CN101149288A - A high-efficiency infrared single-photon detection method - Google Patents
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Abstract
Translated fromChinese
Description
Translated fromChinese技术领域technical field
本发明涉及微弱光信号检测领域，具体涉及一种新型高效率的红外单光子探测方法。The invention relates to the field of weak light signal detection, in particular to a novel high-efficiency infrared single-photon detection method.
背景技术Background technique
现阶段常用的红外单光子探测器是基于铟镓砷-磷化铟雪崩光电二极管(InGaAs/InP-APD)制造的，但是它具有噪声大(每脉冲暗噪声达到了5×10-5/ns)、效率低(～10％)、有效重复频率低(＜100KHz)的缺点，无法达到信息技术领域所需的对红外单光子高效探测的要求。由于缺乏相应的红外单光子检测方面性能优良的探测器，无法完全发挥红外光在光纤和大气传输中其它波段无法比拟的低损耗、低色散的优势，这已经成为限制红外波段通信和其他方向应用的主要障碍之一。相比较而言，用于可见光波段(400nm-1100nm)的硅雪崩光电二极管以其低噪声(＜1×10-7/ns)、高效率(～70％)和高的有效重复频率(～10MHz)是探测弱光信号的理想探测器。目前以硅雪崩光电二极管为核心器件的硅单光子计数模块SPCM(Single Photon CountingModule)已经广泛用于可见光单光子水平信号的探测，并且实现了产品化。The commonly used infrared single photon detector at this stage is based on InGaAs-InP avalanche photodiode (InGaAs/InP-APD), but it has a large noise (dark noise per pulse reaches 5×10-5 /ns ), low efficiency (~10%), and low effective repetition rate (<100KHz), which cannot meet the requirements for efficient detection of infrared single photons required in the field of information technology. Due to the lack of corresponding detectors with excellent performance in infrared single photon detection, it is impossible to fully utilize the advantages of low loss and low dispersion of infrared light in optical fiber and atmospheric transmission, which are unmatched by other bands, which has become a limitation for infrared band communication and other applications. one of the main obstacles. In comparison, silicon avalanche photodiodes used in the visible light band (400nm-1100nm) are known for their low noise (<1×10-7 /ns), high efficiency (~70%), and high effective repetition rate (~10MHz ) is an ideal detector for detecting weak light signals. At present, the silicon single photon counting module SPCM (Single Photon Counting Module) with silicon avalanche photodiode as the core device has been widely used in the detection of visible light single photon level signals and has been commercialized.
为了克服红外探测的困难，人们利用非线性频率上转换将红外单光子从红外波段转移到可见区域实现一种跨波长探测的思路：使用一束很强的泵浦光和红外单光子进行和频相互作用，红外单光子频率实现从红外波段到可见光波段的转移，并且可以证明，在频率上转换的过程中当转换效率达到最大的时候，在实现频率上转移的同时也实现了量子特性的转移。即转换后得到的可见光波段的单光子完全是入射的红外波段单光子的“复制品”，只是在频率上实现了跨越。这样就既可以利用红外光在大气和光纤传输中的低损耗、低色散优势，又可以利用已臻成熟的硅雪崩光电二极管快速、高效的探测性能达到对信号的有效传输和收集。In order to overcome the difficulty of infrared detection, people use nonlinear frequency up-conversion to transfer infrared single photons from the infrared band to the visible region to realize a cross-wavelength detection idea: use a beam of strong pump light and infrared single photons for sum frequency Interaction, the infrared single photon frequency realizes the transfer from the infrared band to the visible light band, and it can be proved that when the conversion efficiency reaches the maximum in the process of frequency up-conversion, the transfer of quantum characteristics is also realized while realizing the frequency transfer . That is to say, the converted single photon in the visible light band is completely a "replica" of the incident infrared band single photon, and only a leap in frequency is achieved. In this way, the advantages of low loss and low dispersion of infrared light in the atmosphere and optical fiber transmission can be used, and the fast and efficient detection performance of the mature silicon avalanche photodiode can be used to achieve effective transmission and collection of signals.
为了实现有效的非线性频率上转换，尽量提高有效入射非线性晶体的泵浦光强度是必要的。强的泵浦光源通常可以由两种方法得到：一是将泵浦光注入一个外置的谐振腔，用反馈伺服控制系统控制其中一面腔镜，使得谐振腔的谐振频率与泵浦光的频率相匹配，达到腔内功率增强的效果。放置在这个外腔中的非线性晶体可以获得数十倍于泵浦光的有效入射光强度。然而，这种方法有一个显著的缺点：由于外置谐振腔是无源腔，为了实现谐振频率与泵浦光频率的锁定，就必须依赖伺服系统锁定腔的谐振频率。这样就会大大增加系统的复杂程度和调整难度，系统的稳定性也难以得到提高；二是利用腔内泵浦的方法提高泵浦光强度，将非线性晶体放入泵浦光的有源谐振腔内，将弱红外信号光入射到非线性晶体，使得作为弱红外信号光与泵浦光在激光腔内实现和频作用。但是上述方案都无法克服便携性差、体积大和系统复杂的缺点。并且目前存在的方案都是利用近红外光源(1064nm)作为泵浦源，在非线性作用过程中容易因参量上转换荧光引起很大的暗噪声，不利于红外单光子的探测。In order to achieve effective nonlinear frequency up-conversion, it is necessary to increase the intensity of the pump light effectively incident on the nonlinear crystal as much as possible. A strong pump light source can usually be obtained by two methods: one is to inject the pump light into an external resonant cavity, and use a feedback servo control system to control one of the cavity mirrors so that the resonant frequency of the resonant cavity is the same as the frequency of the pump light Matched to achieve the effect of intracavity power enhancement. The nonlinear crystal placed in this external cavity can obtain an effective incident light intensity tens of times higher than that of the pump light. However, this method has a significant disadvantage: since the external resonant cavity is a passive cavity, in order to achieve the locking of the resonant frequency and the frequency of the pump light, it is necessary to rely on the servo system to lock the resonant frequency of the cavity. This will greatly increase the complexity and adjustment difficulty of the system, and it is difficult to improve the stability of the system; the second is to use the method of intracavity pumping to increase the intensity of the pump light, and put the nonlinear crystal into the active resonance of the pump light In the cavity, the weak infrared signal light is incident on the nonlinear crystal, so that the weak infrared signal light and the pump light realize sum-frequency interaction in the laser cavity. However, none of the above solutions can overcome the disadvantages of poor portability, large size and complex system. Moreover, the existing schemes all use near-infrared light source (1064nm) as the pump source, which is easy to cause large dark noise due to parametric up-conversion fluorescence in the nonlinear process, which is not conducive to the detection of infrared single photons.
