光滑的污泥块状物，与处理有凹凸面的污泥块状物相比，更倾向于形成坚硬的外壳。Next, the effect of the surface state of the sludge lumps on the lumps during the drying process was also confirmed. As a result, it was found that heat-treating a smooth sludge lump with few uneven surfaces at 443K to 513K tends to form a hard shell more than treating a sludge lump with uneven surfaces.
如果表面没有凹凸，则与有凹凸的块状物相比，由高温气流向污泥内部的传热量变少，粒子表面的温度梯度与有凹凸的块状物相比变得更大，在更短的时间内在体积还没有收缩时表面就形成外壳。如果能够在内部温度低、内部产生的水分或挥发成分的量少时形成外壳，则在整个块状物表层形成非常致密且坚硬的外壳。If there is no unevenness on the surface, compared with lumpy lumps with bumps, the heat transfer from the high-temperature airflow to the inside of the sludge becomes less, and the temperature gradient on the surface of the particles becomes larger compared with lumpy lumps with bumps. A crust forms on the surface in a short time before the volume shrinks. If the shell can be formed when the internal temperature is low and the amount of moisture or volatile components generated inside is small, a very dense and hard shell will be formed on the entire surface layer of the block.
接下来，对污泥块状物的外壳的厚度进行了研究。Next, the thickness of the shell of the sludge lumps was investigated.
根据在高温气流下处理时间的不同，其外壳的厚度也有变化。时间越长，外壳的厚度就越厚。例如，使用初期粒径d0＝7mm的污泥粒子，在453K～493K的条件下，外壳的厚度为0.1mm～1mm。已知，为了使干燥后的污泥块状物维持不崩碎为粉状程度的硬度，外壳的厚度需要为0.1mm以上。Depending on the processing time under high-temperature air flow, the thickness of the shell also changes. The longer the time, the thicker the crust will be. For example, using sludge particles with an initial particle diameter d0 =7 mm, the thickness of the shell is 0.1 mm to 1 mm under the conditions of 453K to 493K. It is known that the thickness of the casing needs to be 0.1 mm or more in order to maintain the hardness of the dried sludge mass so that it does not collapse into a powdery state.
另外，得到如下见解：对于用于使干燥后的污泥块状物不崩碎为粉状的厚度而言，初期粒径越大，需要的厚度就越厚，初期粒径为20mm时，需要厚度为约0.2mm，初期粒径为30mm时，需要厚度为约0.25mm。使用初期粒径为30mm的污泥粒子，在453K～493K的条件下，完全干燥后，测定外壳的厚度，结果最大为3.2mm。In addition, the following insights have been obtained: for the thickness of the dried sludge lumps not to be broken into powder, the larger the initial particle size, the thicker the required thickness is, and when the initial particle size is 20 mm, the required thickness is greater. The thickness is about 0.2 mm, and when the primary particle size is 30 mm, the thickness needs to be about 0.25 mm. Using sludge particles with an initial particle size of 30mm, under the condition of 453K ~ 493K, after completely drying, the thickness of the shell was measured, and the result was a maximum of 3.2mm.
对加热方法进行研究，得到下述见解。在443K～513K下，将凹凸面少的光滑的污泥块状物一边在外部被加热的高温转动面内壁上转动一边进行热处理时，与利用高温气流进行热处理的情况相比，能在更短的时间内形成致密的外壳。这是由于在外部被加热的高温转动面内壁上转动的方法通过固体之间的接触来传热，因此，在热处理工序中，发挥出压实块状物表面的作用。The heating method was studied, and the following insights were obtained. At 443K to 513K, when the smooth sludge lumps with few uneven surfaces are rotated on the inner wall of the high-temperature rotating surface heated outside for heat treatment, compared with the case of heat treatment with high-temperature airflow, the heat treatment can be performed in a shorter period of time. A dense shell is formed within a short period of time. This is because the method of rotating on the inner wall of the high-temperature rotating surface heated externally transfers heat through the contact between solids, so in the heat treatment process, it plays the role of compacting the surface of the block.
另外，上述中列举了下水道污泥作为示例，对于畜禽粪便也进行了同样的试验，并得到同样的结果。In addition, the sewage sludge was mentioned as an example above, and the same test was performed also about livestock manure, and the same result was obtained.
