CN100452424C - Optical device for LED-based light-bulb substitute - Google Patents

Abstract

An optical device comprises a transfer section that receives the light within it and an ejector atop it that receives light from the transfer section and spreads it spherically. The base of the transfer section is optically coupled to the LED so that the LED's light goes inside the transfer section, which comprises a compound elliptic concentrator operating via total internal reflection. The ejector section can have a variety of shapes, and can have diffusive features on its surface as well.

Description

Translated fromChinese

用作基于LED的灯泡替代物的光学设备Optical devices used as LED-based bulb replacements

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及发光二极管(LED)，尤其涉及用白光LED代替白炽灯泡和荧光灯泡的光学装置。This invention relates to light emitting diodes (LEDs), and more particularly to optical devices that replace incandescent and fluorescent bulbs with white LEDs.

背景技术Background technique

虽然花费昂贵，但是最新的白光LED仍可与输出小于100流明的传统白炽灯相比。在此低流明范围内，多数白炽应用是由电池供电的。期望有一种适于在例如烧坏的手电筒泡处直接安装的LED。Although expensive, the latest white LEDs are comparable to traditional incandescent lamps with an output of less than 100 lumens. In this low lumen range, most incandescent applications are battery powered. It would be desirable to have an LED suitable for direct mounting in, for example, the bulb of a burned out flashlight.

LED提供的发光效能超过在例如电池供电的手电筒中使用的传统白炽灯。此外，LED对冲击、振动和挤压应力的耐受度更高。虽然当前它们的生产成本要高于白炽灯，但是它们的使用寿命比白炽灯大大的延长。出于对效能的考虑，手电筒泡需要热中运行，所以它们在灯丝失效前通常仅可持续几个小时。而且LED的价格持续下降，而控制电子设备的LED也能够承受电池电压的变化。LEDs provide luminous efficacy that exceeds traditional incandescent lamps used, for example, in battery-operated flashlights. In addition, LEDs are more resistant to shock, vibration and crush stress. Although they are currently more expensive to produce than incandescent lamps, they have a much longer lifespan than incandescent lamps. For efficiency reasons, flashlight bulbs need to run hot, so they typically only last a few hours before the filament fails. And the price of LEDs continues to drop, and the LEDs that control the electronics are able to withstand changes in battery voltage.

虽然LED手电筒的确已经商业可用了，但是它们的光学器件必须要适应仅能发出半球形光的发光二极管的几何形状。传统的LED灯在电气上和光学上都不适于直接装入传统手电筒。LED灯电学上的不适合是因为它们是电流驱动设备，而电池是电压源。新电池电压上的典型变化就足以超出LED容许的工作电压范围。由此产生的电流是如此之高使得LED灯的管芯内部的欧姆热超过了热传导可移除的能力，从而引发温度上升的失控以致烧坏管芯。因此，LED灯必须配备电流控制设备。While LED flashlights are indeed commercially available, their optics must accommodate the geometry of light-emitting diodes, which only emit hemispherical light. Conventional LED lights are not electrically and optically suitable to fit directly into a conventional flashlight. LED lights are not suitable electrically because they are current driven devices and batteries are voltage sources. A typical change in the voltage of a new battery is enough to exceed the allowable operating voltage range of the LED. The resulting current is so high that the ohmic heat inside the die of the LED lamp exceeds the ability of heat conduction to remove, causing a runaway temperature rise that burns out the die. Therefore, LED lights must be equipped with current control equipment.

传统的LED灯在光学上不适于直接安装入手电筒的抛物面反射器。这是因为它们的子弹式的透镜结构形成的窄光束根本无法照到邻近典型的手电筒抛物面反射器。代替使用的是一种以位于发光管芯为中心的按半球形发光的无定向圆顶，提供了流传最广的市售可用朗伯模式光源，它对离开LED灯中心轴θ角所包围的光通量与sin²θ成正比。因为典型的抛物面手电筒反射器中θ值是从45°到135°，而由于LED灯的发光仅在θ＝90°时就变为零，所以LED灯与半球模式不匹配。这导致了外部最亮而在内部到一半就完全暗下来的光束。更糟的是，即使是来自半球形LED的较差的内部光束模式也要求其保持在抛物面焦点处，也就是安装传统白炽灯泡灯座以上的几毫米处。Conventional LED lights are not optically suitable to fit directly into a flashlight's parabolic reflector. This is because their bullet-like lens construction creates a narrow beam that simply cannot reach the adjacent parabolic reflector of a typical flashlight. Instead, a hemispherical, non-directional dome centered on the light-emitting die provides the most widely available commercially available Lambertian mode light source, which has a wide range of angles from the central axis of the LED lamp surrounded by the angle θ. Luminous flux is proportional to sin² θ. Because the θ value in a typical parabolic flashlight reflector is from 45° to 135°, and since the light emission of the LED light becomes zero only at θ = 90°, the LED light does not match the hemispherical pattern. This results in a beam that is brightest on the outside and completely dimmed halfway through the inside. To make matters worse, even the poor internal beam pattern from the hemispherical LED requires it to remain at the parabolic focus, a few millimeters above where a traditional incandescent bulb mounts.

另一种类型的电池供电灯用于圆柱形的荧光灯。虽然LED不能改善它们的发光效能，但是荧光灯是相对易碎的并且要求较高的电压。Another type of battery powered lamp is the cylindrical fluorescent lamp. While LEDs do not improve their luminous efficacy, fluorescent lamps are relatively fragile and require higher voltages.

因此本领域中就需要一种效率高、电压低并且光学上适用的LED灯，它通过直接将LED灯装入现有手电筒的抛物面反射器就可翻新现有的白炽灯泡手电筒。There is therefore a need in the art for a high efficiency, low voltage and optically acceptable LED lamp that can retrofit existing incandescent bulb flashlights by directly fitting the LED lamp into the existing flashlight's parabolic reflector.

发明内容Contents of the invention

本发明通过提供用基于LED灯泡的光学设备来代替白炽灯和荧光灯的较佳实施例，妥善地满足上述所有需要以及其他需要。The present invention satisfies all of the above needs, as well as others, by providing a preferred embodiment for replacing incandescent and fluorescent lamps with optical devices based on LED light bulbs.

在一个实施例中，本发明描述了用于分布光发射器的辐射发射的光学设备，所述光学设备包括下部传递区以及位于所述下部传递区之上的上部射出器区。所述下部传递区用于放置在光发射器上并且用于将辐射发射传递到所述上部射出器区。设计上部射出器区的形状使得向外的发射重新分布基本上呈立体角。In one embodiment, the present disclosure describes an optical device for distributing radiation emission from a light emitter, the optical device comprising a lower transfer region and an upper emitter region above the lower transfer region. The lower transfer region is for placement on a light emitter and for transferring radiation emissions to the upper emitter region. The shape of the upper injector region is designed such that the outward emission redistribution is substantially solid angle.

在另一个实施例中，本发明描述了用于分布光发射器的辐射发射的光学设备，所述光学设备包括由基本透明的材料所制成的多个离轴椭圆体。从每个椭圆体的焦点处起截去其顶部并且将其相互纵向耦合以提供内全反射通道。In another embodiment, the present invention describes an optical device for distributing radiation emission from a light emitter, the optical device comprising a plurality of off-axis ellipsoids made of a substantially transparent material. The top of each ellipsoid is truncated from its focal point and coupled longitudinally to each other to provide total internal reflection channels.

在另一个实施例中，本发明描述了用于分布光发射器的辐射发射的光学设备，所述光学设备具有扩展器区和圆柱形射出器区。所述扩展器区由基本透明的材料制成并且可用于接收所述辐射发射以及通过内全反射将所述辐射发射的角度范围缩小至光波导的角度范围。圆柱形射出器区耦合至扩展器区并且是由在所述圆柱形射出器区的表面上具有逐级子波长粗糙度的基本透明材料制成，同时用于接收并射出经角度窄化的辐射。In another embodiment, the present invention describes an optical device for distributing radiation emission from a light emitter, the optical device having an expander region and a cylindrical emitter region. The expander region is made of a substantially transparent material and is operable to receive the radiation emission and reduce the angular range of the radiation emission to that of the optical waveguide by total internal reflection. The cylindrical emitter region is coupled to the expander region and is made of a substantially transparent material having a progressive sub-wavelength roughness on the surface of the cylindrical emitter region while receiving and emitting angularly narrowed radiation .

通过参考随后的本发明的详细描述以及附图将可获得对本发明特性和优点的更好理解，所述附图阐明了其中利用本发明原理的说明性实施例。A better understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention will be obtained by reference to the ensuing detailed description of the invention together with the accompanying drawings which illustrate illustrative embodiments in which the principles of the invention are utilized.

附图说明Description of drawings

从随后连同附图一并示出的更具体描述中，本发明的上述和其他方面、特性和优点将更加显而易见，所述附图包括：The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the more particular description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which include:

图1是根据本发明一个实施例的光学设备顶透视图；Figure 1 is a top perspective view of an optical device according to one embodiment of the present invention;

图2是根据本发明一个实施例并结合了图1中示出设备的光学设备顶透视分解图；Figure 2 is a top perspective exploded view of an optical device incorporating the device shown in Figure 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention;

图3是根据本发明一个实施例以剖面形式示出的并且结合了图2中示出设备的光学设备的顶透视分解图；3 is a top perspective exploded view of an optical device shown in cross-section and incorporating the device shown in FIG. 2 according to one embodiment of the present invention;

图4是根据本发明一个实施例并结合了图3中示出设备的光学设备的顶透视图；Figure 4 is a top perspective view of an optical device incorporating the device shown in Figure 3 according to one embodiment of the present invention;

图5是离轴内全反射的椭圆轮廓的图解，并示出了该椭圆的焦点性质；Figure 5 is an illustration of the profile of an ellipse for off-axis total internal reflection and shows the focal properties of the ellipse;

图6是根据本发明两个实施例类似于图1中光学设备的两个光学设备的透视图；其中较小的一个示出了由于降低了TIR条件使得轮廓缩小。Fig. 6 is a perspective view of two optical devices similar to the optical device of Fig. 1 according to two embodiments of the present invention; the smaller one showing reduced profile due to reduced TIR conditions.

图7a是根据本发明一个可选实施例的光学设备的顶透视图；Figure 7a is a top perspective view of an optical device according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention;

图7b是根据本发明一个实施例的图7a中示出的设备变体的侧视图；Figure 7b is a side view of a variant of the device shown in Figure 7a according to one embodiment of the invention;

图8a和图8b是根据本发明可选实施例的顶部为锥形的光学设备侧视图；8a and 8b are side views of an optical device with a tapered top according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention;

图9a到图9d是根据本发明可选实施例的其他光学设备的侧视图；Figures 9a to 9d are side views of other optical devices according to alternative embodiments of the present invention;

图9e是根据本发明另一个可选实施例的LED封装光学设备的侧截面图；Fig. 9e is a side sectional view of an LED packaged optical device according to another alternative embodiment of the present invention;

图10是具有多个传递区的光学设备的侧视图，并且描述了通过根据本发明一个实施例的用于代替管状荧光灯的设备的光传播；Figure 10 is a side view of an optical device having multiple transfer zones and depicts light propagation through the device for replacing tubular fluorescent lamps according to one embodiment of the present invention;

图11是描述了在图2中示出的传递区出口面14处光线密度的点图；Figure 11 is a point diagram depicting the light intensity at theexit face 14 of the transfer zone shown in Figure 2;

图12是根据本发明一个实施例两端各带一个LED并且作为荧光灯替代物的多区光学设备的侧视图；Figure 12 is a side view of a multi-zone optical device with LEDs at each end and as a fluorescent lamp replacement according to one embodiment of the present invention;

图13是图12的带有描绘来自一个光源的的图；Figure 13 is a diagram of Figure 12 with depictions from a light source;

图14是图12的带有描绘从在内部被全反射的一条光线散射出的光线的图；Figure 14 is a diagram of Figure 12 with a depiction of rays scattered from a ray that is internally totally reflected;

图15是根据本发明一个实施例两端各带一个LED的作为荧光灯替代物的光学设备的侧视图；Figure 15 is a side view of an optical device as a fluorescent lamp replacement with LEDs at each end according to one embodiment of the present invention;

图16是带有示出右向传播示范光线的图15中示出的光学设备的侧视图；Fig. 16 is a side view of the optical device shown in Fig. 15 with exemplary light rays propagating in the right direction;

图17是具有子波长表面粗糙度以及示出的通过该设备传播的示范光线的图15中示出的光学设备的侧视图；17 is a side view of the optical device shown in FIG. 15 with sub-wavelength surface roughness and exemplary light rays propagating through the device shown;

图18是描述了计算视角因数的球面投影方法的图17中示出的圆柱形射出器区的正截面图；FIG. 18 is an elevational cross-sectional view of the cylindrical injector region shown in FIG. 17 depicting a spherical projection method for calculating view factor;