例如现有技术中利用固体激光器腔内泵浦的方法实现红外信号有效探测示意如图1所示：偏振控制器PC、红外单光子信号输入IS、可调光纤衰减器A、带通滤光片F、非线性晶体C、分光棱镜(或光栅)P、透镜L1/L2、硅单光子计数模块D、光纤准直器Collimator、固体激光器腔镜M1-M6、狭缝S、固体激光器泵浦源LD pump，固体激光器由六个腔镜组成，非线性晶体置于腔内，红外信号经过光纤可调衰减器和光纤控制器经由光纤准直器输出。实际操作中要实现红外信号光和腔内的泵浦光在空间的有效重合，必须经过复杂的调整过程。首先，为配合红外信号光与泵浦光在非线性晶体内具有相同的光斑尺寸，需要改变透镜L1与腔镜M3之间的距离以调整红外信号光落在非线性晶体上的光斑大小。其次为实现红外信号光与泵浦光方向重合，必须联合调整红外信号光输出的光纤准直器、透镜L1与固体激光腔镜M6的方向。由于腔镜M6的防线与固体激光器腔内功率有很大关联，因此在调整两束光的重合时还可能影响固体激光器的腔内功率。在分光阶段，利用固体激光器泵浦的系统由于输出的信号光为空间光束，必须由分光棱镜或光栅分光，经狭缝和带通滤波器滤波之后才能进入探测器。For example, in the prior art, the method of using solid-state laser intracavity pumping to realize the effective detection of infrared signals is shown in Figure 1: polarization controller PC, infrared single-photon signal input IS, adjustable fiber attenuator A, band-pass filter F, nonlinear crystal C, beam splitting prism (or grating) P, lens L1/L2, silicon single photon counting module D, fiber collimator Collimator, solid laser cavity mirror M1-M6, slit S, solid laser pump source LD pump, the solid-state laser is composed of six cavity mirrors, the nonlinear crystal is placed in the cavity, and the infrared signal is output through the fiber-optic adjustable attenuator and fiber-optic controller through the fiber-optic collimator. In actual operation, in order to realize the effective spatial coincidence of the infrared signal light and the pump light in the cavity, a complicated adjustment process is necessary. First, in order to match the infrared signal light and the pump light having the same spot size in the nonlinear crystal, it is necessary to change the distance between the lens L1 and the cavity mirror M3 to adjust the spot size of the infrared signal light falling on the nonlinear crystal. Secondly, in order to achieve the coincidence of the directions of the infrared signal light and the pump light, the directions of the fiber collimator, lens L1 and solid-state laser cavity mirror M6 that output the infrared signal light must be adjusted jointly. Since the defense line of the cavity mirror M6 is closely related to the power in the cavity of the solid-state laser, it may also affect the power in the cavity of the solid-state laser when adjusting the coincidence of the two beams of light. In the beam splitting stage, since the output signal light of a system pumped by a solid-state laser is a spatial beam, it must be split by a beam splitter prism or a grating, filtered by a slit and a bandpass filter before entering the detector.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是针对上述现有技术的不足之处，提供一种高效红外单光子探测方法，该方法是使用光纤激光器作为上转换相互作用的泵浦源，由于红外信号光与泵浦光都由光纤输出，整个系统具有即插即用的功能，利用光纤波分复用器将两束光耦合，经光纤准直器输出，两束光不论在空间尺寸和方向上都能达到很好的重合，且利用光纤激光器作为泵浦源的系统由于全光纤运转，信号光可以直接利用现有的成熟光纤布拉格光栅分光，省略了空间分光调整上的困难。从而实现转换过程的全光纤化，系统简单轻便，结构更紧凑。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of efficient infrared single-photon detection method for above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art, and this method is to use fiber laser as the pumping source of up-conversion interaction, because infrared signal light and pumping light both Output from optical fiber, the whole system has the function of plug and play, use fiber optic wavelength division multiplexer to couple two beams of light, and output through fiber optic collimator, the two beams of light can achieve a good separation in terms of spatial size and direction Due to the full-fiber operation of the system that coincides with the fiber laser as the pump source, the signal light can be directly split by the existing mature fiber Bragg grating, omitting the difficulty of spatial splitting adjustment. In this way, the full optical fiber conversion process is realized, the system is simple and portable, and the structure is more compact.