另外还发现，根据下水道污泥、畜禽粪便的质量不同，有时能够形成具有光泽的坚硬外壳。It has also been found that depending on the quality of sewage sludge and livestock manure, a shiny hard shell can sometimes be formed.
3)热处理温度对恶臭的影响3) Effect of heat treatment temperature on odor
接下来，为了明确热处理温度与恶臭系数的关系，进行了恶臭试验。此时的试验条件示于表1。Next, in order to clarify the relationship between the heat treatment temperature and the odor coefficient, an odor test was performed. The test conditions at this time are shown in Table 1.
表1试验条件Table 1 Test conditions
另外，试验结果示于图5的曲线图中。图5的曲线图中，纵坐标轴表示恶臭系数，横坐标轴表示热处理温度(℃)。In addition, the test results are shown in the graph of FIG. 5 . In the graph of Fig. 5, the axis of ordinates represents the malodor coefficient, and the axis of abscissas represents the heat treatment temperature (° C.).
另外，“恶臭系数”是本试验中单独定义的，是通过人的嗅觉以如下所述的方法进行恶臭试验而得到的。下面，简述该恶臭试验。In addition, "odor coefficient" is defined independently in this test, and it obtained by carrying out the odor test by the method mentioned below based on human's sense of smell. Next, this malodor test will be briefly described.
该试验以试验者和受试者两人组成一组来进行。首先，将以干燥温度等作为参数而制成的干燥粒子的样品各自分装到赋予了编号的容器内。试验者从其中随机选取样品，在不使受试者知道其编号的情况下交给受试者。受试者通过嗅觉确认样品的臭味，并按下述标准告知试验者：只要能感觉到一点恶臭时就为1，只有完全感觉不到恶臭时才为0。对所有样品进行该操作，以此作为一次恶臭试验。重复进行该试验，求出每种不同条件下的平均值，将该值定义为“恶臭系数”。为了得到重现性好的结果，一直将试验进行到各条件下的恶臭系数的值稳定为止。当试验次数为30次以上时，无论其条件如何，恶臭系数的值都显示出稳定性。The experiment was conducted in pairs consisting of the experimenter and the subjects. First, samples of dried particles prepared using drying temperature and the like as parameters are dispensed into containers with numbers. The experimenter randomly selects a sample from it and gives it to the subject without letting the subject know its number. The test subject confirms the odor of the sample by smell, and informs the experimenter according to the following standard: as long as the odor can be felt a little, it is 1, and only when the odor is not felt at all, it is 0. Do this for all samples as a malodor test. This test was repeated, and the average value was calculated|required for every different conditions, and this value was defined as "odor coefficient". In order to obtain reproducible results, the test was carried out until the value of the malodor coefficient under each condition stabilized. When the number of tests was 30 or more, the value of the malodor coefficient showed stability regardless of the conditions.
由图5可以看出，恶臭系数在热处理温度为443K以上时急剧减小，热处理温度为473K时几乎为0。由此确认，污泥的干燥粒子的恶臭取决于热处理温度，通过在473K的热处理温度下进行干燥能够使干燥粒子的恶臭大大减轻。It can be seen from Figure 5 that the odor coefficient decreases sharply when the heat treatment temperature is above 443K, and it is almost 0 when the heat treatment temperature is 473K. From this, it was confirmed that the odor of the dried sludge particles depends on the heat treatment temperature, and that the odor of the dried sludge particles can be significantly reduced by drying at a heat treatment temperature of 473K.
作为恶臭减轻的理由，主要原因之一是如上所述，通过在473K下进行干燥，污泥粒子的表面能够形成硬的外壳，该形成的外壳吸附恶臭等。One of the reasons for the reduction of bad odor is that, as mentioned above, drying at 473K forms a hard shell on the surface of sludge particles, and the formed shell absorbs bad smell and the like.
即，在443K以上的温度下热处理污泥粒子的表面时，不仅从表面蒸发出水分，而且表面的固体成分的性状发生改变，成为易于吸附恶臭成分的物质。该外壳的成分还不能判定，但考虑到恶臭的吸附作用，认为其具有与活性碳的吸附作用类似的功能。That is, when the surface of sludge particles is heat-treated at a temperature of 443K or higher, not only moisture evaporates from the surface, but also the properties of the solid content on the surface change, and it becomes a substance that easily adsorbs malodorous components. The composition of the casing has not yet been determined, but it is considered to have a function similar to that of activated carbon in consideration of the adsorption of bad odors.
