I WO 95/06424 P CT/Al94I0513 ERGONOMIC SEATING APPARATUS WITH INCLINED FEMORAL PORTION This inventiun relates to a seat such as a chair but also includes any other seating apparatus such as sofas, couches, stools and the like.
Many attempts have been made to produce seating which places a person in a position so that the pelvis, sacrum, spinal column and cranium are in correct biomechanical and organic orientation and physiologically efficient posture.
It is well recognised and documented that incorrect seating posture causes incorrect biomechanical and organic orientation of the pelvis, sacrum, spinal column and cranium which in turn creates significant central and peripheral nervous system distortions and interferences, which creates musculo-skeletal dysfunction which translates to health, well-being and efficiency problems.
As is well know and documented, a person's nervous system controls and co-ordinates all organic and biomechanical functions of the body.
The brain being the master control is housed in the cranium which is made up ,f several bony plates that are functionally movable. From the brain stem forms the spinal cord made up of tracks which carry sensory and motor function information to control and co-ordinate all bodily biomechanical and organic function. The 'ndividual vertebral spinal nerves are formed by the union of ventral and dorsal spinal nerve roots which are extensions of the spinal cord. The spinal nerves extend in pairs outwardly from the spinal cord between the vertebrae of the spinal column, sacrum and pelvis to the various organs and tissues of the body.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 WO 9$16424 'MIA1V94100513 2 Xt has long been recognised that incorrect seating posture can cause incorrect biomochanical and organic orientation of the pelvis, sacrumn, spinal column and cranium, which applies pressure and tension on the brain tissue, spinal cord and spinal nerve roots which in turn res'ilt in altered and improper neural control of the various organs and tissues of the body. This in turn can result in damage and/or disease to those organs and tissues.
Many attempts have been made -to produce seating whith maintains the opine straight and these include seats which places a person in a generally kneeling position as well as other seating apparatus which is intended to provide lumbar support and also maintain the spine in its correct is configuration.
These seasts may provide some improvement to the seating attitude and may maintain the spine in a more preferred configu~ration.
Howev~er, this seating configuration still forces and/or requires a person to sit firmly on the sacrumn, coccyx and ischial tuberosities as a triangular configuration thereby constraining the sacra-iliac ligaments. Due to this, gravitational forces pulling down all aspects of the pelvic bowl and general inadequate design of seating biomechanics, the sacrum, is locked in a fixed position and prevents and inhibits normal vibratory rhythmic movement of the sacrum.
Correct biomechaical and organic orientation of the pelvis, sacr-um, spinal column and cranium is not only important to enable the nervous system to operate optimally, efficiently and correctly but also to provide proper primary raspiration.
Primary respiration is defined for the purposes of this SIJBSTITUMh SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 PCT/A U94/00513 3 specification to be the proper hydrostatic pressure and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tone of neural tissue.
Inside the brain are holes called ventricals. Lining these ventricals are specialised cells called the choroid plexus.
These cells produce approximately 750 mls of CSF per day.
This fluid exits the brain at specific holes into the external areas around the brain.
1U Around the brain and spinal cord are three layers of cells called the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater from external to internal respectively.
The CSF exits foramina (holes) in the base of the brain into the space created between the pia mater and arachnoid mater called the arachnoid space.
This space is a closed system and extends around the brain down to and connects with the second sacral tubercle of the internal aspect of the sacrum in the spinal canal.
This closed system has a specific hydrostatic pressure that must be maintained for neural function to be normal and optimal. Also the CSF fluid must flow properly around the brain and spinal cord to properly hydrate, cleanse and flush the system of neural cell waste and it also transports pituitary hormones to the external venous system through the specific villi.
Pressure and circulation of the spinal fluid is caused by movement of the cellular contractibility of the brain tissue and vascular and respiratory forces. These movements and forces cause the cranium, intercranial membranes and sacrum to move in an epansion and contraction movement called flexion and extension. This SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) :,tgn ammma M W. N movement creates a detectable third wave which is the pressure and flow movement of the CSF through the cranium and spinal column.
Since natural movement of the sacrum is at least partly responsible for circulation and hydrostatic pressure of the spinal fluid, locking of the sacrum so that it cannot move when a person is placed, seated or forced in an incorrect biomechanical and organic orientation this position will i 0 impair primary respiration which means that hydrostatic 'pressure and flow of the spinal fluid will be impaired.
Lack of proper pressure and circulation and the resultant "impaired operation of primary respiratory system adversely effects nervous system function which adversely effects neural control of the organs and tissues of the body. This nervous system dysfunction is outwardly manifested or shown 0: by organic and biomechanical dysfunction.
