CA1340917C - Encapsulation of applications for inclusion within an object management facility environment - Google Patents

Abstract

A computing system having an object management facility is presented. The object management facility manages a plurality of objects. Each object references an application designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility. The computing system also includes an encapsulation system which facilitates the inclusion in the computing systems of a first application not designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility. The encapsulation facility includes an encapsulation shell and a shell filter. The encapsulation shell is referenced by objects as if the encapsulation shell was an application designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility. The encapsulation shell also acts as an interface between the object management facility and the first application. The shell filter interacts with the encapsulation shell and upon instruction from the encapsulation shell is. able to intercept commands from a user to the first application. The shell filter also forwards to the first application commands generated by the encapsulated shell.

Description

ENCAPSULATION O:F APPLICATIONS FOR INCLUSION WITHIN AN
OBJECT MANAGEMENT FACILITY ENVIRONMENT
Background The .present invention relates to the encapsulation o:E applications to be run on an object management: faci_Lity.
One problem that has made computer use difficult is inefficient file management systems. For instance, in a direcaory, there cannot exist two files with the same name.
Further, there is data incompatibility between data files which are originated by different computer applications. Typically, each computer application operates independently from other computer applications. It is extremely rare that data from one computer application may be effectively incorporated into data from another application. If data is incorporated, it is difficult if not impossible to modify. Furthermore, once data has been transferred from a first application to a second application, it is usually impossible to return the data back to the first application to be modified.
Once an environment has been presented which allows the effective transfer of data between applications, there remains the prbblem of upward compatibility for applications which were not originally designed to function in the environment.
Summary of the Invention In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present= invention a computing system having an object management facility is presented. The object management facility manages a plurality of objects.
Each object references an application designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility. The computing system also includes an encapsulation system which facilitates the inclusion in the computing system of a first application not designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility. The encapsula-~ion facility includes an encapsulation shell and a she:Ll filter. The encapsulation shell is referenced by objects as if the encapsulation shell was an application designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility. The encapsulation shell also acts as an interface between the object management facility and the first application. The shell filter interacts with 'the encapsulation shell and upon instruction from the encapsulation shell is able to intercept commands from a user to the first application. The shell filter also forwards to the first application commands generated by the encapsulated shE~ll.
The encapsulated shell may be used for a variety of applications. In order that the encapsulated shell may know particular information about a particular application, each application to be encapsulated by the encapsulated shf=_11 has associated with it configuration propertie:~ . Likewise, a menu/macro definii:ions file may be associated with an encapsulated application and accessed by the encapsulated shel:L in order to define macros and menus made available to the user by the encapsulation shell and the shell filter.
Other aspects of this invention are as follows:
In a computing system having an object management facility which manages a first plurality of objects, each object referencing' an application designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, a method for adapting into the object management facility files generated by a first application not designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) placing' data files generated by the first application into a. default directory;
(b) upon closing the first application, searching the default directory for files created or modified while the first application was open; and, (c) for every created or modified file found in step (b) which is not already linked to an object, creating a new object referencing the first application and linking the ne.w object to the file found in step (b).
In a computing system having an object management facility whp_ch manages a first plurality of objects, each object referencing an application designed to run in conjunction with ithe object management facility, a method for adapting into the object management facility files generated by a first application not designed to run in conjunction with 'the object management facility, the method comprising the steps of:

3a 13 4 0 9 17 (a) placing dat<~ files generated by the first application for use by the first application into a first default director5r:
(b) placing data files generated by the first application for use by second application into a first default directory;
(c) upon c7_osing the first application, searching the first default: directory for files created or modified while the first application was open;
(d) for evEary created or modified file found in step (c) which is not already linked to an object, creating a new object .referencing the first application and linking the new object to the file found in step (b):
(e) upon c7_osing the first application, searching the second defau7_t dircsctory for files created or modified while the fir:at application was open;
(f) for every created or modified file found in step (e) which i:~ not already linked to an object, creating a new object :referencing the first application and linking the new object to the file found in step (e).
In a computing system having an object management facility which manager a first plurality of objects, each object referencp_ng an application designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, a method for converting into the object management facility files generated by a i_'irst <~pplication not designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, the files being for use by a second application which is 3b 13409 17 designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) placing data files generated by the first application into a conversion default directory;
(b) upon closing i~he first application, searching the conversion default directory for files created or modified while the' first: application was open: and (c) for every created or modified file found in step (b) , performi.ng thEa following substeps:
(cl) creating a new object referencing the second application, and (c2) activating the new object and sending the new object a message in=atructing the new object to convert the created or modified file.
In a computing system which includes a cursor and an icon displayed on a monitor, the icon being used to reference a data file, and which includes, a first software application which is able to utilize data in the data file, a second software application which is able to utilize data in the data file and input means for allowing a user to position the cursor and to perform other actions which are detectable by the computing system, a method comprising the following steps:
(a) at the direction of a user using the input means, placing the cursor over the icon;
(b) upon the user performing a first set of operations using the input means, starting the first software application, th.e first software application performing operations on. data within the data file; and, (c) upon the user performing a second set of operations using the input means, starting the second software application, the first software application performing operations on data within the data file.

13409 ~7 In a computing system which includes a cursor and an icon displayed on a monitor, the icon being used to reference a data file, and which includes a software application which is able to utilize data in the data file, an encapsulation program, and input means for allowing a user to position the cursor and to perform other actions which are detectable by the computing system, the encapsulation program including a first set of parameters which specify a first way in which the software application is to use the data file and a second set of set of parameter~~ which specify a second way in which the software application is to use the data file, a method comprising the following steps:
(a) at the d.irecti.on of a user using the input means, placing the cursor over the icon;
(b) upon the: user performing a first set of operations using the input means, starting the software application utilizing the first set of parameters; and, (c) upon the: user performing a second set of operations using the input means, starting the software application using the sEacond set of parameters.
Brief Description of the Drawing's Figure 1 is a block diagram of a computer in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 2 shows a block diagram which illustrates the relationship between objects, applications and data files in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 2A is a block diagram showing class properties associated with an Application and object properties asso~~iated with objects in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.

3d 13409 17 Figure 3 shows a plurality of objects linked in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 4 shows a series of objects serving as folders, as parents of objects containing data, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 5 illustrates the screen display which results from linking of various objects in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 6 shows the: linking of objects in order to create the screen display shown in Figure 5.

Figure 7 shows how three objects may be linked together in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 8 and Figure 9 illustrate how an object may be copied in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the pr<=sent invention.
Figure 10 and Figure 11 illustrate the copying of a public object in accordance to a preferred embodiment of the present .invention.
Figures 12 through Figure 71 show the appearance on a screen of a session in which a user manipulates objects in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invc=ntion. Also shown are block diagrams of how objects appearing to the user are linked in accordance to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 72 is a block diagram of an Object Management Facility (OMF) in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 7:3 shows a block diagram of the organization of HPOMF.CAT, a system file included in the OMF shown in Figure 72.
Figu_=a 74 shows, the relation between a global parent and global objects in accordance with the preferred embod:_ment of the present invention.
Figure 75 .is a block diagram which shows how system files wii=hin the OMF shown in Figure 72 accesses ~~ata files and applications from a memory shown in Figure 1.
Figure 76 is a block diagram of the organization of the memory shown in Figure 75.

FigL,re 77 and Figure 78 show objects and links in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 79 is a block diagram of the organization of HPOMF.:?~RF, a system file included in the OMF shown in Figure 72.
Figure 80 shows a view specification record in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 81 shows the use of a snapshot in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention., Figure 82 shows the data path of a view when there is no snapshot, in accordance with a preferred embodiment: of the present invention.
Figure 83 shows the data path of a view when there is a snapshot, in accordance with a preferred embodiment= of t:he present invention.
Figure 84 shows an encapsulation shell interacting with the OMF shown in Figure 72 in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention"
Figure 84A shows a file structure for the computer shown :in Figure 1 in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 84B shows the anatomy of a File 8pecificat:ion for programs which function on the MS-DOS
operating systern.
Figures 85 through Figure 120 and Figure 123 through Figure 1.40 show the appearance on a screen of a session in which a user manipulates objects for applications which are encapsulated by the encapsulation shell shown in Figure 84.
Figure 121 and Figure 122 show a flowchart which describe 1=he steps taken by the encapsulation shell when a program is closed.
Figure 141 contains a flowchart which discloses the process performed by the encapsulation shell shown in Figure 84 when an object for an encapsulated application is opened in accordance with the preferred embodiment. of the present invention.
Figure 142 contains a flowchart which discloses the process performed by the encapsulation shell shown in Figure 84 wh~=n a file is activated.
Figure 143 contains a flowchart which discloses the proce:~s per:Eormed by the encapsulation shell shown in Figure 84 whc=_n an object for an encapsulated application is ~~reated in accordance with the preferred embodiment. of the present invention.
Figure 144 shows the types of records within the file HPOMF.DOS .in accordance with the preferred embodiment. of the present invention.
Figure 14'i shows the logical structure of records within the file HPOMF.DOS in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment Figure ._ shows a computer 18 having a monitor 14, a keyboard .L9 and a mouse 20. A portion of computer main memory 17 is shown by an arrow 9 to be within computer 18. Within computer memory main 17 is shown an object management facility (OMF)100, an application 101, an application 102, an application 103, an application 104, ._ 134091 an application 105 and an application 106.
Each of applications 101 to 106 store data using objects. :nor instance, in Figure 2, application 101 is shown to have stored data using an object 202, an object 203, an object 204 and an object 205. Similarly, application 106 is shown to have stored data in an object 20'7, an object 208, an object 209 and an object 210. OMF 100 stores information indicating which objects go with which application. Objects which are associated with a single application are considered to be objects of the same type, or the same class. For instance, objeci~ 202, 203, 204 and 205 are of the same class because each is associated with application 101.
Similarly objecl=s 207, 208, 209 and 210 are of the same IS class because each is associated with application 106.
All objects of t=he same class use the same application.
When an applicat=ion is being run by computer 18, OMF
100 informs the application which object the application should access for data. That object is then considered to be active. An object is inactive when the application the object is associated with is not being run by computer 18, or when the application the object is associated with is being run, but is not being run with the data of: that object.
Active obj~=cts can communicate with each other using messages. For example if two instances of applicaticn 101 are being run by computer 18, one with the data cf object 202 and the other with the data of object 203, object 202 and object 203 are both active.
Therefore object: 202 may send a message 211 to object 203. Similarly, if computer 18 is running application 101 with 1=he data of object 202, and is running application 106 with the data of object 207, object 202 and object 207 are both active. Therefore, object 202 may send a message 212 to object 207.
Messages, such as message 211 and 212 may be formatted 15 to be sent and received by all types of objects. ,his allows for free communication between all active objects. This also allows new object types to be defined and adds=d to the system without requiring that the existing object types be updated to use the new type.
Each object has associated with a set of data files. For inst<~nce, object 210 is shown to have associated with it a data file 221, a data file 222 and a data file 223. Data in data files 221, 222 and 223 are in a i=ormat which can be interpreted by application 106.
Each object has associated with it a list of properties>. Each property has a name and a value which may be accessed by specifying the name. In addition, each clas:~ of objects has associated with it a list of propertie;> that are common to all objects of that class. For instance, in Figure 2A, object 205 and application 101 are shown. Object 205 has associated with it a property 231, a property 232, and a property 233. Application 101 has associated with it a property 131, a prc>perty 132 and a property 133.
Property lists can contain any number of properties. Each property value can be from zero to 3,2762 bytes in length. Properties are used to store descriptive information about objects and classes, such as names, comments and so on.
Objects may have references to other objects.
These references are called links. Links are directional: one object is called the parent, the other the child. Each link has a reference name which is a number that is assigned by the parent object to identify ~=ach of its children. All of an object's children, its children's children, and so on are collectively called that object's descendents.
Similarly,, an object's parents, its parents' parents, and so on,, are collectively called that object's ancestors. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention,, an object which may be manipulated by a user, can have zero or more children and one or more parents. An object is not allowed to become its own descendent, .
In Figure 3 is shown an object 301, an object 302, an object :303, an object 304, an object 305, an object 306, an «bject 307, an object 308 and an object 309. Objects 30:L-309 have links with reference names which are numbers shown in parenthesis by each link.
Object 301 has a link 310, with reference name "1", to object 302. Object 301 has a link 311, with reference name "2", to object 303. Object 302 has a link 312, with reference name "7", to object 304. Object 302 has a link 31~~, with reference name "8", to object 305.
Object 303 has a link 314, with reference name "1", to object 30Fi. Object 303 has a link 315, with reference name "4", to object 307. Object 304 has a link 316, with reference name "1", to object 308. Object 305 has a link 317, with reference name "7", to object 308.