本发明目的实现由以下技术方案完成：The object of the present invention is realized by the following technical solutions:
一种高效红外单光子探测方法，包括红外单光子信号源和泵浦源、非线性晶体，以及单光子信号通道和泵浦光通道，其特征在于该方法采用的泵浦源部分是由光纤激光器构成的，其中经由光纤传输输入的红外单光子信号光和由光纤激光器输入的泵浦光各自经过一个光纤偏振控制器耦合输入到波分复用器，光纤偏振控制器控制两束光进入非线性晶体的偏振状态，以便在非线性晶体内达到良好的相位匹配条件，信号光和泵浦光在非线性晶体内部进行和频相互作用，输出的可见信号光经过分离提取的处理后，用硅雪崩光电二极管进行高效率探测。A high-efficiency infrared single-photon detection method, including an infrared single-photon signal source and a pump source, a nonlinear crystal, and a single-photon signal channel and a pump light channel, is characterized in that the pump source used in the method is partially made of a fiber laser The infrared single-photon signal light input via optical fiber transmission and the pump light input by the fiber laser are respectively coupled to the wavelength division multiplexer through a fiber polarization controller, and the fiber polarization controller controls the two beams of light to enter the nonlinear The polarization state of the crystal, in order to achieve good phase matching conditions in the nonlinear crystal, the signal light and the pump light perform sum-frequency interaction inside the nonlinear crystal, and the output visible signal light is separated and extracted, and then processed by silicon avalanche Photodiodes for high-efficiency detection.
单光子信号通道和泵浦光通道由一个波分复用器耦合连接，输出的泵浦光和信号光通过同一个光纤准直器输出。The single-photon signal channel and the pump light channel are coupled and connected by a wavelength division multiplexer, and the output pump light and signal light are output through the same fiber collimator.
所述的光纤激光器是脉冲运转的、或者是高功率输出的连续光纤激光器。The fiber laser mentioned above is a pulsed operation or a continuous fiber laser with high power output.
用于和频相互作用的非线性晶体置于温度控制器内，保证其良好合适的工作温度。The nonlinear crystal used for sum-frequency interaction is placed in the temperature controller to ensure its good and suitable working temperature.
本发明的优点是，利用光纤激光器作为泵浦光源，省略了复杂的系统附件和调整过程，结构紧凑，便携性好，对环境的要求低，输出激光功率稳定，模式好，便于非线性耦合。信号光和泵浦光经波分复用器通过同一准直器输出，可以实现两束光在非线性晶体中很好的空间模式匹配。泵浦源有宽的波长选择范围，有利于实现各种波段的红外单光子探测。The invention has the advantages of using the fiber laser as the pumping light source, omitting complicated system accessories and adjustment processes, compact structure, good portability, low environmental requirements, stable output laser power, good mode, and convenient nonlinear coupling. The signal light and the pump light are output through the same collimator through the wavelength division multiplexer, which can realize good spatial mode matching of the two beams of light in the nonlinear crystal. The pump source has a wide wavelength selection range, which is conducive to the realization of infrared single-photon detection in various wavelength bands.
该探测器可以支持连续模式和高重复频率脉冲模式的工作。脉冲模式有助于进一步降低能耗，同时工作于脉冲模式不会对整个探测器带来更多的附加元器件，不会增加系统负担，这是使用传统激光泵浦系统的探测器无法企及的。The detector can support continuous mode and high repetition rate pulse mode. The pulse mode helps to further reduce energy consumption. At the same time, working in the pulse mode will not bring more additional components to the entire detector and will not increase the burden on the system. This is beyond the reach of detectors using traditional laser pumping systems. .
整个探测器可以实现全光纤化，能耗低，支持即插即用，方便于其它光纤设备连接兼容，实现多个系统的交互使用。The entire detector can be fully fiber-optic, with low energy consumption, supports plug-and-play, is convenient for connection and compatibility with other optical fiber devices, and realizes the interactive use of multiple systems.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为现有技术利用固体激光器腔内泵浦的方法实现红外信号有效探测的示意图；FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the effective detection of infrared signals by using the method of intracavity pumping of solid-state lasers in the prior art;
图2本发明使用非线性晶体探测方法示意图；Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the detection method using a nonlinear crystal in the present invention;
图3本发明使用非线性晶体探测方法示意图；Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the present invention using a nonlinear crystal detection method;
图4本发明使用非线性波导探测方法示意图；Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the present invention using a nonlinear waveguide detection method;
图5本发明使用非线性波导探测方法示意图；Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the present invention using a nonlinear waveguide detection method;
图6本发明使用非线性光纤探测方法示意图；Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the present invention using a nonlinear optical fiber detection method;
图7本发明光纤激光器腔内上转换探测方法示意图；Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the intracavity up-conversion detection method of the fiber laser of the present invention;
具体实施方式Detailed ways
以下结合附图通过实施例对本发明特征及其它相关特征作进一步详细说明，以便于同行业技术人员的理解：The features of the present invention and other related features will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings through embodiments, so as to facilitate the understanding of those skilled in the art:
如图2-7所示，图中符号分别为：偏振控制器PC1、PC2、红外单光子信号输入IS、光纤激光器FL、可调光纤衰减器A、信号光/泵浦光波分复用器WDM、高通/带通滤光片F1/F2、非线性晶体C1、分光棱镜(或光栅)P、透镜L、硅单光子计数模块D、同步控制器S、波分复用器WDM1、WDM2、光纤接入/接出的非线性波导WG、高通/带通光纤布拉格光栅FBG1、FBG2、非线性光纤NF、激光增益光纤(不同的掺杂离子对应不同的激光波长)AF、波分复用器WDM3、偏振控制器PC。As shown in Figure 2-7, the symbols in the figure are: polarization controller PC1, PC2, infrared single photon signal input IS, fiber laser FL, adjustable fiber attenuator A, signal light/pump light wavelength division multiplexer WDM , high-pass/band-pass filter F1/F2, nonlinear crystal C1, spectroscopic prism (or grating) P, lens L, silicon single photon counting module D, synchronization controller S, wavelength division multiplexer WDM1, WDM2, optical fiber Access/exit nonlinear waveguide WG, high-pass/band-pass fiber Bragg grating FBG1, FBG2, nonlinear fiber NF, laser gain fiber (different doping ions correspond to different laser wavelengths) AF, wavelength division multiplexer WDM3 , Polarization controller PC.
