7th Chwefror 1899

"SPORTING LUCK CASE, VERDICT FOR £:jO. I The action brought by Ir. W. Sample, of Man- chester. a:titbt the proprietors of the "Sport. jDg Lock" newspaper to recover a prize for having, as he alleged, picked out the first four horses in last year's City and Suburban race, -as resumed in the Queen's Bench Oil Monday. wa§ admitted if plaintiff waa successful in his case he could only obtain £250. the fourth >?n f the it.000 prize, as the money had = rrfI: ;e.r: eeUl'r )Tb-EfjdclH:e having: been, given that twenty dweta of coupons, and not twenty-one as affirmed by plaintiff, were recived. the case f>r the defendant rlo,ed-In summing up Justice Darling regretted that it was possible M ocenpy the time of a court of justice with C¡Œ:h a cas*. If people were earnest in trying to pa;, down horse-racing the first thing that woold have to be done would be to prohibit the publication of midt5 on races.—After two hours deliberation the jury found a verdict for jrtaintiff for 12,0. this being a fourth share of the prize.

CARDIFF BOYS AND THE CONFI- DENCE TRICK. On M^acJay. at Cardiff First Police-cowt, (be. ",the Stipendiary, Mr T W. Lewis) John l?h(?m?. 14; Wittt?r CuUey. 14; and Kdward (iodfrey. 14. wre charged with stealing half- -sovereign ,rom Clara Cox, aged 8cren. thE (Lnghter of Mrs. Sarah Jane Cox. of ="0.. Windsor-road. Howard-Gardens, on February < Mrs. Cox sent the child with half-a- sovereign and a florin, wrapped in paper, to nakt a payment. In Howard-gardens the v< tinker niei the thrt pri?ner?. She knew ,f" who .aid. "Heilo. DoHy." and then Thomas took the haU-5Qyereign from her, and put a sixpence wrapped in paper in her hand. The boys then ran off, and as the little girl was crying a man came up to her. and took her to a police-constable. She gave to the officer the florin and sixpence, and. after going to the police-station. she was taken home.- IteteeiivG Davey arfe3terl the prisoners. Thomas, tt was admitted, took the half- em and substituted a sixpence: Godfrey *aid (alley told Thomas to sneak it, while (one," said Godfrey first told him and then Ihcnw* a statement with wh>h the latte>* aereed. At a neighbouring hotel Thomas got chanee. and gave them 5s. 2d. each. They went round town, spending ths money on amuse- ments. mouth organs, and other things,-The g;1Pendiar?? remanded the bovs till Tu?,d.y on the understanding that each was severely thrashed.

FLOURISHING A REVOLVER IN A CARDIFF IIOTEL. Police-consuib'.e John Hudson <5r«a) stepped uitft te witne^P-box at Cardiff Police-court on ■dondiv with a brightly-polished revolver in his hand. He wa:< the fir"t witnees in a rae. »ned bv Messrs. K. W. Williams and F. J. ^eavint ag?-inst James Walters, 22, charged *'th being irnnk and rerURjn to quit the bar cf the Adanudown Hotel. Moira-stveet. when n-qoM^d. on the 4th 1Ib!. and also with 3alJftjng the police ron^t ihle named in the f:\Qt:nD of U:> du)'. in (.onrrr0getrpet--The: landlady said prisoner *v^st in the house on "Tfrd? afternoon, and k(?p t "clicking" tb, ^voker behind his back..As he stood behind th(' (Onutel h Poi?it?d the weapon at wimeM. r!r ltt. 1'1. and at ral of the customers. lie W;ia and rchMed to' g'? ?h?' jNMited. Two mea !d with him. and got ??imofthe revoker. which they handed to l,nfs8- P?oner went out. returned 630) after- '"dl ??(i struck on" ,f th. He then I- -kId f-I thWitn, d(!n i,(I h?iving it d famMfd in his n3ck-?. ? .f ear(-h- '?'I The pol .s' at thIs ju-It! and overcome prisoner. w h ,? Itlggl,d wizli and ammiulte(i hi,n.-H, "h,) 'n'gl'd ,,¡;II and abutted him.-H. .J"?M)y <lnll. a month for maltreating '"ippisotnient"' to ?" weeks'