Object 306 has a link 318, with reference name "8", to object 309. Ob=ject 307 has a link 319, with reference name "9", to object 306. Object 307 has a link 320, with reference name "13", to object 309. Object 308 has a link 321,, with reference name "1", to object 15 309. Object 308 has a link 322, with reference name "3", to object 303.
Object 301 is a parent of 302 and 303. Object 303 is a child of object 301 and of object 308. Each of objects 302-3C)9 are descendents of object 301.
Descendent=s of object 303 are objects 306, 307 and 309.
Object 309 has for ancestors all of objects 301-308.
Object 303 has for ancestors objects 301, 302, 304, 305 and 308. And so on.
Active objects can dynamically make and delete links to other objects. When a link to an object is deleted, OMF 100 checks if the object has any other parents. If not, OMF 100 destroys the object by deleting the data files of the object and reclaiming other storage space associated with the object.
Object links may be used for various purposes.
For example, fo7_ders may be in the form of objects. The children of objE'Cts used as folders may be objects containing data for use with various applications, or the objects may be other folders. Figure 4 shows an example of the use of objects as folders. An object 401 (also called folder 401), an object 402 (also called folder 402), an object 403 (also called folder 403) and an object 404 (also called folder 404) are used as folders. Folder 401 contains an object 405, used to contain data, are object 406, used to contain data, an object 407, used to contain data, and folder 402.
Folder 402 contains an object 408, used to contain data, folder 403 and folder 404. Folder 403 contains an object 409, used to contain data, and an object 410, used to contain data. Folder 404 contains an object 411, used to contain data, an object 412, used to contain data and an object 413, used to contain data.
A more sophisticated use of links is to construct compound objects. For instance in Figure 5, a document 510 contains lines of text 511, lines of text 512, a graphics figure 513, a graphics figure 514 and spreadshe~at data 515. As shown in Figure 6, text and formatting data is stored in an object 611, graphics data for graphics figure 513 is stored in an object 612, graphics data for graphics figure 514 is stored in an object 613 and spreadsheet data 515 is stored in object 614. Links that are used to build compound objects a:Lways have some kind of data transfer associated with the link and hence are called data links. In Figure 6 is shown a data link 615, a data link 616 and a data link 617. In document 510, data from object 612, object 613 and object 614 are merely displayed,. them=_fore data link 614, data link 615 and data link 616 a:re visual data links. In a visual data link, the parent/ will send requests to its child to display data wiv~hin the parent's window.
In Figure 7, an object 701, which contains data for a first spreadsheet, is linked through data link 704 to an object. 702, which contains data for a second spreadsheet, and is linked through data link 705 to an object 70.., which contains data for a third '~;~~.

13409 1~
spreadsheet. Th.e first spreadsheet uses data from the second spreadsheet and from the third spreadsheet.
Since the first spreadsheet does more than merely display data from the second and the third spreadsheets, data link 704 and data link 705 are called data-passing data links.
OMF 100 does the "bookkeeping" when objects are copied or mailed. When an object is copied, OMF 100 makes copies of data files associated with the object.
l0 If the object being copied has children, OMF 100 also makes copies of the object's descendents, and builds links between the new objects to give the new compound object the same structure as the original.
For instar..ce, Figure 8 shows object 308, from Figure 3, and the descendents of object 308. When OMF
makes a copy of object 308, OMF copies each of object 308's descendents and the links shown in Figure 8.
Figure 9 chows a copy of object 308. Object 308a is a copy of object 308. Object 303a is a copy of object 303. Object 306,s is a copy of object 306. Object 307a is a copy of object 307. Object 309a is a copy of object 309. Link 321a is a copy of link 321. Link 322a is a copy of link 322. Link 314a is a copy of link 314.
Link 315a is a copy of link 315. Link 318a is a copy of link 318. Link 319a is a copy of link 319. Link 320a is a copy of link 320.
In the preferred embodiment, the default behavior results in the copy of a parent's children when the parent is copied. However, when a child is designated as "public:" it .is not copied. Rather, a copy of the parent includes a link to the child. For instance, in Figure 10, a parent object 161 is to be copied. Parent object 161 is linked to a child object 162 through a link 163. Child object 162 is a public object. As shown in Figure 11, copying of parent object 161 results in new object 161a being linked to object 162 through a new link :163a. Object 161a is a copy of object 161.
Link 163a is a copy of link 163.
In figure 12 through Figure 71, it is shown how objects 2.'~ are displayed to a user on monitor 14. In Figure 12 a "NewWave Office" desktop is shown to include icons l,sbelled as "File Drawer", "Waste Basket", "Diagnostic", "Printers", "Star" and "My Folder". A user (not shown) has manipulated a cursor 781, using keyboard 19 or mouse 20, to select "My Folder".
Figure 13 shows how the objects displayed on monitor 19 are .Linked. NewWave Office (shown as an object 700) is t=he parent of "File Drawer" (shown as an object 701) through a link 711, of "Waste Basket"
(shown as an ob=ject 702) through a link 712, of "Diagnostic" (shown as an object 703) through a link 713, of "F~rinters" (shown as an object 704) through a link 714, of "My Folder" (shown as an object 705) through a link 715 and of "Star" (shown as an object 706) through a 1_ink 716.
In F=_gure 14, the user, using cursor 781, has selected "Create a New..." in a pull down menu 782. As a result of thi~~ selection a dialog box 779 appears as shown in Figure 15. Using cursor 781, the user has highlighted the icon "Layout" and using keyboard 19 has typed in the name "Paste Up" as a name for a new object ~~-;,.

to be created. Cursor 781 now points to a region labelled "OK". Once this region is selected, a new object titled "Paste Up" is created, as is shown in Figure 16.
In Figure 17, "Paste Up" is shown as an object 707 linked as a child of NewWave Office through a link 717.
The basic clipboard operations are Cut, Copy, and Paste. The user must select the data that is to be moved or copied, and then give either the Cut command or the Copy command. Cut moves the selected data to the clipboard (deleting it ,.

from its original loc:ation). Copy makes a copy of the selected data o~n the clipboard. The user must then select the location where he: wants the data to be moved or copied to, and give th.e Paste command. This command copies the contents of the clipboard to the selected location.
In Figure 18 a user is shown to have selected "Paste Up". The selection i.s represented by the icon for "Paste Up"
being displayed using inverse video. With cursor 781, the user selects "Copy" from a pull down menu 783. In Figure 18a a Clipboard objects 720 is shown to be a parent of an object 708 through a link 721. Object 708, is a copy of object 707 ("Paste Up").
as shown j.n Figure 19, next the user selects "Paste"
from pull down men 783. The result, shown in Figure 20, is the addition of an object 708, pointed to by cursor 781, which is a copy of tree original "Paste Up" object 707.
In Figure 21, tlZe new object is shown as .object 708 linked as a child of NewWave Ottice through a link 718.
In Figure 22, "1~y Folder", has been opened by double clicking the icon for "Hy Folder" using cursor 781. The result is a new window 785 representing "Hy Folder".
In Figure 23, using cursor 781, "Paste Up" (object 708) is shown being dragged to window 785. In Figure 24, the process is comb>lete and "Paste Up" (object 708) is new in window "Hy Folder". In Figure 25, "Paste Up", shown as object 708, is now a child of "Hy Folder" through link 728.

The user sets up multiple links by using the Share command. This. command is an extension of the clipboard metaphor common in :software packages today for moving and copying data around the system. The clipboard is a special buffer that the system uses to hold data that is in transit.
In one way, they Share command operates similarly to the Cut or Copy command described above. That is, using Share, Cut, or Copy, the user selects some data first and then gives the Share command, which results in something being put on the clipboard. In the case of the Share command, however, what is put on the clipboard is neither the actual data nor a copy of the actual data. Instead, it is a link to the selected data. When this link is pasted, a permanent connection is made between the original data and the location of the Paste. Through use of OMF 100, this link is used by the involved applications to provide easy access to the original data (in its full application) and automatic updating when t:he original data is modified.
In Figure 26, the NewWave Office window hae been activated. "Pa~ate Up" (object 707) has been selected, as evidenced by "F~aste I1p" (object 707) being in inverse video.
Using cursor 78.1, "Share" from menu 783 is selected. In Figure 720, Clipboard object 720 is shown to be a parent of "Paste Up" ob~e~ct 707 through a link 722.
In Figure 27, window 785 has been activated. From a menu 787, "Paste" is selected. The result, ehovn in Figure 28, is an icon 707a appearing in window 785, which indicates that "Paste Up'' (object 707) is shared by window 785 and the NewWave Office window. In Figure 28A, as a result of the paste, "Paste i1p" is now shown to be both a child of Clipboard 720 through link 722 and a child of "My Folder" 705 through a link 727. In Figure 29, showing just the interconnection of objects visible to the user, "Paste Up"
(object 707) is~ shown to be a child of "My Folder" 705 through link 72;7. Since "Paste Up" (object 707) is shared, not copied, "Pa~,ste Up" (object 707) remains a child of NewWave Office through link 717.
One key feature of data links is automated data transfer. When a chj.ld object is open and the user changes a part of it which is "shared out", then it makes a call to oMF
100. OMF 100 checks if any o! the object's parents "care"
about this particular' change. If they care and if they are also open, OMF 100 sends to the parents a message informing them that new data ie~ available. The parent can then send messages to the child. to produce or display the data. This feature allows the user to establish compound objects with complex data dependencies, and then have changes made to any sub-part be automatically reflected in other parts. For example, changing a number in a spreadsheet could cause a graph to be re-drawn, and updated as a figure in a document.
And since an object can have many parents, a single object can be used as '"boiler plate" for any number of other objects. A change in the boiler plate will be reflected in all the objects which have links to it. Automated data transfer is illustrated in the following discussion.
In Figure 30, window 785 for "My Folder" has been closed. In Figure 31, cursor 781 is used to select "Create a New..." from pull down menu 782. As a result of this selection dialog box 779 appears as shown in Figure 32.
Using cursor 781, the icon HPText has been highlighted and using keyboard 19 the name "Sample Text" has been typed in as the name for a new object to be created. Cursor 781 now l0 points to a region labelled "OK". Once this region is selected, a new object titled "Sample Text" is created, as is shown in Figur~a 33.
In Figure 34, "Sample Text" (object 709) is shown to be a child of NewWave O:Efice through a link 719. In Figure 34, since "My Folder" hays been closed, "Paste Up" (object 708), link 728 and lLnk 72'7 are not shown. However, these still exist, but are not currently visible to a user.
In Figure 35, placing cursor 781 on the icon "Sample Text" and doub7le clicking a button on mouse 20 results in "Sample Text" being opened. In Figure 36, an open window 789 for "Saaple Text" is shown.
In Figure 37 a window 791 !or "Paste Up" (object 707) has been opened by double clicking on the icon !or "Paste Up". In Figures 38, using Cursor 781, controlled by mouse 20, a portion 790 0! the text o! "Sample Text" has been selected.
Tha portion in inver~sa video stating "New wave O!lice environment" i:~ portion 790.

