Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main content

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.

Academia.eduAcademia.edu
Rita Wright

Rita Wright

Rita Wright is Professor of Anthropology Emerita at New York University.  Her research interests include comparative studies of urbanism, state formation, gender, and cycles of change in ancient civilizations.  In the field she has conducted research in South Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan) and the Near East (Iran), and used secondary sources from Mesopotamia to understand the nature of centralization and production and distribution systems.  Her research at Harappa included studies of ceramics and craft production and a regional survey of Harappan Settlement Patterns on the Beas River, a now dry river bed near Harappa.  Dr. Wright is founder and editor of Case Studies in Early Societies (Cambridge University Press), editor of Gender and Archaeology, co-editor with Cathy L. Costin of Craft and Social Identity, and author of Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society (2010, Cambridge University Press in UK/US and India and founder and co-manager of Cambridge University Press Element, Anthropological Archaeology in the 21st Century..
less

Related Authors

InterestsView All (7)

Uploads

Papers by Rita Wright

Research paper thumbnail of Urbanism in the Indus Valley: environment and settlement on the Beas River
Urbanism in the Indus Valley: environment and settlement on the Beas River
… Ministry of Minorities, Culture, Sports, Tourism …, 2001
Research paper thumbnail of What Lay Beneath RWright, 265-290
Art/ifacts an Art Works in the ancient World, ed. Karen Sonik, 2021
Analysis provides insights into Puabi's signature funerary performance, including Textile manage... moreAnalysis provides insights into Puabi's signature funerary performance, including  Textile management - characteristics from early flax to state and local management of industry.
Research paper thumbnail of Beas Landscape and Settlement Survey: Harappan Sites at Dunyapur/Lodhran -Punjab, Pakistan
Ancient Pakistan, 0
This article reports the results of field work conducted between 1996 and 2001 in the Punjab prov... moreThis article reports the results of field work conducted between 1996 and 2001 in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Our methodology was based on scraping surfaces to identify remnant features in a region recently levelled for establishment of homesteads, crop farming, and animal husbandry. The article includes unpublished maps, surface records, diagnostic finds, and radiocarbon dates based on core samples. The research captures a short period when Harappans moved to parts of this region and engaged in unique forms of water management techniques. Follow up analyses and satellite imagery provide evidence for site modification and heritage loss.
Figure 1. The ancient Beas River and Harappan sites with Dunyapur Chaks circled.
Figure 2. Field map of Mai Manoori Bhir mud brick building and flat bench are shown in the northeast. Numbers shown on high and low berms on the north, west, and south refer to field flags. A road cuts through the site at mid-point and includes two smaller paths trending northerly. Numbered features include mud brick walls, sherd scatters, and a possible platform. A sherd scatter comprised of craft activity related materials was identified between the extreme southern berm and the ‘blowout.’ Blowouts are sandy depressions found in sand dune ecosystems; this one records shrub regeneration.
Figure 3. Well 1 at Mai Manoori Bhir other wells were traced using surface clearance methods. Baked brick traces of well construction were found throughout the areas where wells were traced (Fig. 4). All told, six wells were discovered at Mai Manoori Bhir, including the exposed well, which was recorded and measured.
Figure 4. Scatters of baked bricks define five other wells.
Figure 5. GIS map of Mai Manoori Bhir Beas Landscape and Settlement Survey: Harappan Sites at Dunyapur/Lodhran — Punjab, Pakistan
Figure 7. A&B - Field and GIS maps compared from Chak 27M
Figure 9. Examples of burnt brick from kilns at Chak 27M Figure 8. Lithics and ceramics surface scatter at Chak 27M
Figure 10. Ceramics at Chak 27M
Figure 11. Zoomorphic Figurine at Chak 27M
Chak 21M had been destroyed a month before we arrived but remained undisturbed during later visits. Using the standard methods applied to other Beas settlements and Chak 27M, we divided the site into 10 x 10 m quadrats (Fig. 12). These quadrats were designed for intensive artifact collection, our standard method to insure 100% distribution of activity and collection areas. All materials were weighed, counted, and recorded. Of the 10,000 sherds weighed, counted and recorded, diagnostics were turned over to the Harappa curator while others were stored at Harappa. The remaining were left on the site. Traces of mudbrick walls were visible on the surface when scraped. On the north there were concentrations of sherds that ended at dune encroachment; on the west in Feature 2, there was production debris. On the east a modern ditch was bounded by dunes and sherd concentrations that extended out into a field over an area of a hectare. Also labelled on the map is a blowout, a depression or hollow formed by wind erosion on preexisting sand or stabilized due to dune vegetation.