20 The object of this invention is to provide a seating apparatus which overcome the above problems.
The invention provides a seating apparatus including: a seat portion for connection to a base so that the seating apparatus can be supported on the ground, said seat portion having a front and a rear; said seat portion having; an upwardly inclined portion which inclines upwardly from the front of the seat portion to a first intermediate position between the front and rear of the seat portion; an inclined support portion extending between a second intermediate position and the rear of the seat portion; a substantially horizontal portion between the first intermediate position to the second intermediate position; -I I- wherein the upwardly inclined portion is for supporting the femurs of a person so that the femurs and knees are supported in a position below the person's acetabulum, said substantially horizontal portion being for receiving and holding the isihial bones when the person sits down and said inclined support portion being for supporting the persons gluteal muscles and sacra-iliac ligaments; the upwardly inclined portion including a first 1 0 cushioning material; the horizontal section including a second cushioning material; and the first cushioning material being denser than the second cushioning material so that when a person sits on the seating apparatus the second cushioning material is compressed and holds the ischial bones and the first cushioning material which is of higher density than the second cushioning material prevents a person from slipping forward on the seating apparatus.
Since the seating apparatus of the invention receives the ischium and holds the ischium in place and prevents the sacrum from locking, the sacrum, pelvis, spinal column and cranium are able to move normally with vascular and respiratory forces to ensure that the primary respiratory system operates correctly. Furthermore, since the sacrum, pelvis, spinal column and cranium are free to move the spine remains in its correct biomechanical and organic orientation to ensure that pressure and tension are not 0iO applied to spinal nerves by incorrect biomechanical and organic orientation of the spine. Thus, not only is the spine maintained in a correct position which does not place distortion or interferences on the nervous system but also this enables the nervous system to operate efficiently to its full potential and primary respiratory system also to operate efficiently to its full potential.
Correct seating is not only a question of comfort, it is a precondition for occupant well-being and efficiency. Since many people are seated for a long period of time, a seating posture which provides correct biomechanical and organic orientation provided by the seating apparatus of this invention thereby ensure that the health and well-being and efficiency is maintained at peak levels and is not impaired a 0 00
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WO 95/06424 PClT/AU9'4/0I0513 6 or deteriorated or interfered with by incorrect seating biomechanical and organic orientation.
Preferably the upwardly inclined portion is inclined at an angle of between 300 and 500 with respect to the horizontal, the substantially horizontal section has a length of between 160 and 180 cms and the inclined support portion is inclined at an angle between 300 and 500 to the horizontal. These preferred dimensions facilitate to keep the spine in the most physiologically efficient posture and correct biomechanical and organic orientation. In particular it will maintain the lumbar curve of a person to be between 300 and 500, the Ferguson angle in a male between 300 and 450 and in a female between 230 and 400 and the Ferguson perpendicular postural line measuring either one third anterior or one third posterior of the sacral base. By obtaining these specific angles, the most efficient posture and correct biomechanical and organic orientation is obtained which facilitates primary respiration.
Preferably the upwardly inclined portion includes a first cushioning material and the horizontal section includes a second cushioning material, the first cushioning material being denser than the second cushioning material so that when a person sits on the seating apparatus the second cushioning material is compressed and holds the ischial bones and the first cushioning material which is of higher density than the second cushioning material prevents a person from slipping forward on the seating apparatus.
Preferably the inclined support portion also includes a third cushioning material which is of higher density than the second cushioning material.
Preferably the first and third cushioning materials are of SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 PCT/A 1194/00513 7 the same density.
Preferably the first and third cushioning materials comprise high density foam and the second cushioning material comprises medium density foam.
Preferably the first cushioning material extends to a point above the second cushioning material to provide an abutment surface and preferably the first cushioning material has a top portion located above the second cushioning material.
Preferably a covering cushion material is provided over the first cushioning material and the covering cushioning material extends from the front of the seat portion to the top portion.
Preferably a further covering cushion material is provided over the substantially horizontal portion and the inclined support portion with the further covering cushion material extending from the abutment surface to the rear of the seat portion.
Preferably the seating apparatus includes a seat frame member which includes an upwardly inclined frame section forming part of the upwardly inclined section, a substantially horizontal frame section which forms part of the substantially horizontal section and an inclined support frame section which forms par-t of the inclined support portion.
Preferably the third cushioning material diverges away from the inclined support frame portion so that it is thicker in a position adjacent to the rear of the seat portion than at a position adjacent the second intermediate position.