这种抑制恶臭的功能在热处理温度达到513K之前，随热处理温度的升高而增强。This function of suppressing malodor increases with the increase of heat treatment temperature before the heat treatment temperature reaches 513K.
如果超过513K，则虽然能够得到吸附干燥时产生的恶臭的效果，但又重新产生像蛋白质烧焦那样的其它的恶臭。该温度下的热处理形成与在513K以下形成的外壳性状不同的外壳，在干燥后温度下降之后仍产生另一种恶臭。因此，从抑制污泥干燥物产生的强烈恶臭的观点考虑，不优选在高于513K的高温下进行热处理。If it exceeds 513K, although the effect of adsorption|suction of the bad smell produced|generated at the time of drying can be acquired, another bad smell like scorched protein will regenerate. Heat treatment at this temperature forms a shell with properties different from those formed below 513K, and still produces another foul odor after the temperature drops after drying. Therefore, it is not preferable to heat-treat at a high temperature higher than 513K from the viewpoint of suppressing strong malodor from the dried sludge.
另外，443K附近的热处理温度相当于脂肪酸、有机酸等物质的沸点，而在473K下进行干燥时，挥发了的脂肪酸、有机酸物质，例如丁酸、戊酸，以及结构式与它们类似的物质，被分解为没有恶臭或恶臭弱的物质。In addition, the heat treatment temperature near 443K is equivalent to the boiling point of fatty acids, organic acids and other substances, and when drying at 473K, the volatilized fatty acids and organic acids, such as butyric acid, valeric acid, and substances with structural formulas similar to them, Decomposed into substances with no or weak odor.
由以上结果可知，在将下水道污泥或畜禽粪便作为对象的情况下，为了通过干燥得到充分稳定的恶臭减轻效果，作为热处理温度，需要为443K～513K，优选为453K～493K。From the above results, it can be seen that in order to obtain a sufficiently stable odor reduction effect by drying in the case of sewage sludge or livestock manure, the heat treatment temperature needs to be 443K to 513K, preferably 453K to 493K.
另外，上述试验中得到恶臭减轻效果的污泥粒子，使用的是凹凸面少的光滑的块状物。表面有凹凸、被切断的截面或裂纹的粒子，由于在热处理中由该处释放恶臭成分，所以即使在上述的能够形成外壳的温度范围内，也难以得到恶臭减轻效果。因此，为了得到恶臭减轻效果，需要使块状物的表面密度高于内部密度来使表面成为光滑状态。In addition, the sludge particle which obtained the bad-odor reduction effect in the said test used the smooth lump with few unevenness|corrugation. Particles with irregularities, cut sections, or cracks on the surface release malodorous components during heat treatment, so it is difficult to obtain the odor reducing effect even in the above-mentioned temperature range where the shell can be formed. Therefore, in order to obtain the odor reduction effect, it is necessary to make the surface density of the lump higher than the internal density to make the surface smooth.
在443K～513K下进行热处理时，粒子表面上纤维状物质规则正确地排列而成的致密的硬外壳具有抑制恶臭的效果，该外壳通过下述操作能够可靠地形成：对污泥实施表面成型工序，以使其成为凹凸面少的光滑的块状物，之后进行热处理。将以成为表面光滑且均匀压紧的“泥丸”状态的方式进行了表面成型的“凹凸面少的光滑的块状物”在443K～513K、优选453K～493K下进行热处理时，具有最强的抑制污泥干燥时恶臭产生的效果。When heat treatment is carried out at 443K～513K, the dense hard shell formed by the regular and correct arrangement of fibrous substances on the surface of the particles has the effect of suppressing odor, and the shell can be reliably formed by the following operations: performing a surface forming process on the sludge , so that it becomes a smooth block with less unevenness, and then heat-treated. When the "smooth block with few uneven surfaces" that has been molded in such a way as to become a "mud pellet" with a smooth surface and uniform compaction is heat-treated at 443K-513K, preferably 453K-493K, it has the strongest The effect of suppressing the odor generated when the sludge is dried.