CADBUEVS COCOA has a. world-wide repu- tation as a dehcioua, strengthening beverage, and a valuable nutritive food. The "Lasoet" ,? it r,p-t- "th? -t-d.rd f highest ?r?ty." A?tW Iu:¡¡ r.illui Bold bly in P-k?t- and 7?, other C. are often substituted for the sake of extra profit L11073—2 A Good Thing at Last.—For Laundry, Bath, Kitchen. Wash* Flannel. Day A Knight's Cloudy Ammonia, 9d. Wttle. Of an chemists A grocers. -Propriewre: Day 6i XøiÄt. Bristol. 62258

LOCAL NEWS PARAGRAPHS] The funeral of Mr. John Thomas, of the Tower Inn. £ t. David's, took place last week. He was a real sailor at heart, au old member of the St. David's lifeboat crew, and for many years No. 2 in the rocket life-saving apparatus. He was carried to the quaint old cemetery of St. David's with every demonstration of respect by the members of the rocket apparatus and lifeboat crew. Mr. Hills, of the Vineries, PorUicawl, had a valuable horae. known as a champion trotter, and recently a neighbour's horse was put in the same stable. The latter being loose kicked Mr. Hill's horse, breaking its leg. and it had to be shot in consequence of its injury on Friday night. The Newport: pilots, having been invited to consider the questiou of the proposals of the harbour board to construct training walls m the River Usk, have agreed to ask the corpo- ration to elect representative pilots to sit on the harbour board. SMOKERS finding a Shag Tobacco too strong should smoke Archer's Golden Returns (regis- tered). Medium flavour, fully matured. Four years in bond before being cut. L11307 The death is announced of Mrs. Read Davies, wife of the Rev. T. Read Davies, vicar of Sand Hutton, York, and only daughter of the late Thomas Blackwall, of Dolhyfryd, Denbigh, which occurred on Saturday at Nelson House, MancheBt?r. Mrs. Emlyn Jones, widow of the late Dr. J. Emlyn Jones, died ou Sunday at her residence, Chepstow-road, in her seventy-ninth year. The deceased lady had been a resident of Newport in(-' 1885- Her late husband, who wai a pro- minent figure in the Raptbt and literary world in the sixties and seventies, died in 1873 at Ebb", Vale. At Monday night's meeting of the Cardiff Impartial Society Mr. Donald Maclean read a paper on "How far Liberalism agrees with and iliffer from Socialism." The lecturer held that the Liberal party was most likely to take up Socialistic questions, and his address ..as followed by epeeches by Messrs. Carslake and Herbert Thompson, W. H. Ben-wick, Anton Bertram Harrison, and others. Albert Vowels, a shipwright. aged 55 years, died on Sunday afternoon at the Hamadryad Hospital Ship from injuries sustained on the 20th of January. Deceased was working on that day on board the steamship Foreland, a vessel undergoing repairs in the Mount Stuart Dry Dock, Cardiff, when he feU from the deck into a tank, and fractured his skull. GRILL-ROOM. BLACK LION HOTEL. St. Mary- street. The most moderate prices and best Grill- room in Cardiff. Soup ready from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. &3rm Ou Sunday afternoon the Rev. J. P. Davie, (pastor) baptised seventeen candidates at the Welsh Baptist Church, Tonyfelin, Caerphilly. At Merthyr Police-court on Monday Thomas Jones, of the Fla?? and Castle Pu? li,,h. Dowbis, who held only a six days' licence, was fined 40s. and costs, or a month's imprison- ment, for supplying a lodger with a pint of beer on Sunday, January 29. Major D. T. Jenkins, the officer commanding the Dowlais detachmcnt of tho 3rd Volunteer Battalion Welsh Regiment, has reoeived a cheque for five guineas from Lord Wimbome towards the funds of the corps. At Cardiff First Police-court on Monday Mary Ann Anderson, 22, pleaded guilty to keeping a disorderly house at 21, Sandon-place, on Feb, ruary 5. and was ft ned L5 and costs, or oue month's imprisonment. PUBLIC NOTICK-HENRY TAINSH. Watch- maker. Jeweller, and Silversmith, has Opened Bu«nne38 at 74, Ryder-street, Cardiff (off Cathedral-road). Customers waited on per- sonally at their own residences by appoint- ment. 682eto In granting an exemption order under the Vaccination Act to one of two applicants at Cardiff Police-court on Monday, Mr. R. W. Wil- liams said: -"Y Oil may have the order, but whether you are wise or not, that is your own look-out." STEWARD'S 4C4 4s. HARNESS (Black or Brown), Warranted Hand-sewn. Bay from the Manufacturer, 3, Wood-st., Cardiff. List free. a3226 All exhibition billiard match was played at the Alexandra Dock Hotel, Newport, on Satur- day night between Cecil Harverson, the well- known South African champion, and Arthur Llewellyn, of Cardiff, the champion of WaJes. Tho game was 1.000 up, the South African giving, the local man a start of 350 points. Harverson won by 183 points. Mary Ellen Dixon, a girl of twenty, made her sixteenth appearance at Newport Borough Police-court on Monday. As late as Wednes- day last she was bound over to keep the peace, but on Saturday she so far forgot her promise that she got drunk and refused to move out of Emlyn-strect.