Preferably the seating apparatus has a backrest SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 PCT/IAU94/00513 8 positionable above the seat portion so as to support a person between the second and third lumbar vertebrae when a person is seated on the seating apparatus, the backrest having a support surface which is positioned bet7oean the rear of the seat portion and the first intermediate position so that the person's gluteal muscles can extend behind the support surface between the rear of the seat portion and the support surface of the backrest.
The invention in a second aspect may be said to reside in a seating apparatus including: a seat portion for connection to a base so that the seating apparatus can be supported on the ground, said seat portion having a front and a rear; said seat portion having; a) an upwardly inclined portion which inclines upwardly from the front of the seat portion to a first intermediate position between the front and rear of the seat portion; a support portion extending from the first intermediate portion toward the rear of the seat portion; and a backrest arranged above the seat portion for supporting a person seated on the seat, the backrest having a support surface, the support surface being located between the rear of the seat portion and the first intermediate position so that a parson's gluteal muscles can extend between the support surface and the rear of the seat portion, the support surface supporting a person when seated on the seat so that the person's second and third vertebrae are positioned substantially vertically above the person's acetabulum and with the upwardly inclined portion supporting the person's femurs so that the femurs and knees of the person are supported in a position below the person's acetabulum.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 PCT/IA U94/00513 9 The location of the backrest as described above causes the person to be seated in the position previously described with the person's lumbar curve between 30° and 500, the Ferguson in a male between 300 and 450 and in a female between 230 and 400 and the Ferguson perpendicular postural line measuring either one third anterior or one third posterior of the sacral base.
Preferably the support portion extends from the first intermediate position to a second intermediate position between the first intermediate position and the rear of the seat and preferably an inclined support portion extends between the second intermediate position and the rear of the seat portion.
Preferably the support surface of the backrest is located between the first intermediate position and the second intermediate position.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a perspective view of a seat embodying the invention; Figure 2 is cross-sectional view of the seat portion of the seat of figure 1; and Figure 3 is a view of a person seated on a seat embodying the invention and detailing back rest positioning.
With reference to the drawings a seat is shown which comprises a base 10 which can be of any desired form. In this embodiment the base comprises an upwardly extending shaft 12 which is adjustable in a sleeve portion 14. The sleeve portion 14 carries a plurality of legs 16 all of which are provided with casters 18 or the like.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 PCT/A1194/00513 The base 10 supports a seat portion 20 and a backrest 22 is also supported by either the seat portion 20 or the base The seat portion 20 has a front F and a rear R.
With reference to figure 2, the seat portion 20 includes a seat frame 22 which has an upwardly inclined frame section 24 a substantially horizontal section 26 and an inclined support portion 28. The inclined frame portion 24 is provided with a high density foam cushion 30 which, together with the inclined stpport frame portion 24 forms an inclined support portion 21 of the seat. The substantially horizontal portion 26 is provided with a medium density foam cushion 32 which, together with the frame portion 26, forms a substantially horizontal portion 23. The inclined support frame portion 28 is provided with a high density cushion 34 which, together with the frame portion 28, forms an inclined support portion 25 of the seat.
The inclined portion formed by the cushion 30 and the frame portion 24 is curved and most preferably forms an angle 01 of between 300 and 500 as shown in figure 2. It would be possible to form the inclined portion 21 defined by the frame portion 24 and cushion 30 as a straight section at the previously mentioned angle. However, it is preferred that it be slightly curved and that the angle be defined by a line of best fit passing through the inclined portion as is shown in figure 2.
The substantially horizontal portion commences at a first intermediate position A and extends to a second intermediate position B and is preferably of a length of between 160 and 180 cms.
The inclined support portion formed by the frame portion 28 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 PC/A 1194/100513 11 and the cushion 34 is arranged at and angle 02 of between 300 and 500 with the angle being that which the frame portion 28 makes with respect to the horizontal as is shown in figure 2. The cushion 34 is thicker at the second intermediate position B than at the rear R and typically is arranged at an angle 03 of approximately 500 to 550 with respect to the horizontal as is shown in figure 2.
As clearly shown in figure 2, the cushion 30 extends above the cushion 32 to provide an abutment surface 33 and a top portion A first load density foam covering cushion 39 extends from the front F of the seat portion to the top portion 35 of the cushion A second low density foam covering cushion 40 is arranged on the seating apparatus and extends from the abutment suri ce 33 to the rear R of the seat portion. A fabric cover 42 extends over the cushion 40 as is shown.