本实施例的高效红外单光子探测方法，包括红外单光子信号源和泵浦源、非线性晶体，以及单光子信号通道和泵浦光通道，该方法采用的泵浦源部分是由光纤激光器构成的，经由光纤传输输入的红外单光子信号光和由光纤激光器输入的泵浦光各自经过一个光纤偏振控制器耦合输入到波分复用器(WDM)的两个端口，这里，光纤偏振控制器的作用是控制两束光进入非线性晶体的偏振状态，以便在非线性晶体内达到良好的相位匹配条件。WDM的另一个端口与一个光纤准直器连接，由光纤准直器输出的信号光和泵浦光具有很好的空间匹配。这样就省略了复杂的程序用来调整两束光的重合。信号光和泵浦光在非线性晶体内部进行和频相互作用，输出的可见信号光经由经过分离提取的处理后，用硅雪崩光电二极管进行高效率探测。The high-efficiency infrared single-photon detection method of this embodiment includes an infrared single-photon signal source and a pump source, a nonlinear crystal, and a single-photon signal channel and a pump light channel. The pump source used in this method is partly composed of a fiber laser The infrared single-photon signal light input via optical fiber transmission and the pump light input by the fiber laser are respectively coupled to two ports of a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) through a fiber polarization controller. Here, the fiber polarization controller The function of is to control the polarization state of the two beams of light entering the nonlinear crystal, so as to achieve good phase matching conditions in the nonlinear crystal. The other port of the WDM is connected to a fiber collimator, and the signal light and pump light output by the fiber collimator have a good spatial match. This omits complicated procedures for adjusting the coincidence of the two beams. Signal light and pump light perform sum-frequency interaction inside the nonlinear crystal, and the output visible signal light is processed by separation and extraction, and is detected with high efficiency by silicon avalanche photodiode.
本实施例红外探测器所能探测的红外单光子的波段可以覆盖近红外和中红外的区域。该红外探测器所能响应的红外单光子强度可以达到单光子水平。单光子信号光的波长主要以1.06μm和1.31μm为例，其他波长与这两个波长的实现方法一致；泵浦光源以半导体二极管泵浦的掺铒光纤激光器为例，典型波长分别为1.55μm，其他类型泵浦源(如掺钇光纤激光器等)和其它泵浦光波长(1.06μm等)与本实施例中实现方法一致。连续光纤激光器泵浦源后面可能需要光纤激光放大器的支持，在实施例中放大器已经包含在光纤激光器中。非线性晶体的相位匹配条件主要有晶体的切割角度，晶体的工作温度；如果是周期极化的铌酸锂(PPLN)晶体或周期极化的铌酸锂波导(PPLN波导)，还与晶体的反转周期等有关。所述的相位匹配条件是指是角度相位匹配或者是准相位匹配，其中的角度相位匹配是选择特定的非线性晶体切割角度，使得在非线性晶体中，泵浦光与入射信号光的波矢量叠加后与转换后信号光的波矢量相等；而准相位匹配是对非线性晶体作周期极化，特定的极化周期可以对应实现特定波长的泵浦光和入射信号光的相位匹配。实施例中非线性晶体以准相位匹配的PPLN晶体或PPLN波导为例，其他非线性晶体的使用与实施例中使用方法一致。实施例中使用的用于探测可见光单光子的探测器是硅单光子计数模块。本实施例中的单光子探测器，按照泵浦源的工作方式可以分为脉冲方式和连续方式两类，在泵浦源输出连续激光的模式下，信号光可以是连续的，也可以是脉冲的；在泵浦源输出脉冲激光的模式下，信号光只能是脉冲的，并且需要同步控制器工作使得泵浦脉冲和信号脉冲在时间序列上是同步的。The wavelength band of the infrared single photon that can be detected by the infrared detector in this embodiment can cover the near-infrared and mid-infrared regions. The infrared single photon intensity that the infrared detector can respond to can reach the single photon level. The wavelengths of single-photon signal light are mainly 1.06 μm and 1.31 μm as examples, and the other wavelengths are implemented in the same way as these two wavelengths; the pump light source is an erbium-doped fiber laser pumped by a semiconductor diode as an example, and the typical wavelengths are 1.55 μm , other types of pump sources (such as yttrium-doped fiber lasers, etc.) and other pump light wavelengths (1.06 μm, etc.) are consistent with the implementation methods in this embodiment. The pumping source of the continuous fiber laser may need the support of the fiber laser amplifier, and the amplifier has been included in the fiber laser in the embodiment. The phase matching conditions of the nonlinear crystal mainly include the cutting angle of the crystal and the working temperature of the crystal; if it is a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal or a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide (PPLN waveguide), it is also related to the crystal’s related to reversal cycles, etc. The phase matching condition refers to angular phase matching or quasi-phase matching, wherein the angular phase matching is to select a specific nonlinear crystal cutting angle, so that in the nonlinear crystal, the wave vector of the pump light and the incident signal light After superimposition, it is equal to the wave vector of the converted signal light; and quasi-phase matching is to periodically polarize the nonlinear crystal, and a specific polarization period can correspond to the phase matching between the pump light of a specific wavelength and the incident signal light. In the embodiments, the nonlinear crystals are quasi-phase-matched PPLN crystals or PPLN waveguides as examples, and the use of other nonlinear crystals is consistent with the methods used in the embodiments. The detectors used in the embodiments for detecting visible light single photons are silicon single photon counting modules. The single photon detector in this embodiment can be divided into two types: pulse mode and continuous mode according to the working mode of the pump source. In the mode where the pump source outputs continuous laser light, the signal light can be continuous or pulsed. In the mode where the pump source outputs pulsed laser light, the signal light can only be pulsed, and the synchronous controller needs to work so that the pump pulse and signal pulse are synchronized in time sequence.