图19是描述了光线的图17中示出的圆柱形射出器区的局部剖面透视图，所述光线对圆柱体内部表面法线以临界角发射并且以相同临界角与圆柱体相交；FIG. 19 is a partial cutaway perspective view of the cylindrical emitter region shown in FIG. 17 depicting light rays launching at a critical angle to the cylinder interior surface normal and intersecting the cylinder at the same critical angle;

图20a是示出了用于计算最佳粗糙度分布的坐标系统的图15中示出设备的侧透视图；Figure 20a is a side perspective view of the device shown in Figure 15 showing the coordinate system used to calculate the optimum roughness profile;

图20b是根据本发明一个实施例的扩展器区的顶透视近视图；Figure 20b is a top perspective close-up view of an expander region according to one embodiment of the invention;

图20c是示出了扩展器区边界光线的图20b中所示的扩展器区的侧视图；Figure 20c is a side view of the expander region shown in Figure 20b showing the expander region boundary rays;

图20d是示出了扩展器区输出的空间平均亮度的角度变化图；Figure 20d is a graph showing the angular variation of the spatially averaged luminance output by the expander region;

图20e是示出了带有正弦平方的图20d同一亮度相图示；Figure 20e is a diagram showing the same luminance phase of Figure 20d with sine squared;

图21a是描绘通过方向单位球面的方法计算辐射接收的方法的方向单位球面的图示；Figure 21a is a diagram of a directional unit sphere depicting a method of calculating radiation reception by the method of a directional unit sphere;

图21b是示出了与图21a所示同一单位球面的赤道平面图，带有圆柱体内部的局部表面法线为10°到90°的sinθ的圆；Figure 21b is a diagram showing the equatorial plane of the same unit sphere as shown in Figure 21a, with the local surface normal inside the cylinder being a circle of sin θ from 10° to 90°;

图22是示出了方向单位球面是怎样放置在所述圆柱形射出器内部的图20a中所示圆柱形射出器的局部侧面的透视剖面图；Figure 22 is a perspective cutaway view of part of the side of the cylindrical injector shown in Figure 20a showing how the directional unit sphere is placed inside the cylindrical injector;

图23a是示出了投射方向的赤道平面图，作为根据本发明一个实施例的圆柱形射出器的内部视图；Figure 23a is an equatorial plan view showing the direction of projection as an internal view of a cylindrical injector according to one embodiment of the present invention;

图23b是根据本发明的一个实施例所示出的由内全反射在圆柱形射出器内所捕获光线的角空间的等通量细分区图；Fig. 23b is a subdivision diagram of equal flux in the angular space of light captured in a cylindrical emitter by total internal reflection according to an embodiment of the present invention;

图23c是根据从0至500的反射号码标识的图23a左上部象限的近视图；Figure 23c is a close-up view of the upper left quadrant of Figure 23a identified according to reflection numbers from 0 to 500;

图24是根据本发明的一个实施例的对不同漫反射系数值的一盏灯镜面反射照度图；Fig. 24 is a graph of specular reflection illuminance of a lamp for different albedo values according to one embodiment of the present invention;

图25是根据本发明的一个实施例的具有来自两盏灯镜面反射照度对于不同漫反射系数值的亮度图；Figure 25 is a graph of luminance with specular illuminance from two lamps versus different albedo values in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

图26是根据本发明的一个实施例所示出的漫反射系数的线性分布图，该分布给出了如在此公开的视角因素方法所计算算出的均匀亮度。Figure 26 is a graph illustrating a linear distribution of albedo giving uniform brightness as calculated by the viewing angle factor method as disclosed herein, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

在各个视图中，相应的参考符号指代相应的组件。Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding components throughout the several views.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

如下对认为是实践本发明现有最佳模式的描述不是出于限制性的意义，而仅仅是为了描述本发明的主要原理。本发明的范围应参考权利要求确定。The following description of what is believed to be the best mode available for practicing the invention is not intended to be limiting, but merely to illustrate the general principles of the invention. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the claims.

参见图1，示出了根据本发明一个实施例的光学设备的顶透视图。透镜10包括下部传递区11和上部射出器区12。Referring to Figure 1, a top perspective view of an optical device according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown. Thelens 10 includes alower transfer zone 11 and anupper emitter zone 12 .

透镜10是形状大致为长椭球形的透明固体并且是诸如丙烯酸纤维或聚碳酸酯的单片透明材料。它具有长于其直径的旋转对称形状。上部的射出器区12是顶部具有圆锥形凹陷13的圆柱体。出口面14是传递区11和射出器区12间的边界。Lens 10 is a transparent solid generally prolate spheroid in shape and is a single piece of transparent material such as acrylic or polycarbonate. It has a rotationally symmetric shape longer than its diameter. Theupper injector zone 12 is a cylinder with aconical depression 13 at the top. Theoutlet face 14 is the boundary between thetransfer zone 11 and theinjector zone 12 .

下部传递区11使用内部反射向上重新安排LED的发射至抛物面的焦点。Thelower transfer zone 11 uses internal reflection to rearrange the emission of the LEDs upwards to the focal point of the parabola.

设计上部射出器区12的形状使得从其内部重新放射出上部射出器区的外表面的光张开的立体角基本上大于半球形，并且近似于手电筒白炽灯泡的光。射出器区放置高度必须与其代替的电灯泡发光灯丝相同。使用传递区光学地移动此发射点要比把LED本身放置在这一高度要容易，而将LED本身放置在这一高度会使得热转移变得困难，这也是本发明将有利地解决的问题之一。The shape of theupper emitter region 12 is designed so that the light re-emitted from its interior to the outer surface of the upper emitter region spans a solid angle substantially larger than a hemisphere and approximates the light of an incandescent bulb of a flashlight. The emitter area must be placed at the same height as the light-emitting filament of the light bulb it replaces. It is easier to optically move this point of emission using a pass-through area than to place the LED itself at this height, which would make heat transfer difficult, and this is one of the problems that the present invention will advantageously solve one.

上部射出器区将传递光送出至抛物面反射器40(如下所述并在图4中示出)，所述光对沿轴的侧及下方发射的角度可依据所述反射器达到至少135°或者更大一点。为了照亮反射器并形成强度足够的准直光束，应该有至少一半射出光角度大于45°。The upper emitter region sends the transmitted light out to a parabolic reflector 40 (described below and shown in FIG. 4 ), the angle of which the light is emitted to the side and down along the axis can be up to at least 135° or, depending on the reflector, bigger. In order to illuminate the reflector and form a collimated beam of sufficient intensity, at least half of the emitted light should have an angle greater than 45°.

为了避免传递区11的表面上有一外部反射层，传递区11的几何形状必须促进内全反射。这也是为什么具有更高折射率(1.5855)的聚碳酸酯要优于丙烯酸(1.492)的原因。其相应较小的临界角(θ_c＝sin^-1(1/n)，39°103′对42°1′)使得传递区的高度从23.5 mm减至11.6 mm。In order to avoid an external reflective layer on the surface of thetransfer area 11, the geometry of thetransfer area 11 must promote total internal reflection. This is why polycarbonate, which has a higher index of refraction (1.5855), is better than acrylic (1.492). Its correspondingly smaller critical angle (θ_c = sin^-1 (1/n), 39°103' vs. 42°1') reduces the height of the transfer zone from 23.5 mm to 11.6 mm.

接下来参见图2，根据本发明一个实施例并结合了图1中示出设备的光学设备顶透视分解图。示出的是圆对称透镜10以及三色LED 20。Referring next to FIG. 2 , a top perspective exploded view of an optical device incorporating the device shown in FIG. 1 , according to one embodiment of the present invention. Shown is a circularlysymmetric lens 10 and a three-color LED 20.

LED封装20包括填充有透明环氧树脂的白光散射反射杯21；发光二极管芯片22、23和24，将它们分别发出的红色、绿色、和蓝色光平衡混合成色温可选的白光色调。通过调节三个芯片22、23和24相对发光度实现所述色温的选择。透镜10的底部直径与反射杯21的顶部直径相匹配，而线25示出了透镜10和反射杯21的接合轨径。所有来自LED 20的光都被注入透镜10，并且在其内部发生的全反射穿过出口面14并进入射出器区12。LED封装20与透镜10的底部完全契合。在其他实施例中，这个光学填充可能不完全是为了透镜10能够与现有市售LED封装相结合。只要椭圆轮廓的焦点位于LED封装的发光周边上，透镜10就可截取来自LED封装所有的光。TheLED package 20 includes a white light-scatteringreflective cup 21 filled with transparent epoxy resin; light-emittingdiode chips 22, 23 and 24, which balance and mix the red, green and blue light emitted by them respectively into white light with optional color temperature. The selection of the color temperature is realized by adjusting the relative luminance of the threechips 22 , 23 and 24 . The bottom diameter oflens 10 matches the top diameter ofreflective cup 21 , whileline 25 shows the joint trajectory oflens 10 andreflective cup 21 . All the light from theLED 20 is injected into thelens 10 and totally reflected inside it through theexit face 14 and into theemitter region 12. TheLED package 20 fits perfectly with the bottom of thelens 10 . In other embodiments, this optical fill may not be sufficient forlens 10 to be able to be integrated with existing commercially available LED packages.Lens 10 intercepts all the light from the LED package as long as the focus of the elliptical profile is on the light emitting perimeter of the LED package.

接下来参见图3，示出的是根据本发明一个实施例并结合了图2所示设备以剖面形式示出的光学设备顶透视图。图3示出了安装在灯泡替代物内的图2中示出的设备。示出的是透镜10、LED 20、桶形灯座30、位于带有电源耦合器32的板33上的LED控制电路、托盘34和透明玻璃泡35。Referring next to FIG. 3 , shown is a top perspective view of an optical device incorporating the device shown in FIG. 2 in cross-section, according to one embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 shows the device shown in Figure 2 installed in a light bulb replacement. Shown arelens 10,LED 20,barrel holder 30, LED control circuitry onboard 33 withpower coupler 32,tray 34 andclear glass bulb 35.

以剖面形式示出安装在桶形灯座30上的透镜10和三色LED 20从而揭示内部的组件。这包括具有LED控制电路并带有连接至电绝缘底块31的电源耦合器32的板33，所述底块31通常是等效配置的白炽手电筒泡上的正极性点，而负极则连入其上安装有LED 20的托盘34。以剖面形式示出的保护性密封透镜10和LED 20的透明玻璃泡35。不像白炽灯泡。本实施例中的玻璃泡无需真空密封，因此就没必要评估在制作白炽灯泡时的泡形成时的温度以及用熔融玻璃液密封。泡35最好具有前透镜36，用于把来自透镜10的前向光线形成光束。Thelens 10 andtri-color LED 20 are shown in cross-section mounted on abarrel base 30 to reveal the internal components. This consists of aboard 33 with the LED control circuitry and with apower coupler 32 connected to an electrically insulatingbase block 31 which is typically the positive polarity point on an equivalently configured incandescent flashlight bulb, while the negative terminal goes into Thetray 34 on which theLED 20 is mounted. Thetransparent glass bulb 35 that protectively seals thelens 10 and theLED 20 is shown in cross-section. Unlike incandescent bulbs. The glass bulb in this example does not need to be vacuum-sealed, so there is no need to evaluate the temperature at which the bulb is formed and seal it with molten glass in the manufacture of an incandescent bulb. Thebulb 35 preferably has afront lens 36 for forming the forward light from thelens 10 into a beam.

泡35不仅在运作时保护透镜10与从三色LED 20的结合处被碰松以及防止工作时被弄脏，它还使得整个设备完全类似于要替代的白炽灯泡。但在此情况下，35内的玻璃不会变热。所以代替地，由托盘34为三色LED 20提供加热路径。Thebulb 35 not only protects the junction of thelens 10 and the secondarytri-color LED 20 from being knocked loose and soiled during operation, it also makes the entire device completely similar to the incandescent light bulb it is replacing. But in this case, the glass in 35 will not get hot. So instead, thetray 34 provides the heating path for thetri-color LED 20.

泡35的另一个功能是颜色混合。在LED 20的发光操作期间，详细检查透镜体10将发现许多有色小闪光，这是三个有色芯片(即图2中的芯片22、23和24)之一上的微小光斑成的像。虽然这些闪光非常漂亮，但是如果期望抑制它们，那么随后可证明泡35表面的漫射体足以将这些闪光弥散以形成均匀的白光。可通过将(可被全息生成的)漫射体样式转移到模具金属上，由生产泡35的所述模具直接形成这些漫射体。所述全息漫射体使透射光发生衍射并具有较高的前向散射效率(即只有很少的光是向后散射的)。Another function ofBubble 35 is color mixing. During the light-emitting operation ofLED 20, a detailed inspection oflens body 10 will find many colored small flashes, which are images of tiny light spots on one of the three colored chips (i.e. chips 22, 23 and 24 in FIG. 2). Although these glints are very beautiful, if it is desired to suppress them, then the diffuser on the surface of thebubble 35 can prove to be sufficient to disperse these glints to form a uniform white light. These diffusers can be formed directly from the mold from which thebubble 35 is produced, by transferring the diffuser pattern (which can be holographically generated) onto the mold metal. The holographic diffuser diffracts transmitted light and has high forward scattering efficiency (ie, very little light is scattered back).