19 13409 1~
In Figure 39, c:ursor 781 is used to select the selection "Share" in a pull down menu 792. In Figure 40, an area 793 in window 791 is selected using cursor 781. In Figure 41, a selection "Paste" is selected from a pull down menu 794 using cursor 781. In Figure 42, "Sample Text" is linked to "Paste Up" (object 70'7) and displayed text 790 is displayed in "Paste Up" window 791. In Figure 43 "Sample Text" (object 709) is shown i~o be .a child of "Paste Up" (object 707) through a link 729. In Figure 42, displayed text 790 is shown in gray becaus~s "Star" window 789 is open. In Figure 44, "Star" window 78'9 is closed so displayed text 790 is clearly displayed.
In Figure 45, a region 795 of window 791 is selected using cursor 781. Figure 46 shows cursor 781 dragging the icon "Star" into region 795 of window 791.
In Figure 47, data from "Star" (object.706) is now displayed in rEagion '795 of window 791. as may be seen in Figure 48, "Star" (Object 706) is now a child Of "Paste Up"
(object 707) through a link 726.
In Figure 49, a user has placed cursor 781 over region 795 0! window 791 and double clicked a button on mouse 20.
The result is t:he opening and display o! "Star" (object 706) in a window 79E~. Figure 40 shows the use o! cursor 781 to select selection "El:lipse" in a menu window 797 which results in the data within "Star" (object 706) being changed from a star to an ellipse. as shown in Figure 51, the result is a change both in data displayed in window 796 and data displayed in region '795 of window 791.
In Figure 52, cursor 781 is used to define a region 797 in window 791. In Figure 53, cursor 781 is used to select a selection "Create a New..." in pull down menu 798. As a result of this seleci:ion dialog box 799 appears in Figure 54.
Dialog box 799 contains icons for the two classes of objects available which are able to display data in region 797 of window 791. Using cursor 781, the icon "HP Shape" has been highlighted. Using l~;eyboard 19 the name "New Shape" has been typed in as then name for a new object to be created. Cursor 781 now points to a regions labelled "OK". Once this region is selected, a new object titled "Hew Shape" is created.
Data for "New Shape" is displayed in region 797 of window 791 as is shown in FigurE: 55. In Figure 56, "New Shape", (object 750) is shown t.o be a child of "Paste Up" (object 707) through a link 760.
In Figure 57 a window 800 for "New Shape" was opened by placing cursor 781 over region 797 of window 791 and clicking twice on a button on mouse 20. In Figure 58, cursor 781 is used to select the sErlection "Triangle" from a pull down menu 801. The result, as shown in Figure 59, is that a triangle is now displayed both in window 800 and in region 797 of window 791.
In Figure 60, window 800 has been closed. In Figure 61, "New Shape" is selected by placing cursor 781 over region 797 of window 796, and clicking a button on mouse 20. In Figure 62, cursor 781 is used to select selection "Share" from pull down menu 794. In Figure 63, cursor 781 is used to select a region 802 of window 791. In Figure 64, cursor 781 is used to select selection "'Paste" from pull down menu 794. The result, as shown in Figure 65, is the sharing of "New Shape"
with data from "New Shape" being displayed in region 797 and in region 802 o~f window 791. In Figure 66, "New Shape"
(object 750) is shown to have an additional link 770, from its parent "Paste Up"' (object 707).
In Figure 67, region 797 has been selected using cursor 781. Cursor 781 is then used to select selection "Cut" from pull down menu 794. The result, as seen in Figure 68, is that region 781 has been removed from window 791. In Figure 69, cursor 781 is usE~d to select selection "Paste" from pull down menu 783. The result, shown in Figure 70, is an icon for "New Shape"', pointed to by cursor 781. In Figure 71, "New Shape (object 750) is shown to now be a child of NewWave Office (object 100), through a link 780.
In Figure 72, OMF 100 is shown to contain seven system 2o files: systea file 601, system file 602, system tile 603, systea tile 604, system tile 605, system file 606 and system file 607. OlsF inter;Eaca 599 serves as interface of OMF to other programs running on computer 18. System tiles 601-607 serve as a data base that provides various information.
They provide information about object properties such as what class each obj~gct is what is the name of each object. System files 601-607 provide information about classes of objects 22 ~ 3 4 a 9 such as what application is associated with each class of objects, what :icon represents objects of a particular class and lists of what messages (such as those shown in Figure 2) can be processed by objects of a particular class. System files 601-607 also contain information about links between parent and child objects including a list of parents and reference name: of each link from a parent for each object;
a list of children and reference names of each link to a child for each objeci:; and additional information to manage data exchange~a~cross data links. additionally, system files 601-607 contain general information such as what files are installed in the operating system for each class that is installed, and what objects have requested automatic restart when the OMF 100 is restarted.
In the preferre<i embodiment of the present invention system file 601 is referred to as HPOMF.CAT, system file 602 is referred to as HPCiMF.CLS, systes file 603 is referred to as HPOMF.XRF, system file 604 is referred to as HPOMF.PRP, system file 605 is referred to as HPOMF.INS, system file 606 is referred to as HPO~MF.SDF and systea file 607 is referred to as HPOMFICO.NWE. !~ description of each system file is now given.
System file 601,. HPOMF.CaT, is also referred to as SYSCaT. HPOMF.C~T is a catalog of all the existing objects in the system. In Figure 73, HPOMP.CJ~T is shorn to be record oriented. HPOM:f.CaT has a plurality of file rscorda. In Figure 73, file record 0 through file record 8 are shown, 23 1 3 4 t~ 9 17 although HPOMF.CAT may contain many more file records than are shown in Figure 73. File record 0 is a header which contains various signatures and is used to manage a list of free file records. A signature is some known value which if present indicates that the file is not corrupted. File record 1 through file record 8 and additional file records (not shown) eiJther define an existing object, or are free.
In the preferred embodiment HPOMF.CAT can grow dynamically, as more file records are needed, but cannot shrink.
File record 1 defines a special object called the global parent. The global parent has a form different than every other object, <ind ma:y be regarded as a "pseudo" object.
Figure 74 show:a the global parent to be the parent of global object 250 through kink 260, global object 251 through link 261, global object 2'52 through link 262, global object 253 through link 263, global object 254 through link 264 and global object :?55 through link 265, as shown. Global objects 250-255 are also witlhin HPOMF.CAT. Each global object 250 -255 may be a parent of one or more objects in HPOMF.CAT.
Each object in HPOMF.CAT which is not a global object, is a descendant o! global object. Although Figure 74 shows only six global objEacts, vthe number of global objects operating on a system is a naatter of system configuration. Any object in the system can refer to a global object by by using the reference name of th~a link to that global object from the global parent.

24 ~ 3 ~ 0 9 1 7 As may be seen from Figure 73, file records in HPOMF.CAT are numbered consecutively. These numbers serve as tags, which identify each object.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, each record is 128 bytes in length. The fields for file record 0 are l3.sted in Table 1 below:
lFirstFreeEntry Contains the record number of the first free record in HPOMF.CAT, or "0" if there are no free records.
FileId Contains the null tenainated string "HPOMF.CAT". This serves as a signature.
Version Contains the file format version number, which also serves as a signature.
lMaxRecordNumbe:r Contains the number of the highest record ever allocated from within HPOMF.CAT (this highest record.may or may not be free) .
Table 2, below, contains the fields for file records in HPOMF.CAT for file rE:cords other than file record 0:

25 13 ~+ 0 9 ~7 lFirstFreeEntry Is "-1" if this record defines an object, otherwise this record is free and this field is the record number of the next free record, or "0" if there are no more free records. If the record is free, none of the other fields in the record is meaningful.

TypeInCla;ss Specifies the class of this object. This is the number of the record in HPOMF.CLS that indicates to which class the object belongs (see discussion of class above).

SysCatFlags Specifies if the object is global if the bit masked by the number 20 (hexadecimal) is set in this byte. In the preferred embodiment all other bit positions must contain "0" and are not used.

properties Specifies the number of properties, the length of the property names and the location in HPOMF.PRP of the object's properties. See the description of HPOMF.PRP below for further definition of the structure of this field.

fastprops Certain object properties, such as name, are so heavily accessed that they are stored directly in this field, rather than indirectly in the properties file. Properties stored in this field are called "fast properties."

System file 602, HPOMF.CLS is also referred to as SYSCL~.SS. This system file is a list of all installed classes in the system. It is record oriented. Tha first record, numberE:d 0, :Ls a header which contains various signatures (see above) and is used to manage a list of free records. All other records either define an installed class or are free. 7~n the preferred embodiment HPOMF.CLS can grow dynamically, but cannot shrink.
Each file record in HPOMF.CLS is thirty-two bytes in length. HPOMF.CLS file record 0 (the header) contains the following fields listed in Table 3:
Table 3 lFirstFreeEntry Contains the record number of the first free record in HPOMF.CLS, or "0" if there are no free records.

Fileid Contains the null terminated string "HPOMF.CLS"

version Contains the file format version number.

lMaxRecorctNumber Contains the number of the highest record ever allocated from within HPOMF.CLS (this highest record may or may not be free).

Table 4, t~elow, contains the fields for tile records in HPOMF.CLS for tile records other than tile record 0:

27 ~ 1340917 lFirstFreeEntry Is "-1" if this record defines an installed class, otherwise this record is free and this field is the record number of the next free record, or "0" if there are no more free records. If the record is free, none of the other fields in the record is meaningful.
ModuleFileName Specifies the name of the application associated with objects of this class as a null -terminated string.
properties: Specifies the number of properties, the length of the property names and the location in HPOMF.PRP of the object's properties. See the description of HPOMF.PRP below for further definition of the structure of this field.
In Figure 75, the relationship of HPOMF.CAT and HPOMF.CLS is shown. Within each object entry within HPOMF.CAT, the recordl number, which is an object's tag, serves as an identifier 650 of data files in a mass storage memory 170 associntedl with the object. The field "TypeInClass" serves as an identifier 651 of the class entry in HPOMF.CLS, which i,dentitise the class of each object.
Withfn each class entry in HPONF.CLS, the field "ModuleFileName" serves as an identifier 652 of the application file in mass storage memory 170 which is associated with. the class.
In Figure 76, the organization of a portion of mass storage memory 170 ie~ shown. A root directory 660 contains pointers to an HPNWDATA directory 661 and HPNWPROG directory 668. HPNWPROG directory 668 is the location of storage for applications files, represented by arrows 669. HPNWDATA
contains a plurality of HPOMFddd directories, represented by directories 662, 663, 664, 665 and 666. In the HPOMFddd directories are stored data files associated with objects.
The "ddd" in HPOMFddd stands for a three digit, leading zeros, hexadecimal number. Each HPOMFddd directory has a different "ddd" hexadecimal number. The "ddd" number indicates which HPOMF'ddd directory stores data files for a particular object. Data files for a particular object are stored in the HPOMFddd directory which has a "ddd" number equal to the tag for the object divided by an integer number, e.g., fifty four. Within each HPOMFddd directory, files are stored by tag numbers, e.g. data file names have the format xxxxxxxx.lll, wlhere "xxxxxxxx" is an eight digit leading zeros hexadecimal tag, and "111" are a reference chosen by the application.
System file 603, HPOMF.XRF is also referred to as 2o SYSXREF. This file is a list of all the links existing in the systea. It is record oriented, but does not have a header record. Each record file is either free, or defines an existing linJ~c, or is used as an overflow record from the previous record to specify additional view specification information. R~acords that contain view specifications are called view spe<afication file records. View specification file records can be identified only by a previous record which defines an existing data link; view specification file records cannot be identified by the content within a view specification file record. HPOMF.XRF is increased in size 16K bytes at a time. A newly allocated portion of HPOMF.XRF
is filled with zeros. File records within HPOMF.XRF which are free or which define a link have the following fields listed in Table 5:
ParentTag Contains the tag (HPOMF.CAT
record number) of the parent object of this link. If this field is 0, then this record does not define a link and is free.
ChildTag Contains the tag of the child object of this link. If ParentTag in this record is o, and this field is also 0, then no record beyond this record in HPOMF.XRF defines a link.
RefName Contains the reference name that the parent has assigned to the link. This field is meaningless if ParentTag or ChildTag is zero.
Otherwise, if the top three bits of this value are 110, the next record in the file is a view specification.
File records wiithin HPOMF.XRF which are view specification file records have the following fields listed in Table 5A:

able 5A
DataId Contains the value that the child has assigned to identify the part of itself that is being viewed through the link.
Snapshot Contains the tag (HPOMF.CAT
record number) of the object which is the view's snapshot, or if zero, the view has no snapshot. For further discussion of snapshots, see below.
Misc Composed of several bit fields described below:
VS_NE~iDATASET Set if child has told OMF

that new data is available, but has not been announced to the parent. The hexadecimal number 8000 0000 is a mask which indicates which bits are used for this bit field.