The cushion 32 abuts and is securely fixed to the lower part 33 of the abutment surface 33 of the cushion 30. The covering cushion material 40 abuts and is securely fixed to the upper portion 33b of the abutment surface 33 of the cushion When a person sits on the seat portion, the person's legs are supported in a declined manner by the inclined portion 21. The person's ischial bones are supported by the substantially horizontal portion 23 and because the cushion 32 is of medium density foam compared to the cushion the person will slightly sink into the horizontal portion and in view of the abutment surface 33 and the high density foam cushion 30 the person's ischial bones are prevented SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 PCT/A U94/00513 12 from slipping forward on the inclined portion 21. That is, because the cushion 30 is more dense than the cushion 32, the cushion 32 will compress more than the cushion 30 and the abutment surface 33 will effectively form a soft abutment which will prevent a person's ischial bones from sliding forward on the seat portion 20. The upwardly inclined support portion 25 will support the gluteal muscles and the sacra-iliac ligaments on the seating apparatus.
The preferred angles and dimensions referred to above support a person so that the angle of the person's lumbar curve is between 300 and 500, the Ferguson angle in a male is between 30° and 450 and in a female between 230 and 400 and the Ferguson's perpendicular postural line is either one third anterior or one third posterior of the sacral base which produces the most desired physiologically efficient posture and correct biomechanical and organic orientation. In pai cicularly, the seating apparatus of the preferred embodiment encourages reduction in hip flexion and pelvic rotation, thus prevention interruption of the cranial/sacral mechanism by allowing sacral "rocking" to occur. It positions the person as such, that the centre of gravity passes through the acetabulum thus emulating standing posture. A person's feet are positioned flat on the floor.
The backrest 22 includes a lumber support 42 which is positioned so that the lumber support 42 provides support between the second and third lumbar vertebrae when a person is seated. Little or no adjustment of the backrest 22 is required in order to alter the position of the backrest so that the lumbar support 42 will support a person between the second and third lumbar vertebrae regardless of the hight of the person. However, if adjustment is necessary, the backrest 22 can be adjusted upwardly or downwardly SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 PCT/AU94/00513 13 relative to the seat portion 20 so that the lumber support is provided between the second and third lumbar vertebrae.
Figure 3 shows a side view of the seat of figures 1 and 2 and illustrates a person seated on the seat. As previously described, the backrest 22 includes a lumbar support 42.
The lumbar support 42 has a support surface 44 which engages the person's back and supports the person's back between the second and third lumbar vertebrae. As shown by dotted line L, the support surface 44 is positioned between the rear R of the seat 20 (which has the same structure as previously described) and the first intermediate position A. The person's gluteal muscles G are able to extend rearwardly of the support surface 44 between the support surface 44 and the rear R of the seat so that the person's second and third vertebrae are positioned substantially vertically above the person's acetabulum C as shown by the arrow V in figure 3.
By locating the backrest in the position described above, the inclined support portion 25 could be omitted and replaced by a substantially flat portion or merely an extension of the horizontal portion 23 and the person will still be held in the position referred to above in correct biomechanical and organic orientation. Of course, the inclined support portion 25 is most preferred because it does provide additional support to the gluteal muscles for added comfort.
Most preferably the support surface 44 is positioned between the first intermediate position A and the second intermediate position B of the seat portion. In the embodiments shown in figure 3, the seat portion includes an adjustment section 50 which supports the seat portion and provides for adjustment of the seat portion 20 upwardly and downwardly and also angularly with respect to the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26) WO 95/06424 PC/IA U94/00513 14 horizontal. Such adjustment mechanisms are conventional and therefore will not be described in detail herein.
Thus, with the seat of the preferred embodiment the person's sacrum, pelvis, spinal column and cranium are maintained in correct biomechanical and organic orientation so that the nervous system and primary respiratory system are not impaired by incorrect seating posture and will function to their full potential and at peak efficiency.
As shown in Figure 3, the seat portion 20 is pivotally connected at 60 to the support base 10. The pivotal connection is a conventional pivotal connection used to pivot seats and therefore full structural details need not be disclosed. The important feature of the preferred embodiment of the invention is the location of the pivot relative to the seat 20 and the person sitting on the seat The pivot 60 is most preferably located generally centrally of the substantially horizontal portion 23 of the seat and directly below a person's centre of gravity X when seated on the seat. The pivotal connection 60 enables the seat to pivot back and forward generally in the direction of arrow Y in Figure 3.
Since modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention may readily be effected by persons skilled within the art, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiment described by way of example hereinabove.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule 26)