Alternative titles; symbols
HGNC Approved Gene Symbol:HMGN2
Cytogenetic location:1p36.11 Genomic coordinates(GRCh38) :1:26,472,440-26,476,642 (from NCBI)
Chromosomal proteins HMG17 and HMG14 (HMGN1;163920) are among the most abundant, ubiquitous, and evolutionarily conserved nonhistone proteins found in the nuclei of higher eukaryotes. The large number of retropseudogenes are scattered over several chromosomes.Landsman and Bustin (1986) showed that the nonhistone chromosomal proteins HMG14 and HMG17 are encoded by distinct genes, each of which is part of a separate multigene family. These families may have evolved independently from similar genetic elements or from a shared ancestral gene in which the nucleotide sequence coding for the DNA-binding domain of the protein is the most conserved region. The structural differences between the molecules and the differences in their DNA-binding domains suggest that the proteins may be involved in distinguishable cellular functions. They may confer specific conformations to transcriptionally active regions of chromatin.Landsman and Bustin (1986) andLandsman et al. (1986) isolated and sequenced full-length cDNAs for human HMG14 and HMG17. The sequences indicate that these are both functional genes.
Porkka et al. (2002) reported a cDNA that encodes a fragment of HMGN2, a highly conserved nucleosomal protein thought to be involved in unfolding higher-order chromatin structure and facilitating the transcriptional activation of mammalian genes (Bustin, 1999).Porkka et al. (2002) derived a 31-amino acid synthetic peptide from this HMGN2 fragment which, when injected intravenously, accumulates in the nuclei of tumor endothelial cells and tumor cells, carrying a payload to a tumor and into the cell nuclei in the tumor. They suggested that the peptide may be suitable for targeting cytotoxic drugs and gene therapy vectors into tumors.
West et al. (2001) stated that the HMGN2 gene contains 6 exons and spans 3.5 kb. They noted that the promoter region contains CpG islands.West et al. (2001) determined that the promoter also contains a CCAAT box, several Sp1 (189906)-binding sites, and an SRY (480000)-binding site.
A 3-prime flanking subfragment of the HMG17 gene was used byMitchell et al. (1988) to map the HMG17 gene to chromosome 1 by Southern analysis of DNA from human-rodent hybrid cells; analysis of hybrids containing breaks or translocations involving chromosome 1 permitted tentative localization to 1p34-p12. RFLPs were identified.Mitchell et al. (1988) concluded that there may be a single functional HMG17 gene in humans, but an unusually large number of processed pseudogenes (Srikantha et al., 1987).Mitchell et al. (1989) assigned the HMG17 gene to human chromosome 1p36.1-p35 on the basis of in situ hybridization data. Linkage studies using a polymorphic marker detected by the HMG17 probe placed the HMG17 locus 1.7 cM (sex averaged) from RH, which is localized to 1p36.2-p34.
By in situ hybridization,Popescu et al. (1990) mapped HMG17 to 1p36.1.
Bustin, M.Regulation of DNA-dependent activities by the functional motifs of the high-mobility-group chromosomal proteins. Molec. Cell. Biol. 19: 5237-5246, 1999. [PubMed:10409715,images,related citations] [Full Text]
Landsman, D., Bustin, M.Chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17: distinct multigene families coding for similar types of transcripts. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 16087-16091, 1986. Note: Erratum: J. Biol. Chem. 262: 8438 only, 1987. [PubMed:3782108,related citations]
Landsman, D., Soares, N., Gonzalez, F. J., Bustin, M.Chromosomal protein HMG-17: complete human cDNA sequence and evidence for a multigene family. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 7479-7484, 1986. Note: Erratum: J. Biol. Chem. 263: 16512 only, 1988. [PubMed:3754870,related citations]
Mitchell, A., McBride, W., Landsman, D., Bustin, M.Chromosomal mapping of HMG-17 gene to human chromosome 1p. (Abstract) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 43: A152 only, 1988.
Mitchell, A. L., Bale, A. E., Bustin, M., Landsman, D., Popescu, N., McBride, O. W.Localization of HMG17 gene to chromosome 1p35-36.1. (Abstract) Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 51: 1045 only, 1989.