VS_NEPiDATAAPTNOUNCED Set if child has told OMF to announce new data to parent, but parent was inactive and was not notified. The hexadecimal number 4000 0000 is a mask which indicates which bits are used for this bit field.

VS Set if child has told OMF
SNAPSHOTOLD

_ that the view's snapshot is out-of-date. The hexadecimal number 2000 OooO

is a mask which indicates which bits are used for this bit field.

VS Set if child has told OMF
WI~fTMESSAGES

_ that it wants to process view nessagas when snapshot is out-of-date. The hexadecimal number 1000 0000 is a mask which indicates which bits ars used for this bit field.

VS TEXTDISx;LOC File position in HPOMF.PRP

where a view's 32 character textual data ID is located.

This contains zero if no textual data ID has been defined by the child. The low order five bits of the file position are always zero and are thus not stored in the Misc field. The hexadecimal number OFFF FFEO

is a mask which indicates which bits are used for this bit field.

VS INITIALIZED Set if the view specification has been initialized. If clear, all information in the view specification is zero. The hexadecimal number 0000 0010 is a mask which indicates which bits are used for this bit field.

VS RE:>ERVED Reserved for future 2 5 expansion. The hexadecimal number 0000 0008 is a mask which indicates which bits are used for this bit field.

VS VIE;WCLASS Specifies the view class the 3 0 child assigned to the view.

The view class defines what view methods are available to the parent. The hexadecimal number 0000 0007 35 is a mask which indicates which bits are used for this bit field.

For example, in Figure 77, object 671 is a folder and 40 has a tag of "6'~. object 671 is a parent of an object 672 through a link 674 and a parent of an object 673 through a link 675. Object 672 has a tag of "12". Link 674 as a reference name '"1". Object 673 has a tag of "19". Link 675 has a reference name "7". Reference names ara picked by the parent object and need to be unique for the particular parent object; however, other parents may have a link with the same reference name' provided each reference name is unique for each parent.
Figure 7~~ show;s a block diagram of HPOMF.XRF 603.
HPOMF.XRF contains an entry for each link between parents and children. In HPOMF.XRF 603 column 731 contains the tag of the parent for each link. Column 732 contains the tag of the child for each link. Column 733 contains the reference name for each link. The first three bit positions of column 733, shown in Figure 79 as sub-column 734, indicate whether a view specification file record is present ("110") whether no view specification :file record follows ("000") or whether the link is between is a link from the global parent to a global object ("100").
as may be seen, entry 735 is an entry which describes link 674 shown in Figure 77. That is, in column 731 of entry 735 there is the parent tag "6". In column 732 there is the child tag "12" and in column 733 there is the reference name "1". Since object 6'71 is a folder, there is no view, therefore the three bits within subcolumn 734 would be "OOO".
Similarly, entry 736 is an entry which describes link 675 shown in Fj.gure ',~7. That is, in column 731 of entry 736 there is the parent t:ag "6". In column 732 there is the child tag "19" and in column 733 theta is the reference name "7". Since object 671 is a folder, there is no view, therefore the three bits within subcolumn 734 would be "ooo".

In FigurE~ 78, c7bject 676 is a document and has a tag of "17". Object 676 i~; a parent of an object 677 through a link 679 and a parent of an object 678 through a link 680. Object 677 has a tag of "8". Link 679 as a reference name "1".
Object 678 has a tag of "21". Link 680 has a reference name n3n~
In Figures 79, an entry 737 describes link 679 shown in Figure 78. That is, in column 731 of entry 737 there is the parent tag "17". In column 732 there is the child tag "8"
and in column '733 there is the reference name "1". Object 676 is a document, and assuming there is a view associated with link 679, the three bits within subcolumn 734 contain the three bits "110" and entry 738 is a view specification record.
Similarly, an entry 739 describes link 680 shown in Figure 78. That is, in column 731 of entry 739 there is the parent tag "17~'. In column 732 there is the child tag "21"
and in column '133 there is the reference name "3". assuming there is a view associated with link 680, the three bits within subcolwon 734 contain the three bits "110" and entry 740 is a view specification record.
In Figure 80, view specification record 740 is shown to include a field 741 'which contains a data identification for the view, a fi~ald 742 which indicates whether there is a snapshot used an the view, and a field 743 which contains miscellaneous :Lnformation about the view. The data identification number' is used by the child object of the link, to determine what data is sent through the link.
Figures 3T - 43 show the establishment of a link with a view. As has been discussed before, in Figure 37 window 791 for "Paste Up" (object 707) has been opened by double clicking on the icon for "Paste Up". In Figure 38, using Cursor 781, controlled by mouse 20, portion 790 of the text of "Sample Text" has been selected. The portion in inverse video stating "lNew Wave Office environment" is portion 790.
In Figure 39, cursor 781 is used to select the selection "Share" in a pu:l1 down menu 792. Once "Share" is selected, child object 70!~ ("Sa:mple Text") creates a data identification nuunber which identifies portion 790 of the text to child object 709. Child object 709 also causes OMF
100 to put a link to .child object 709 on clipboard 720--Child object 709 communicates to OMF 100 through command set forth in Appendix H, attached hereto--. Child object 709 also informs OMF 100 what data identification number is associated with the new link between the child 709 and clipboard 720.
2o If there is a snapshot associated with the link, child 709 will also inform OHP':100 if there is a snapshot associated with the link. Snapshots are discussed more fully below. As a result OlSF 100 will make an entry in HPOI~P'.7QtF 603 for a link between clj.pboard 720 and child object 709. The view specification re:cord for the link will include the data identification number given to OIdF l00 by child 709.

In 1~igure 40, area 793 in window 791 is selected using cursor 781. In Figure 41, a selection "Paste" is selected from a pull down menu 794 using cursor 781. At this point parent object 707 ("Paste Up") requests OMF 100 for a link making him the parent of what is on clipboard 720. The view specification record for the between clipboard 720 and child 709 is copied for link 729 between parent 707 and child 709. In Figure 43 "Sample Text"
(object 709) is shown to be a child of "Paste Up"
(object 707) through link 729.
In figure 42, "displayed text 790 is displayed in "Paste Up" window 791. In accomplishing this, parent object 707 makes a call to OMF 100 asking that a message be sent to the object identified by the reference name for link 729. This message requests the child object 709 to display data from this link into a location specified by parent object 707. OMF
100 takes the message from parent 707, adds the data identification :number from the view specification record for link 729, and delivers the message to child 709.. Child 709 displays the data in the specified location, in this case area 793. The name of the message cent from parent 707 to OMF 100 to .child 709 is "D:ISPLAY VIEW", further described in Appendix E3, attached hereto.
Another message "PRINT SLAVE", also described in Appendix B, may be used when it is desired to print data on a printer rather than display data on a termina7_ screen.
In addition, Parent 707 may send a "GET SIZE"
message to child object 709. In a "GET SIZE"
message, parent object 707 identifies a reference name for link 729 and indicates coordinates for a display. OMF 100. takes the GET SIZE
message from parent '707, adds the data identification number from the view specification record for link 729, and delivers the message to child 709. Child 709 returns to parent 707 the size of the portion of the specified area that child 709 would use to display the data. This allows parent 707 to modify the region reNerved for displaying data from child 709 when child 709 is not able to scale the data to fit in the to region specified by parent 707.
When a data from a child object is being displayed by a parent object, and the child object changes the displayed data, the child objecas notifies OI~iF 100 that there has been a change in thEr data object. For example, as described above, in Figure 47, data from "Star" (object 706) now displayed in region 795 of window 791. and, as may be seen in Figure 48, "'Star" (object 706) is a child o! "Paste Up"
(object 707) tt:~rough a link 726. Since data is being passed from child ob j~rct 70t~ to parent object 707, link 726 is a data link which includes a view specification.
In. Figure 49, tlhe method for changing data in child object 706 is shown. ~ user places cursor 781 over region 795 of window T91 anc! double clicks a button on mouse 20.
The result is t:he opening and display o! "Star" (object 706) in a window 796. Usj.ng cursor 781 to select selection "Ellipse" in a menu window 797 results in the data within "Star" (object 706) being changed from a star to an ellipse.

as shown in Figure 5:1, the result is a change both in data displayed in window 7 96 and data displayed in region 795 of window 791.
Child object 706 accomplishes this change by making a call to OMF 100 stat~.ng that data associated with the data identification number associated with link 726 is changed.
OMF 100 looks up all of the links that use the data identification numbez-. If the parent object of any of the links is not active, OMF 100 sets the bit VS MEWDaTAr~NNOUNCED
for that link in HPOMF.?QZF. When the parent object is activated, the parent: object can then request the new data.
If the parent object is active, OMF 100 will send a message to the parent: object saying that new data is available. OMF 100 wrill identify to the parent object the reference name of then link for which there is additional data. The parent object sends a message to the child object if it wants the new data displayed. In the present case parent object 707 is active , and has requested the new data to be displayed in region 795 of window 791. 1~ further description of tha Viaw Specifications are found in appendixes H, C and D~.
The advantage of the present invention is that parent object 707 is able ta~ communicate with child object 706 through oMF 100, without parent object 707 or child object 706 knowing the identity or any other details about each other. The parent object identifies the link using only the reference name ~of the link. The child object identifies the link using just the data identification number of the link.
OMF 100 does a:ll they translation and identification of which links and which objects are involved.
System file 604, HPOMF.PRP, is also referred to as SYSPROP. HPOM:F.PRP contains all the object and class properties except for the fast object properties which are contained in HPOMF.C'AT. Each record in system file 601 (HPOMF.CAT) and system file 602 (HPOMF.CLS) has a properties field, as described above. Each properties field contains the fields described in Table 6 below:
DirDiskLo~c Contains the position (byte offset) within HPOMF.PRP of the property list directory.
nProps Contains the number of properties in the property list. This is the number of entries in the directory entry array described below.
PoolSize Contains the combined length of all the names of the properties in the property list, including a null-terminating byte for each name. This is the size of the directory name pool described below.
For each object. and for each class, at the DirDiskLoc 3o position in th~a HPOI~F.PRP file is the property directory for that object or that class. The directory has two major portions: the entry array, followed by the name pool. The 39 13409 1a entry array ha.s one entry for each property in the property list. Each entry has fields set out in Table 7 below:
Table 7 ValueLen Specifies the length in bytes of the associated property. This can be zero.
ValueDislc:Loc Contains the position within HPOMF.PRP of the value of the l0 associated property. If ValueLen is zero, this is also zero, and there is no value stored anywhere.
CacheOffset This field is only used at run time and is not meaningful in the file.
Immediately following the entry array is the name pool.
This portion of HPOMF.PRP contains the null-terminated names of properties :Ln the property list, in the same order as the entry array. 1?roperties may include such things as titles, user comments, date and time of creation, the user who created the ob.~ect, ~etc. For more information on properties, see appendix D.
HPOHF.PRP grows dynamically as need. ~t the beginning of HPOMF.PRP there ins a 128 byte bitmap which controls the allocation of i:he first 1024 pages of HPOItF.PRP. Each page is 32 bytes in length. These pages immediately follow the bit map. The bitmap is an array of words with the host significant bit: of each word used first. Thus, bits 15 through 0 of the first word of the bitmap control the allocation of pages ~D through 15 of the file, respectively.

