In medievalmanuscripts, abbreviations were often used to save time and space, andreaders of the time would have been familiar with them. Michelle Brown notes inUnderstanding Illuminated Manuscripts (Getty Museum/British Library, 1994) that Irishscribes relied on them extensively incopying pocket-sizeGospel books used for study.

1. education?

2. educational effectiveness?

3. high school effectiveness?

4. teamwork?

5. a Japanese approach to teamwork?

As a general rule,catalogers andindexers assign the most specificsubject headings that describe the significantcontent of theitem. In apost-coordinateindexing system such as the one used in theERICdatabase, thedescriptors "Educational effectiveness," "High schools," "Japan," and "Teamwork" would probably be assigned to the example given above, but in apre-coordinate system, such as theLibrary of Congress Subject Headings list, the appropriateheadings might be "High schools--Japan," "Teacher effectiveness--Japan," and "Teaching teams--Japan."See also:summarization.

Length depends on the type of document abstracted and the intended use of the abstract. As a general rule, abstracts of long documents, such asmonographs andtheses, are limited to a singlepage (about 300 words); abstracts ofpapers, articles, and portions of monographs are no longer than 250 words; abstracts ofnotes and other brief communications are limited to 100 words; and abstracts of very short documents, such aseditorials andletters to the editor, are about 30 words long. In a scholarlyjournal article, the abstract should appear on the first page, following thetitle and name(s) ofauthor(s) and preceding thetext. In aseparately published document, the abstract should be placed between thetitle page and the text. In anentry in aprintedindexing andabstracting service orbibliographic database, the abstract accompanies thecitation. Because the abstract is asearchablefield in most bibliographicdatabases, attention must be paid by the abstractor to thekeywords included in it.Authorship of an abstract can beunattributed or indicated by name or initials. Anauthor-supplied abstract is usually written by theauthor of the work abstracted. Compare withsummary.See also:abstracting journal,author abstract, andstructured abstract.

In computing, the privilege of using a computer system oronline resource, usually controlled by the issuance ofaccess codes toauthorized users. In a more general sense, the ability of a user to reachdatastored on a computer or computer system.See also:open access andperpetual access.

Also, adigital object, typically agraphic image, scaled down from a high quality original to a lower quality (often smaller) version to facilitate transmission overnetworks of lowbandwidth.

Ininformation storage and retrieval, the manner in which a computer system retrievesrecords from afile, which usually depends on the method of their arrangement in or on thestoragemedium.

Inarchives, the formal act of accepting anddocumenting the receipt ofrecords taken intocustody, part of the process of establishing physical and intellectual control over them. In the case of donated items, adeed of gift may be required to transfer legal title.

1XX - Main entries

4XX -Series statements

6XX - Subject headings

7XX - Added entries other than subject orseries

8XX - Series added entries

In a more general sense, any uniquedataelement that serves as a point of entry to an organizedfile of information. In filesindexed withcontrolled vocabulary, an access point may be apreferred or nonpreferred term.

Also refers to a physical location wherewireless access is available.

In themanagement ofacademic libraries, the use ofassessmentdata to evaluate alibrary's effectiveness in achieving its educationalmission, as a basis for continual improvement.See also:LibQUAL+ andProject SAILS.

The Committee on Accreditation may withdraw accreditation for serious lack of conformity to theStandards, for failure to participate in the evaluation process, or for not meeting financial obligations to the COA.

Incartography, a measure of the degree to which thecoordinates ofpoints shown on amap conform to actualsurvey coordinates. In a broader sense, the degree to which a value or set of values, either measured or calculated, approximates a specificstandard for that value (Cartographic Materials; A Manual of Interpretation for AACR2, 2002 Revision, ALA, 2003).

Also refers to the department within a library responsible for selecting, ordering, and receiving new materials and for maintaining accuraterecords of such transactions, usually managed by anacquisitions librarian. Insmall libraries, the acquisitionslibrarian may also be responsible forcollection development, but in mostpublic andacademic libraries, this responsibility is shared by all the librarians who have an active interest in collection building, usually on the basis of expertise andsubjectspecialization. For a more detailed description of the responsibilities entailed in acquisitions, please see theentry by Liz Chapman in theInternational Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (Routledge, 2003).Click here to connect toAcqWeb, anonline resource for acquisitions and collection development librarians. Compare withaccession.See also:Acquisitions Section.