本实施例要求保护以光纤激光器为泵浦源，以上转换探测为探测手段，使用硅探测器，实现红外单光子信号高效率、高稳定的探测，红外单光子信号从另外一路光纤光路进入。单光子信号通道和泵浦光通道由一个波分复用器耦合连接，输出的泵浦光和信号光通过同一个光纤准直器输出。用于和频相互作用的非线性晶体置于温度控制器内，保证良好合适的工作温度。控制好入射的泵浦光强度，信号光和泵浦光在非线性晶体中经过非线性光学相互作用过程，红外单光子就可以高效率地频率上转换到可见光波段，经过分离提取信号光的处理后，用硅雪崩光电二极管实现红外单光子的高效率探测。由于信号光和泵浦光都由光纤传输提供，这两个光经波分复用器耦合进光纤准直器，再注入到非线性晶体中进行和频相互作用，这样的两束光可以在介质中实现很好的空间模式匹配，不再需要复杂的调整过程。同时该泵浦源省略了普通固体激光系统所需的水冷装置和系统调整上的困难。此外，如果使用的泵浦光波长比红外信号光的波长短，在这种情况下，由于泵浦光的自发参量下转换引入的噪声就能大大的降低，这样的设计可以使该探测器具有极高的信噪比。This embodiment claims to use the fiber laser as the pump source, the above-mentioned conversion detection as the detection means, and use the silicon detector to realize the high-efficiency and high-stability detection of the infrared single-photon signal, and the infrared single-photon signal enters from another optical fiber path. The single-photon signal channel and the pump light channel are coupled and connected by a wavelength division multiplexer, and the output pump light and signal light are output through the same fiber collimator. The nonlinear crystal for sum-frequency interaction is placed in the temperature controller to ensure a good and suitable working temperature. The intensity of the incident pump light is well controlled, the signal light and the pump light undergo a nonlinear optical interaction process in the nonlinear crystal, and the infrared single photon can be efficiently frequency-converted to the visible light band, and the signal light is separated and extracted. Finally, high-efficiency detection of infrared single photons is realized with silicon avalanche photodiodes. Since both the signal light and the pump light are provided by optical fiber transmission, the two lights are coupled into the fiber collimator through the wavelength division multiplexer, and then injected into the nonlinear crystal for sum-frequency interaction. A very good spatial pattern matching is achieved in the medium, and the complex adjustment process is no longer required. At the same time, the pump source omits the water cooling device and system adjustment difficulties required by common solid-state laser systems. In addition, if the wavelength of the pump light used is shorter than the wavelength of the infrared signal light, in this case, the noise introduced by the spontaneous parametric down-conversion of the pump light can be greatly reduced. Such a design can make the detector have Very high signal-to-noise ratio.
具体实施描述如下：The specific implementation is described as follows:
实施例1.1：Example 1.1:
实现本实施例的示意图如图2所示，脉冲红外单光子光源波长在1.06μm，该信号光经光纤输入。由一个光纤偏振控制器控制它的偏振，以便控制该信号光入射到非线性晶体的偏振方向以达到良好的相位匹配条件。泵浦光源为一个掺铒被动锁模光纤激光器，经光纤输出中心波长为1.55μm、带宽为20nm的脉冲光，由一个光纤偏振控制器控制它的偏振，以便达到在非线性晶体里面的良好相位匹配条件。脉冲的泵浦光具有高重复频率(典型重复频率为80兆赫兹)和高峰值功率(典型值为103瓦)。信号光和泵浦光具有相同的重复频率，并经由同步控制器S控制，使两束光在时间序列上重合。这两束由光纤传输的光经过一个光纤波分复用器复合到一根光纤中。在这里，波分复用器用能将多个波长的光信号复用到一根光纤中进行传送。经光纤波分复用器的第三端输出的光经由一个光纤准直器耦合输出，经过高通滤波片滤去短波长波段的光，只让光纤激光器的泵浦光通过。然后注入到一个非线性晶体进行两束光的和频相互作用，作用后产生的和频光落在可见光区域。经过分光后被一个透镜收集并经由带通滤波片(中心波长为频率转换后信号光波长，即0.63μm，典型半高全宽为10nm)滤波后由硅单光子计数模块探测。探测器的输出为电信号，可以接入计数器通过微机读出并处理数据。此方案中使用非线性晶体PPLN，两面镀有增透膜(泵浦光1.55μm、入射信号光1.06μm和出射信号光0.63μm波段的增透膜)以减低晶体的插入损耗。PPLN晶体利用了准相位匹配相互作用，选择了特定的极化周期来实现泵浦光与入射信号光和频相互作用得到转换后信号光0.63μm。The schematic diagram for realizing this embodiment is shown in FIG. 2 , the wavelength of the pulsed infrared single-photon light source is 1.06 μm, and the signal light is input through an optical fiber. Its polarization is controlled by a fiber polarization controller, so as to control the polarization direction of the signal light incident on the nonlinear crystal to achieve good phase matching conditions. The pump light source is an erbium-doped passively mode-locked fiber laser, which outputs pulsed light with a center wavelength of 1.55 μm and a bandwidth of 20 nm through the fiber, and its polarization is controlled by a fiber polarization controller to achieve a good phase in the nonlinear crystal matching conditions. The pulsed pump light has a high repetition rate (typically 80 MHz) and high peak power (typically 103 W). The signal light and the pump light have the same repetition frequency, and are controlled by a synchronous controller S to make the two beams overlap in time sequence. The two bundles of light transmitted by the fiber are combined into one fiber through a fiber wavelength division multiplexer. Here, a wavelength division multiplexer is used to multiplex optical signals of multiple wavelengths into one optical fiber for transmission. The light output from the third end of the fiber optic wavelength division multiplexer is coupled and output by a fiber collimator, and the light in the short wavelength band is filtered by a high-pass filter, and only the pump light of the fiber laser passes through. Then it is injected into a nonlinear crystal for the sum-frequency interaction of the two beams of light, and the sum-frequency light generated after the action falls in the visible light region. After the light is split, it is collected by a lens and filtered by a bandpass filter (the center wavelength is the wavelength of the signal light after frequency conversion, that is, 0.63μm, and the typical full width at half maximum is 10nm), and then detected by a silicon single photon counting module. The output of the detector is an electrical signal, which can be connected to the counter to read and process the data through the microcomputer. In this solution, a nonlinear crystal PPLN is used, and both sides are coated with anti-reflection coatings (anti-reflection coatings for pump light 1.55 μm, incident signal light 1.06 μm and outgoing signal light 0.63 μm) to reduce the insertion loss of the crystal. The PPLN crystal utilizes the quasi-phase-matching interaction, and selects a specific polarization period to realize the sum-frequency interaction between the pump light and the incident signal light to obtain the converted signal light with a diameter of 0.63 μm.