When storage in the first 1024 pages is insufficient, a second bitmap is added to the file following page 1023. This bitmap controls the allocation of pages 1024 through 2047, which immediately follow the second bitmap. additional bitmaps and pages are added in the same way, as needed.
Each dirE~ctory and property value is stored as a single block in the file, i..e., as a contiguous run of pages that are all allocated in the same bitmap. This causes the restriction that no directory or value can exceed 32K bytes (1024 times 32) in length.
System file 605, HPOMF.INS, is also referred to as SYSINSTL. HPOMF.INS~ contains a list of the files that were copied to the systems when each class was installed. This information is used so that these files can be deleted when the class is de-installed.
The very beginning of HPOMF.INS is a double word value which serves as a validity/varsion identifier. In the preferred embodiment, the value of this double word must be 01017~BCD hex to be valid. In Table 8, this number is stored 2o as shown because of the protocols for storage in the particular praceasor used by the preferred embodiment, i.e.
an SOZ86 aicroprocessor made by Intel Corporation.
Followings the double word comes a series of variable length records. There is one record for each installed class. The first ward of each record is the length of the rest of the record, in bytes. This ie followed by the null -terminated class name of the installed class. Then follows 41 13+09 17 the file names of the files copied to the OMF directories, each terminated by ai null byte, and preceded by a byte which gives the length of the file name, including the length byte and the null terminator. If the file name begins with the special character "*", the file is assumed to be located in the HPNWPROG directory. If the file name begins with the special character "+" the file is assumed to be located in the HPNWDATA directory.
For example, assume two classes are installed: class "AB" and class "CDE". Class "AB" caused two files to be installed: "Z" to HPNWPROG directory 668 and "YY" to the HPNWDATA directory. Class "CDE" caused 1 file to be installed: "X:XX" to HPNWPROG directory 668. Given this case Table 8 below chows the contents of HPOMF.INS for this example:
offset content: comments 0 CD AH O1 01 File header/version check 4 OC 00 Length of AB record (12 decimal) 6 41 42 00 "AB" + Null 9 04 Length o! length byte "*Z" +

Null 1~1 2A 5A 0~0 "*Z" + Null D 05 Length of length byte + "+YY" +

Null E 2B 59 59 00 "+YY" + Null 12 O~r 00 Length of CDE record ( 10 decimal) 14 43 44 4~5 00 "CDE" + Null 18 06 Length of length byte + "*XXX"
+

Null 19 2A 58 5~8 58 "*XXX" + Null System File 60fi, HPOMF.SDF is also referred to as the "shutdown file". HP~OMF.SDF exists only when the system has been cleanly shut down. It is deleted as the system starts, and created as it shuts down. On startup, if this file is missing, OMF assumes that the last session ended abnormally, and so it goes through its crash recovery procedures to validate and repair the system files as best it can. The system files can be in an invalid but predictable state on a crash. These errors are corrected without user intervention.
Certain other lkinds of file consistency errors are detected, but are not really possible from an "ordinary" system crash.
These errors are in general not correctable and the OMF will not allow the system to come up in this case.
If HP~OMF.SDF is. present, it contains a list of objects.
When the system is being shut down normally, each object which is active at tlhe time can request that the OMF restart them when the faystem is restarted. The list of objects, then is the list of tags of obiects which have requested that they be restarted when th~a system is restarted.
The first word in HP~OMF.SDP is a flag 'word. If this word is non-zero, OM1F will execute its crash recovery code even though HPC)HF.SD1~ exists. Normal shutdown will set this flag when producing lthe file if some serious error occurred in the session being ended.
after the first word, the rest of the file is a sequence of three byte records. The first two bytes of each record contain the tack of the object to be restored. Tha least significant byte is 1'irst. The third byte is not used in the preferred embodiment,, and is zero.
For example, if the system is shut down cleanly in the last session and two objects, having tags of 2 and 7, respectively, have requested restart, the contents of HPOMF.SDF will be as set out in Table 9 below.
offset content comments 0 00 00 Indicates no crash recovery needed 2 0:? 00 Tag of first object to restart 4 00 Unused and reserved 5 07 00 Tag of second object to restart 7 00 Unused and reserved System fi7.e 7, HPOMFICO.NWE, is a Microsoft windows dynamic library executable tile which contains a dummy entry point and no data. Microsoft Windows is a program sold by Microsoft Corporation, having a business address at 16011 NE
36th Way, Redmond, Wa, 98073-9717. HPOMFICO.HWE also contains as "resources" t:he icons of each installed class. OMF
modifies HPOMF'ICO.NWE~ directly during run time, and loads and unloads it to get than icon resources from it. The format of HPOI~IF'ICO.NWE is defined in Hicrosott indows documentation distributed by :Hicrosott Corporation.
Normally working with a view (see discussion on views above) causes a child,'s application to be invoked. Where large applications are involved, this can cause a lot of unnecessary overhead. Tha use of snapshots allow this overhead to be eliminated.

A snapshot is .an object that uses executable code from a separate library referred to as a dynamic access library (or DAL) rather than using the full application executable code.
The only data file aissociated with a snapshot contains data which is to be sent from a child object to a parent object.
The code which encapsulates the data file although referred to as a dynamic library, is still stored in directory HPOMFPROG (directory 668).
For example, Figure 81 shows a parent object 501 linked to a child object 502 through a link 504. Associated with link 504 is a snapshot 503. Once child object has designated snapshot 503 in a view specification record for link 504, snapshot 503 i;s able to provide data from child object 502 to parent 501 witlhout the necessity of invoking an application associated witlh child object 502.
As shown in Figrure 82, when there is no snapshot, child obiect 502 musit be active in order to send view data 522 to parent object !501, i:n order for parent object 501 to display view data 522 :Ln a window display 521. In Figure 83, however, snapshot 503 is shown to provide view data 522 to parent object 501 without the necessity of child 502 being active. Further implementation details of snapshots are given is Appendix H, Appendix C and Appendix D.
A program not originally written for use with O>MF loo may be encapsulated and inherit many features of programs designed for use witl"~ OI~F' 100. In Chapter 6 of the HP
NewWave Environment: Programmer's Guide, attached hereto as Appendix D, implementation details for designing an encapsulating program are given. In Appendix E a listing i.s given of a program which provides for generic encapsulation of programs. In Appendix F, examples are given of files which need to be created for encapsulation of a program into the NewWave Environment.
With the use of Figures 84-145 the features of encapsulated applications are described.
Figure 84 is a block diagram which shows how an application 846 may be encapsulated for use with OMF
100. As may be understood from prior discussion and illustrated by Figure 84, typical applications 842 written for the NewWave environment are able to interact directly with a user 843 and with OMF 100.
Data files for applications 842 are part of OMF data files 840. When any of applications 842 wish to access data files, they do so through OMF 100.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, no modifications need be made to encapsulated appication 846 in order to integrate it into t:ne NewWave Environment. Encapsulated application 846 is allowed to continue to directly manipulates its own user data files 849. An encapsulation shell 845 serves as an interface between OMF 100 and encapsulated application 846.
Encapsulated application does not know that encapsulai_ion shell 845 exists, therefore encapsulal~ed application 846 does not send data to encapsulal=ion shell 845. However encapsulation shell 845 does interact with encapsulated application 846 and with user data files 849.
A shell filter 844 acts as a monitoring program between user 843 and sancapsulated application 846. Most communication between user 843 and encapsulated application 846, shell filter 844 merely passes on. However, where appropriate shell filter may intercept communication between user 843 and encapsulated application 846. Once the communication has bE~en intercepted shell filter may, for example, pass the communication to encapsulation shell 845 for further process~.ng.
Encapsulation e3hell 845 is written to generically handle a number of different types of applications. However, there is some information which encapsulation shell 845 needs to know about each encapsulated application. Therefore, each encapsulated application has associated with it configuration properties which encapsulation shell 845 accesses for information encapsulation shell needs to know about that encapsulated application. For encapsulated application 846, encapsulation esholl 845 accesses information stored in configuration ~proparties 847.
Further, using shell filter 844 and encapsulation shell 845 additional featu:ras may bo added to an encapsulated , application. Definitions for such added features particular to a specific Application may be stored in a separate file accessed by encapsulation shell 845. For exaaple, definitions for features specific to encapsulated application 846 are stored in a Tnenu/macro definitions file 848.
Figure 84A shows an an example of how a file structure may be implemented in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A root directory 850 has a plurality of sutxiirectories. A subdirectory 851 contains a series of subdirectories--e. g., subdirectory 855, subdirectory 85E~ and subdirectory 857--which contain OMF
object data files. The files within subdirectory 851 are files which are within the NewWave data domain, that is these files are accessed through OMF 100. A subdirectory 852 contains a series of saubdirectories--e. g., subdirectory 858, subdirectory 859, subdirectory 860 and subdirectory 861- -which contain encapsulation data files for various encapsulated apF>lications. Subdirectory 852 contains a second series of subdirectories--e. g., subdirectory 865, subdirectory 86E~ and subdirectory 867-- which contain temporary data files used for encapsulation conversion. A
subdirectory 853 contains files which include executable code which create and mafnl:ain the Newwave environment.
Subdir~ctory 854, subclirectory 862, subdirectory 863 and subdirectory 864 contain executable code for applications which are not specifically designed to operate in the NewWave environment.
In Figure 84H, the anatomy of a file specification for 21'~I
files used in MS-DOS :systems is shown. File specification includes a drive designation 874, a directory path 871, a file root name 872 and an extension 873.
In the followings discussions, a computer session in conjunction with figures depicting screens appearing on monitor 14, is used to illustrate the functionality of encapsulation shell 845 with an encapsulated application.
In Figure 85 the; window for NewWave office is shown to have a number o:E icons some of which represent objects which are encapsulated applications. Of the shown objects "AdvanceLink", "Info. access", "Terminal", "Calendar" arid "Calculator" are encapsulated applications.
From a user's point of view, creating a new encapsulated object may be done similar to creating ordinary objects. In Figure 85a, cur:nor 781 is used to select "Create a New..."
from pul 1 down ~aenu 7 8 2 .
after the selection, dialog box 779 appears, as shown in Figure 85. The five icons displayed within dialog box 779- -"~dvanceWrite" ~ "MS-Word",~"WOrdPerfect", "MS-Write" and "MS -ZM
Paint"--represent encapsulated applications. Icon "MS-Write"
is highlighted and thus selected. Cursor 781 now is used to select the region labelled "OK".
Once this region is selected, a dialog box 1101 appears, as shown in Fig~,u~e 87. a default directory for data files for "MS-write" appears in a region 1104. The default directory is "C:\HPNWDOS\MSWRITE". This correaponda to subdirectory 86:1 shown in Figure 84a. In a box 1102 is listed the existing applications files in the default directory. A

49 ~ 3 4 0 9 17 new name for a file may be written into a region 1106 using keyboard 19. In Figure 88, the name "sample" has been typed into region 1106. After cursor 781 is used to select the region labelled "OK", an object "Sample" appears in the window for "NewWave Office" as shown in Figure 89 and pointed to by cursor 781. A. data file "SAMPLE.WRI" is created and placed in directory "C:\HPNWDOS\MSWRITE" (subdirectory 861).
Although the user sees very few differences in the creation of an object which references an encapsulated program, OMF 100 and encapsulation shell 845 make various adjustments to the standard procedure. In the description of the flowchart in Figure 143, below, the process OMF 10o and encapsulation ,hell 845 go through when an object is created is described.
When cursor 781. is placed over the word "SAMPLE" in icon "SAMPLE" a button on mouse 20 is clicked, the directory location of the data file "SANPLE.WRI" is displayed, as shown in Figure 90. The object name "SAMPLE" may not be changed.
In the pretarr~ed embodiment, tha only way to change the name is-to copy the object, thus making a new data file in directory "C:\1EIPHWDOS\MSWRITE". Another click on a button of mouse 20 results in the directory location no longer being shown, as is s~aen in Figure 91. Tha application for "SAMPLE"
may be opened lby placing cursor 781 over the icon for "SAMPLE", as slhown in Figure 91, and twice clicking a button on mouse 20.