本发明是基于以上述试验为基础的发现而完成的，具体而言，具有下述构成。The present invention has been completed based on the findings based on the above experiments, and specifically has the following configurations.
(1)本发明的固体燃料的制造方法，通过干燥下水道污泥或畜禽粪便来制造固体燃料，其特征在于，包括下述工序：将下水道污泥或畜禽粪便制成规定大小的块状物的块状物形成工序、使块状物形成工序中形成的块状物的表面密度高于内部密度的表面成型工序和通过对表面成型的块状物进行热处理而在该块状物表面形成外壳的外壳形成工序。(1) The method for producing solid fuel of the present invention is to manufacture solid fuel by drying sewage sludge or livestock manure, and is characterized in that it includes the following steps: making the sewer sludge or livestock manure into a block of a predetermined size The block forming process of the object, the surface forming process of making the surface density of the block formed in the block forming process higher than the internal density, and the forming of the block on the surface of the block by heat treatment of the surface formed block Shell forming process of the shell.
(2)或者，通过干燥下水道污泥或畜禽粪便来制造固体燃料的方法，其特征在于，包括下述工序：将下水道污泥或畜禽粪便制成规定大小的块状物的块状物形成工序、使块状物形成工序中形成的块状物在容器内转动而使该块状物表面光滑成型的表面成型工序和通过对表面成型的块状物进行热处理而在块状物表面形成外壳的外壳形成工序。(2) Alternatively, the method for producing solid fuel by drying sewer sludge or livestock manure is characterized in that it includes the step of making the sewer sludge or livestock manure into a block of a predetermined size The forming process, the surface forming process of rotating the mass formed in the mass forming process in a container to smooth the surface of the mass, and forming the surface of the mass by heat-treating the surface formed mass Shell forming process of the shell.
另外，表面成型工序优选采用成型物表面没有裂纹的方式。In addition, in the surface molding step, it is preferable to employ a method in which there are no cracks on the surface of the molded product.
(3)或者，通过干燥下水道污泥或畜禽粪便来制造固体燃料的方法，其特征在于，包括下述工序：将下水道污泥或畜禽粪便制成规定大小的块状物的块状物形成工序、对块状物形成工序中形成的块状物的表面加压而使该块状物表面光滑成型的表面成型工序和通过对表面成型的块状物进行热处理而在块状物表面形成外壳的外壳形成工序。(3) Alternatively, the method for producing solid fuel by drying sewer sludge or livestock manure is characterized in that it includes the following steps: making the sewer sludge or livestock manure into lumps of a predetermined size Forming process, surface molding process of pressing the surface of the lump formed in the lump forming step to smooth the surface of the lump, and forming the surface of the lump by heat treating the surface-shaped lump Shell forming process of the shell.
(4)或者，上述(1)～(3)所述的固体燃料的制造方法，其特征在于，外壳形成工序的热处理采用向块状物吹送热风或使块状物在加热体上转动的方式。(4) Alternatively, the method for producing a solid fuel as described in (1) to (3) above is characterized in that the heat treatment in the casing forming step adopts a method of blowing hot air to the block or rotating the block on a heating body. .
(5)或者，上述(1)～(4)所述的固体燃料的制造方法，其特征在于，将外壳形成工序的热处理温度设定为443K～513K。(5) Alternatively, the method for producing a solid fuel as described in (1) to (4) above is characterized in that the heat treatment temperature in the casing forming step is set to 443K to 513K.
(6)或者，上述(1)～(5)所述的固体燃料的制造方法，其特征在于，包括在块状物形成工序之前将下水道污泥或畜禽粪便的含水率调节至60％～80％的含水率调节工序。(6) Alternatively, the method for producing solid fuel as described in (1) to (5) above is characterized in that it includes adjusting the water content of sewage sludge or livestock and poultry manure to 60% to 60% before the block forming step. 80% moisture content adjustment process.
(7)本发明的固体燃料的制造装置，是通过干燥下水道污泥或畜禽粪便来制造固体燃料的装置，其特征在于，包括下述装置：将下水道污泥或畜禽粪便制成规定大小的块状物的块状物形成装置、使利用块状物形成装置形成的块状物的表面密度高于内部密度的表面成型装置和通过对表面成型的块状物进行热处理而在该块状物表面形成外壳的加热装置。(7) The solid fuel production device of the present invention is a device for producing solid fuel by drying sewage sludge or livestock manure, and is characterized in that it includes the following device: making the sewer sludge or livestock manure into a predetermined size A block forming device for a block, a surface forming device for making the surface density of the block formed by the block forming device higher than the internal density, and heat treatment of the block formed on the surface A heating device whose surface forms a shell.