桶形灯座30与白炽灯泡插口机械和电学可兼容，并且包括内置流控装置和诸如铜棒(板33上未示出)的散热装置以保护发光二极管芯片同时也能增加电流用来产生更高的管芯亮度。Barrel socket 30 is mechanically and electrically compatible with incandescent bulb sockets, and includes built-in fluidics and heat sinks such as copper rods (not shown on board 33) to protect the LED chips while also increasing the current used to generate more High die brightness.

接下来参见图4，示出的是根据本发明一个实施例并结合图3所示设备的光学设备的顶透视图。图4描绘了安装在抛物面反射器40内的图3所示设备，使得透镜10的上部位于抛物面反射器40的焦点上。桶形灯座30的形状以及电学配置都与其替代的白炽灯泡基本类似。Referring next to FIG. 4 , shown is a top perspective view of an optical device incorporating the device shown in FIG. 3 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 depicts the device shown in FIG. 3 mounted within aparabolic reflector 40 such that the upper portion of thelens 10 is at the focal point of theparabolic reflector 40 . Thebarrel base 30 is substantially similar in shape and electrical configuration to the incandescent bulb it replaces.

设备发出的至少一半光都直射入由抛物面反射器40填充的侧角，通常与抛物面反射器40的轴呈45°到135°的夹角。剩余的发光发射被前向送出而不返回管芯。桶形灯座30之上的泡35和透镜10与该设备替代的白炽灯泡的尺寸大体相同，而其主要的发射中心接近抛物面反射器40的焦点。在最低成本设计中，这通常接近白炽灯的顶部。At least half of the light emitted by the device is directed into the side angle filled by theparabolic reflector 40, typically at an angle of 45° to 135° from the axis of theparabolic reflector 40. The remaining luminescent emissions are sent forward without returning to the die. Thebulb 35 andlens 10 above thebarrel base 30 are approximately the same size as the incandescent bulb that the device replaces, while its primary center of emission is near the focal point of theparabolic reflector 40 . In lowest cost designs, this is usually near the top of the incandescent.

接下来参见图5，示出的是内全反射的离轴椭圆轮廓的图解，并示出了椭圆的焦点性质。Referring next to Fig. 5, shown is a diagram of an off-axis elliptical profile for total internal reflection, and illustrates the focal properties of the ellipse.

示出的是具有半长为a的长轴51和半长为b的短轴52的椭圆区段50。为了示出椭圆的全长，数学上将反射区段50继续延伸至上部短区段50μ和下部短区段50b。椭圆区段50绕中心轴53旋转生成用于图1所示传递区11的透镜形状。下部焦点54和上部焦点56与短轴52的距离都为c。下部焦点54辐射出光线扇形55等同于生成椭圆的弦方法。该光线扇形55由椭圆50反射至上部焦点56。最上角入射角57的值在所有组成光线扇形的光线中是最大的。如果入射角57(在下文中指定为θ_o)不小于临界角θ_c＝sin^-1(1/n)，那么由椭圆区段50绕着轴53旋转形成的离轴椭圆表面将沿着其全长进行内全反射。Shown is anellipse segment 50 having amajor axis 51 with half length a and a minor axis 52 with half length b. In order to show the full length of the ellipse, thereflective section 50 is mathematically continued to an upper short section 50μ and a lower short section 50b. Rotation of theelliptical segment 50 about acentral axis 53 generates the lens shape for thetransfer zone 11 shown in FIG. 1 . Both the lowerfocal point 54 and the upperfocal point 56 are at a distance c from the minor axis 52 . The lowerfocal point 54 radiates aray fan 55 equivalent to the chord method that generates the ellipse. Theray fan 55 is reflected from theellipse 50 to an upperfocal point 56 . The value of the uppermost angle of incidence 57 is the largest among all the rays making up the ray fan. If the angle of incidence 57 (designated θ_o hereinafter) is not less than the critical angle θ_c =sin⁻¹ (1/n), then the off-axis elliptical surface formed by the rotation of theelliptical segment 50 about theaxis 53 will be along its full long total internal reflection.

将透镜的半径58指定为r_w而将如图5中54s所示的光源半宽即半径59指定为r_s。这些距离的和，即R＝(r_w+r_s)，以及边缘入射角θ_o确定椭圆50的形状和大小。两焦点间的距离为2c，并且R是由作为边界光线的光线55的第一或最后光线形成的三角形的底边。从所示三角形中可见Designate theradius 58 of the lens as_rw and the half-width of the light source as shown at 54s in Figure 5, ie, the radius 59, as_rs . The sum of these distances, R=(r_w +_rs ), and the edge incidence angle θ_o determines the shape and size of theellipse 50 . The distance between the two foci is 2c, and R is the base of the triangle formed by the first or last ray ofrays 55 as boundary rays. Visible from the triangle shown

2c＝R tan 2θ_o2c＝R tan 2θ_o

椭圆50的边缘斜率是tan θ_o，对所述椭圆等式求微分得The edge slope ofellipse 50 is tan θ_o , and differentiating the ellipse equation gives

b²＝tan θ_o Ra²/cb² =tan θ_o Ra² /c

使用标准恒等式a²＝b²+c²，可得：Using the standard identity a² =b² +c² , we get:

$\mathrm{<span><span>a</span>a</span>}<span><span>=</span>=</span>\mathrm{<span><span>c</span>c</span>}<span><span>/</span>/</span>\sqrt{\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}<span><span>-</span>-</span>\mathrm{<span><span>2</span>2</span>}\mathrm{<span><span>tan</span>the\; tan</span>}{\mathrm{<span><span>\&theta;</span>\&theta;</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span><span>o</span>o</span>}}<span><span>/</span>/</span>\mathrm{<span><span>tan</span>the\; tan</span>}\mathrm{<span><span>2</span>2</span>}{\mathrm{<span><span>\&theta;</span>\&theta;</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span><span>o</span>o</span>}}}$

聚碳酸酯  或者$a=(1/2)R\tan 2{\mathrm{\&theta;}}_o/\sqrt{1-2\tan {\mathrm{\&theta;}}_o/\tan 2{\mathrm{\&theta;}}_o}$的边缘内全反射(TIR)条件给出了一个相对较高的轮廓，因为聚碳酸酯的θ_o＝39.1°处其纵横比为a/R＝5.89。因为这样，就引发了候选LED的R(即图2中反射杯2 1的直径)＝2.5 mm的问题。所得14 mm的高度是其灯座之上典型2″抛物面反射器焦点高度的两倍，更糟地是因为射出器区的高度将增加更多。polycarbonate or$a=(1/2)R\mathrm{the\; tan}2{\mathrm{\&theta;}}_o/\sqrt{1-2\mathrm{the\; tan}{\mathrm{\&theta;}}_o/\mathrm{the\; tan}2{\mathrm{\&theta;}}_o}$ The total internal reflection (TIR) condition at the edge gives a relatively high profile since polycarbonate has an aspect ratio of a/R = 5.89 at θ_o = 39.1°. Because of this, the problem that R of the candidate LED (that is, the diameter of thereflective cup 21 in FIG. 2 )=2.5 mm arises. The resulting height of 14 mm is twice the focal height of a typical 2" parabolic reflector above its base, and worse because the height of the emitter area will increase even more.

接下来参见图6，示出的是根据本发明的两个实施例类似于图1所示设备的两个光学设备的顶部透视图，其中较小的一个示出了由降低对TIR条件的要求所达到的轮廓缩小。Referring next to FIG. 6, shown is a top perspective view of two optical devices similar to the device shown in FIG. The achieved contour shrinks.

在三色LED 20上的透镜10为在先前的图1到图4中示出，而完全TIR型式10a连同三色LED 20a一并示出。此外，这些泄漏也是有效地向前。θ_o值的减小能减小透镜10的高度，但是会有边界光线漏出。内全反射条件不强加在传递区11的整个表面，就导致为光线追踪所确定那样设备高度上的主要缩减可以在少于10％的适度泄漏的代价下发生。如果三色LED 20是朗伯型的，那么射到所述椭圆50近底部离法线夹角较大的地方就没什么能量。对比于图6所示的2∶1更大的高度降低，对填充所述透镜底部(r_w＝r_s)朗伯型发射器作的蒙特卡洛模拟指出令人吃惊地仅有7％的损耗。Thelens 10 on thetri-color LED 20 is shown in previous Figures 1 to 4, while thefull TIR version 10a is shown together with thetri-color LED 20a. Furthermore, these leaks are also effectively forward. The reduction of the value of θ_o can reduce the height of thelens 10, but there will be boundary light leakage. The condition of total internal reflection is not imposed on the entire surface of thetransfer zone 11, leading to the fact that a major reduction in device height as determined by ray tracing can occur at the expense of a modest leakage of less than 10%. If thetri-color LED 20 is Lambertian, then there will be little energy incident on the place near the bottom of theellipse 50 where the angle from the normal is relatively large. Monte Carlo simulations for Lambertian emitters filling the bottom of the lens (r_w =_rs ) indicate a surprisingly only 7% reduction in height compared to the 2:1 greater height reduction shown in FIG. loss.

接下来参见图7a，示出的是根据本发明可选实施例的光学设备的顶透视图。示出的是由离轴椭圆形传递区71和球形漫射射出器区72组成的透镜70。Referring next to Figure 7a, shown is a top perspective view of an optical device according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. Shown is alens 70 consisting of an off-axiselliptical transfer zone 71 and a spherical diffuseemitter zone 72 .

射出器区72的表面具有漫反射特性，使得射出器区72上每个点的亮度都与接收自传递区71的光成正比。此种射出器区的优点在于三色LED发出的不同波长在离开射出器区72之前就被混合。在上述无漫反射的射出器区12中，所述颜色混合可能不完全，这就导致诸如图4中所示的抛物面反射器输出光束的带色。射出器区72比传递区71要大(即其直径要大于传递区的中间直径)，因而它具有面向下的区表面用来发送朝向抛物面反射器底部的光。该漫射体也如上述对图3的描述，混合在LED光源内部红、绿、蓝光源芯片的颜色光。也可使用产生不同输出模式的其他射出器区。The surface of theemitter area 72 has diffuse reflection properties, so that the brightness of each point on theemitter area 72 is proportional to the light received from thetransfer area 71 . An advantage of this type of emitter region is that the different wavelengths emitted by the three color LEDs are mixed before leaving theemitter region 72 . In thenon-diffused emitter region 12 described above, the color mixing may not be complete, which leads to tinting of the output beam of a parabolic reflector such as that shown in FIG. 4 . Theemitter region 72 is larger than the transfer region 71 (ie, its diameter is greater than the median diameter of the transfer region), so it has a downwardly facing region surface for sending light towards the bottom of the parabolic reflector. The diffuser also mixes the color light of the red, green and blue light source chips inside the LED light source as described above for FIG. 3 . Other injector zones that produce different output patterns can also be used.

接下来参见图7b，示出的是根据本发明一个实施例的图7a中所示设备变体的的侧视图。Referring next to Figure 7b, shown is a side view of a variation of the apparatus shown in Figure 7a, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

图7b示出了前述球形设计的变体。透镜75包括下部的离轴椭圆形传递区76和上部的球形射出器区77。因为射出器的尺寸较小，所以该变体比图7a中前一球形设计在90°以下的角度内辐射的较少。Figure 7b shows a variation of the aforementioned spherical design.Lens 75 includes a lower off-axiselliptical transfer zone 76 and an upperspherical injector zone 77 . Because of the smaller size of the injector, this variant radiates less at angles below 90° than the previous spherical design in Fig. 7a.

接下来参见图8a和图8b，示出的是根据本发明可选实施例的顶部为锥形的光学设备侧视图。Referring next to Fig. 8a and Fig. 8b, it shows a side view of an optical device with a tapered top according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.

示出的是两个带有二次曲面射出器的透镜80和85的实施例。二次曲面包括由曲线以及直线形成的锥形物。图8a示出了由下部传递区81和沿着传递区81顶部的点起始的二次曲面射出器82组成的透镜80，其中二次曲面射出器82的底面直径小于传递区81的直径，从而产生由传递区81到射出器82的突变转变。图8b示出了由下部的传递区86和大于图8A所示锥形物的圆锥形射出器87组成的透镜85。此处的射出器87沿着传递区86顶部的点起始，其中二次曲面射出器82的底面直径等于传递区81的直径，从而产生由传递区81到射出器82的平滑过渡。诸如可为了图4所示的抛物面反射器，使用这些二次曲面射出器发送更少的前向光和更多的侧向光。Shown are two embodiments oflenses 80 and 85 with quadric emitters. Quadratic surfaces include cones formed from curved lines as well as straight lines. Figure 8a shows alens 80 consisting of alower delivery zone 81 and aquadric injector 82 originating at a point along the top of thedelivery zone 81, wherein the base diameter of thequadric injector 82 is smaller than the diameter of thedelivery zone 81, A sudden transition from thetransfer zone 81 to theinjector 82 is thereby produced. Figure 8b shows alens 85 consisting of alower transfer zone 86 and aconical ejector 87 that is larger than the cone shown in Figure 8A. Here injector 87 originates at a point along the top oftransfer zone 86 where the base diameter ofquadric injector 82 is equal to the diameter oftransfer zone 81 , resulting in a smooth transition fromtransfer zone 81 toinjector 82 . Using these quadric emitters sends less forward light and more side light with a parabolic reflector such as that shown in FIG. 4 .