实施例1.2：Example 1.2:
与实施例1.1相比，本实施例中入射的单光子信号在1.31μm波段，相应的转换后信号波段为0.71μm。方案1.1中涉及的非线性晶体两表面镀膜调整为泵浦光1.55μm、入射信号光1.31μm和出射信号光0.71μm波段的增透膜。非线性晶体的相位匹配条件也调整为1.31μm与1.55μm和频得到0.71μm输出。其他元件、实现方法和步骤与实施例1.1一致。Compared with Example 1.1, the incident single-photon signal in this example is in the 1.31 μm band, and the corresponding converted signal is in the 0.71 μm band. The coatings on both surfaces of the nonlinear crystal involved in scheme 1.1 are adjusted to anti-reflection coatings in the bands of pump light 1.55 μm, incident signal light 1.31 μm, and outgoing signal light 0.71 μm. The phase matching condition of the nonlinear crystal is also adjusted to the sum frequency of 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm to obtain an output of 0.71 μm. Other components, implementation methods and steps are consistent with those in Embodiment 1.1.
实施例2.1：Example 2.1:
如图3所示，本实施例中入射的单光子信号在1.06μm，并且为连续光。泵浦源为连续的掺铒光纤激光器。与方案1.1相比，本实施例中不需要同步控制器。其他元件、实现方法和步骤与实施例1.1一致。As shown in FIG. 3 , the incident single photon signal in this embodiment is at 1.06 μm and is continuous light. The pump source is a continuous erbium-doped fiber laser. Compared with scheme 1.1, no synchronous controller is needed in this embodiment. Other components, implementation methods and steps are consistent with those in Embodiment 1.1.
实施例2.2：Example 2.2:
与实施例2.1相比，本实施例中入射的单光子信号在1.31μm波段，相应的转换后信号波段为0.71μm。方案2.1中涉及的非线性晶体两表面镀膜调整为泵浦光1.55μm、入射信号光1.31μm和出射信号光0.71μm波段的增透膜。非线性晶体的相位匹配条件也调整为1.31μm与1.55μm和频得到0.71μm输出。其他元件、实现方法和步骤与实施例2.1一致。Compared with Example 2.1, the incident single-photon signal in this example is in the 1.31 μm band, and the corresponding converted signal is in the 0.71 μm band. The coatings on both surfaces of the nonlinear crystal involved in Scheme 2.1 are adjusted to anti-reflection coatings in the wavelength bands of pump light 1.55 μm, incident signal light 1.31 μm, and outgoing signal light 0.71 μm. The phase matching condition of the nonlinear crystal is also adjusted to the sum frequency of 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm to obtain an output of 0.71 μm. Other components, implementation methods and steps are consistent with those in Embodiment 2.1.
实施例3.1：Example 3.1:
实现本实施例的示意图如图4所示，实施例1.1中泵浦光与红外单光子经光纤波分复用器的第三端由光纤准直器输出，空间耦合进入PPLN晶体。而在本实施例中我们使用的是光纤接入/接出的PPLN波导，这种波导带有尾纤，可以方便的与光纤光路相连接。因此由光线波分复用器第三端输出的光经过一个光纤光栅FBG1(作用相当于前实施例中的高通滤光片F1)后，泵浦光经光纤直接接入PPLN波导。本实施例中使用的红外单光子为1.06μm，泵浦源采用输出中心波长为1.55μm的掺铒被动锁模光纤激光器。与泵浦光重复频率相同的脉冲信号光，同样经由IS端输入。经过同步控制器作用后，泵浦光和信号光在PPLN波导内相互作用后进入PPLN波导的光纤输出端，再经过一个光纤波分复用器将剩余的泵浦光和转换后的可见信号光分开。此处光纤波分复用器的作用相当于一个滤波器。转换后信号光之后又经过一个带通光纤布拉格光栅FBG2(作用相当于前面实施例中的带通滤光片F2)进一步提取可见波段的信号光。最后入射到硅单光子计数模块进行探测。计数模块输出电信号可以直接接入计数器并用微机进行数据处理。在本实施例中探测器是全光纤结构，基本省略了所有的空间光元件，可以进一步减小设备体积和能耗。The schematic diagram of this embodiment is shown in Figure 4. In Embodiment 1.1, the pump light and infrared single photons are output from the fiber collimator through the third end of the fiber wavelength division multiplexer, and spatially coupled into the PPLN crystal. In this embodiment, however, we use a PPLN waveguide for fiber access/exit, which has a pigtail and can be conveniently connected to the optical fiber path. Therefore, after the light output from the third end of the optical wavelength division multiplexer passes through a fiber grating FBG1 (which is equivalent to the high-pass filter F1 in the previous embodiment), the pumping light is directly connected to the PPLN waveguide through the optical fiber. The infrared single photon used in this embodiment is 1.06 μm, and the pump source is an erbium-doped passively mode-locked fiber laser with an output center wavelength of 1.55 μm. The pulse signal light with the same repetition frequency as the pump light is also input through the IS terminal. After the action of the synchronous controller, the pump light and the signal light interact in the PPLN waveguide and then enter the fiber output end of the PPLN waveguide, and then pass through a fiber wavelength division multiplexer to convert the remaining pump light and the converted visible signal light separate. Here, the optical fiber wavelength division multiplexer acts as a filter. After the conversion, the signal light passes through a band-pass fiber Bragg grating FBG2 (which is equivalent to the band-pass filter F2 in the previous embodiment) to further extract the signal light in the visible band. Finally, it is incident on a silicon single photon counting module for detection. The electrical signal output by the counting module can be directly connected to the counter and processed by a microcomputer. In this embodiment, the detector is an all-fiber structure, basically omitting all spatial optical components, which can further reduce the volume and energy consumption of the device.