Beas Landscape and Settlement Survey: Harappan Sites at Dunyapur/Lodhran — Punjab, Pakistan
Figure 15. GIS map Chak 18/19M
maximum diameter width (506 for example). Both are obviously very useful for storage. On figure 18, 502 is part of a dish on stand. Similar types are illustrated on figure 19. Ledge shouldered and other large and small jars are illustrated along with string cut and contiguous bases; while 517 is unusual and may be an early Ravi/Hakra small vessel. The small fragment with the plus/or X ‘sign’ may be a potter’s mark or other message. Object bearing number 520 is a base and body part of a perforated jar, a type found at most of the Dunyapur settlements. In our pottery yard database there are many entries for Chak 29M ceramics recorded as extremely large body sherds which are labeled as unidentifiable. The integration of cultural (here noted as Early/ Mature/Late Harappan) and natural stratigraphy provide a window into the onset and post-date of settlement. As discussed earlier, a cultural and non-cultural list is available online at (Harappa. com/beas/mapping project/slide3 Table 2 for the full list of cultural and non-cultural dates). Here, below I provide a table of non-cultural dates “Table 2 - Selected Radiocarbon dates from Dunyapur and other Beas sites,’ and focus on three dates from Chak 19M, Chak 21M, and Chak 27M and one from Crossing 6, the oldest date.
Figure 22. Dunyapur cores- Chak 27M
Figure 24. CORONA imagery showing linear features 2023
Figure 25. Reconstruction of the relict canal and Beas Survey sites 2023
Table 1. Chronology and periods based on Harappan excavations
Table 2. Chronology of Dunyapur Cores
Research paper thumbnail of Preserving the Cultural and National Heritages of Afghanistan: What has been and Needs to be Done
Preserving the Cultural and National Heritages of Afghanistan: What has been and Needs to be Done
Research paper thumbnail of Marking Landscapes
Marking Landscapes
University of Arizona Press eBooks, Sep 13, 2022
Research paper thumbnail of From Rojdi to Harappa and Beyond: Regional Variation in the Indus Civilization
From Rojdi to Harappa and Beyond: Regional Variation in the Indus Civilization
Research paper thumbnail of What Lay Beneath
What Lay Beneath
Art/ifacts and ArtWorks in the Ancient World, 2021
Research paper thumbnail of Archaeological Collections Project
The Archaeological Collections Project was conducted in accordance with the Principles of Archaeo... moreThe Archaeological Collections Project was conducted in accordance with the Principles of Archaeological Ethics outlined by the Society for American Archaeology Ethics Committee at its April 10, 1996 meeting. Specifically, the project focused on three ethical principles: 1) Stewardship-"…to work for the long-term conservation and protection of the archaeological record by practicing and promoting stewardship of the archaeological record."; 2) Public Education and Outreach-"[to] reach out to, and participate in cooperative efforts with others interested in the archaeological record with the aim of improving the preservation, protection, and interpretation of the record."; 3) Records and Preservation-"Archaeologists should work actively for the preservation of, and long term access to, archaeological collections, records, and reports." Archaeological Collections Project The Archaeological Collections Project (ACP) was a two-year undertaking initiated and directed by Professor Rita Wright with Dr. Jen Piro that began in May 2006 in order to seriously address the deteriorating condition of excavated materials stored in the Department of Anthropology. Drs. Bert Salwen and Howard Winters, faculty members in the department and now deceased, were well known archaeologists who researched the urban archaeology of New York City and the prehistory of New York State and Illinois, respectively. The collections were from field work they and their graduate students conducted including rescue operations, field schools and research projects. For anthropology majors at NYU, this hands-on project provided an introduction to archaeological methods and laboratory techniques, while exposing students to some ethical and legal responsibilities of researchers concerning the proper handling and ownership of artifacts.
Research paper thumbnail of Review of Equity Issues for Women in Archaeology. S. Nelson, etal Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, Archaeology Division Monographs