接下来参见图9a至图9d，示出的是根据本发明可选实施例的其他光学设备的侧视图。Referring next to Figures 9a to 9d, side views of other optical devices according to alternative embodiments of the present invention are shown.

图9a示出了由下部的传递区90t和椭圆射出器90e组成的透镜90，趋于产生相对较窄的向前光束，这样就无需抛物线镜面。图9b示出了由下部的传递区92t和在其顶部带有球形凹的窝眼式射出器92e组成的透镜92。图9c示出了由传递区94t和圆柱形射出器94e组成的透镜94。图9d描绘了由传递区96t和内部漫射圆柱形射出器96e组成的透镜96。Figure 9a shows alens 90 consisting of alower transfer zone 90t and an elliptical emitter 90e, tending to produce a relatively narrow forward beam, thus eliminating the need for a parabolic mirror. FIG. 9b shows alens 92 consisting of alower transfer zone 92t and a socket-type injector 92e with a spherical concavity at its top. Figure 9c shows alens 94 consisting of atransfer zone 94t and acylindrical ejector 94e. Figure 9d depicts alens 96 consisting of a transfer zone 96t and an inner diffuse cylindrical emitter 96e.

接下来参见图9e，示出的是根据本发明可选实施例的LED封装光学设备的侧截面图。Referring next to Fig. 9e, there is shown a side cross-sectional view of an LED packaged optical device according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.

关于带有LED的本发明的使用，在图9e中示出了一个可选的实施例。示出的是具有源芯片191、透明电介质192、引线框193、射出器区194、圆锥形凹195、上部传递区196、光学不活动灯座197、反射杯198和引线199的LED封装190。Regarding the use of the invention with LEDs, an alternative embodiment is shown in Figure 9e. Shown is anLED package 190 having asource chip 191 ,transparent dielectric 192 ,lead frame 193 , emitter region 194 , conical recess 195 ,upper transfer region 196 , optically inactive base 197 , reflective cup 198 and leads 199 .

为了便于集成生产，此较佳实施例作为包含有图3所示设备10的单片LED封装被集成地生产出来。LED封装190具有浸入透明电介质192并安放在引脚框193上的源芯片191。来自源芯片191的引线199可操作地连接至引线框193。射出器194具有圆锥形凹195并且在上部传递区196的顶上。类似于图9e中所有其他接近垂直的表面，光学不活动灯座197具有正向脱模。反射杯198起到下部传递区的作用。上部转移196经由内全反射进行工作。上部196和下部198两个传递区都在芯片191上和射出器区194的外部边缘上具有公共的焦点。To facilitate integrated production, the preferred embodiment is integrally produced as a monolithic LED package containing thedevice 10 shown in FIG. 3 .LED package 190 hassource chip 191 immersed intransparent dielectric 192 and mounted onleadframe 193 . Leads 199 fromsource chip 191 are operatively connected to leadframe 193 . The injector 194 has a conical recess 195 and atop anupper transfer zone 196 . Like all other near vertical surfaces in Figure 9e, the optically inactive socket 197 has a positive release. Reflective cup 198 acts as a lower transfer zone. Theupper transfer 196 works via total internal reflection. Both transfer regions, upper 196 and lower 198 , have a common focal point onchip 191 and on the outer edge of emitter region 194 .

转到代替管状荧光灯的实施例，有两个定义新产品。第一个是带有插入射出器区的多个连续传递区的串型连接物。第二个是使得这些区的表面自身发生漫射发射的射出器区的代替物。Turning to the example of replacing tubular fluorescent lamps, there are two new products that define. The first is a tandem connection with multiple successive transfer zones inserted into the injector zone. The second is the replacement of the emitter regions with diffuse emission from the surfaces of these regions themselves.

当多个传递区连接成单个透镜体时，在一端注入的光将完全传递到另一端。When multiple transfer areas are connected into a single lens body, light injected at one end will be completely transferred to the other end.

接下来参见图10，示出的是具有多个传递区的光学设备的侧视图，并且描述了通过根据本发明一个实施例来代替管状荧光灯的设备的光传播。Referring next to FIG. 10, shown is a side view of an optical device having multiple transfer zones and depicts light propagation through the device replacing a tubular fluorescent lamp in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

示出的是由三个同样的离轴椭球体810、820和830组成的电介质体800的截面图。光源805发出的光线850向右进至端平面801。上述提及的TIR条件由这些离轴椭圆轮廓满足，使得它们具有如图6中更高区10a的比例。这样，所有的光学850经由多次内部发射到达端面801。具有多个这样的区的唯一原因是对于总体直径802的限制。例如通过小比例的重复，电池供电的荧光灯可以包括多于三个这样的椭球体。最好是在这一透镜的两端都具有LED。A cross-sectional view of adielectric body 800 composed of three identical off-axis ellipsoids 810 , 820 and 830 is shown.Light ray 850 fromlight source 805 entersend plane 801 to the right. The above-mentioned TIR conditions are satisfied by these off-axis elliptical profiles such that they have the proportions of thehigher regions 10a as in FIG. 6 . In this way, alloptics 850reach end face 801 via multiple internal launches. The only reason to have multiple such zones is the limitation on theoverall diameter 802 . A battery-operated fluorescent lamp may comprise more than three such ellipsoids, for example by repeating on a small scale. Preferably there are LEDs at both ends of this lens.

这里提供了复制荧光灯发射的两个实施例。第一个是用插入射出器区来延续传递区。这些射出器的功能与先前讨论的手电筒泡的代用品能不同的原因有二。首先，光将从两个方向进入射出器区，是因为两端上都有LED。其次，角度输出范围仅是侧向的，没有如前讨论手电筒泡代替物的射出器区所要求的向前发射。Two examples of replicating the emission of fluorescent lamps are presented here. The first is to extend the transfer zone with an insert injector zone. These injectors function differently than the previously discussed flashlight bulb substitutes for two reasons. First, light will enter the emitter area from two directions because there are LEDs on both ends. Second, the angular output range is only lateral, without the forward firing required for the ejector region of the previously discussed flashlight bulb replacement.

传递区的出口面本身可看做一个具有特定外向光空间角度分布的源。来自于所述源的三种色光有各自的分布，这些光既有最初从图2所示的LED芯片22、23或24中的一个发射出来的，也有从圆锥形侧壁21漫反射的。传递区的离轴椭球体形状起到非成像光学设备的作用，其中入口处的原始空间角度分布在其出口处被强烈扰乱了。The exit face of the transfer zone can itself be considered as a source with a specific spatial angular distribution of outgoing light. There are respective distributions of the three colors of light from said sources, either initially emitted from one of the LED chips 22, 23 or 24 shown in FIG. The off-axis ellipsoidal shape of the transfer region acts as a non-imaging optical device in which the original spatial angular distribution at the entrance is strongly perturbed at its exit.

接下来参考图11，示出了在图2中传递区的出口面上描述光线密度的点图。在由一个颜色芯片发出并在其中内全反射之后的这些光线将离开传递区11。示出的是可追迹至一个芯片的20000条光线的分布900，具有其模糊图像的簇910以及对应于侧壁21的环形920，但是因为多次内部反射，所以大区的点还是随机分布的。这些更随机的多次反射光线具有朗伯型的角分布。这种光的空间角度分布对于射出器设计来说是很重要的，因为它决定光是怎样与射出器相交的。Referring next to FIG. 11 , there is shown a spot diagram depicting light intensity at the exit face of the transfer zone in FIG. 2 . These rays will leave thetransfer area 11 after being emitted by a color chip and totally internally reflected therein. Shown is adistribution 900 of 20,000 rays traceable to one chip, with acluster 910 of its blurred image and aring 920 corresponding to thesidewall 21, but again the points of the large area are randomly distributed due to multiple internal reflections of. These more random multiple reflection rays have a Lambertian angular distribution. This spatial angular distribution of light is important to the emitter design because it determines how the light intersects the emitter.

接下来参考图12，示出的是根据本发明一个实施例作为荧光灯替代物并在其两端各具有一个LED的多区光学设备的侧视图。Referring next to FIG. 12 , shown is a side view of a multi-zone optical device as a fluorescent lamp replacement and having an LED at each end, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

图12示出了一个以发光设备100作为例证的较佳实施例，所述发光设备100带有光学连接到其塑料主体两端的LED封装101和102，其塑料主体包括离轴椭圆传递区111至116以及插入的漫射射出器区121至125。它们的相对长度确定它们截取多少光。它们的漫射透射比是由波长比例的粗糙度产生，其振幅确定有多少光被散射。Figure 12 shows a preferred embodiment exemplified by alight emitting device 100 withLED packages 101 and 102 optically connected to both ends of its plastic body comprising an off-axiselliptical transfer region 111 to 116 and intervening diffuseemitter zones 121 to 125. Their relative lengths determine how much light they intercept. Their diffuse transmittance results from a wavelength-scale roughness whose amplitude determines how much light is scattered.

接下来参考图13，示出的是带有来自一光源的光线描述的图12所示设备。Referring next to FIG. 13, there is shown the apparatus of FIG. 12 with a depiction of light from a light source.

示出的是带有有源光源101由光线130表示的单片发射的发光设备100，可见所述光线经由内全反射向右传播。一系列的圆柱形射出器区121至125中的每一个都可截取进入光的三分之一，使得小量剩余光131仅代表了由有源光源101发出的光的很小一部分。这里没有示出射出器区是如何截取光的。Shown is a monolithically emittinglighting device 100 with an activelight source 101 represented bylight rays 130, which can be seen propagating to the right via total internal reflection. Each of the series ofcylindrical emitter regions 121 to 125 intercepts one-third of the incoming light such that the small remaining light 131 represents only a small fraction of the light emitted by the activelight source 101 . How the emitter region intercepts the light is not shown here.

接下来参考图14，示出的是带有由被内全反射的一条光线散射出的光线的描述的图12中示出的设备。Referring next to FIG. 14 , shown is the device shown in FIG. 12 with a depiction of rays scattered by a ray that is totally internally reflected.

示出的是带有端光源101以及从中发射的光线130的发光设备100。光线132折射进入外部空气133。示出光线134由射出器区124进行内部反射，使得在到达与发光设备100的光源101相对端时还剩余更多的光线13 1。射出器区121、122、123、124和125的粗糙表面可使得射出器区成为有光线入射其上的漫反射散射器。粗糙度的恰当分布(如下文描述所确定)会使得仅剩余小量的图14中示出的光线131。Shown is alighting device 100 with anend light source 101 andlight rays 130 emitted therefrom.Light ray 132 refracts intooutside air 133 . It is shown thatlight rays 134 are internally reflected by theemitter region 124, so that furtherlight rays 131 remain when reaching the end opposite thelight source 101 of theluminous device 100. The rough surface of theemitter regions 121, 122, 123, 124, and 125 may make the emitter regions act as diffuse reflective diffusers upon which light is incident. A proper distribution of roughness (determined as described below) will result in only a small amount oflight rays 131 shown in FIG. 14 remaining.

精确复制荧光灯的发光表面发射首先要求在设备的全部表面一致发辉光，即它的全部都是射出器。其次另一可选的是图13和图14的多椭圆方法，即荧光灯本身的圆柱形。Accurately replicating the glowing surface emission of fluorescent lamps first requires uniform glowing across all surfaces of the device, ie all of it being the emitter. Next, another option is the multi-ellipse method shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14, that is, the cylindrical shape of the fluorescent lamp itself.

接下来参考图15，示出的是根据本发明一个实施例作为荧光灯替代物并在其两端各具有一个LED的光学设备的侧视图。Referring next to FIG. 15, shown is a side view of an optical device as a replacement for a fluorescent lamp and having an LED at each end in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

示出的是两端分别具有LED封装201和202的发光设备200。扩展器区211和212将来自源201和202的光引入圆柱体区213，该区通过在利用内全反射的设备中作为光学损耗源的现象(即由子波长粗糙度度所造成的散射)起到射出器区的作用。由于这种散射塑料光纤光学设备的长度受到限制，使之应用比玻璃少的多。图15中描述的实施例以仔细校准的方式结合了该现象从而产生了期望的表面发射。尽管如此，这种发射是由表面区213朝内的，而不像荧光灯那样是朝外的。Shown is a light emittingdevice 200 having LEDpackages 201 and 202 at both ends, respectively.Expander regions 211 and 212 introduce light fromsources 201 and 202 intocylindrical region 213, which is activated by a phenomenon that is a source of optical loss in devices utilizing total internal reflection (i.e., scattering by sub-wavelength roughness). To the role of the injector area. Due to the limited length of such scattering plastic fiber optics, its application is much less than that of glass. The embodiment depicted in Figure 15 incorporates this phenomenon in a carefully calibrated manner to produce the desired surface emission. Nevertheless, this emission is directed inwards from thesurface region 213, rather than outwards as in fluorescent lamps.

