There are very large differences in how deadly different wars are: most death tolls are relatively small, a few are large, and very few are extremely large.

The chart shows this for allconventional wars between 1800 and 2011, relying on data from Project Mars.²

Even though most wars killed several thousand people, we can barely make them out in the chart.³

This is because the big wars weremuch more deadly: wars like the Russian Civil War and the Korean War killed several hundred thousand people. And wars such as the Chinese Civil War and the Vietnam War killed between 1 and 2 million combatants.

But the deaths in the World Wars loom even over them: in World War I, more than 7 million soldiers died.

And in World War II alone, more than 21 million combatants died.

Three-quarters of all war deaths since 1800 happened in just these two wars, and 90% in the biggest ten wars; this is one of the reasons why we have to treat anytrends over time with caution.

Fewer people died in conflicts in recent decades than in most of the 20th century.

The chart shows that several million people died in conflicts in the years after World War II.

After falling to much lower levels in the 1950s, conflict deaths surged again in the 1970s and 1980s. But this time, they peaked at 300,000 deaths annually.

They fell to much lower levels in the 1990s and have stayed below previous peaks in the decades since.

We see these lower numbers of deaths also in otherdatasources.

But there are several reasons we cannot be confident that this decline in conflict deaths will continue.

First, the chart shows more deaths in the last decade and, most recently, a spike in deaths due to warsin Ethiopia and Ukraine. The trends also differby world region: deaths have plummeted and stayed low for Asia and Oceania, but they have recently increased in the Middle East and soared in Africa and Europe.

One more reason we cannot be confident is that the deadliness of conflicts shows a lot of variation from year to year.Some wars are much deadlier than others, so a single deadly conflict could change this trend completely. Researchers have used statistical tests to tell actual trends from random fluctuations but have come to different conclusions.⁴

But the absence of a clear trend should not cause despair: countries have builtmore peaceful relations between and within them. It is up to us that these historical trends continue over the next decades and centuries.

Globally, close to 80,000 people died due to fighting in armed conflicts in 2019.

This means conflicts caused around 1 in 700 deaths.

This is shown in the chart, which presents what people died from during that year. You can find conflict deaths in the bottom-right corner.

Armed conflict is a much rarer cause of death than non-communicable (in blue) or infectious diseases (in red). It is also less common than other causes ofviolent death: more than five times as many people died from homicides in 2019, and almost ten times as many from suicide.

Yet, thenumber of conflict deaths can change a lot from year to year — in 2005, fewer than 20,000 people died in armed conflicts, while in 1994, in the wake of the genocide in Rwanda, it was more than 800,000. During the two World Wars, armed conflict was a leading cause of death, withseveral million deaths per year.

And while armed conflict is a rare cause of death globally in most years, it is muchmore common in some countries.

There are very large differences in the number of deaths from conflict across the world.

The map shows annual deaths from armed conflicts in each country.

We see that a large number of countries around the world are relatively peaceful. In them, few to no people die due to conflicts. Many of them are in Europe, but there are countries where few die in conflicts in all world regions.

In other countries, however, deaths from conflict are common. They see dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of deaths per year. In a few, conflict deaths account forseveral percent of all deaths in a year.

These global differenceslook similar when we consider that countries differ in the size of their populations.

The countries with the most conflict deaths can change frequently. In 2022, more than 40% of the people who died from conflict worldwide were in Ethiopia. In 2021, it was Afghanistan, with almost a third of all global conflict deaths occurring there.

The countries with the most conflict deaths also differ depending on whether we look atinterstate,intrastate,non-state conflicts, orone-sided violence.

As the chart shows, at least 150 ongoing armed conflicts have been recorded each year recently. This number is up from previous decades, but even then, it rarely fell below 100, and there has been no year without armed conflictfor centuries.

Wars — usually defined as armed conflicts that are especially deadly —have been rarer, with between 0 and 12 active wars per year. Still, there have been very few years without any.

The frequency of armed conflicts also differs depending on who fights them.

Armed conflict can occur between states (interstate), between a state and a non-state armed group within its territory (intrastate) or outside of it (extrasystemic), between non-state armed groups (non-state), or between an armed group and civilians (one-sided violence).

Looking at these conflict types more closely, we see that there have been noextrasystemic conflicts in recent decades. They disappeared after decolonizationin the middle of the 20th century.

Interstate conflicts are rare: there have been, at most, three ongoing conflicts of this type in any given year in the last three decades. And several years in that period saw no such conflict at all.

Intrastate conflicts andone-sided violence are more frequent. In recent decades, there have been several dozen conflicts of these types ongoing each year.

Andnon-state conflicts have become the most common type; they have been the primary driver of the recent increase in conflicts.

Researchers have argued that we should think of peace as more than just the absence of violence (callednegative peace), but envision it as sustained cooperation or even mutual protection between groups (positive peace).⁸

The chart shows global data that uses this distinction to classify the bilateral relationships between countries into different levels of peacefulness or hostility, expressed here as the share of each type of relationship.

Most relationships between countries are characterized asnegative and positive peace — which is further split intowarm peace andsecurity communities.

Only a small percentage of relationships are classified as rivalries. These rivalries are separated intolesser orsevere rivalries by the researchers who produced this data.

We also see that relationships between countries have changed over time: more than a century ago, in 1900, most countries did not use violence against each other, but none had highly cooperative relationships. And almost 20% of relationships were rivals that occasionally or frequently used violence against each other.

Conflict surged during the two World Wars and the early years of the Cold War. But then, rivalries steadily declined, and bilateral cooperation spread. Importantly, this happened whilemany more countries became independent, and many more pairs of countriesstarted having a relationship.⁹

Many countries deepened their ties in the 1990s and 2000s, predominantly in the European Union. This turned almost a fifth of relationships intosecurity communities.

Recent years have seen slight increases in rivalries and declines in peaceful relationships. But bilateral relations remain much more peaceful than over the entire 20th century.

Even if we are more ambitious in our vision of peace, we see that the world has made progress.