In the d~sscription of the flowchart in Figure 141, below, the process OMF 100 and encapsulation shell 845 go through before opening an object for an encapsulated application is, further described. Once OMF 100 determines that it can oF~en they encapsulated application, OMF 100 sends to encapsulation shell 845 a message to open the object associated with the selected encapsulated application.
Encapsulation shell 845 accesses configuration properties 847 for a command string' and parameters (and optionally a keystroke macro) which will start the selected encapsulated application. Encapsulation shell 845 monitors the initiation of the encapsulated application and installs shell filter 844 to control interactions between user 843 and the encapsulated application 846. The optional keystroke macro is fed to the encapsulated application via shell filter 844.
For encapsulated applications for which menu/macros have been written, encapsulation shell 845 secures information about menu/macros from menu/macro definitions tile 848. This information is maintained in the memory of computer 18 to allow shell fillter 8.44 to respond to any actions by the user which invoke a menu/~aacro. This involves, for example, the interception by shall filter 844 of a particular keystroke sequence. WhE~n this keystroke sequence is recognized, shell filter 844 displays t:he menus specified by atenu/macro definitions file 848.. ~t this point shell filter 844 intercepts all user c:ommanda from keyboard 19 or mouse 20 until user 843 selector a menu command or cancels the menu access. When a menu command is selected, shell filter 844 sends a keystroke macro, stored in menu/macro definitions file 848, which is associated with the selected menu command to encapsulated application 846.
In Figure: 92 a window 1103 is shown open for the application "write". "Write" is a word processing program distributed my Microsoft Corporation and is designed to operate in conjunction with Microsoft's Windows program.
The application names appears in the title of Window 1103 as "Write". Using keyboard 19, data may be entered as shown in Figure 93. Using cursor 781 to select "Exit" in a pull down menu 1105, as shown in Figure 94, starts the Exit process.
Shell filter 844 intercepts this message requesting termination. .~s shown in Figure 95, as part of the exiting procedure "Write" produces dialog box 1107 which asks whether the user wishes to save changes made to the file. If yes, thQ changes are made to data file "S1~MPLE.WRI" in directory "C: \FiPNWDOS\MS~WRITE~ .
Shell filter 844 notifies encapsulation shell 845 that the user is te:ra~inat.ing his session with encapsulated application 849. Encapsulation shell 845 informs otsF' ioo that the encapsulated application is closing. Encapsulation shell 845 terminates shell filter 844. Based on information supplied in co.nfigur~ation properties 847, encapsulation shell 845 performs automatic registration of files and file conversions procedures discussed below. Them encapsulation shell 845 returns control to O1KF 100.

52 ~ 3 4 0 9 17 When specified in configuration properties 847, encapsulation shell 845 performs automatic registration of files as follows. Encapsulation shell 845 records the system time when it ;starts encapsulated application 846. When encapsulated application 846 is terminated, encapsulation shell 845 searches 'the default referenced file area for the encapsulated application--i.e., the subdirectory of subdirectory 852 which corresponds to the encapsulated application--and compares a timestamp of each file with the recorded start: time of the encapsulated application. If a new file is lo~cated.and that file is not already referenced by an object, encapsulation shell 845 automatically creates a new object of the same class as encapsulation shell 845. The new object references the new file and encapsulation shell 845. The title of the new object is set to the file name of the new file. This process is done for all new files that are found. This allows the user to create new files while running the encapsulation program. When the application is closed, new icons are displayed which represent the files that ware created.
In addition, if specified by configuration properties 847, at tsraination time other subdirectories within subdirectory 8!i2 which represent other encapsulated classes may be searched for files which have a timastamp later than the recorded start time of the encapsulated application.
Encapsulation e;hell 845 may then create objocts for these "13409 1l files, which are of the appropriate class. These new files also appear as new icons when the application is closed.
In Figure 96, "'SAMPLE" has been closed.
Objects which include encapsulated applications may be manipulated by a user in the same way as the user manipulates normal objects. For example, in Figure 97 a new folder entitled "Important lDocs" has been created and opened. In Figures 97 and 98 Cursor 781 is shown moving the object "SAMPLE" to an opened window 1107 for folder "Important Docs". In Figure 99, object "SAMPLE" is shown within window 1107.
As shown an Figure 100, placing cursor 781 over the name "SAMPLE" and clicking a button on mouse 20 has resulted in the full name "'C:\HPNWDOS\MSWRITE\SAMPLE" appearing. The actual location of the data file "SAMPLE.WRI" in directory "C:\HPNWDOS\MSHtRITE" is unchanged, although the object "SAMPLE" has moved from the "NewWave Office" to folder "Important Doca~".
Also, "Cut:", "Paste", "Share" and "Copy" commands for 2o encap~sulatad ap~plicataons are performed by a user in the same way as the user performs "Cut", "Paste", "Share" and "Copy"
commands for ordinary objects. In Figure 101, the object "SAMPLE" has been selected. Cursor 781 is used to select the command "Cut" from a pull down menu 1109. The result, seen in Figure 102, is that object "SPrISPLE" has been "cut" from folder "Important Docs" and therefore no longer appears in window 1107. Also in Figure 102 the command "Paste" from pull down menu 783 is selected using cursor 781. The result, seen in Figure 103 is object "SAMPLE has been moved from folder "Important Docs" to "NewWave Office". Again, placing cursor 781 over the :name "SAMPLE" and clicking a button on mouse 20 resuli~s in 'the full name "C:\HPNWDOS\MSWRITE\SAMPLE"
appearing. The3 actual location of the data file "SAMPLE.WRI"
in directory "c::\HPNWDOS\MSWRITE" is again unchanged.
Also, in Figure 104, Object "SAMPLE" is shown highlighted and thus selected. The command "Share" in pull down menu 783 is selected using cursor 781. In Figure 105, the command "Paste" an pull down menu 1109 is selected. The result, shown in Figure 106, is object "SAMPLE" being shared, and appearing in both the window "NewWave O!lice" and in window 1107.
In Figure 107, Object "SAMPLE" in "NewWave Office" is shown highlighted and thus selected. Cursor 781 is used to select command "Copy'" in pull down menu 783. In Figure 108, cursor 781 is used to select.command "Paste" in pull down menu 783. The result, shown in Figure 109, is "Copy o!:
2o SAMPLE" appenr9.ng in "Newwave O!lice". At this point all files !or object "Copy o!: SAMPLE" are stored as ordinary objects, in one o! the subdirectories of subdirectory 851.
There is no near file placed in subdirectory 851, that is, directory "C: \HPNWD0:3\MSWRITE" .
When object "Copy ol:.Sample" is opened, by placing cursor 781 over "Cop!t ol:SAMPLE" and twice clicking a button on mouse 20, as shown in Figure 110, OMF 100 calls encapsulation slhell 845. Encapsulation shell 845 checks to see if a "copied object" flag is set. If the copied object flag is set, that indicates to OMF that the user is trying to open a "copied object" that is, an object which references data for an enc<ipsulated application which has been copied and for which the data file has not yet been stored in a subdirectory of subdi:rectory 851 and has not been moved to a subdirectory of subdirectory 852 where it is to be made available to thE3 encapsulated application. In the present case, since the user :Ls attempting to open a "copied object"
encapsulation smell 845 prompts the user for a new name by causing dialog box 1101 to appear, as shown in Figure 111.
~s can be seen from comparing Figure 88 with Figure 111, the file S1~MPLE.WRI has been added to box 1102. This happened when ob ject "S~trIIPLE" was created. ~a is seen from Figure 112, the user ha.s entE:red via the keyboard the new name "I~iYDOC2" for object "C:opy o!: Sample". ?rlter selecting the region "OK" in Figure 112 with cursor 781, encapsulation shell 845 moves the data file !rom its location in a subdirectory o! subdirectory 851 where it formally resided in the 01~ data file storage domain, to a location in subdirectory 861. Thern encapsulation shell 845 starts the application "Write" and gives "Write" the file name "IiYDOC2".
"Write" opens "MYDOC2 "' . The contents o! "I~iYDOC2" are a copy 0! data from object "SrrMPLE" and ars seen in window 1113 of Figure 113. When object "MYDOC2" is closed, an icon for "MYDOC2" is seen in "NewWave Office", as shown in Figure 114 and pointed to by cursor 781.
As shown in Figure 115, placing cursor 781 over the name "MYDOC2" and c:lickirng a button on mouse 20 results in the full name "C:\13PNWDO;S\MSWRITE\MYDOC2" appearing. The location of thca data file "MYDOC2" is in directory "C : \HPNWDOS\MSi~IRITE" .
As shown in Figure 116, a shorthand way of copying "MYDOC2" is to place cursor 781 over "MYDOC2", depress and hold the "Ctrl" Key on the keyboard while simultaneously depressing a button on mouse 20 and dragging cursor 781 to another location. During this operation the icon for "MYDOC2" remains highlighted in black, rather than becoming gray as when "acoved" or "opened". The result, shown in Figure 117, is the appearance of "Copy of: MYDOC2" on "NewWave Offices".
In Figure 118 o1b ject "I~iYDOC2" and "Copy of : MYDOC2" have been selected. These items may be removed from the system by selecting command "Throw Away" in pull down menu 783 as shown.
In Figure 119 cursor 781 is used to select the command "Destroy All Items" i.n pull down menu 1117. The result, shown in Figure 120, is the deletion of objects "MYDOC2" and "Copy of: NYDOC2". I:n the case of "MYDOC2, the encapsulation shell deletes the file in the user file area. For "Copy of:
HYDOC2", the OMF deletes the file in the OISF file area.