接下来参考图16，示出的是具有示范性的右向传播光线的图15中光学设备的侧视图。Referring next to FIG. 16 , shown is a side view of the optical device of FIG. 15 with exemplary right-propagating rays.

示出了与图15中相同的透镜形状作为带有LED封装201和管状射出器区213的发光设备200。示出的典型光线220向右传播，并在点130处生内全反射。The same lens shape as in FIG. 15 is shown as alight emitting device 200 with anLED package 201 and atubular emitter region 213 . A typical ray 220 is shown propagating to the right and totally internally reflected atpoint 130 .

在此对由Remillard，Everson和Weber发表在Applied Optics Vol.31，#34，pp7232-7241，December 1992的“Loss mechanisms in optical light pipes”作出其全文合并在此的参考。在其中明确的是，当所述粗糙度由高斯统计描述时，根据rms表面粗糙度σ方程式(8)示出了内部反射系数R₀(TIR意味着R₀＝1)是如何约化为反射系数R，其中方程式为：Reference is hereby made to "Loss mechanisms in optical light pipes" by Remillard, Everson and Weber, Applied Optics Vol. 31, #34, pp7232-7241, December 1992, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. In it it is clear that when said roughness is described by Gaussian statistics, equation (8) shows how the internal reflection coefficient R₀ (TIR means R₀ =1) reduces to reflectance in terms of rms surface roughness σ Coefficient R, where the equation is:

R_spec＝R₀ exp[-(2K_Lσ)²]R_spec =R₀ exp[-(2K_L σ)² ]

其中K_L＝2πcosθ/波长是与表面垂直的波数，对于入射角θ＞θ_c，在折射率为n的介质内。对于波长为0.5微米(500 nm)并且n＝1.58(θ_c＝sin^-1(1/n)＝39.3°)，所以cosθ＜0.77并且K_L＝15,288/mm＝15.3/μm。where_KL = 2πcos θ/wavelength is the wavenumber perpendicular to the surface, in a medium of refractive index n for angles of incidence θ > θ_c . For a wavelength of 0.5 microns (500 nm) and n=1.58 (θ_c =sin⁻¹ (1/n)=39.3°), so cos θ<0.77 and K_L =15,288/mm=15.3/μm.

表1Table 1

    σ(x)，nmσ(x), nm    R_spec(x)R_spec(x)    R_diff(x)R_diff(x)110.9990.9990.0010.001    2 2    0.9960.996    0.0040.004    55    0.9760.976    0.0240.024    1010    0.9110.911    0.0890.089    1515    0.8100.810    0.1900.190    2020    0.6880.688    0.3120.312    2525    0.5580.558    0.4420.442    3030    0.4310.431    0.5690.569    3535    0.3180.318    0.6820.682    4040    0.2240.224    0.7760.776    4545    0.1510.151    0.8490.849    5050    0.0970.097    0.9030.903    7575    0.0050.005    0.9950.995

散射辐射的亮度B(x)是漫反射系数R_diff(x)＝1-R_spec(x)和入射光的照度I(x)的乘积，因此它随着粗糙度σ快速增。通过在沿着射出器区的不同距离x处变化粗糙度就能产生分级的散射量，以获得近似相同的亮度B(x)。应注意到散射水平越高就对波长越敏感，因而越不适用于需要颜色混合的场合的应用。The brightness B(x) of diffuse radiation is the product of the reflectance R_diff (x) = 1 - R_spec (x) and the illuminance I(x) of the incident light, so it increases rapidly with the roughness σ. A graded amount of scattering can be produced by varying the roughness at different distances x along the emitter region to obtain approximately the same brightness B(x). It should be noted that higher levels of scattering are more sensitive to wavelength and thus less suitable for applications where color mixing is required.

由此受控子波长粗糙度形成的发射角度模式取决于其子波长空间相关函数C(x，Δx)的结构，它测量x处特定的随机粗糙轮廓与离开它一个微小距离Δx处内其他轮廓的相似程度。完全不相关的粗糙度将导致均匀的朗伯发光，而相同程度的粗糙空间相关性将导致亮度上角度上的方向变化，这会成为可见的非期望的亮度不均匀。The emission angle pattern formed by this controlled sub-wavelength roughness depends on the structure of its sub-wavelength spatial correlation function C(x, Δx), which measures a specific random rough profile at x and other profiles at a small distance Δx away from it degree of similarity. A completely uncorrelated roughness will result in a uniform Lambertian luminescence, while the same degree of spatial correlation of roughness will result in an angularly directional variation in brightness, which becomes visible as an undesired brightness non-uniformity.

无论如何，以上列出粗糙度的最低量(1-5nm)，是由最佳金刚石削得到的更典型的剩余粗糙度。虽然在接近发射管长度的正中心处可能需要完全散射(R_diff-1)，但是0.8＞R_diff＞0.2范围的中等水平更适合本发明。However, the lowest amount of roughness listed above (1-5nm) is the more typical residual roughness obtained by optimal diamond grinding. Moderate levels in the range of 0.8 > R_diff > 0.2 are more suitable for the invention, although complete scattering (R_diff-1 ) may be desired near the very center of the tube length.

用于全内反射的子波长粗糙度的重要性在于此粗糙度范围下所有的光都是相干的并受到衍射，而衍射又依次通过反射光的相位扰动产生非镜面反射。非镜面反射是散射的另一种叫法，但要注意到这种散射都不在电介质体外部，所以散射光都不会穿过所述表面进入周围的空气。只有在粗糙度接近波长尺度时，也就是上述全息漫射的情况下才能达到所述效果。当粗糙度为波长的1％时，即在此较佳实施例的情况下，所有的散射都是反射性的。此外，该散射只作用于圆柱体内引导的全内反射光。因此它并不类似于作用在透射光的全息漫射。而是子波长粗糙度散射反射光的一部分，无论它是在折射界面上的菲涅尔反射还是内全反射。The importance of sub-wavelength roughness for total internal reflection is that all light in this roughness range is coherent and subject to diffraction, which in turn produces non-specular reflection through phase perturbation of the reflected light. Non-specular reflection is another name for scattering, but note that none of this scattering is outside the dielectric body, so none of the scattered light passes through the surface into the surrounding air. Said effect is only achieved when the roughness is close to the wavelength scale, ie in the case of holographic diffusion as described above. When the roughness is 1% of the wavelength, which is the case in the preferred embodiment, all scattering is reflective. Furthermore, this scattering only acts on TIR light guided inside the cylinder. Therefore it is not similar to holographic diffusion acting on transmitted light. Rather, sub-wavelength roughness scatters a portion of the reflected light, whether it is Fresnel reflection or total internal reflection at a refractive interface.

粗糙度反射光从透镜10的表面被反射回射出器区213，但并不只沿着镜面反射的方向，而是沿着所有的方向。该散射光的一部分随后将对局部曲面法线有比临界角度小的入射角度，并在下一次遇到与其散射点相对的侧面时离开所述设备。当检查揭示了光是来自内部时，仔细观察所述透镜就可看到该散射光的内部原始光。子波长粗糙度不影响光的镜透射比，所以与先前讨论的单独给予折射光额外偏移的全息散射体不同，从透镜离开的光只服从斯涅尔定律。与全息散射体的波长尺度的粗糙度不同，本发明所利用的子波长粗糙度对于通过它的折射光无影响——只有其菲涅尔反射光被散射。The roughness reflected light is reflected from the surface of thelens 10 back to theemitter region 213, but not only in the direction of the specular reflection, but in all directions. A portion of this scattered light will then have an angle of incidence to the local surface normal less than the critical angle and will leave the device the next time it encounters the side opposite its point of scattering. When inspection reveals that the light is from the inside, a close look at the lens reveals the internal raw light of this scattered light. Sub-wavelength roughness does not affect the mirror transmittance of light, so unlike the previously discussed holographic scatterers which alone impart an additional offset to refracted light, the light exiting the lens only obeys Snell's law. Unlike the wavelength-scale roughness of a holographic scatterer, the sub-wavelength roughness utilized by the present invention has no effect on refracted light passing through it - only its Fresnel reflection is scattered.

接下来参考图17，示出的是带有子波长表面粗糙度以及示出通过该设备传播的示范光线的图15中光学设备的侧视图。Referring next to FIG. 17, shown is a side view of the optical device of FIG. 15 with sub-wavelength surface roughness and illustrating exemplary light rays propagating through the device.

示出的是同样具有管状喷射区213的光源200，并且其现在具有子波长表面粗糙度。因此从图16中的LED 201封装发射的光线220将导致从TIR点发出的半球状光线扇形240。光线241从表面213射向空气中。由于全内反射俘获了光线242，故其留在透镜213内部。每次这一光线被内反射，它的部分通量都依次被散射。Shown is alight source 200 that also has atubular ejection zone 213, and that now has a sub-wavelength surface roughness. Thus the light ray 220 emitted from theLED 201 package in Figure 16 will result in ahemispherical ray fan 240 emanating from the TIR point. Light ray 241 is emitted fromsurface 213 into the air. Light ray 242 is trapped insidelens 213 due to total internal reflection. Each time this ray is internally reflected, part of its flux is in turn scattered.

射出器213的圆柱形作为透镜放大观察者面对的内表面。其对这种聚丙烯或聚碳酸酯的塑料大约有4倍的放大倍数，这种放大倍数在划痕处和其他的表面裂隙处尤为突出，其中包括子波长粗糙度的任何不一致。这种表面粗糙度的不一致通过其引起的亮度的不一致体现。这种圆柱形放大意味着实际上只有很小一部分，1/4π＝8％的发光周长可以从任意特定的有利点观察到。The cylindrical shape of theinjector 213 acts as a lens to magnify the inner surface facing the observer. It has about a 4x magnification on the polypropylene or polycarbonate plastic, and this magnification is especially pronounced at scratches and other surface fissures, including any inconsistencies in sub-wavelength roughness. This inconsistency in surface roughness is manifested by the inconsistency in brightness it causes. This cylindrical magnification means that only a very small fraction, 1/4π = 8%, of the luminescent perimeter can actually be observed from any particular vantage point.

接下来参考图18，所示的是计算视角因数的球体发射方法的图17圆柱形射出器区的正截面图。Referring next to FIG. 18, shown is a front cross-sectional view of the cylindrical injector region of FIG. 17 for the spherical launch method of calculating view factor.

子午光线扇形180代表了最初从射出器213内表面散射出来的光线。它在射出器213的另一面被折射出去并传播到左侧的观察点(未示出)相遇。从那个观察点，区域182看上去是被放大并充满射出器区213的整个图像。边缘光线181看来像是最初从射出器区213的边缘部分发出的，但实际上是来自区域182的中心。该边缘光线较大的入射角减小了它的透射系数，在射出器区213的发光面产生微弱的边缘暗带。对于沿管内的坐标x，适当的粗糙度σ(x)分布可为射出器区提供相当均匀的亮度。Themeridional ray fan 180 represents the rays initially scattered from the inner surface of theemitter 213 . It is refracted out on the other side of theemitter 213 and travels to meet at the observation point (not shown) on the left. From that point of view,region 182 appears to be enlarged and fills the entire image ofinjector region 213 .Edge ray 181 appears to originate initially from the edge portion ofemitter region 213 , but actually originates from the center ofregion 182 . The larger incident angle of the marginal ray reduces its transmission coefficient and produces a weak marginal dark band on the light-emitting surface of theemitter region 213 . For coordinate x along the inside of the tube, a suitable distribution of roughness σ(x) can provide a fairly uniform brightness in the emitter region.

计算适当的粗糙度分布σ(x)则进入了相反问题的范畴。所述射出器区213的圆柱几何形状有助于其基于所述管的内表面细薄环域的数学分析。在图15中等于13∶1的管长与直径的纵横比也将起作用。来自扩展器部分的导行光线向下传播到所述管并且在每个长度坐标x上，它的一部分被由粗糙度σ(x)散射，而剩余光则发生镜面反射，其中反射率R由上表给出。该粗糙度散射的光只有40％从管的另一端折射出去，而剩余光将添加到导行光线帮助亮度更加均匀。Computing the appropriate roughness distribution σ(x) enters the realm of the reverse problem. The cylindrical geometry of theinjector region 213 facilitates its mathematical analysis based on the thin annulus of the inner surface of the tube. A tube length to diameter aspect ratio equal to 13:1 in Figure 15 would also work. A guided ray from the expander section travels down the tube and at each length coordinate x, a portion of it is scattered by the roughness σ(x), while the remainder is specularly reflected, where the reflectance R is given by given in the table above. Only 40% of the light scattered by this roughness is refracted out the other end of the tube, and the remaining light will be added to the guide light to help the brightness be more even.

一旦射入射出器区体，那么粗糙度散射光就受到内全反射的附加影响。Once entering the emitter region, the roughness scattered light is additionally affected by total internal reflection.