Popescu, N., Landsman, D., Bustin, M.Mapping the human gene coding for chromosomal protein HMG-17. Hum. Genet. 85: 376-378, 1990. [PubMed:2394451,related citations] [Full Text]
Porkka, K., Laakkonen, P., Hoffman, J. A., Bernasconi, M., Ruoslahti, E.A fragment of the HMGN2 protein homes to the nuclei of tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells in vivo. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 99: 7444-7449, 2002. [PubMed:12032302,images,related citations] [Full Text]
Srikantha, J., Landsman, D., Bustin, M.Retropseudogenes for human chromosomal protein HMG-17. J. Molec. Biol. 197: 405-413, 1987. [PubMed:3441004,related citations] [Full Text]
West, K. L., Ito, Y., Birger, Y., Postnikov, Y., Shirakawa, H., Bustin, M.HMGN3a and HMGN3b, two protein isoforms with a tissue-specific expression pattern, expand the cellular repertoire of nucleosome-binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 25959-25969, 2001. [PubMed:11356838,related citations] [Full Text]
Alternative titles; symbols
HGNC Approved Gene Symbol: HMGN2
Cytogenetic location: 1p36.11 Genomic coordinates(GRCh38) : 1:26,472,440-26,476,642(from NCBI)
Chromosomal proteins HMG17 and HMG14 (HMGN1; 163920) are among the most abundant, ubiquitous, and evolutionarily conserved nonhistone proteins found in the nuclei of higher eukaryotes. The large number of retropseudogenes are scattered over several chromosomes. Landsman and Bustin (1986) showed that the nonhistone chromosomal proteins HMG14 and HMG17 are encoded by distinct genes, each of which is part of a separate multigene family. These families may have evolved independently from similar genetic elements or from a shared ancestral gene in which the nucleotide sequence coding for the DNA-binding domain of the protein is the most conserved region. The structural differences between the molecules and the differences in their DNA-binding domains suggest that the proteins may be involved in distinguishable cellular functions. They may confer specific conformations to transcriptionally active regions of chromatin. Landsman and Bustin (1986) and Landsman et al. (1986) isolated and sequenced full-length cDNAs for human HMG14 and HMG17. The sequences indicate that these are both functional genes.
Porkka et al. (2002) reported a cDNA that encodes a fragment of HMGN2, a highly conserved nucleosomal protein thought to be involved in unfolding higher-order chromatin structure and facilitating the transcriptional activation of mammalian genes (Bustin, 1999). Porkka et al. (2002) derived a 31-amino acid synthetic peptide from this HMGN2 fragment which, when injected intravenously, accumulates in the nuclei of tumor endothelial cells and tumor cells, carrying a payload to a tumor and into the cell nuclei in the tumor. They suggested that the peptide may be suitable for targeting cytotoxic drugs and gene therapy vectors into tumors.
West et al. (2001) stated that the HMGN2 gene contains 6 exons and spans 3.5 kb. They noted that the promoter region contains CpG islands. West et al. (2001) determined that the promoter also contains a CCAAT box, several Sp1 (189906)-binding sites, and an SRY (480000)-binding site.
A 3-prime flanking subfragment of the HMG17 gene was used by Mitchell et al. (1988) to map the HMG17 gene to chromosome 1 by Southern analysis of DNA from human-rodent hybrid cells; analysis of hybrids containing breaks or translocations involving chromosome 1 permitted tentative localization to 1p34-p12. RFLPs were identified. Mitchell et al. (1988) concluded that there may be a single functional HMG17 gene in humans, but an unusually large number of processed pseudogenes (Srikantha et al., 1987). Mitchell et al. (1989) assigned the HMG17 gene to human chromosome 1p36.1-p35 on the basis of in situ hybridization data. Linkage studies using a polymorphic marker detected by the HMG17 probe placed the HMG17 locus 1.7 cM (sex averaged) from RH, which is localized to 1p36.2-p34.
By in situ hybridization, Popescu et al. (1990) mapped HMG17 to 1p36.1.
Bustin, M.Regulation of DNA-dependent activities by the functional motifs of the high-mobility-group chromosomal proteins. Molec. Cell. Biol. 19: 5237-5246, 1999. [PubMed: 10409715] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.19.8.5237]
Landsman, D., Bustin, M.Chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17: distinct multigene families coding for similar types of transcripts. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 16087-16091, 1986. Note: Erratum: J. Biol. Chem. 262: 8438 only, 1987. [PubMed: 3782108]
Landsman, D., Soares, N., Gonzalez, F. J., Bustin, M.Chromosomal protein HMG-17: complete human cDNA sequence and evidence for a multigene family. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 7479-7484, 1986. Note: Erratum: J. Biol. Chem. 263: 16512 only, 1988. [PubMed: 3754870]
Mitchell, A., McBride, W., Landsman, D., Bustin, M.Chromosomal mapping of HMG-17 gene to human chromosome 1p. (Abstract) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 43: A152 only, 1988.
Mitchell, A. L., Bale, A. E., Bustin, M., Landsman, D., Popescu, N., McBride, O. W.Localization of HMG17 gene to chromosome 1p35-36.1. (Abstract) Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 51: 1045 only, 1989.
Popescu, N., Landsman, D., Bustin, M.Mapping the human gene coding for chromosomal protein HMG-17. Hum. Genet. 85: 376-378, 1990. [PubMed: 2394451] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00206764]
Porkka, K., Laakkonen, P., Hoffman, J. A., Bernasconi, M., Ruoslahti, E.A fragment of the HMGN2 protein homes to the nuclei of tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells in vivo. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 99: 7444-7449, 2002. [PubMed: 12032302] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.062189599]
Srikantha, J., Landsman, D., Bustin, M.Retropseudogenes for human chromosomal protein HMG-17. J. Molec. Biol. 197: 405-413, 1987. [PubMed: 3441004] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(87)90554-7]
West, K. L., Ito, Y., Birger, Y., Postnikov, Y., Shirakawa, H., Bustin, M.HMGN3a and HMGN3b, two protein isoforms with a tissue-specific expression pattern, expand the cellular repertoire of nucleosome-binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 25959-25969, 2001. [PubMed: 11356838] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M101692200]
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