-A fine of 55., or seven days' imprisonment, was imposed. TRY ARCHER'S "INFANT PLANT" Cigarettes. John Donoghue, sailor, was sentenced to a month's hard labour, by Mr. Lascelles Carr and Colonel Guthrie, at Barry Police-court on Monday, for «teahng two coats belonging to Aibert John and John Swarts, boatmen, from a lodge at the Pier-head, Barry Docks, on Sun- day. At the meeting of the governors of Newport; Intermediate Schools the Clerk reported that; none of the county governing bodies had as yet framed regulations as to the supervision of approved lodgings for boarders. The funeral of Mrs. Davies. of Hill-street College. Haverfordwest, took place at Macpelah Bapt?t Cemetery on Monday in the presence of a large number of fri..d?. SMOKE ARCHER'S "INFANT PLANT." Frederick Nuttall. a carpenter, living at Port- land-street. was fined 20s., or fourteen days' im- prisonment. at Newport on Monday for break- ing five panes of glass at the house of Augustus Long. Nuttall had lodged at the house for two years, but some dispute arose, and, being drunk, he got on the window ledge and kicked out the p ?, ? held at the Abercaœn I pane'. ..tig was held at the Aberewn hall, under the presidency of Councillor E. 1'hiHips. J P on Saturday. when a resolution was moved by the Rev. J. Williams. B.D.. seconded by Councillor Wm. Thomaa. and cafriedunanimously.approvingofthepeace proposal made by the Czar. The funeral of the late Mr. Edgar Fennell at Newport on Monday was very largely attended. The funeral service was conducted by the Revs. L. Railton, H. Abraham. W. Ross, A. T..Tones, and Glyn Davies. The hymns sang were. "Rock of Age," and "When I Sur- vey the Wondrous Cross." SMOKE ARCHER'S "M.F.H." MIXTURE. 41617 Henry Sillman and Thomas John, labourers, wero brought up in custody (before the Barry magistrates) on Monday rharged-the former with assaulting, and the latter with obstruct- ing the ponce tn the execution of their duty. Police-constable Welsby said that about 11.45 on Saturday night he was going down Holton- road, when the two defendants and another man were coming in the opposite direction. SilUnan said. "Here comes Welsby, the cop- per; let us go for him." They then set on him. Sillman struck him to the ground. and while on the gronnd he was kicked by Sillman. The other defendant tried to prevent him from taking ftillman into rustody.-David John Evans corroborated, and said he was struck by John.—The Bench sent both men to prison for fourteen days, and complimented Evans for his conduct in assisting the police. and ga him 5s. for expenses. SIEDLE BROS.. Swansea and Newport, for best Photographs. A smoking concert in connection with the Cardiff and District Branch of the United Kinsdora Commmi%IqraveU,,?' As,iat' wa? held at ° the Park Hotel. Cardiff, on Satur- day, Councillor Gerhold presiding over a very large attendance. The programme was of a very varied description, and it affcrded the most enjovahle evening in the experience of the branch. Mr. G. A. Lowrie completed his billiard tournament (ínaid of the local hone- volent fund) by distributing the prizes to the winners, the consolation prize being awarded to Mr. Bert. Tapp.-A resolution was proposed by Counrmor Gerhold (who has joined the ".so- ciation). and seconded by Mr. A. J. Hybari, that, the Cardiff Branch invite the Central Board to hold their October meeting in Cardiff. -This was carried unanimously.—Mr. David Thomas (chapman) announced that one of the members, who had been calling on grocers, out of a berth, and invited the members to communicate witn tne sec- retary if they heard of anything likely to be suitable.—Votes of thanks with ma.ica.1 honours were accorded to the president, the organist (Mr. A. H. Snnonds), and Messrs. G. A. Lowrie and Jack Hopkins, the proceedings terminating with "God Save the Queen." SMOKE ARCHEP,'S OUR AMERICAN COUSIN." A t a meeting of the health committee of the Cardiff Corporation, held at the Town-hall on Monday, under the presidency of Alderman T. W. Jacobs. Mr. J. W. Courtis Introduced a deputation of residents from the Castle-road district, who desired to protest against the erection of a P??lic convenience in Penlline- street, on the ground that it would be detri- mental to busine38, a menace to public health, and injurious to the morals of the inhabitants. A petition, signed by 134 ratepayers, was also presented to the committee.—Mr. Furnivall, who acted as spokesman of the deputation, gave his reasons why the convenience should not be crected, iuid pointed out that there was no necessity for such a convenience in Castle- road.—The committee considered the matter, and it was decided that no action be taken. The rmtr?t was already in hand, and the work boing proceeded with.—Messrs. D. f:teJl. I gan and Joseph Ashman attended before the committee with the Tiew of their selection as inspector under the Shop Hours Act. The third candidate, Mr. Dowding, did not put in an appearance, although a letter was read stating that he would attend on Tuesday. On a Tote being taken, Mr. Ashman was appointed by seven votes to two. The salary is 30s. a week.