实施例3.2：Example 3.2:
与实施例3.1相比，本实施例中入射的单光子信号在1.31μm波段，相应的转换后信号波段为0.71μm。非线性晶体的相位匹配条件也调整为1.31μm与1.55μm和频得到0.71μm输出。其他元件、实现方法和步骤与实施例3.1一致。Compared with Example 3.1, the incident single-photon signal in this example is in the 1.31 μm band, and the corresponding converted signal is in the 0.71 μm band. The phase matching condition of the nonlinear crystal is also adjusted to the sum frequency of 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm to obtain an output of 0.71 μm. Other components, implementation methods and steps are consistent with those in Embodiment 3.1.
实施例4.1：Example 4.1:
如图5所示，本实施例中入射的单光子信号在1.06μm，并且为连续光信号。泵浦源为连续的掺铒光纤激光器。与方案3.1相比，本实施例中不需要同步控制器。其他元件、实现方法和步骤与实施例3.1一致。As shown in FIG. 5 , the incident single-photon signal in this embodiment is at 1.06 μm and is a continuous optical signal. The pump source is a continuous erbium-doped fiber laser. Compared with scheme 3.1, no synchronous controller is needed in this embodiment. Other components, implementation methods and steps are consistent with those in Embodiment 3.1.
实施例4.2：Example 4.2:
与实施例4.1相比，本实施例中入射的单光子信号在1.31μm波段，相应的转换后信号波段为0.71μm。非线性晶体的相位匹配条件也调整为1.31μm与1.55μm和频得到0.71μm输出。其他元件、实现方法和步骤与实施例4.1一致。Compared with Example 4.1, the incident single-photon signal in this example is in the 1.31 μm band, and the corresponding converted signal is in the 0.71 μm band. The phase matching condition of the nonlinear crystal is also adjusted to the sum frequency of 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm to obtain an output of 0.71 μm. Other elements, implementation methods and steps are consistent with those in Embodiment 4.1.
实施例5.1：Example 5.1:
如图6所示，本实施例中泵浦源和红外信号光都是脉冲方式工作的。与实施例1.1相比，本实施例中使用非线性光纤替代了PPLN晶体作为非线性工作介质。泵浦光与信号光在非线性光纤中产生四波混频作用，实现红外信号光的频率上转换。上转换后的信号光可以通过波分复用器、光纤光栅进行滤波，也可以使用棱镜、带通滤光片进行滤波。信号探测方法与前面实施例中一致。As shown in FIG. 6 , both the pump source and the infrared signal light work in pulse mode in this embodiment. Compared with Embodiment 1.1, in this embodiment, a nonlinear optical fiber is used instead of a PPLN crystal as a nonlinear working medium. The pump light and the signal light generate four-wave frequency mixing in the nonlinear optical fiber to realize the frequency up-conversion of the infrared signal light. The up-converted signal light can be filtered by a wavelength division multiplexer, a fiber grating, or a prism or a bandpass filter. The signal detection method is the same as that in the previous embodiment.
实施例6.1：Example 6.1:
如图7所示，本实施例中所示的椭圆形线路表示一种典型的环形光纤激光器。光纤激光器的泵浦光(光纤耦合的激光二极管)通过波分复用器WDM3进入光纤激光器，泵浦增益光纤AF产生激光振荡。将非线性波导WG(也可以是非线性光纤)连接在光纤激光器内。WDM1将待探测的红外信号接入非线性波导，发生上转换作用后，输出信号经WDM2输出，使用硅单光子计数模块实现探测。本实施例与上述实施例的主要区别在于：将非线性介质置于光纤激光器内，可以利用激光腔内的高功率密度，高功率稳定度实现长期稳定的单光子频率上转换，支持探测器稳定高效的工作。同时，也实现了整个探测器的进一步小型化。As shown in FIG. 7, the elliptical line shown in this embodiment represents a typical ring fiber laser. The pumping light of the fiber laser (fiber-coupled laser diode) enters the fiber laser through the wavelength division multiplexer WDM3, and the pumping gain fiber AF generates laser oscillation. Connect the nonlinear waveguide WG (also a nonlinear fiber) into the fiber laser. WDM1 connects the infrared signal to be detected to the nonlinear waveguide, and after the up-conversion occurs, the output signal is output through WDM2, and the silicon single photon counting module is used to realize the detection. The main difference between this embodiment and the above-mentioned embodiments is that the nonlinear medium is placed in the fiber laser, and the high power density and high power stability in the laser cavity can be used to realize long-term stable single-photon frequency up-conversion and support the stability of the detector. work efficiently. At the same time, the further miniaturization of the whole detector is realized.