(8)或者，上述(7)所述的块状物形成装置，其特征在于，具备多孔板、向该多孔板中挤入下水道污泥或畜禽粪便的挤入装置和将通过该多孔板的下水道污泥或畜禽粪便切割成规定长度的切割装置。(8) Alternatively, the block forming device described in (7) above is characterized in that it is provided with a perforated plate, an intrusion device for extruding sewage sludge or livestock and poultry manure into the perforated plate, and It is a cutting device that cuts the sewer sludge or livestock and poultry manure into specified lengths.
(9)或者，上述(7)或(8)所述的表面成型装置，其特征在于，具备容纳块状物的容器和在该容器内旋转的旋转板，并且通过使旋转板在容器内容纳有所述块状物的状态下旋转来使该块状物在容器内转动。(9) Alternatively, the surface molding device described in (7) or (8) above is characterized in that it includes a container for accommodating lumps and a rotating plate that rotates in the container, and the rotating plate is accommodated in the container. The block is rotated with the block in the container.
(10)或者，上述(7)或(8)所述的表面成型装置，其特征在于，具备容纳块状物的容器和使该容器旋转的旋转装置，并且通过使所述容器在容器内容纳有所述块状物的状态下旋转来使该块状物在容器内转动。(10) Alternatively, the surface molding device described in (7) or (8) above is characterized in that it includes a container for accommodating lumps and a rotating device for rotating the container, and by accommodating the container in the container, The block is rotated with the block in the container.
(11)或者，上述(7)或(8)所述的表面成型装置，其特征在于，具备对置的辊，并且通过使块状物在该辊之间通过来对所述块状物的表面加压。(11) Alternatively, the surface molding device described in the above (7) or (8) is characterized in that rollers facing each other are provided, and by passing the lumps between the rollers, Surface pressurization.
(12)本发明的固体燃料，其特征在于，通过上述(1)～(6)中任一项所述的方法来制造。(12) The solid fuel of the present invention is produced by the method described in any one of (1) to (6) above.
发明效果Invention effect
本发明中，由于将下水道污泥或畜禽粪便制成规定大小的块状物，并使块状物的表面密度高于内部密度，并且通过对该块状物进行热处理而在其外周形成外壳，因此，在制造工序全过程中能够抑制恶臭。In the present invention, since the sewer sludge or livestock and poultry manure is made into blocks of a specified size, and the surface density of the blocks is higher than the internal density, and the outer periphery of the blocks is formed by heat treatment , Therefore, malodor can be suppressed throughout the manufacturing process.
另外，由于在干燥工序前进行成型，所以不需要干燥后的制粒工序，能够简化工序。In addition, since the molding is performed before the drying process, the granulation process after drying is unnecessary, and the process can be simplified.
而且，因为干燥工序后没有制粒工序，所以不会产生由于干燥后的物体成为粉状而悬浮所引起的处理环境恶化的问题。Moreover, since there is no granulation process after the drying process, there is no problem of deterioration of the processing environment due to the powdery state of the dried object being suspended.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是说明本发明的一个实施方式的固体燃料的制造方法的图。FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a method for producing a solid fuel according to an embodiment of the present invention.
图2是表示含有固体成分的污泥粒子的干燥过程中粒径变化的测定结果的曲线图。Fig. 2 is a graph showing the measurement results of particle diameter changes during the drying process of sludge particles containing solid content.
图3是含有固体成分的污泥粒子的干燥过程中的截面的照片。Fig. 3 is a photograph of a cross section during drying of sludge particles containing solid content.
图4是含有固体成分的污泥粒子的干燥过程中的截面的照片。Fig. 4 is a photograph of a cross section during drying of sludge particles containing solid components.
图5是表示热处理温度与恶臭系数的关系的曲线图。Fig. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between heat treatment temperature and malodor coefficient.