S A T O R

A R E P O

T E N E T

O P E R A

R O T A S

Also refers to a piece of legislation (abill) after it has been passed into law (example:Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998).Click here to view an early Americanprinting of the Stamp Act of 1765, courtesty of theLilly Library at Indiana University.

In music, a work that is a distinct alteration of anothermusical work (for example, a freetranscription), or thatparaphrases parts of various works or imitates the style of anothercomposer, or that is somehow based on another musical work (AACR2).Cataloging follows the practice used for texts.See also:arrangement.

Also, a written or spokenspeech, especially a formal discourse in which the speaker's comments on an important issue or event are directed to a knownaudience (examples: President George Washington's firstInaugural Address and Abraham Lincoln'sGettysburg Address). Afuneral address is a tribute delivered, sometimes by a close associate or admirer, at the formal ceremony honoring a person after death. The address at Lincoln's burial was delivered by the Reverend Matthew Simpson.

Rights metadata - facilitates management of legalrights in a resource (copyright,licenses,permissions, etc.)

Preservation metadata - facilitates management of processes involved in ensuring the long-term survival andusability of a resource

Technical metadata - documents the creation and characteristics ofdigitalfiles

Librariescatalog aerial photographs ascartographic materials.Click here to connect to the historicIllinois Air Photo Imagebase maintained by the Grainger Engineering Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.See also:orthophotograph,photomap,photomosaic,quad-centered photograph, andremote sensing image.

For wetter books, the NEDCC recommends repeatedinterleaving with paper towels or clean, unprintednewsprint every fewpages and placing clean blotter paper inside the front and backcovers. The book should then be closed gently and stood on severalsheets of absorbent paper. Each time the interleaving is changed, the volume should be turned fromhead totail or vice versa. Books must be completely dry before reshelving to prevent the spread of mold. Completely soaked books should befrozen and vacuum dried to minimizecockling ofleaves and distortion oftext block andbinding.Vacuum freeze drying is also recommended for booksprinted oncoated paper because the leaves adhere when wet, producing acondition known asblocking as thetext block dries.

According to former Yale University conservator Jane Greenfield, levels inside a building are roughly half those found outside (The Care of Fine Books, Nick Lyons Books, 1988). Complete removal requires a ducted air-conditioning system. Room air cleaners with synthetic and fiberglass filters remove particulates; activated carbon filters eliminate gaseous pollutants. Electrostatic precipitators are not recommended because they release damaging ozone and facilitate the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid. Storingrare and valuable items in boxes or other protective covering can help minimize the effects of air pollution. Smoking should not be allowed near books because it introduces pollutants into the air. For moreinformation, seeAirborne Pollutants in Museums, Galleries, and Archives: Risk Assessment, Control Strategies, and Preservation Management (2004) by Jean Tétreault,published by theCanadian Conservation Institute (CCI). Synonymous withatmospheric pollution.

To achieve Charlemagne's goal of replacing the Gallican with the Roman rite, Alcuin compiledliturgical works, most notably amissal that was widely adopted, establishing uniformity in the liturgy of the Mass throughout the Western Church. In 796, he was appointed Abbot of St. Martin at Tours, where he focused on building a model monastic school and library, while supervising the production of a series of bibles for circulation among European monastic establishments. To facilitatecopying, a newscript known today asCarolingian minuscule was adopted, eventually becoming the basis of modernromantype. Practical reforms, such as beginning a written sentence with acapital letter and ending it with aperiod, were also introduced. Whether Alcuin was a monk or a member of the secular clergy remains uncertain, but in any case, he died in 804 at the end of a long and fruitful career. For moreinformation about his life, seeThe Catholic Encyclopedia.

Although the main library was damaged in 47 B.C. during the siege by Julius Caesar, both libraries flourished under the Romans until the civil war that occurred in the late 3rd century A.D. under Emperor Aurelian. The smaller library was destroyed in A.D. 391 by edict of Byzantine Emperor Theodosius. In 1987, UNESCO embarked on a project in cooperation with the government of Egypt to revive the Library at Alexandria as a center of culture, science, and academicresearch.Click here to connect to thehomepage of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina.See also:Pergamum.