实施例7.1Example 7.1
在本实施例中特殊强调的是：以上各个实施例都可以使用在中远红外波段的信号探测。与上述实施例的主要区别在于，用于传输中远红外信号光的光纤需要使用特殊材料，普通的光通信使用的光纤不能用于传输中远红外光信号。What is particularly emphasized in this embodiment is that each of the above embodiments can use signal detection in the middle and far infrared bands. The main difference from the above embodiments is that the optical fiber used to transmit the mid-to-far infrared signal light needs to use special materials, and the optical fiber used in ordinary optical communication cannot be used to transmit the mid-to-far infrared light signal.
光纤激光器的迅猛发展引人瞩目。由于其结构紧凑、能耗低、效率高、支持高能量、高重复频率激光运转，光纤激光器已经走进人们的视野，有逐渐取代传统激光器的趋势。大多数光纤激光器都采用全光纤结构，调节简单，损耗很低，可以实现很高的能量转换效率。相对传统激光器来讲，光纤激光器不需要庞大的供电系统，因此有利于形成紧凑一体化的器件。The rapid development of fiber lasers has attracted attention. Due to its compact structure, low energy consumption, high efficiency, and support for high-energy, high-repetition-frequency laser operation, fiber lasers have entered people's field of vision and tend to gradually replace traditional lasers. Most fiber lasers adopt an all-fiber structure, which is easy to adjust, has low loss, and can achieve high energy conversion efficiency. Compared with traditional lasers, fiber lasers do not require a huge power supply system, so it is beneficial to form a compact and integrated device.
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| CN102147293A (en)* | 2010-11-18 | 2011-08-10 | 南京大学 | Single photon detector based on polarization unrelated frequency up-conversion |
| CN102243107A (en)* | 2011-04-20 | 2011-11-16 | 张强 | High-sensitivity up-conversion single photon detection system |
| CN104375158A (en)* | 2014-09-10 | 2015-02-25 | 北京交通大学 | Detection method and device for single atom |
| CN107655832A (en)* | 2017-10-13 | 2018-02-02 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Based on the femtosecond Two-dimensional spectroscopy acquisition method changed in chirp and system |
| CN108507689A (en)* | 2017-02-28 | 2018-09-07 | 山东量子科学技术研究院有限公司 | Upper conversion single-photon detector for 1 mu m waveband |
| CN109813670A (en)* | 2017-11-20 | 2019-05-28 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | Full-spectrum measurement method and corresponding device for mid-infrared light |
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| CN102147293A (en)* | 2010-11-18 | 2011-08-10 | 南京大学 | Single photon detector based on polarization unrelated frequency up-conversion |
| CN102243107A (en)* | 2011-04-20 | 2011-11-16 | 张强 | High-sensitivity up-conversion single photon detection system |
| CN104375158A (en)* | 2014-09-10 | 2015-02-25 | 北京交通大学 | Detection method and device for single atom |
| CN108507689A (en)* | 2017-02-28 | 2018-09-07 | 山东量子科学技术研究院有限公司 | Upper conversion single-photon detector for 1 mu m waveband |
| CN110809704A (en)* | 2017-05-08 | 2020-02-18 | 威力登激光雷达有限公司 | LIDAR data acquisition and control |
| CN107655832A (en)* | 2017-10-13 | 2018-02-02 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Based on the femtosecond Two-dimensional spectroscopy acquisition method changed in chirp and system |
| CN107655832B (en)* | 2017-10-13 | 2019-11-19 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Femtosecond two-dimensional infrared spectrum acquisition method and system based on chirp upconversion |
| CN109813670A (en)* | 2017-11-20 | 2019-05-28 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | Full-spectrum measurement method and corresponding device for mid-infrared light |
| CN110018497A (en)* | 2019-03-07 | 2019-07-16 | 中国科学技术大学 | Based on the atmosphere thermometric laser radar and atmosphere temp measuring method converted under frequency |
| JP7012311B2 (en) | 2020-02-12 | 2022-02-14 | 株式会社金門光波 | Ultraviolet laser device |
| WO2021161556A1 (en)* | 2020-02-12 | 2021-08-19 | 株式会社金門光波 | Ultraviolet laser device |
| JP2021128198A (en)* | 2020-02-12 | 2021-09-02 | 株式会社金門光波 | Ultraviolet laser device |
| CN111896096A (en)* | 2020-06-30 | 2020-11-06 | 太原理工大学 | A device for precise measurement of mechanical vibrations using a photon counter |
| CN112033528A (en)* | 2020-08-14 | 2020-12-04 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption |
| CN112033528B (en)* | 2020-08-14 | 2023-01-06 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Broad spectrum single photon detection system based on two-photon absorption |
| CN112504481A (en)* | 2020-11-06 | 2021-03-16 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院国防科技创新研究院 | Single photon detector and single photon detection method |
| CN112564794A (en)* | 2020-12-11 | 2021-03-26 | 长春理工大学 | Space communication system based on space-time mode-locked few-mode fiber laser |
| CN112564794B (en)* | 2020-12-11 | 2022-05-27 | 长春理工大学 | Space communication system based on space-time mode-locked few-mode fiber laser |
| CN114894306A (en)* | 2022-07-13 | 2022-08-12 | 济南量子技术研究院 | Up-conversion array camera and imaging method thereof |
| CN114894306B (en)* | 2022-07-13 | 2022-09-13 | 济南量子技术研究院 | Up-conversion array camera and imaging method thereof |
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