接下来参考图19，示出的是描述了光线的图17中示出的圆柱形射出器区的部分剖面透视图，所述光线与圆柱体内表面的法线成临界角发射并且以同一临界角与圆柱体相交。Referring next to FIG. 19, shown is a partially cutaway perspective view of the cylindrical emitter region shown in FIG. Intersect the cylinder.

图19示出了在圆柱191内表面的散射点190(简明起见只示出了圆柱体的一半)。作为光线锥体192的源的点190以与局部曲面法线呈θ_c角发射，其中示出了三个象限，并且一个象限将被折射入外部空气。示范光线193如图所示以将近90度的入射角折射进入外部空气。非相关的表面粗糙度将导致朗伯型的散射光，因此少部分的射出光将会是那些与法线夹角小于发射θ_c的，即sin²θ_c的光线。因此对于n＝1.59，那么散射光的溢出部分会是sin² θ_c＝1/n²＝39.6％。Figure 19 shows scatteredpoints 190 on the inner surface of a cylinder 191 (only half of the cylinder is shown for clarity). Apoint 190 that is the source of aray cone 192 is emitted at an angle_θc from the local surface normal, where three quadrants are shown and one quadrant will be refracted into the outside air.Exemplary ray 193 is shown refracted into the outside air at an angle of incidence of approximately 90 degrees. Uncorrelated surface roughness will result in Lambertian scattered light, so a small fraction of the emitted light will be those that make an angle with the normal less than the emitted_θc , ie sin²_θc . So for n=1.59, then the overflow of scattered light would be sin² θ_c =1/n² =39.6%.

接下来参考图20a，所示的是用于计算最佳粗糙度分布的坐标系的图15设备的侧透视图。Referring next to Fig. 20a, shown is a side perspective view of the apparatus of Fig. 15 for use in calculating the coordinate system of the optimum roughness profile.

图20a示出了图15的透视版本，其中设备200包括光源210和202、扩展器区211和212以及圆柱形的射出器区213。在射出器端点处设定原点x＝0，并假定单位半径r＝1，对于纵横比A＝L/r，给定射出器长度L，给出问题区域0＜x＜A。FIG. 20 a shows a perspective version of FIG. 15 , wheredevice 200 compriseslight sources 210 and 202 ,expander regions 211 and 212 andcylindrical emitter region 213 . Setting the origin x=0 at the injector endpoint, and assuming unit radius r=1, for aspect ratio A=L/r, given injector length L, gives theproblem area 0<x<A.

接下来参考图20b，示出的是根据本发明一个实施例的扩展器区211的顶透视近视图。Referring next to Figure 20b, shown is a top perspective close-up view ofexpander region 211 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

图20b是在LED封装201上的扩展器区211的内部视图。在封装201内是颜色不同的LED芯片204，205和206。公用电极203由导线207连接至这些芯片。白色杯状的漫反射体208由保护性的透明环氧树脂填充(未示出)。FIG. 20 b is an internal view of theexpander area 211 on theLED package 201 . Inside thepackage 201 are LEDchips 204, 205 and 206 of different colors. Thecommon electrode 203 is connected to these chips bywires 207 . The white cup-shaped diffusereflector 208 is filled with a protective clear epoxy (not shown).

接下来参考图20c，示出了扩展器区211边界光线的图20b的扩展器区211的侧视图。Referring next to FIG. 20c, a side view of theexpander region 211 of FIG. 20b is shown showing theexpander region 211 boundary rays.

图20c描述了扩展器区211和LED封装201。圆形边界210以光线扇形209的角界定了输出光线。由圆形210包围的区域在射出器性能的简化分析中作为空间均匀的源。特别设计区211的形状以限制它的输出角度，即θ＜θ_g。边缘光线209从区211的周边210射出并标记光线模式的界限小于角度θ_g。FIG. 20c depictsexpander area 211 andLED package 201 .Circular boundaries 210 bound output rays at the corners ofray fan 209 . The area enclosed bycircle 210 serves as a source of spatial uniformity in a simplified analysis of injector performance. The shape of theregion 211 is specially designed to limit its output angle, ie θ<θ_g .Edge ray 209 emerges fromperimeter 210 ofregion 211 and marks the bounds of the ray pattern to be less than angle θ_g .

视角因数法是计算图20a中射出器区213内部亮度的基础。在沿着射出器内表面的坐标x上的照度I(x)是在半球视域内亮度相加的结果。The view factor method is the basis for calculating the brightness inside theemitter region 213 in Fig. 20a. The illuminance I(x) at the coordinate x along the inner surface of the injector is the result of adding the luminance in the field of view of the hemisphere.

接下来参考图20d，示出的是扩展器区211输出的空间平均亮度的角变化图。Referring next to FIG. 20d , shown is a plot of the angular variation of the spatially averaged luminance output from theexpander section 211 .

图20d描述了图20c中的光线209的空间平均输出模式。输出光线209从扩展器211的出口平面210射出。使用这个所有光线的平均照度函数比使用图20b中的LED芯片204，205和206以及白色杯状的漫反射体208来说明不均匀性要容易得多。Figure 2Od depicts the spatially averaged output pattern forray 209 in Figure 20c. Anoutput ray 209 emerges from anexit plane 210 of theexpander 211 . Using this average illuminance function of all rays is much easier to account for non-uniformity than usingLED chips 204, 205 and 206 and white cup-shaped diffusereflector 208 in Figure 20b.

图20c中的扩展器区211的某些特定比例比最小可能的稍大一些，以进一步限制其输出角度。同样地，该发射不是理想的，因为其强度也是不均匀的。Some specific ratios of theexpander area 211 in Figure 20c are slightly larger than the smallest possible to further limit its output angle. Again, this emission is not ideal because its intensity is also not uniform.

图20d画出了带有所有三个LED都在发射的扩展器区211的平均输出亮度。该图是计算子波长粗糙度的恰当模式的优选方法的关键。虽然这张图是由电脑光线跟踪获取的，但是则光角度学测量方法也能够提供这些数据。曲线2001给出了相对亮度作为离轴角度的函数，而曲线2002给出了离轴角度的累积强度。该曲线将用于计算射出器区内部的亮度。Figure 20d plots the average output brightness of theexpander region 211 with all three LEDs emitting. This map is the key to the preferred method of calculating the proper mode of sub-wavelength roughness. Although this image was obtained by computer ray tracing, optical angle measurement methods can also provide these data.Curve 2001 gives the relative brightness as a function of off-axis angle, whilecurve 2002 gives the cumulative intensity for off-axis angle. This curve will be used to calculate the brightness inside the emitter area.

为了评估特定粗糙度函数σ(x)的所述窄化分布的效应，从扩展器区边上(x＝0)开始一直到喷射管区的中部计算亮度函数I(x)。圆柱体的几何特性确保了在视角因数光线在电介质材料内部由观察点射出的情况下入射角保持不变，这就可以很容易地通过每根光线到达图20c中的出口平面210的角度计算出其在到达x＝0之前经历了几次反射。In order to evaluate the effect of said narrowed distribution of a specific roughness function σ(x), the brightness function I(x) is calculated starting from the edge of the expander zone (x=0) up to the middle of the nozzle zone. The geometry of the cylinder ensures that the angle of incidence remains constant for the view factor rays exiting the observation point inside the dielectric material, which can then be easily calculated from the angle at which each ray reaches theexit plane 210 in Figure 20c It goes through several reflections before reaching x=0.

接下来参考图20e，示出的是用正弦平方描述了与图20d相同亮度的图示。Referring next to FIG. 2Oe, shown is a graph depicting the same luminance as in FIG. 2Od in terms of sine squared.

接下来参考图21a，示出的是右向单位球2100的图描绘了用方向单位球方法计算辐射接收的方法。Referring next to FIG. 21a, shown is a diagram of a right-pointingunit sphere 2100 depicting a method of calculating radiation reception using the directional unit sphere method.

图21a描述了亮度计算的单位半球方法。单位半球2100是关于垂直于曲面微元dA₁的曲面法线2101对称的。包括曲面微元dA₂的远处曲面A₂处的亮度，可以通过包含微元dA_s的球面投影A_s用dA_s＝dA₂ cos θ₂/S²在单位圆周2102上进行评估。A₂在A_s上的投影考虑了距离S和曲面A₂的倾斜角θ₂。为了说明dA₂的光线的倾斜角θ₂的影响，球面投影A₂投影到单位圆周2102上的区域A_b，其中A_b是微元dA_s乘上cos θ₁所得。该方法将应用到射出器213的内表面。Figure 21a depicts the unit hemisphere approach to luminance calculations. Theunit hemisphere 2100 is symmetric about a surface normal 2101 perpendicular to the surface cell dA₁ . The brightness at the distant curved surface A₂ including the curved surface microelement_dA2 can be evaluated on theunit circle 2102 by dA_s =dA₂ cos θ₂ /S² through the spherical projection A_s including the microelement dA s . The projection of A₂ onto A_s takes into account the distance S and the tilt angle θ₂ of the surface A₂ . In order to illustrate the influence of the inclination angle θ₂ of the ray of dA₂ , the spherical projection A₂ is projected onto the area A_b on theunit circle 2102, where A_b is obtained by multiplying the microelement dA_s by cos θ₁ . This method will be applied to the inner surface ofinjector 213 .

接下来参考图21b，所示的是具有来自圆柱体内部由局部曲面法线开始的10°到90°sinθ的圆，与图21a具有相同单位球面的赤道平面图。Referring next to Figure 21b, shown is a equatorial plan view with the same unit sphere as Figure 21a, with circles from 10° to 90° sin θ from inside the cylinder from the local surface normal.

图21b描述了图21a中的单位圆周2102。它描绘的是从图19中的点190所看到的投影视图。同时也代表了图20a中的喷射管213的内部表面。外部圆周2190代表了与局部曲面法线呈90°的局部切平面。同心圆周2180，2170，2160直至2110代表的是与局部曲面法线呈80°，70°，60°，直至10°的θ_n角的圆周，半径分别为它们的sin值。然而，取代圆周2140示出的圆周2139描绘了n＝1.59时的临界角θ_c，其中n为本发明中大量用到的注入成型的透明环氧树脂的折射率。圆周2139对应于图19中的光线锥面192。Figure 21b depicts theunit circle 2102 in Figure 21a. It depicts the projected view as seen frompoint 190 in FIG. 19 . It also represents the inner surface of theinjection tube 213 in Figure 20a. Theouter circumference 2190 represents the local tangent plane at 90° to the local surface normal. The concentric circles 2180, 2170, 2160 until 2110 represent circles with_θn angles of 80°, 70°, 60°, up to 10° with the local surface normal, and the radii are their sin values respectively. However,circle 2139, shown in place of circle 2140, depicts the critical angle_θc for n = 1.59, where n is the refractive index of the injection molded clear epoxy used in large quantities in the present invention.Circumference 2139 corresponds toray cone 192 in FIG. 19 .

接下来参考图22，所示的是如何将单位方向球面放置在所述圆柱形射出器内部的图20a的圆柱形射出器的区侧面的透视剖面图。Referring next to FIG. 22 , there is shown a perspective cross-sectional view of the zone side of the cylindrical injector of FIG. 20 a showing how the unit direction sphere is placed inside the cylindrical injector.

示出的是LED 201，附有外围210的扩展器区211以及发射圆柱213。方向半球2220用于由外围210开始沿x轴距离为250处的亮度的计算。z轴指向圆柱的中心，y为由此开始的侧向。圆柱的数学网格240帮助形象化射出器柱体213的表面。来自方向半球2200的中心的光线矢量t_l与射出器圆柱213交切于另一侧面。Shown is anLED 201 , anexpander region 211 with aperiphery 210 and an emittingcylinder 213 . The direction hemisphere 2220 is used for the calculation of brightness at a distance of 250 along the x-axis from theperiphery 210 . The z axis points to the center of the cylinder and y is the sideways direction from there. The cylindricalmathematical grid 240 helps visualize the surface of theinjector cylinder 213 . The ray vector t_l from the center of thedirection hemisphere 2200 intersects theemitter cylinder 213 on the other side.

接下来参考图23a，所示的是描绘投影方向的赤道平面图，作为实施例的圆柱形射出器213的内部视图。Referring next to Figure 23a, shown is an equatorial plan view depicting the direction of projection, as an internal view of an embodimentcylindrical injector 213.

图23a概括了图21a中的单位圆周2190，以及临界角圆周2139。曲线网格230是图22中圆柱网格240在半球2200上的投影。卵形区域231是图21中的外围210在1.5倍直径外观测得到的投影。对面小得多的卵形区域232是距离更远的图20a中的其它扩展器区212的投影。示范周边线233以及示范轴线234是曲线网格230的组成元素。由卵形区域232射出的光线根据232的面积A_v并由其亮度加权一起对局部照度作贡献。Figure 23a summarizes theunit circle 2190 in Figure 21a, and thecritical angle circle 2139.Curvilinear grid 230 is the projection ofcylindrical grid 240 in FIG. 22 ontohemisphere 2200 . Theoval region 231 is a projection of theouter periphery 210 in FIG. 21 observed outside the 1.5 diameter. The opposite, much smalleroval region 232 is a projection of theother expander region 212 in Figure 20a which is further away. Theexemplary perimeter line 233 and theexemplary axis 234 are constituent elements of thecurved grid 230 . Light rays emerging from theoval region 232 contribute to the local illuminance according to the area_Av of 232 and weighted by its brightness.