Figures 1.21 and 122 contain a flowchart which describe the steps taken by encapsulation shell 845 upon the closing of a current applicat=ion. The program executed by encapsulation ;hell F345, described by the flowchart, is entered upon tree closing of the current application, as indicated by a step 950.
In a step 951, a file HPOMF.DOS is accessed. HPOMF.DOS
is a file accessed and maintained by encapsulation shell 845 to keep track o~f MS-L>OS files. It provides the necessary infonaation to map OMF objects to encapsulated files.
HPOMF.DOS is further described herein in the discussion of Figures 144 and. 145. Using HPOMF.DOS encapsulation shell 845 obtains the property "PROP ENCAPDATADIR". Property "PROP ENCAPDATADIR" i.s a class property which indicates the default directory where DOS files are placed for the particular application which belongs to the class. A step 952 begins a loop in which each file in the default directory indicated by "PROP ENfCAPDATADIR" is checked.
In the first operation of the loop, performed in a step 953 and a step 954, the time/date stamp of a file within the default directory is checked. If the time date stamp of the file is later than th,e time/date stamp at which the application was opened the file is considered to be either new or modified.
If the file is new or modified, in a step 955, the root of the file name is obtained (see Figure 848). All the files within the default directory which have the same file name as the f i l a are c:onside~red part of the f i le s file set .
In a step 956 :it is determined, using file HPOMF.DOS
whether the file is linked to an object. If not, in a step 957, a new object of the class of the current application is created and linked t:o the file set of the file. Also, in a step 958, a new entry is added to HPOMF.DOS for the file set (see Figure 145).
If the file is already linked to an object, in a step 959, it is determined whether the object is active. If the file is active, in a step 960, the object is sent a message indicating that the file has changed.
once the loop beginning at step 952 is complete, the class property "PROP EXPORTEDENCAP" for the current application is checked in a step 961. The property "PROP EXPORTED:ENCAP", if it exists for the current application, contains a list of classes of encapsulated applications other than the current application. The purpose of listing these applications is so that the default directory where each of these encapsulated applications store DOS f i 1 ea may be checked .
A step 962 begins a loop in which the default directory for each encapsulated application listed in "PROP_EXPORTED1~1CAP" is checked. In the first operation of the loop, performed in a step 963, the HPOHF.DOS tile is accessed to obi:ain the identity of the default directory for each encapsulated application. It is included in the class property "PROP_ENCAPDATADIR" for that encapsulated application.
Once the class property "PROP ENCAPDATADIR" has been obtained for a particular encapsulated application, another loop is entered beginning at a step 964. In this loop each file in the default directory specified by "PROP-ENCAPDATA,DIR" f:or the particular encapsulated application is checked.
In the first operation of the loop, performed in a step 965 and a step 966, t:he time/date stamp of a file within the default directory is checked. If the time date stamp of the file is later than the time/date stamp at which the application was opened the file is considered to be either new or modified.
If the file is new or modified, in a step 967, the root of the file name is obtained (see Figure 84B). all the files within the default directory which have the same file name as the file are considered part of the file~a file set.
In a step 968 it: is determined, using file HPOHF.DOS
whether the lilt is linked to an object. If not, in a step 969, a new object of the class of the current application is created and lin;kad to the file set o! the file. J~lso, in a step 970, a new entry is added to HPOMF.DOS for the file set (see Figure 145).
If the file is already linked to an object, in a step 971, it is determined whether the object is active. If the file is active, in a~ step 972, the object is sent a message indicating that the file has changed.
Once the loop beginning at step 962 is complete, the class property "PROP_EXPORTEDNW" is checked in a step 974.
The property "PROP_EXPORTEDNW", if it exists for the current application, contains a list of classes of true NewWave applications wlhich are able to convert file generated by the current application into file usable by the NewWave application.
A step 977 begins a loop in which a conversion directory of each NewWave~ application listed in "PROP EXPORTEDNW" is checked. In the first operation of the loop, performed in a step 977, the FiPOMF.DOS file is accessed to obtain the file list within thea current conversion directory.
Once the :file list for a conversion directory has been obtained for a particular NewWave application, another loop is entered beg3.nning at a step 978. In this loop each file in the conversion directory is checked.
In the first operation of the loop, performed in a step 979 and a step 9980, the time/date stamp of a file within the conversion directory is checked. If the time date stamp of the file is later than tha time/date stamp at which the application was opened the file is considered to be either new or modified.
If the fi7.e is new or modified, in a step 981, a new object is created--of tha class of the NewWave application- -which references the file. In a step 982, encapsulation shell 845 activates the newly created object and sends the object a "Convert" message with the name of the file.
In a step 983, encapsulation shell 845 checks to see whether the conversion was successful. If the conversion was not successful, in a step 984, encapsulation shell displays a warning message to the user with a reminder that the unconverted file still exists in the conversion directory.
If the conversion wars successful, in a step 985, encapsulation :hell 845 deletes the file from the conversion directory.
Once all the conversions are complete, encapsulation shell 845 is c7losed an a step 975. The following discussion indicate how the above-described closing o! an application appears to a of;er.
.~ copy of a file may be created within an application.
In Figure 123 object "SAMPLE" has been opened and the application "Write" :Ls running, displaying data from file "C:\HPNWDOS\MS~iIRITE\:iAMPLE.WRI" in window 1103. CurBOr 781 is used to sal~rct the: command "Save ~s" from pull down menu 1105. In Figure la4 a file name within the default directory is typed into region 1120 0! dialog box 1121.
After selectingr the region labelled "OR" using cursor 781 a new file is made. This file however does not have an associated object bec;ausa OMF 100 has not monitored the creation o! than new file. Therefore, in Figure 125, no new object has appeared. After using cursor 781 to select the command "Exit" from pull down menu 1105, window 1103 is shut.