Also, an assumed name, especially one adopted by a person engaged in illegal activity to avoid detection and possible prosecution. Compare withpseudonym.

In a more general sense, the lining up of type orgraphicmatter in relation to any common horizontal or vertical line forprinting on a page or display on a computer screen.

Almanacs have an important place in earlyAmericana (see the 1795edition ofBannaker's Almanac, courtesy of theLibrary of Congress). They have also served as a vehicle forillustrators (seeKate Greenaway Almanack, courtesy ofSpecial Collections, Univ. of S. Mississippi Library).

Letter-by-Letter	Word-by-Word
New	New
Newel	New Haven
Newfoundland	New moon
New Haven	New York
New moon	Newel
Newport	Newfoundland
Newt	Newport
New York	Newt

For a brief discussion of the history of alphabetization, please see theentry on "Alphabetization Rules" by Geoffrey Martin in theInternational Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (Routledge, 2003).

ES

BEET

5

O 98

In the preceding example,ES indicates that the recorded work is orchestral and of symphonic form,BEET that it was composed by Ludwig Van Beethoven,5 that it is his fifth symphony, andO 98 that the performance was conducted by Eugene Ormandy and that the last two digits of the Columbia record number are 98.

ANSCR is used mainly bylibraries holding large numbers of sound recordings. Libraries with smallercollections generally useaccession number or some other "home-grown"classification system to organize sound recordings. Pronounced "answer."

ALA divisions:

American Association of School Librarians (AASL)

Association for Library Collections and Technical Services (ALCTS)

Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC)

Association for Library Trustees, Advocates, Friends and Foundations (ALTAFF)

Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL)

Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies (ASCLA)

Library and Information Technology Association (LITA)

Library Leadership and Management Association (LLAMA)

Public Library Association (PLA)

Reference and User Services Association (RUSA)

Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA)

ASIS&T publications:

ARIST: Annual Review of Information Science and Technology

Bulletin of the American Society of Information Science and Technology

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

Historical bibliography - the history of books and their methods of production

Textual bibliography - the relationship between the text as conceived by theauthor and the text inpublished form

Descriptive bibliography - detailed account of the physical characteristics of books

A secondedition (AACR2) was published in 1978 and revised in 1988 (AACR2R) to reflect changes ininformationformats. The 1998 revision includes changes and corrections authorized since 1988 by theJoint Steering Committee for Revision ofAACR (JSC), includingamendments authorized through 1997. Additional amendments were issued in 1999 and 2001. The current version,Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second edition, 2002 Revision (AACR2 2002), includes extensive revisions to chapter 12 oncontinuing resources (formerly known asserials).AACR2-e is ahypertext versionpublished byALA Editions that includes all amendments through 2001. In the summer of 2010, the JSC released a controversial new code,Resource Description and Access (RDA), which was tested by theLibrary of Congress, theNational Agricultural Library, and theNational Library of Medicine and found to be in need of modification.Click here to read a brief history ofAACR, courtesy of the JSC.See also:catalog code andParis Principles.

Example:

Bradbury, Malcolm, ed.The Atlas of Literature. London: De Agostini Editions, 1997.

A heavily-illustrated international thematic history of the relationship between geography andliterature, from the Middle Ages and Renaissance to the post-Cold War era. Includes references forfurther reading and a list of places to visit by country.

In a more general sense, any brief explanatory or descriptive comment added to adocument,text,catalogentry, etc. (click here to see a heavily annotatedcopy of a 16th-centuryedition of Terence�s comedies). In acritical annotation, the commentary is evaluative. Also refers to the process ofannotating a document or entry in a bibliography orcatalog. Compare withabstract.

In modernusage, aserialpublication in anyformat, issued once a year (example:Annual of Urdu Studies). Thetitle of the publication may not contain the word "annual" (example:Shakespeare Survey). Compare withyearbook.See also:biennial,triennial,quadrennial,quinquennial,sexennial,septennial, anddecennial.

In the workplace, an inspection or personnel evaluation conducted once a year.

Also refers to a formal request to be considered for employment, usually made by filling out aform or by submitting aresume orcurriculum vitae withcover letter in response to ajob posting. Eachlibrary develops its own application procedure, unless it is part of a larger organization that uses a uniform procedure.