ENGLAND'S GLORY MATCHES.—Save the DOZEN WRAPPERS and send for particalars-of PRIZES to 8. J. MOBELAND and SONS. En«- Uad's Glory Match Work,. O:-tiÑJy-r:: above brand of matches an made entirely by BRITISH LABOUR. '°* '"° 6C914

We cannot publish any letter unless the writer sends his Real Name and Address, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. All correspondents mast write on One Side of the paper only, or their letters will be rejected. Correspondents are advised not to send original documents with their letters. We decline to be responsible for them in any way. The Editor cannot undertake to return rejeoted communications under any circum- stances. N.B.-We do not answer correspondents through the post.

LORD SALISBURY'S SEVENTIETH BIRTH- DAY. To the Editor of the" Western Mail." Sir.It is to be hoped that your London cor- respondent has not started a discussion that will become so general as the now famous one as to whether the twentieth century will begin with the year 1900 or the year 1901. In his inte. i resting letter in Saturday's issue your corre- spondent says: "The vexed discussion as to whether the tweutieth century will begin in the year 1900 or the "ear 1901 has, possibly, turned the heads of some London editors; at any rate, they are booming to-day Lord Salis- bury's seventieth birthday, although that inte- resting event will not occur till the last year of the century. The Premier wag born on Feb. -ary 3, 1830, therefore, h. is ,ity-nin? to. day dY:;ui}J't: h'wever, that 'an February 3, 1899, Lord Salisbury not only completed sixty-nine years of his eventful life, and began his seventieth year, but also celebrated his seventieth birthday. Thus. on February 3. 1900, should he be still alive, his lordship will com- plete his seventieth year and celebrate hia seventy-first birthday. This is based on reckon- ing the day he was born, February 3, 1&30, as his first birthday, which he is certainly entitled to count. "Some London editors" are. there- fore, strictly aud literally correct. I know it is usual for people to say when a man has, say, completed his sixty-ninth year, "it is his sixty- ninth birthday"; but is not that, incorrect? To put the case simply When a child has com- pleted its first year of existence and commences its wond, it may be said, without error, to have seen two birthdays. Its second birthday is the first day of the second year of its exis- tence. and, therefore, Lord Salisbury's -:eventieth birthday i, the first day of his seventieth year, which he has just entered upou. -1 am. < £ r.. -I am. &c.. FRED J. WARREN. Haverfordwest, Feb. 4.