标号的说明Explanation of labels
1 下水道污泥1 Sewer sludge
3 多孔板3 perforated plates
7 切割装置7 cutting device
9 块状物9 lumps
11 容器11 containers
13 圆板13 round plates
15 圆筒体15 cylinder
17 辊17 rolls
18 表面成型的块状物18 surface shaped blocks
19 圆筒体19 cylinder
21 高温气体21 high temperature gas
22 外壳22 shell
23 圆筒体23 cylinder
具体实施方式Detailed ways
[实施方式1][Embodiment 1]
图1是模式地表示本发明的一个实施方式的固体燃料的制造方法的说明图。FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing a method for producing a solid fuel according to an embodiment of the present invention.
本实施方式的固体燃料的制造方法包括下述工序：将下水道污泥制成规定大小的块状物的块状物形成工序(图1(a))、使块状物形成工序中形成的块状物的表面密度高于内部密度的表面成型工序(图1(b))和通过对表面成型的块状物进行热处理而在该块状物表面形成外壳的外壳形成工序(图1(c))。外壳形成工序结束后，经过干燥工序，成为固体燃料。The manufacturing method of the solid fuel of this embodiment includes the following steps: the lump forming step ( FIG. 1( a )) of making sewage sludge into lumps of a predetermined size; The surface forming process (Fig. 1(b)) in which the surface density of the block is higher than the internal density, and the shell forming process (Fig. 1(c) ). After the casing forming process is completed, it goes through a drying process to become a solid fuel.
下面，具体说明各工序和各工序涉及的情况。Next, each step and the circumstances related to each step will be specifically described.
<原料><raw material>
本实施方式中使用的原料为下水道污泥。The raw material used in this embodiment is sewage sludge.
前提是，作为原料的下水道污泥的含水率为60％～80％。如果下水道污泥的含水率大于80％，则在制作块状物时会附着于容器的周围，无法形成块状物。The premise is that the water content of sewage sludge as a raw material is 60% to 80%. If the water content of the sewage sludge exceeds 80%, it will adhere to the periphery of the container when making the lumps, and the lumps will not be formed.
而且，优选含水率为68％～73％。如果含水率在该范围内，则使块状物的表面密度高于内部密度的表面成型工序能够顺利进行。Furthermore, the moisture content is preferably 68% to 73%. If the moisture content is within this range, the surface forming process of making the surface density of the block higher than the internal density can proceed smoothly.
为了提高表面成型工序的有效率，在进入该工序前的污泥块状物的含水率高于80％的情况下，有时会增加利用吹送干燥空气或常温气流等、以及减压干燥来进行预干燥处理的工序。此时，优选将块状物保持在318K以下、优选308K以下的状态下进行干燥。这是由于块状物的预干燥温度上升至318K以上时，在该预干燥工序中会产生恶臭。In order to improve the efficiency of the surface forming process, when the moisture content of the sludge block before entering the process is higher than 80%, it is sometimes necessary to increase the use of blowing dry air or normal temperature airflow, etc., and dry under reduced pressure to carry out pretreatment. Drying process. At this time, it is preferable to dry the lump while keeping it at 318K or lower, preferably 308K or lower. This is because when the pre-drying temperature of the lumps rises to 318K or higher, foul odor will be generated in the pre-drying step.
另外，下水道污泥的含水率低于60％的情况下，虽然能够形成块状物，但由于各个块状物很硬，难以使其成型为凹凸面少的光滑表面。此时，如果为了消除凹凸不平而施加大的压紧力，块状物会出现裂纹或破碎。In addition, when the water content of sewage sludge is less than 60%, lumps can be formed, but since each lump is hard, it is difficult to shape it into a smooth surface with few irregularities. At this time, if a large pressing force is applied to eliminate the unevenness, the lumps will crack or break.
因此，优选在块状物形成工序之前或之后进行预干燥或加水，从而调节含水率至上述范围内。Therefore, it is preferable to pre-dry or add water before or after the lump forming step so as to adjust the moisture content within the above-mentioned range.
另外，作为固体燃料的原料，除下水道污泥外，还可以使用禽畜粪便、人排泄物污泥、食品加工残渣污泥、造纸污泥等含水有机污泥作为原料。In addition, as a raw material of solid fuel, besides sewage sludge, water-containing organic sludge such as poultry manure, human excrement sludge, food processing residue sludge, and papermaking sludge can also be used as a raw material.
