↑Cardona, George; Luraghi, Silvia (2018). "Sanskrit". In Bernard Comrie (ed.).The World's Major Languages. Taylor & Francis. pp. 497–.ISBN978-1-317-29049-0. Quote:Sanskrit (samskrita- 'adorned, purified') ... It is in theRamayana that the termsaṃskṛta- is encountered probably for the first time with reference to the language.
↑Apte, Vaman Shivaram (1957).Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary. Poona: Prasad Prakashan. pp. 1596–. Quote: from संस्कृत saṃskṛitəpast passive participle: Made perfect, refined, polished, cultivated. -तः -tah A word formed regularly according to the rules of grammar, a regular derivative. -तम् -tam Refined or highly polished speech, the Sanskṛit language; संस्कृतं नाम दैवी वागन्वाख्याता महर्षिभिः ("named sanskritam the divine language elaborated by the sages" fromKāvyadarśa.1. 33. ofDaṇḍin"
↑Dyson, Tim (2018),A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, pp. 14–15,ISBN978-0-19-882905-8 Quote: "Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an ‘Aryan invasion’ it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family."
↑Pinkney, Andrea Marion (2014). "Revealing the Vedas in 'Hinduism': foundations and issues of interpretation of religions in South Asian Hindu traditions". In Bryan S. Turner; Oscar Salemink (eds.).Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia. Routledge. pp. 38–.ISBN978-1-317-63646-5. Quote: "According toAsko Parpola, the Proto-Indo-Aryan civilization was influenced by two external waves of migrations. The first group originated from the southern Urals (c. 2100 BCE) and mixed with the peoples of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC); this group then proceeded to South Asia, arriving around 1900 BCE. The second wave arrived in northern South Asia around 1750 BCE and mixed with the formerly arrived group, producing the Mitanni Aryans (c. 1500 BCE), a precursor to the peoples of theṚgveda.Michael Witzel has assigned an approximate chronology to the strata of Vedic languages, arguing that the language of theṚgveda changed through the beginning of the Iron Age in South Asia, which started in the Northwest (Punjab) around 1000 BCE. On the basis of comparative philological evidence, Witzel has suggested a five-stage periodization of Vedic civilization, beginning with theṚgveda. On the basis of internal evidence, theṚgveda is dated as a late Bronze Age text composed by pastoral migrants with limited settlements, probably between 1350 and 1150 BCE in the Punjab region."
↑Michael C. Howard (2012).Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland. p. 21.ISBN978-0-7864-9033-2.,Quote: "Sanskrit was another important lingua franca in the ancient world that was widely used in South Asia and in the context of Hindu and Buddhist religions in neighboring areas as well. (...) The spread of South Asian cultural influence to Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia meant that Sanskrit was also used in these areas, especially in a religious context and political elites."
↑Pollock, Sheldon (2006),The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India, University of California Press, p. 14,ISBN978-0-520-24500-6,Quote: "Once Sanskrit emerged from the sacerdotal environment ... it became the sole medium by which ruling elites expressed their power ... Sanskrit probably never functioned as an everyday medium of communication anywhere in the cosmopolis—not in South Asia itself, let alone Southeast Asia ... The work Sanskrit did do ... was directed above all toward articulating a form of ... politics ... as celebration of aesthetic power."
↑Burrow (1973), pp. 62–64. harv error: no target: CITEREFBurrow1973 (help)
↑Cardona, George; Luraghi, Silvia (2018). "Sanskrit". In Bernard Comrie (ed.).The World's Major Languages. Taylor & Francis. pp. 497–.ISBN978-1-317-29049-0. Quote:Sanskrit (samskrita- 'adorned, purified') refers to several varieties of Old Indo-Aryan whose most archaic forms are found in Vedic texts: theRigveda (Ṛgveda), Yajurveda, Sāmveda, Atharvaveda, with various branches.
↑Lowe, John J. (2015).Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The Syntax and Semantics of Adjectival Verb Forms. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2.ISBN978-0-19-100505-3. Quote: It consists of 1,028 hymns (suktas), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India.
↑Witzel, Michael (2006). "Early Loan Words in Western Central Asia: Indicators of Substrate Populations, Migrations, and Trade Relations". In Victor H. Mair (ed.).Contact And Exchange in the Ancient World. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 158–190, 160.ISBN978-0-8248-2884-4. Quote: The Vedas were composed (roughly between 1500-1200 and 500 BCE) in parts of present-day Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northern India. The oldest text at our disposal is theRgveda (RV); it is composed in archaic Indo-Aryan (Vedic Sanskrit).
↑Shulman, David (2016).Tamil. Harvard University Press. pp. 17–19.ISBN978-0-674-97465-4.(p. 17) Similarly, we find a large number of other items relating to flora and fauna, grains, pulses, and spices—that is, words that we might expect to have made their way into Sanskrit from the linguistic environment of prehistoric or early-historic India. ... (p 18) Dravidian certainly influenced Sanskrit phonology and syntax from early on ... (p 19) Vedic Sanskrit was in contact, from very ancient times, with speakers of Dravidian languages, and that the two language families profoundly influenced one another
↑Evans, Nicholas (2009).Dying Words: Endangered Languages and What They Have to Tell Us. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 27–.ISBN978-0-631-23305-3. Quote: All these achievements are dwarfed, though, by the Sanskrit linguistic tradition culminating in the famous grammar by Panini, known as the Astadhyayi. The elegance and comprehensiveness of its architecture have yet to be surpassed by any grammar of any language, and its ingenious methods of stratifying out use and mention, language and metalanguage, and theorem and metatheorem predate key discoveries in western philosophy by millennia.
↑Glenn Van Brummelen (2014), "Arithmetic", in Thomas F. Glick; Steven Livesey; Faith Wallis (eds.),Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, pp. 46–48,ISBN978-1-135-45932-1 Quote: "The story of the growth of arithmetic from the ancient inheritance to the wealth passed on to the Renaissance is dramatic and passes through several cultures. The most groundbreaking achievement was the evolution of a positional number system, in which the position of a digit within a number determines its value according to powers (usually) of ten (e.g., in 3,285, the "2" refers to hundreds). Its extension to include decimal fractions and the procedures that were made possible by its adoption transformed the abilities of all who calculated, with an effect comparable to the modern invention of the electronic computer. Roughly speaking, this began in India, was transmitted to Islam, and then to the Latin West."
↑Lowe, John J. (2017).Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan. Oxford University Press. p. 58.ISBN978-0-19-879357-1. Quote: "The term ‘Epic Sanskrit’ refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.
↑Lowe, John J. (2017).Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan. Oxford University Press. p. 53.ISBN978-0-19-879357-1. Quote: "The desire to preserve understanding and knowledge of Sanskrit in the face of ongoing linguistic change drove the development of an indigenous grammatical tradition, which culminated in the composition of the Astadhyayi, attributed to the grammarian Panini, no later than the early fourth century BCE. In subsequent centuries, Sanskrit ceased to be learnt as a native language, and eventually ceased to develop as living languages do, becoming increasingly fixed according to the prescriptions of the grammatical tradition."