A PLEA FOR TOLERATION. '1'0 the Ed:tor of the "Western Mail." Sir,—1 think there is too much fuss made "bout the supposed Romeward tendencies of a few Ritualistic clergymen, who comprise a very small proportion of the general body of loyal clergy throughout the country, who are rightly considered above all suspicion of Romanising proclivities. Out of such a numerous body as the clergy of the Church in England and Wales it is but natural to expect a few of mediaeval views in doctrine and ritual, similar to the Roman or Greek Church. In like manner we find some very erratic divines among the nume- rous sects of Nonconformity, many of them tending very much towards Socinianism. which s generally considered far worse that Roman- ism. And yet no one seems to clamour for tho disendowment of Nonconformity, because not a few of their divines and preachers openly advocate doctrines so alien to their founders and the trust deeds of their various chapels. Why, therefore, should Churchmen be hood- wiuked to fall into line with Radicals and Liberationists (who are just now sadly in want of a grievance and a policy) to conspire for the disestablishment of the Church because among her clergy there are a few eccentricities, medie- valists. or Romanists, or of the advanced school of criticism? Anyone who wi-I take the trouble to peruse Mr. G. H. P. Nye's little book. "How Dissent is Lstabl:shed and Endowed" (price Is.), i will be astonished to find how the various bodies of Dissent enjoy rich endowments of; ancient and modern date, and how they have in many instances sailed away from their old moorings in doctrine and ritual, and yet there is no cry heard, and rightly f,,r their dises- tablishment and spoliation from Churchmen or Conservatives left out in the cold, and fran- tically in search of a policy to bring their party back into nolitic.nl llOW'(11" T hp1'¡p\1'> 'hat, the gre:it majority of Ritualists are as I loyal to the Church of England and as opposed to the Roman claims and doctrines as the generality of so-called evangelical Churchmen. I The doctrines and ritual whitfl they contend for are not eXClUSiVelY Romanist, but were held by many in the primitive Church of the five fiFStnries. and long before Romanism became what it is now. It would be as unjust to hrand all Ritualists as Romanisers because of points of similarity in their ritual to the Church of Rome as it would be to call the Church of England clergy all Romanists because, with the Church of Rome, they cling to the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, the rite of confirmation, baptism, and the Lord's Supper, and forms of prayer. The few extremists, or so-called traitors, in the camp will be marked and duly dealt with by our bishops if time and opportunity is allowed them. There is no cause for alarm-Rome can never, never regain England and Wales. Thr are worse evils than Romanism destroying th: religious life of our people.—I am. &c.. ROGER WILLIAMS. Rector of Llanedy.

MR. A. J. BALFOUR AND A POPISH UNIVERSITY. To the Editor of the "Western Mail." | Sir,—Will you allow me to suggest to all Pro- testant members of Parliament, whether Con- servative or Liberal, to resist to the utmost Mr. Balfour's infatuated scheme for starting another Romish university in Ireland with money drawn from Protestant rittepayers- whether Church people or Nonconformists-to the tune of £ 700,000 or probably, as some esti- mate, one million sterling? I would further suggest that meetings ehouJd be at once held in London and in the provinces protesting against such an enormity, which would be likely to call down the wrath of the Almighty upon us a3 a nation. It is. indeed, bad enough our having had any part in Maynooth Romish College, which first received E40,000 per annum from the English Government, and then was subsequently permanently endowed by Mr. Gladstone with £ 374,000 out f the funds r ;Sr;th :o S;t:nU I latter, be took good care to permanently endow the former, which was quite of a piece with his general line of action throughout his long poli- tical career. Popery is a political system sail- ing under tho guise of religion, and Mr. Bal- four's constituents would do well to cali him to account, as we all know the result of such teachjng. The following few points in the Papal Canon Law will help to open the eves of any who are not totally blinded with infatuation as to th, sort of edncati0J1 they would get at such a col- lege as Mr. Bulf'our wish,, the House of Com- mou to !,Ito,, him to ,t,,rt: 1. The temporal powers must act uncondi- tion?lly in accordance with the orders of the spiritual. 2. The Church (the R..?,? Catholic Ch.r,h) i? empowered to grant or take away any tem- poral possession. 3. The Pope has power to give countrieg and nations which are not Roman Catholic to Roman Catholic regents, who can reduce them to slavery. 4. The Pope can make slaves of these Chris- tian nation* whose princes or ruling power are interdicted by the Pope. 5. The Pope possesses the right of admonish- ing. and. if need be. of punishing, temporal* rulers, emnerors, and kings. 6. The Pope can release from obligation, oath, or vow, before or after being made (in fact, allows perjury). 7. The execution of Papal commands for the persecution of heretics causes remiion of sins. 8. He who kills one that is excommunicated is not a murderer in a legal sense. Tt is being faithful to her Protestant prin- ciples which has raised England to her present high position. aud it i. tamreri¡¡¡r with Popery which will be the cause of her humiliation, as it was in the time of the four successive Stuart Ving- Does Mr. Balfour really think that h;. Government can establish with impunity a Romish university where they w-ll he taught sedition and to undermine all Protestant Governments on principle, and the English Government in particular? If the,, sow wind, will fhflv not. Rurelv reap the whirJwi:nrj>-I am. Ac., LIBERAL UNIONIST.