<块状物形成工序><Lump formation process>
块状物形成工序是将下水道污泥制成规定大小的块状物的工序。The lump forming step is a step of making sewage sludge into lumps of a predetermined size.
如图1(a)所示，将下水道污泥制成块状物的具体方法是利用螺杆泵或莫诺泵(mohno pump)等将下水道污泥1加压并挤入多孔板(模具)3中，由此将下水道污泥1制成线状物5，再利用切割装置7将其切割为规定的长度，从而制成圆柱状的块状物9。As shown in Figure 1(a), the specific method of making sewer sludge into lumps is to use a screw pump or a mohno pump to pressurize the
当然，制成块状物9的方法不限于上述方法。Of course, the method of forming the
<表面成型工序><Surface Forming Process>
表面成型工序是使块状物形成工序中形成的块状物9的表面密度高于内部密度的工序(图1(b))。The surface forming step is a step of making the surface density of the
作为表面成型工序的具体方式可以使用图1(b)所示的方法。图1(b)所示的例子是在圆筒状的容器11的底部设置旋转的圆板13，通过将块状物9放入容器内并使圆板13旋转来使块状物9在圆板上转动，由此使块状物的表面密度高于内部密度、块状物表面成为没有裂纹的光滑状态。As a specific embodiment of the surface forming step, the method shown in FIG. 1( b ) can be used. The example shown in Fig. 1 (b) is that the bottom of the
另外，图1(b)(ii)所示的例子是通过使倾斜设置的圆筒体15以圆筒轴为中心旋转、并由上方将块状物9装入该圆筒体15内而使块状物9在圆筒内转动，从而与图1(b)(i)同样地使块状物9的表面密度高于内部密度、块状物表面成为没有裂纹的光滑状态。In addition, the example shown in Fig. 1 (b) (ii) is made by rotating the
另外，图1(b)(iii)所示的例子是通过对块状物9的表面加压来使块状物9的表面密度高于内部密度。具体而言，如图1(b)(iii)所示，使块状物9在相对设置的一对辊17之间通过，由此使块状物9的表面密度高于内部密度、块状物9的表面成为没有裂纹的光滑状态。通常，辊除了起到表面加压的作用外，为了使块状物成为球状或近似球状的块状，辊的表面还设有凹坑。In addition, in the example shown in FIG. 1(b)(iii), the surface density of the
<外壳形成工序><Shell forming process>
外壳形成工序是通过对表面成型的块状物18进行热处理而在块状物18的表面形成外壳的工序。The casing forming step is a step of forming a casing on the surface of the
作为外壳形成工序的具体方式有图1(c)所示的方法。例如，如图1(c)(i)所示，使倾斜的圆筒体19以圆筒轴为中心旋转、并向其中通入高温气体21，将表面成型的块状物18装入该圆筒体19，由此在块状物18的表面形成外壳22。另外，如图1(c)(ii)所示，使具有被加热了的内表面的圆筒体23以圆筒轴为中心旋转，并使表面成型的块状物18从其中通过，由此在块状物18的表面形成外壳22。As a specific form of the shell forming step, there is a method shown in FIG. 1(c). For example, as shown in Figure 1 (c) (i), the
作为热处理的温度，优选443K～513K。低于443K时，外壳的形成不充分。另一方面，如果高于513K，则在热处理中由污泥或禽畜粪便的焦糊而产生恶臭。另外，如果温度进一步升高，烃或氢气容易从污泥或禽畜粪便中挥发出来，形成易发生碳化的结构，干燥后的块状物具有的热量减少。The temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 443K to 513K. Below 443K, the formation of the shell is insufficient. On the other hand, if it is higher than 513K, foul odors are generated from sludge or scorching of poultry manure during heat treatment. In addition, if the temperature rises further, hydrocarbons or hydrogen are easily volatilized from the sludge or poultry manure, forming a structure that is prone to carbonization, and the heat of the dried lumps is reduced.
<干燥工序><Drying process>
干燥工序是将形成外壳的块状物进行干燥而制成固体燃料的工序。The drying step is a step of drying the mass forming the casing to produce a solid fuel.