62 ~ 3 4 0 9 17 As described above, upon termination, encapsulation shell 845 searches the default referenced file area for the encapsulated applicat:ion--in this case subdirectory 861--and compares a timestamp of each file with the recorded start time of the encapsulated application. If a new file is located and that files is not already referenced by an object encapsulation shell 8.45 automatically creates a new object of the same class as encapsulation shell 845. In this case object "NEWDOC" is found, an object is created, and a icon bearing the name "NEW~DOC" appears on "NewWave Office" as shown in Figure 126 a.nd pointed to by cursor 781.
In Figure 127, object "SAMPLE" has been opened in window 1103. In saving the file, a box 1122 in window 1121 has been checked. 'This causes the file to be saved in MS Word format. As seem in region 1120, the file is saved in directory "C:\H:PNWDOS\MSWORD" rather than "C:\HPNWDOS\MSW.RITE". As discussed above, if specified by configuration properties 847, at termination time other subdirectories within subdirectory 852 which represent other encapsulated classes may be searched for tiles which have a timestamp later than the recorded start time o! the encapsulated application. Encapsulation shell 845 may then create objects o! the appropriate class for these files. The objects which represent the new files have associated with them new icons when the application is closed.
In the present ease directories "C:\HPNWDOS\liSWORD"
(subdirectory 860) and "C:\HPNWDOS\MSWRITE" (subdirectory 63 ~ 3 4 0 9 17 861) are searched anal a new copy of SAMPLE in directory "C:\HPNWDOS\MSWORD" is found. A new object of the class for "MSWORD" is created and an icon named "SAMPLE" is displayed in the window for "NewWave Office" as shown in Figure 128 and pointed to by .cursor 781. The shape of the icon indicates that the new olbject "SAMPLE" is associated with the object class for "MS l~lord" rather than for "MS Write".
In Figure 129 t:he command "Create a New" in pull down menu 782 is selected using cursor 781. In Figure 130 the name "DEMODOC1"' is typed into region 1124 in window 1112, and the icon "AdvanceWrite" has been highlighted. The result, shown in Figure 131, is the creation of an object "DEMODOC1"
as pointed to by cursor 781. In Figure 132, it is shown that "DEMODOC1" appears in directory "C:\HPNWDOS\ADVWRITE".
Pointing to icon "DEMODOC1" with cursor 781 and clicking twice on a button of mouse 20, as shown in Figure 133, results in the opening of "AdvanceWrite" in Figure 133.
In Figure 134 the application "Advancewrite" is shown.
Since "AdvanceWrite" is not a program which was written to 2o function under the "Windows" environment, "AdvanceWrite"
takes over the entire: screen. In Figure 135, using the keyboard, text has b~aen added to the screen as shown in Figure 134.
In Figure 136, pressing an "ALT" key on keyboard 19 activates the a~enu/macro facility. Shell filter 844 upon recognizing t~i.s keystroke displays a Title ber 1128 and menu bar 126 appearing. (:ursor 781 is used to select the command "Convert to NewWave document" in a pull-down menu 1124. Upon receipt of the selection, shell filter 844 transmits to the application "AdvanceWrite" the associated keystroke macro.
This keystroke macro commands "AdvanceWrite" to save the current file in the format required for conversion within a special conversion su.bdirectory, and then commands "AdvanceWrite" to exit. Shell filter 8444 informs encapsulation shell 845 that the application "AdvanceWrite"
is terminating. Dependent upon the configuration properties, encapsulation shell 845 searches the conversion subdirectory for any new files. Encapsulation shell 845 creates a conversion object which references a conversion application able to perform the conversion. The conversion application is identified in configuration properties 847. Once the conversion object is created, encapsulation shell 845 sends to the conversion object the identity of the file to be converted and a command to perform the conversion. The converted data file is then stored as part of a NewWave object and the intermediate conversion file in the conversion subdirectory is deleted.
The result: is a copy of "DEMODOC1" as shown in Figure 137 and pointed to by cursor 781. The "DEKODOC1" is a NewWave Document, and thus may be treated as any other object on the system. Clicking on tha title of the copy of "DEMODOC1" reveals that there is no directory listed. As shown in Figure 139 the name of the object has been changed to "NW Demo Document"' as pointed to by cursor 781. This name change may be done because the object is a NewWave Document.
In Figure 140 t:he name bar of object "NW Demo Document" has been closed.
Examples of codes which implements "Windowlike" commands which are added to programs which normally do not function in a "Windows" environment are given in appendix G.
Figure 141 is a flowchart which shows the process OMF
100 and encapsulation shell 845 go through when an object is opened in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the l0 present invention.
In a step 1140 a user attempts to open an object. In a step 1144, encapsulation shell 845 checks if the object is in DOS reference mode. :Cf so the file is activated in a step 1142. If not in a dialog box 1146 appears to the user, who is asked to namE~ a fi:Le. The user may, using cursor 781, cancel the transaction, and in a step 1148, encapsulation shell 845 returns without taking action. When the user selects a name, encapt~ulation shell 845, in step 1150 checks to see if the chosen name is a valid file name. If it is an invalid file name the user is inlormad using a dialog box 1152 and the user is asked to pick another file name by dialog box 1146.
If the file name is valid, encapsulation shell 845 checks to sae if a file specification exists for the file.
If the file specification does not exist in a step 1158 encapsulation shell 845 determines whether the file specification can be created. If so, the file specification 66 ~ 3 4 0 9 17 is created and encapsulation shell 845, in a step 1168, returns. If t-.he file specification cannot be created, the user is so informed by a dialog box 1156 and the user is asked to pick anothEar file name by dialog box 1146.
If the file specification does exists, encapsulation shell 845, in a step 1154, determines whether the file name is registered to they same class. If so, the user is so infonaed by a dialogs box 1164, and the user is asked to pick another file name by' dialog box 1146.
If there is no file of the same name registered to the same class, encapsulation shell 845, in a step 1162, determines whether the file name is registered to another class. If so, the user is so informed by a dialog box 1160 and the user is asked to pick another file name by dialog box 1146.
If the file name is not registered to another class, encapsulation shell X845, in a step 1172, determines whether a keyfile exists for tile file. If not the user is informed by a dialog box 1170 that the file specification is in use by other files and the user is asked to pick another file name by dialog box 1.146. If the keyfile exists the user is informed by a dlialog box 1174 that the file already exists and is asked tai pick another file name by dialog box 1146.
Figure 142 shows the steps taken by encapsulation shell 845 when the file is activated in step 1142. In a step 880 the method by which t:he object for the file was opened is determined. If the normal method of opening the file is used--e. g., by placing cursor 781 over the icon for the file and double clicking a. button on mouse 20--then a default set of class properties is obtained in a step 881. If an alternate method of opening the file is employed--e.g., by placing cursor 781 over the icon for the file, holding down the "SHIFT" key on keyboard 19 and pressing a button on mouse 20--then an alternate set of class properties is obtained in a step 882.
In a step 883 encapsulation shell 845 obtains object properties for 'the file. In a step 884 encapsulation shell 845 prepares menus and macros which are are to be added to the application and which are to be monitored by shell filter 844. Shell filter has a different means of monitoring an application depending upon whether the application was written to operate in the "Windows" environment. Therefore, in a step 885, encapsulation shell 845 determines whether the opened application is a "Windows" application. If so, a list of active windows is obtained in a step 887. This is useful information to shall filter 844, which, when created, wants to intercept me~aages directed to a newly opened window for the present lira. I! the opened application is not a "windows" appli<:ation, preparation is made in a step 886 for shell filter 844 to intercept keystrokes.
In a step 888, encapsulation shell 888 grays the icon for the file, indicating to a user that the tile has been opened. In a si:ep 88'9 the application for the file is started. In a step X890, encapsulation shell again branches depending upon whether the application for the file is a "Windows" application. If the application is a "Windows"
application, shell filter 844 is set up, in a step 892, to intercept messages sent to the window containing the "Windows application. :Cf the application is not a "Windows"
application, shell filter 844 is set up, in a step 891, to intercept keysi:rokes a user makes on keyboard 19 and user actions on mouse 20.
Figure 143 is a flowchart which shows the process OMF
100 and encapsulation shell 845 goes through when an object is created in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present inventj.on .
In a step 1180 a user attempts to create a new object.
a user is asked by a dialog box to confirm if he wants to create a new file. :Cf the user makes the conformation encapsulation ;hell 845 determines in a step 1184 whether the user has indicated a file name. If not the user is asked to pick a file name by a dialog box 1186. At dialog box 1186 a user may ask to cancel which will bring up dialog box 1182.
Once a na:~e has been selected encapsulation shell 845, in step 1188 checks t:o see if the chosen name is a valid file name. If it ie; an invalid tile name the user is informed using a dialog box 17.90 and the user is asked to pick another file name by dialog box 1186.
If the fills name is valid, encapsulation shell 845 checks to see if a fj.le specification exists for the file.
If the file specification does not exist in a step 1198 69 1 3 ~ ~ 9 ~ 7 encapsulation shell 845 determines whether the file specification can beg created. If so, the file specification is created and encapsulation shell 845, in a step 1202, returns. If the file specification cannot be created, the user is so informed by a dialog box 1200 and the user is asked to pick another file name by dialog box 1186.
If the file specification does exists, encapsulation shell 845, in ,3 step 1194, determines whether the file name is registered to the same class . If so, the user is so informed by a dialog box 1196 and the user is asked by a dialog box 1196 whether he wants to create a share of the existing file. If so a share is created in a step 1216. If not, the user is asked to pick another file name by dialog box 1186.
If there .is no file of the same name registered to the same class, encapsulation shell 845, in a step 1206, determines whether the file name is registered to another class. If so, the user is so informed by a dialog box 1204 and the user is~ askec! to pick another file name by dialog box 1204.
I! the fine name is not registered to another class, encapsulation shall 845, in a step 1208, determines whether a keyfile exists for the existing file. If not the user is informed by a dialog box 1210 that the keyfile is missing but other files are present and the user is asked to pick another file name by dialog box 1186. If the keyfile exists the user is informed by a dialog box 1218 that the file already exists and the user is asked to confirm that these existing files are to be registers. If the user confirms, the object and reference files are created in a step 1214. Otherwise, the user is asked to pick another file name by dialog box 1186.
When OMF 100 sends an open message to an object, the open message includes a alternate class parameter specifying whether or not t;he Shift key was depressed by the user when the user generated an open command to OMF 100, that is, a special parameter is rent when a user places cursor 781 over an object to be opened holds down the key marked "shift" on keyboard 19 whi7.e twice clicking a button on mouse 20.
Encapsulation shell 845 may be configured, through parameters stored in configuration properties 847, to open an alternate application other than encapsulated application 846--in this case encapsulatssd app:Lication 846 is the default application -- when encapsulation shell 845 receives from OMF 100 an alternate class parameter.
The above .described use of a default class and an alternate class upon opening an object may be used to allow a user to specify the opening of two completely different application programs 'that both can process the same data file type. alternatively, the use of a default class and an alternate class may bye used to request encapsulation shell to open the same encapsulated application, but to open it with different parameters 'which direct how the data file is to be used. For example, a user may thus be able to specify whether he want: to edit or browse a file. Similarly, a user '1 13409 17 may thus be ab7:e to specify whether he wants to edit or compile a computer program stored in a data file.
In Figure 14 is shown the different record types within the file HPOMF.DOS. A header record 990 contains a version number and other identification information. There is only one header record in HPOMF.DOS. It is 256 bytes long.
A directory record 991 identifies a directory that contains encapsulated data files. There is one directory record for each MS-DOS directory that contains encapsulated data files. The first: directory record follows immediately after header record 990.
Directory record 991 contains three fields. A field 993 (IprecNextD~Ir) contains a 32-bit pointer (the offset from the beginning of the file, in bytes) of the next directory record in HPOMF.DOS. This field is set to zero in the last Directory Record. A field 994 (IprecFile) is a 32 bit pointer (the offset from the beginning of the file, in bytes) of the first File Record for the directory. A field 995 (szDirectory) contains a null-terminated string which is the directory name, including the drive specification.
A file record 992 identifies an encapsulated data file.
There is one File Record for each encapsulated data file.
Each Directory Record. points to the first File Record within that directory.
File Record 992 contains 5 fields. A field 996 (IprecNextFile) is a 32-bit pointer (the offset from the beginning of the file, in bytes) of the next File Record for this directory.. If this is the last file in the directory, field 996 is zero.
A field 997 (bDeleted) is a 16-bit Boolean value that indicates whether the file has subsequently been deleted.
Field 997 is initially set to false when the File Record is created. When the file is deleted, the File Record is left in place (for performance reasons) and field 997 is set to "True" to indicate the entry is no longer valid. A File Record with field 99'.7 set to "True" can be reused for another file.
A field 9!~8 (szFileName) contains a null-terminated string which is the root file name (see Figure 84H) of the encapsulated data file set.
A field 9l39 (dw~Object) is a 32-bit value specifying the NewWave object identifier (parameter-scope name) of the object associated wii=h this encapsulated file.
A field 1000 (Flag) is an 8-bit field containing other status information associated with this encapsulated data file.
Figure 14!5 shows the logical structure of file HPOMF.DOS. Heaider record 991 is followed by directory record 991. Directory record 991, in field "IprecNextDir", contains a pointer to a direci:ory record 1006. Directory record, in field "IprecNe~,aDir",, contains a pointer to directory record 1009. And so c>n.
Directory record 991 also contains, in field "IprecFile", a pointear to file record 992. File record 992 contains, in field "IprecNextFile" a pointer to file record 1004. :file record 1004 contains, in field "IprecNextFile" a pointer to file record 1005.
Similarly, directory record 1006 also contains, in field "IprecFile", a pointer to file record 1007. File record 1007 contains, in field "IprecNextFile" a pointer to file record 1008.
Appendix A is a list of major data structures within OMF 100.
Appendix 13 is a description of functions which OMF
interface 599 recognizes in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Appendix c~ (HP )NewWave Environment: Program Design Examples) gives examples of how the preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented including detail as to how OMF 100 allows data to be viewed between windows displayed on monitor 14.
Appendix E is a listing of a program which provides for generic encapsulation of programs.
Appendix F, giv~as examples of files which need to be created for encapsulation of a program into the NewWave Environment.
Appendix Ci givea examples of code which implement "Windowlike" command, which are added to programs which normally do not. funci~ion in a "Windows" environment.

Claims (9)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. In a computing system having an object management facility which manages a first plurality of objects, each object referencing .an application designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, a method for adapting into the object management facility files generated by a first application not designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) placing data files generated by the first application into a default directory;
(b) upon closing the first application, searching the default directory for files created or modified while the first application was open: and, (c) for every created or modified file found in step (b) which is not already linked to an object, creating a new object referencing the first application and linking the new object to the file found in step (b).

2. A method as in Claim 1 additionally comprising the following step:
(d) for every created or modified file found in step (b) which is already linked to an object, if the object is currently active, sending a message to the object indicating the created or modified file has changed.

3. In a computing system having an object management facility which manages a first plurality of objects, each object referencing an application designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, a method for adapting into the object management facility files generated by a first application not designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) placing data files generated by the first application for use by the first application into a first default directory:
(b) placing data files generated by the first application for use by second application into a first default directory:
(c) upon closing the first application, searching the first default directory for files created or modified while the first application was open;
(d) for every created or modified file found in step (c) which is not already linked to an object, creating a new objects referencing the first application and linking the new object to the file found in step (b);
(e) upon closing the first application, searching the second default directory for files created or modified whiles the first application was open;
(f) for every created or modified file found in step (e) which is not already linked to an object, creating a new objects referencing the first application and linking tree new object to the file found in step (e).

4. A method as in Claim 3 additionally comprising the following steps:
(g) for every created or modified file found in step (c) or step (e) which is already linked to an object, if the objects is currently active, sending a message to the objects indicating the created or modified file has chanced.

5. In a computing system having an object management facility which manages a first plurality of objects, each object referencing an application designed to run in conjunction with then object management facility, a method for converting into the object management facility files generated by a first application not designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, the files being for use by a second application which is designed to run in conjunction with the object management facility, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) placing data files generated by the first application into a conversion default directory;
(b) upon closing the first application, searching the conversion default directory for files created or modified whiles the first application was open: and (c) for every created or modified file found in step (b), performing the following substeps:
(c1) creaming a new object referencing the second application, and (c2) activating the new object and sending the new object a messages instructing the new object to convert the cheated or modified file.

6. In a computing system which includes a cursor and an icon displayed on a monitor, the icon being used to reference a data file, and which includes, a first software application which is able to utilize data in the data file, a second software application which is able to utilize data in the data file and input means for allowing a user to position the cursor and to perform other actions which are detectable by the computing system, a method comprising the following steps:
(a) at the direction of a user using the input means, placing the cursor over the icon;
(b) upon the user performing a first set of operations using the input means, starting the first software application, the first software application performing operations on data within the data file; and, (c) upon the user performing a second set of operations using the input means, starting the second software application, the first software application performing operations on data within the data file.

7. A method as in Claim 6 wherein the input means includes a keyboard and a mouse, the first set of operations includes depressing a button on the mouse and the second set of operations includes holding down a first key on the keyboard while depressing a button on the mouse.

8. In a computing system which includes a cursor and an icon displayed on a monitor, the icon being used to reference a data file, and which includes a software application which is able to utilize data in the data file, an encapsulation program, and input means for allowing a user to position the cursor and to perform other actions which are detectable by the computing system, the encapsulation program including a first set of parameters which specify a first way in which the software application is to use the data file and a second set of set of parameters which specify a second way in which the software application is to use the data file, a method comprising the following steps:
(a) at the direction of a user using the input means, placing the cursor over the icon;
(b) upon the user performing a first set of operations using the input means, starting the software application utilizing the first set of parameters; and, (c) upon the user performing a second set of operations using the input means, starting the software application using the second set of parameters.

9. A method as in Claim 8 wherein the input means includes a keyboard and a mouse, the first set of operations includes depressing a button on the mouse and the second set of operations includes holding down a first key on the keyboard while depressing a button on the mouse.