接下来参考图23b，所示的是根据本发明的一个实施例所示出的通过内全反射在圆柱形射出器213内被捕获光线的角度空间的等通量细分图。Referring next to FIG. 23b , shown is an isokinetic subdivision diagram of the angular space of rays captured incylindrical emitter 213 by total internal reflection according to one embodiment of the present invention.

图23b中有单位圆周2190，代表了光线所有可能方向并且与图23a中的相同，但根据半径为sinθ，极角为φ由径向网格235进一步均匀细分。网格235从临界角圆周2139上的圆环m＝1延展到外围2190上的圆环m＝N。圆周的折射率n由n＝1延展到对侧的n＝N。入射角θ(m)由$\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}=\sqrt{(0.4+0.6)/M},$极角由φ＝n/N给出。这些M圆环以及N辐将方向空间内的半环带区划分为MN个(这里是540个)间隔均匀并接近方形的小单元236。方形有利于均匀采样。由于圆柱的双边对称性，只需要考虑半个圆环。使用这样的网格的基于计算机的计算为了清晰将使用至少百倍于现在所画的这些数量的网格，实质上就是将网格235再划分，如放大特写237所示。每个小单元126说明在圆周2139外的单位圆周2190的60％区域的一个固定的部分(1/MN)。In Fig. 23b there is aunit circle 2190, which represents all possible directions of the light rays and is the same as in Fig. 23a, but further uniformly subdivided byradial grid 235 according to radius sin θ, polar angle φ.Mesh 235 extends from circle m=1 oncritical angle circumference 2139 to circle m=N onperiphery 2190 . The refractive index n of the circumference extends from n=1 to n=N on the opposite side. The incident angle θ(m) is given by$\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}=\sqrt{(0.4+0.6)/m},$ The polar angle is given by φ=n/N. These M rings and N spokes divide the semi-ring area in the direction space into MN (here, 540)small units 236 that are evenly spaced and nearly square. A square shape is good for uniform sampling. Due to the bilateral symmetry of the cylinder, only half of the ring needs to be considered. Computer-based calculations using such a grid would use at least a hundred times the number of grids drawn now for clarity, essentially subdividinggrid 235 as shown in enlarged close-up 237 . Each cell 126 describes a fixed fraction (1/MN) of 60% of the area of theunit circle 2190 outside thecircle 2139 .

由于在圆柱内部的光线的入射角保持不变，导行光线只有通过网格235内小单元所表示的方向才能进入，并且只有这些光线才会被射出器213的内表面散射，从而产生可见光。由作为0.3/MN区域的投影立体角，每个小单元236乘以从其方向进入的光亮度L(m，n)，所以I(m，n)＝0.3L(m，n)/MN即这个单元所贡献的照明度。而总和∑I(m，n)，包含所有MN小单元贡献的照明度，给出了距图22中的扩展器区211 x处的亮度I(x)。当镜面发射率为R_spec(x)时，由上所述，射出光的亮度取决于子波长粗糙度σ(x)，为B(x)＝I(x)R_diff(x)。Since the incident angle of the light inside the cylinder remains constant, the guiding light can only enter through the directions indicated by the small cells in thegrid 235, and only these light rays will be scattered by the inner surface of theemitter 213, thereby generating visible light. By the projected solid angle as 0.3/MN area, eachsmall unit 236 is multiplied by the luminance L(m, n) entering from its direction, so I(m, n)=0.3L(m, n)/MN that is The illuminance contributed by this unit. And the sum ΣI(m,n), including the illuminance contributed by all MN celllets, gives the luminance I(x) at a distance of x from theexpander region 211 in FIG. 22 . When the specular emissivity is R_spec (x), as mentioned above, the brightness of the emitted light depends on the sub-wavelength roughness σ(x), which is B(x)=I(x)R_diff (x).

为了计算图23b中小单元的镜面亮度L(m，n)，在每个小单元上将进行相反的光线跟踪。从射出器内表面的观察点在每个小单元射出一束光线到距离图20a中的扩展器区212的出口平面x处。在坐标系中，y横过圆柱体而z向其中，光线的方向余弦为To compute the specular luminance L(m,n) of the celllet in Fig. 23b, an inverse raytracing will be performed on each celllet. From the point of view of the inner surface of the injector, each cell emits a beam of light at a distance of exit plane x from theexpander region 212 in Fig. 20a. In the coordinate system, y is across the cylinder and z is in it, the direction cosine of the ray is

${\mathrm{<span><span>x</span>x</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>m</span>m</span>}<span><span>,</span>,</span>\mathrm{<span><span>n</span>no</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span><span><span>=</span>=</span>\mathrm{<span><span>sin</span>sin</span>}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>\&theta;</span>\&theta;</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span>\mathrm{<span><span>cos</span>cos</span>}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>\&phi;</span>\&phi;</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span><span><span>=</span>=</span>\mathrm{<span><span>cos</span>cos</span>}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>n\&pi;</span>n\&pi;</span>}<span><span>/</span>/</span>\mathrm{<span><span>N</span>N</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span>\sqrt{<span><span>[</span>[</span>\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}<span><span>-</span>-</span><span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>0.6</span>0.6</span>}\mathrm{<span><span>m</span>m</span>}<span><span>/</span>/</span>\mathrm{<span><span>M</span>m</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span><span><span>]</span>]</span>}$

${\mathrm{<span><span>y</span>the\; y</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>m</span>m</span>}<span><span>,</span>,</span>\mathrm{<span><span>n</span>no</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span><span><span>=</span>=</span>\mathrm{<span><span>sin</span>sin</span>}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>\&theta;</span>\&theta;</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span>\mathrm{<span><span>sin</span>sin</span>}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>\&phi;</span>\&phi;</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span><span><span>=</span>=</span>\mathrm{<span><span>sin</span>sin</span>}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>n\&pi;</span>n\&pi;</span>}<span><span>/</span>/</span>\mathrm{<span><span>N</span>N</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span>\sqrt{<span><span>[</span>[</span>\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}<span><span>-</span>-</span><span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>0.6</span>0.6</span>}\mathrm{<span><span>m</span>m</span>}<span><span>/</span>/</span>\mathrm{<span><span>M</span>m</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span><span><span>]</span>]</span>}$

${\mathrm{<span><span>z</span>z</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>m</span>m</span>}<span><span>,</span>,</span>\mathrm{<span><span>n</span>no</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span><span><span>=</span>=</span>\mathrm{<span><span>cos</span>cos</span>}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>\&theta;</span>\&theta;</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span><span><span>=</span>=</span>\sqrt{<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>0.6</span>0.6</span>}\mathrm{<span><span>m</span>m</span>}<span><span>/</span>/</span>\mathrm{<span><span>M</span>m</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span>}$

系数0.6表明光是经由折射率n＝1.581的介质导行的。这个系数将因不同折射率的介质而改变为1-(1/n)²。A coefficient of 0.6 indicates that light is guided through a medium with a refractive index n=1.581. This coefficient will change to 1-(1/n)² for media of different refractive indices.

在小单元(m，n)射出的光线将传播距离t₁后与内隔墙相交，由以下公式给出。The light emitted from the small cell (m,n) will intersect the inner partition after traveling a distance_t1 , given by the following formula.

${\mathrm{<span><span>t</span>t</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}}<span><span>(</span>(</span>\mathrm{<span><span>m</span>m</span>}<span><span>,</span>,</span>\mathrm{<span><span>n</span>no</span>}<span><span>)</span>)</span><span><span>=</span>=</span>\mathrm{<span><span>2</span>2</span>}{\mathrm{<span><span>z</span><figure-callout\; label="z"\; filenames="C20048001692300441.png,C20048001692300442.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">z</figure-callout></span>}}_{\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}}<span><span>/</span>/</span><span><span>(</span>(</span>{\mathrm{<span><span>z</span><figure-callout\; label="z"\; filenames="C20048001692300441.png,C20048001692300442.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">z</figure-callout></span>}}_{\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span><span>2</span>2</span>}}<span><span>+</span>+</span>{\mathrm{<span><span>y</span>the<figure-callout\; label="y"\; filenames="C20048001692300441.png,C20048001692300442.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">y</figure-callout></span>}}_{\mathrm{<span><span>1</span>1</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span><span>2</span>2</span>}}<span><span>)</span>)</span>$

这是光线束第一次反射的距离，在坐标x_B＝x-x₁(m，n)t₁上。如果x_B＜0则没有散射而光线束将会在图23a中的卵形区域231。因此光线束的亮度L(m，n)由图20d给出，在轴向夹角cos^-1[x₁(m，n)]处。图20e中的曲线2003的读数给出了L(x₁)的值。光线束在距扩展器区211x处的反射次数n_B为This is the distance at which the bundle of rays is first reflected, at the coordinate x_B =xx₁ (m,n)t₁ . If_xB < 0 then there is no scattering and the bundle of rays will be in theoval region 231 in Fig. 23a. The brightness L(m,n) of the bundle of rays is thus given by Fig. 20d, at the axial angle cos^-1 [x₁ (m,n)]. The reading ofcurve 2003 in Fig. 20e gives the value of L(x₁ ). The number of reflections n_B of the light beam at the place 211x away from the expander area is

n_B＝trunc(t₁/x)n_B =trunc(t₁ /x)

接下来参考图23c，所示的是根据从0至500的反射号码标识的图23a左上部象限的近视图。在每一次反射，局部的漫反射系数R_diff(x_B)减少射线束亮度。因此这些n_B次的反射乘上它们的漫反射系数值根据下式来降低亮度Referring next to FIG. 23c, shown is a close-up view of the upper left quadrant of FIG. 23a identified according to reflection numbers from 0-500. At each reflection, the local albedo R_diff (x_B ) reduces the beam brightness. These n_B reflections are therefore multiplied by their albedo values to reduce the brightness according to

L(m，n)＝L(x₁)∏^nB R(x_B)L(m,n)=L(x₁ )∏^nB R(x_B )

图20d中特定的照明度函数在入射角度大于30°时其亮度趋于小或0，然而，n＝1.58的圆柱体将捕获所有从扩展器区211出来的射线束直至50.8°的轴向角。只需射出器的直径大于杯状LED208 30％以上就可使得扩展器区211依据集光本领守恒来覆盖这样一个大角度。然而，从实际角度考虑，将规定比图20d中杯状208的2.4mm大过几倍的长度作为直径。这意味着一个比最大值±41°要窄的角度分布。图20中更窄的分布意味着射出器区的最末端最大地决定了镜面照明度。这有利地减小了离射出器区213x处的子波长粗糙度的单调增加等形式的小变化所带来的可见亮度的数学上的敏感度。The specific illuminance function in Fig. 20d tends to be small or zero when the angle of incidence is greater than 30°, however, a cylinder with n=1.58 will capture all the ray beams coming out of theexpander region 211 up to an axial angle of 50.8° . It is only necessary for the diameter of the emitter to be more than 30% larger than the cup-shapedLED 208 to enable theexpander region 211 to cover such a large angle according to the conservation of condensed power. However, from a practical point of view, a length that is several times greater than the 2.4 mm of thecup 208 in FIG. 20d will be specified as the diameter. This implies a narrower angular distribution than the maximum value of ±41°. The narrower distribution in Figure 20 means that the very end of the emitter region most determines the specular illuminance. This advantageously reduces the mathematical sensitivity to small changes in visible brightness in the form of, for example, a monotonous increase in sub-wavelength roughness away from the emitter region 213x.

在光导行的情况下，内反射并不服从所讨论的子波长散射，所以不需要图23b中的网格235。每个小单元236将会有与没有减少的扩展器区亮度L(x₁)相等的亮度。然而，伴随子波长粗糙度σ(x)所带来的散射，射线亮度L(m，n)在每次内反射都将减少，因为在每个散射点n_B散射都会损耗将其削弱。在没有粗糙度的情况下，亮度I(x)是对应于x的常量，然而在有粗糙度σ(x)的情况下，亮度I(x)将随距扩展器区211x的距离增加而衰减，而导行光因散射而损耗。因而，粗糙度σ(x)必须与x同步增加以使散射光R_diff(x)部分作为补偿增加，来保持射出器213内亮度B(x)近似地均匀。In the case of light-guided rows, internal reflection is not subject to the sub-wavelength scattering in question, sogrid 235 in Fig. 23b is not needed. Eachcell 236 will have a luminance equal to the unreduced expander region luminance L(x₁ ). However, with scattering due to the sub-wavelength roughness σ(x), the ray brightness L(m,n) will decrease at each internal reflection, since it is attenuated by scattering losses at each scattering point n_B . In the absence of roughness, the luminance I(x) is constant corresponding to x, whereas with the roughness σ(x), the luminance I(x) will decay with increasing distance from the expander region 211x , while the guided light is lost due to scattering. Therefore, the roughness σ(x) must be increased synchronously with x so that the scattered light R_diff (x) part increases as compensation to keep the brightness B(x) in theemitter 213 approximately uniform.