干燥工序的温度没有特别的限定。可以直接在外壳形成工序的温度下，例如473K上下，或在常温下进行减压干燥。由于已经形成了外壳，因此在任何温度下都能够抑制干燥工序中恶臭向外部空气中的发散。当然，干燥工序的温度如果过高则出现发生碳化而使固体燃料的热量减少的问题，因此，优选低于外壳形成工序的温度。The temperature in the drying step is not particularly limited. Drying under reduced pressure can be carried out directly at the temperature of the shell forming process, for example, around 473K, or at normal temperature. Since the shell has already been formed, emission of bad odor into the outside air during the drying process can be suppressed at any temperature. Of course, if the temperature in the drying step is too high, there will be a problem that carbonization occurs to reduce the heat of the solid fuel, so it is preferably lower than the temperature in the casing forming step.
另外，作为干燥工序中使用的干燥机，可以使用例如具备输送块状物的带式输送机的鼓风干燥箱。In addition, as the dryer used in the drying step, for example, an air blast drying oven equipped with a belt conveyor for conveying lumps can be used.
如上所述，本实施方式中，由于将污泥制成了块状物，并进行了块状物的表面成型，并且在该表面成型的块状物的表面形成了外壳，因此，能够在整个固体燃料制造工序中尽可能地抑制恶臭的发散。另外，由于干燥工序后没有制粒工序，所以能够简化工序，提高生产效率。As mentioned above, in this embodiment, since the sludge is made into lumps, the surface of the lumps is molded, and a shell is formed on the surface of the molded lumps, therefore, it is possible to In the solid fuel manufacturing process, the emission of bad odor is suppressed as much as possible. In addition, since there is no granulation process after the drying process, the process can be simplified and the production efficiency can be improved.
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| JP2006227663AJP4872533B2 (en) | 2006-08-24 | 2006-08-24 | Solid fuel production method and apparatus, and solid fuel produced by the method |
| PCT/JP2007/064589WO2008023527A1 (en) | 2006-08-24 | 2007-07-25 | Process for producing solid fuel, apparatus therefor and solid fuel produced by the process |
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| KR101206897B1 (en)* | 2009-08-12 | 2012-11-30 | 이강진 | The pellet manufacture equipment |
| JP5561695B2 (en)* | 2010-06-23 | 2014-07-30 | Ｊｆｅエンジニアリング株式会社 | Molding nozzle for adhesive materials and band-type dryer |
| JP2013124361A (en)* | 2011-12-16 | 2013-06-24 | Hitachi Zosen Corp | Method for determining quality of deodorized biosolid fuel product |
| WO2017066446A1 (en)* | 2015-10-13 | 2017-04-20 | Sanivation LLC | Methods and apparatuses for processing human waste into fuel |
| CN105816091A (en)* | 2016-04-20 | 2016-08-03 | 淄博正邦知识产权企划有限公司 | Method for carrying out non-pollution treatment on toilet excrement and pollution-free environment-friendly toilet |
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| CN1282781A (en)* | 1999-07-29 | 2001-02-07 | 中国科学院广州能源研究所 | Process for preparing briquettes with sludge |
| JP2006152097A (en)* | 2004-11-29 | 2006-06-15 | Tsukishima Kikai Co Ltd | Method for producing solid fuel and manufacturing facility |
| CN1810940A (en)* | 2006-03-03 | 2006-08-02 | 清华大学 | Sludge fuel stick and its prepn |
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| JPS593511B2 (en)* | 1978-03-28 | 1984-01-24 | 吉川工業株式会社 | Method for producing small pellets using fine coke |
| JPH11217576A (en)* | 1998-02-04 | 1999-08-10 | Nippon Alum Co Ltd | Co-fuel for cement calcination and its production |
| JP4368964B2 (en)* | 1999-03-16 | 2009-11-18 | 太平洋セメント株式会社 | Method and apparatus for producing solid fuel |
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| CN1282781A (en)* | 1999-07-29 | 2001-02-07 | 中国科学院广州能源研究所 | Process for preparing briquettes with sludge |
| JP2006152097A (en)* | 2004-11-29 | 2006-06-15 | Tsukishima Kikai Co Ltd | Method for producing solid fuel and manufacturing facility |
| CN1810940A (en)* | 2006-03-03 | 2006-08-02 | 清华大学 | Sludge fuel stick and its prepn |
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