COAL—ANCIENT AND MODERN. To the Editor of the western Man. Sir,—When I addressed you asking Mr. C. Wilkins the exact position of the cinder or ash heap at Morris Castle anything like I a reflection uoon that gent'email's erudition was not intended, and I think he knows me well enough personally to accept my assurance thereof. What I way struck with lvm Mr. Wilkins finding not only charcoal, but coke, in a heap said to have been there from the Nor. ma.n period. Of course, it is not in my own or anybody ehe's power to prove there was not such, but, knowlno; the locale so well. L w,, surprised at not having seen it. Permit me In all sincerity to say such is my present feel-1 ing. The "well" alluded to is taken to be t I have heard called (no doubt, erroneously) the Moat; it is a. cut in the solid limestone in the court-yard to the north of the crypt. FrDm memory tho dimenions may be a.bo? Mft. north to south, 50ft. to 60ft. east to west and as first seen, some 60 and odd Tear? ago. 12ft. or 14ft. deep at the eastern end There if but little topping upon the limestone th re, and. having many a time walked about that spot, I conclude someone had unturfed a portion and so discovered it. As regards the crop of any vein of o?the lowest veins of ironstone rn the South Wales b-i- are the Rosser Veins, and not many yards. above are the "Bluers and Encchs," with a vein of coal-it has ever been when seen by me of very inferior quality, but no doubt it exists. r remember the penydarren Iron Com- pany working iron?t.ne somewhere between !}?aun ?aren and the Goitre Pond, or to the right thereof going north; it was brought down the limestone tramroad, but I can say advisedly the quality of the coal was not at all suitable for smiths' purposes, and would deteriorate the quality of any iron heated in it. That wood grew in the neighbourhood of the Castle I take to be evidenced by names of places—Pant Coed Mor and Ufwyn Molgoch occur to me as I write. Charcoal was always, as far as I ever heard, always called "coaJt" 1 in every commercial instance, no matter whether the English or Welsh language was used in the conversation; and, strangely enough, 011 turning to "Iron Making in the Olden Times," opening on page 43. there is a quotatiou from the Harl. MS. 6.839. fol. 332. in which the word is "Coles." The whole runs thus: —"Imprimis: Fower long coards of Wood will make two Loads of (Doles w:h two Loades of Coals will make one Tunne of Sorre Iron." This W.1.s ahout 1652. It may be very daring on my part to say 110. hut I certainly think any smithy heap waj more probably from what has been done since the Norman period. Could it have been from the earliest working of the limestone for manu- facturing purposes or anything e&e? Mr. Henry Srle. the uncle of Dr. Scale, of Aber- dare, exploited the place for metalliferous pur- poses many years ago. Was it from a smithy used for sharpening the necessary tools in working the limestone, or for the purpose stated above? It may not be known to some of your readers that lead can be found not far awoty; my own search has been successful on Cefn Cilsanws and in the Taff Vawr Val:ey. When opportunity allows it would he a great pleasure to visit the locus in quo (Morlais Castle), accompanied by Mr. Wilkins, and meet the Rector of Vaynor on the .ite.-I am, &c., Bridgend, Feb. 3. T. CRESWICK. Nlention of the Rector of Vaynor re-calls a strange fact in connection with the parish. It is that the Parish Church could not be seen from any house in the parish. The Church Tavern stood within 30 or 40 yards of a part of the churchyard, but the fane itself could not be seen therefrom, although so close. I am aware that that condition does not exist now, j'ut that. it did I know from having tried it myself.