这种方法的数值实施是直截了当的，特别是在图21c中给定的30°角度限制的情况下。使用图20b所描绘的13∶1的纵横比，这里所公开的方法将给出在x＝0处的等效于总数为27000的小单元中从φ＝0到φ＝90°的695个小单元的总亮度。The numerical implementation of this approach is straightforward, especially given the 30° angular constraint in Fig. 21c. Using the 13:1 aspect ratio depicted in FIG. 20b, the method disclosed here will give 695 celllets at x=0 from φ=0 to φ=90° in an equivalent total of 27000 cellets. The total brightness of the unit.

接下来参考图24，所示的是根据本发明的一个实施例的具有不同漫反射系数值的照度图。Referring next to FIG. 24 , shown is a graph of illuminance with different albedo values in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

示出的是沿图22中的射出器区213的总长的第一遍镜面照明度I(x)的图2400。曲线2401描述的是漫反射系数R_diff(x)＝0.1的情况，而曲线2402，2403，2404，2406以及2408分别对应系数值0.2，0.3，0.4，0.6以及0.8。在三条曲线右端的I[26]的值代表了那些未提取的又重新从另一端进入扩展器区211的光线。由于这些光线中的一部分将被图20A中的LED芯片203-205所吸收，所以将会有一个返回系数R_exp。返回的光线将与图20c中的扩展器区211射出的光源光线加在一起。这使图24中的每条曲线都乘一个系数Shown is agraph 2400 of the first-pass specular illuminance I(x) along the total length of theemitter region 213 in FIG. 22 .Curve 2401 depicts the case of albedo R_diff (x)=0.1, whilecurves 2402, 2403, 2404, 2406 and 2408 correspond to coefficient values 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8, respectively. The values of I[26] at the right end of the three curves represent those unextracted rays that reenter theexpander region 211 from the other end. Since some of these rays will be absorbed by the LED chips 203-205 in FIG. 20A, there will be a return coefficient R_exp . The returning rays will be summed with the source rays exiting theexpander region 211 in Figure 20c. This multiplies each curve in Figure 24 by a factor

F＝1+R_expI{26/I[0]}+{R_expI[26]/I[0]}²+...F＝1+R_exp I{26/I[0]}+{R_exp I[26]/I[0]}² +...

＝1/{1-R_expI[26]/I[0]}=1/{1-R_exp I[26]/I[0]}

亮度将由从两个扩展器区相乘的照度计算得到：Brightness will be calculated from the illuminance multiplied from the two expander zones:

B(x)＝FR_diff(x)[I(x)+I(A-x)]B(x)＝FR_diff (x)[I(x)+I(Ax)]

接下来参考图25，所示的是本发明的一个实施例的对不同漫反射系数值的亮度图。Referring next to FIG. 25, shown is a plot of luminance versus albedo values for one embodiment of the present invention.

所示的是图2500的上述计算结果，对应于漫反射率从0.1变化到0.8的亮度曲线2501到2508。曲线2503有最高中心值I(13)。这说明一个好的初始值R_diff(0)在0.3左右，并往中心有增加的值。Shown are the above calculation results forgraph 2500, corresponding to luminancecurves 2501 to 2508 for varying diffuse reflectance from 0.1 to 0.8.Curve 2503 has the highest central value I(13). This shows that a good initial value of R_diff (0) is around 0.3, with increasing values toward the center.

接下来参考图26，所示的是根据本发明的一个实施例所示出的漫反射率的线性分布图，该线性分布给出了均匀亮度。Referring next to FIG. 26 , shown is a graph showing a linear distribution of diffuse reflectance that gives uniform brightness in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

所示的是可以给出285均匀亮度的一个漫反射率分布。这个结果将会是输出亮度的零阶估值，只有镜面光作为光源光被散射。但被俘获在射出器内部的60％的散射光将沿着内表面增加一个散射亮度I_D(x)。根据图23a，在圆周2139外的每一物有散射亮度，包括在图13中扩展器区211上部的卵形区域231。Shown is a diffuse albedo distribution that would give a uniform brightness of 285. The result will be a zero-order estimate of the output luminance, with only specular light being scattered as source light. But the 60% of the scattered light trapped inside the emitter will add a diffuse brightness_ID (x) along the inner surface. According to FIG. 23 a , everything outside thecircumference 2139 has a diffuse brightness, including theoval region 231 above theexpander region 211 in FIG. 13 .

虽然扩展器区211本身并不产生散射，而绝大多数的散射光除了与芯片相关的外进入其内部后都将反射回射出器213。因此漫射照度随x的变化很小，有助于使一阶照度比零阶估值更加平滑。几个更高阶的照度会给照度增加越来越小的数量，因为漫散射的光镜面地来回循环并被散射。因此零阶亮度B_T(x)为了使最终的均匀亮度令人满意，并不需要绝对的均匀。Although theexpander region 211 itself does not generate scattering, most of the scattered light except those related to the chip will be reflected back to theemitter 213 after entering its interior. The diffuse illuminance therefore varies very little with x, helping to make the first-order illuminance smoother than the zero-order estimate. Several higher order illuminances add smaller and smaller amounts to the illuminance as diffusely scattered light circulates specularly back and forth and is scattered. Therefore, the zero-order luminance B_T (x) does not need to be absolutely uniform in order to make the final uniform luminance satisfactory.

具有校准σ的有关联的以及无关联的粗糙度都可以通过金刚石削处理金属主部件中形成射出器213来获得。这个部件可以用传统制模工艺制成模型。一个较好的金刚石削金属具有校准好的子波长粗糙度的主部件方法是用宽带的白噪声信号带动金刚石工具作振幅为a(x)级的声频振动以提供无关联的粗糙度。Both correlated and uncorrelated roughness with calibration σ can be obtained by forminginjectors 213 in the metal main part by diamond machining. This part can be modeled using conventional molding techniques. A better method of diamond cutting metal with calibrated sub-wavelength roughness is to drive the diamond tool with a broadband white noise signal to vibrate the diamond tool at an a(x) frequency to provide uncorrelated roughness.

尽管这里所公开的发明已经通过具体的实施例和其中的应用加以描述，但是本领域普通技术人员仍可在不超出权利要求提出的范围内做大量修改和变化。Although the invention disclosed here has been described through specific embodiments and applications therein, those skilled in the art can make numerous modifications and changes within the scope not exceeding the scope set forth in the claims.

Claims (19)

Translated fromChinese

1.一种用于分布光发射器的辐射发射的光学设备，包括：1. An optical device for distributing radiation emission from a light emitter, comprising:下部传递区；以及the lower transfer area; and位于下部传递区之上的上部射出器区，所述下部传递区可用于所述光发射器上的放置并且可通过内全反射将辐射发射基本全部传递至所述上部射出器区，所述上部射出器区被成形为使得所述发射外部重新分布大致呈立体角。an upper emitter region located above a lower transfer region, the lower transfer region being operable for placement on the light emitter and capable of transferring substantially all of the radiant emission by total internal reflection to the upper emitter region, the upper The injector region is shaped such that the emission outer redistribution is approximately solid angle.2.如权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，下部传递区是具有椭圆形状轮廓的旋转体，其中椭圆的长轴平行于该旋转体的轴线并从该旋转体的轴线侧向偏移使得所述椭圆轮廓的焦点位于所述轴线相反一侧。2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the lower transfer zone is a body of revolution having an ellipse-shaped profile, wherein the major axis of the ellipse is parallel to and laterally offset from the axis of the body of revolution Such that the focus of the elliptical profile is on the opposite side of the axis.3.如权利要求2所述的设备，其特征在于，所述上部射出器区是直径与传递区顶部直径相同的圆柱体，所述圆柱体在其顶部表面上具有圆锥形凹陷。3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the upper injector zone is a cylinder having the same diameter as the top diameter of the transfer zone, the cylinder having a conical depression on its top surface.4.如权利要求2所述的设备，其特征在于，所述侧向偏移大致等于在所述椭圆焦点处所述椭圆的半径。4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the lateral offset is approximately equal to the radius of the ellipse at the focus of the ellipse.5.如权利要求4所述的设备，其特征在于，所述上部射出器区是二次曲面。5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the upper injector region is a quadric surface.6.如权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述上部射出器区是球状的。6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the upper injector region is spherical.7.如权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述上部射出器区是球面的锯齿部分。7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the upper injector region is a sawtooth portion of a sphere.8.如权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述上部射出器区是圆柱体。8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the upper injector region is a cylinder.9.如权利要求1所述的光学设备，其特征在于，还包括通过浸入固体透明电介质光学耦合至所述下部传递区的发光二极管(LED)，所述电介质的外部形状形成了所述下部传递区的上部并形成了所述上部射出器区，其中浸入环绕所述LED的所述电介质中的反射杯形成了所述下部传递区的下部，所述电介质的所述外部形状具有正向脱模剂。9. The optical device of claim 1, further comprising a light emitting diode (LED) optically coupled to the lower transfer region by immersion in a solid transparent dielectric, the outer shape of the dielectric forming the lower transfer region. region and forms the upper emitter region, wherein a reflective cup immersed in the dielectric surrounding the LED forms the lower portion of the lower transfer region, the outer shape of the dielectric has a positive release agent.10.如权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，还包括10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising光学耦合至所述下部传递区的光发射器；以及a light emitter optically coupled to the lower transfer region; and安装在所述光发射器之下的基部，所述基部包括用于所述光发射器的电源和控制电子装置，所述基部具有导电侧面以及与所述导电侧面电极性相反的电学分隔终端装置，所述基部具有用于由所述光发射器产生的热的热传导路径。a base mounted below the light emitter, the base including power supply and control electronics for the light emitter, the base having conductive sides and electrically separated terminations of opposite polarity to the conductive sides , the base has a thermal conduction path for heat generated by the light emitter.11.如权利要求10所述的设备，其特征在于，还包括所述基部之上的透明外壳，所述外壳包围着所述上部和下部传递区和所述光发射器。11. The device of claim 10, further comprising a transparent housing over said base, said housing surrounding said upper and lower transfer regions and said light emitter.12.如权利要求11所述的设备，其特征在于，还包括包围着所述透明外壳并且其焦点位于所述上部射出器区上的抛物面反射器。12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a parabolic reflector surrounding said transparent housing and having a focus on said upper emitter region.13.如权利要求12所述的设备，其特征在于，所述上部射出器区具有扩散表面。13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the upper ejector region has a diffuse surface.14.一种用于分布光发射器的辐射发射的光学设备，包括由基本透明材料制成的多个离轴椭球体，所述椭球体都在每个椭球体的焦点处被截断，并且所述椭球体相互纵向耦合以提供内全反射通道。14. An optical device for distributing radiation emission from a light emitter, comprising a plurality of off-axis ellipsoids of substantially transparent material, the ellipsoids being truncated at the focus of each ellipsoid, and the The ellipsoids are coupled longitudinally to each other to provide a total internal reflection channel.15.如权利要求14所述的设备，其特征在于，它具有带有分级子波长粗糙度的表面，用于将所述发射光反射散射出所述设备。15. The device of claim 14 having a surface with a graded sub-wavelength roughness for reflective scattering of said emitted light out of said device.16.一种用于分布光发射器的辐射发射的光学设备，包括：16. An optical device for distributing radiation emission from a light emitter, comprising:由基本透明材料制成的扩展器区，它用于接收所述辐射发射、增宽所述辐射发射并且通过内全反射将所述辐射发射的角度范围至少减小到圆柱形光导的角度范围；以及an expander region of substantially transparent material for receiving said radiation emission, broadening said radiation emission and reducing the angular extent of said radiation emission by total internal reflection to at least that of the cylindrical light guide; as well as耦合至所述扩展器区并由基本透明材料制成的圆柱形射出器区，用于经由该圆柱形射出器区的分级的子波长表面粗糙度来接收并射出所述角度变窄的辐射。A cylindrical emitter region coupled to the expander region and made of a substantially transparent material for receiving and emitting the angularly narrowed radiation via the graded sub-wavelength surface roughness of the cylindrical emitter region.17.如权利要求16所述的光学设备，其特征在于，还包括延伸横过所述射出器区远端的平面镜。17. The optical device of claim 16, further comprising a plane mirror extending across the distal end of the emitter region.18.如权利要求16所述的光学设备，其特征在于，还包括在所述射出器区远端的第二扩展器区和光学耦合至所述射出器区所述远端的光发射器。18. The optical device of claim 16, further comprising a second expander region distal to the emitter region and a light emitter optically coupled to the distal end of the emitter region.19.如权利要求18所述的设备，其特征在于，所述子波长粗糙度在离两个所述扩展器区等距处所述射出器区的周边上最高，而在所述扩展器区附近最小。19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein said sub-wavelength roughness is highest on the perimeter of said emitter regions at equidistant distances from both said extender regions and in said extender regions The smallest around.

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