Review of Equity Issues for Women in Archaeology. S. Nelson, etal Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, Archaeology Division Monographs
Journal of Field Archaeology, 1998
Research paper thumbnail of Preserving the Cultural and National Heritages of Afghanistan: What has been and Needs to be Done
Preserving the Cultural and National Heritages of Afghanistan: What has been and Needs to be Done
The Getty Conservation Institute, 2006
Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to the Archaeology of the Night
Archaeology of the Night: Life After Dark in the Ancient World, 2017
Research paper thumbnail of Review of Technology and Social Agency, Oxford: Blackwell
Review of Technology and Social Agency, Oxford: Blackwell
Technology and Culture, 2002
Research paper thumbnail of Comment,Trade, Women, Class and Society in Ancient Western Asia
Comment,Trade, Women, Class and Society in Ancient Western Asia
Research paper thumbnail of Ancient Jomon of Japan
Part I. Overview: 1. Introduction 2. Background to the study: overview of the Jomon Period Part I... morePart I. Overview: 1. Introduction 2. Background to the study: overview of the Jomon Period Part II. Subsistence and Settlement: 3. Subsistence strategies 4. Settlement archaeology Part III. Rituals, Crafts and Trade: 5. Mortuary and ceremonial practices 6. Crafts and exchange networks Part IV. Discussion and Conclusion: 7. Discussion and conclusion.
Research paper thumbnail of The Uruk Expansion: Cross-cultural Exchange in Early Mesopotamian Civilization [with Comments and Reply]
The Uruk Expansion: Cross-cultural Exchange in Early Mesopotamian Civilization [with Comments and Reply]
Current Anthropology, 1989
... ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПУБЛИКАЦИИ. Название публикации, THE URUK EXPANSION: CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE IN ... more... ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПУБЛИКАЦИИ. Название публикации, THE URUK EXPANSION: CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE IN EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION. Авторы, GuillermoAlgaze. Журнал, Current Anthropology. Издательство, Proquest Academic Research Library ...
Research paper thumbnail of Gendered Perspectives in the Classroom
Gendered Perspectives in the Classroom
Research paper thumbnail of The Ancient Indus. Urbanism, Economy and Society in South Asia
Gabou is a traditional onion-based spice commonly used in Niger. It is prepared in a handcrafted ... moreGabou is a traditional onion-based spice commonly used in Niger. It is prepared in a handcrafted way by roasting of dried onion. This study was conducted to determine the optimal roasting conditions. The traditional processes of Gabou manufacturing were identified through a survey and studied. Gabou were produced at different roasting temperatures and times in presence of the oil quantities in the laboratory. Then sensory analyses were conducted to select the Gabou of best sensory characteristics. The chemical composition of the selected Gabou and their raw materials was determined. The result of the investigation showed that flower stems, green leaves and onion bulbs were used in the production of Gabou. The optimal roasting conditions were obtained at 120°C for 8 min for bulbs Gabou, 120°C for 5 min for green leaves Gabou and 130°C for 11 min for flower stems Gabou in the presence of 1 ml, 2 ml and 0 ml palm oil per 30 g, respectively. Roasting conditions that led to the production of Gabou of good sensory characteristics did not have a significant negative influence (p<0.05) on proximate and mineral composition. On the contrary, they have significantly reduced the moisture content which contributes to the reduction of Gabou shelf life.
Figure 1. Diagram of traditional processes of making Gabou-Izé, Gabou Koirey, Gabou Feto-Feto and Gabou of whole bulb [he peels obtained by peeling the dried fleshy leaves were combined and then roasted. Consumers of Gabou Feto-Feto were essentially poor rural households. The unit operations of the production of these four types of Gabou were summarized in figure 1.
Figure 2. Diagram of traditional process of making onion green leaves Gabou (Gabou-Bi
According to the producers, the ranking in decreasing order of the taste of Gabou was: Gabou Izé, Gabou Koirey, Gabou For-Foro, Gabou-Bi and Gabou Feto-Feto. Whereas the ranking in descending order of the aroma of Gabou was: Gabou For-Foro, Gabou Izé, Gabou Koirey, Gabou-Bi, and Gabou Feto-Feto. The diagram below showed the traditional process of onion flower stems Gabou manufacturing. Figure 3. Diagram of traditional process of making flower stems Gabou (Gabou For-Foro)
Figure 4. Diagram of traditional process of making Gabou Hamni Gabou Hamni is the condiment form of Gabou. It is a powder formulated from 3 to 5 types of Gabou with roasted sesame. Gabou Hamni depends on the desired taste and aroma. The different types of Gabou were measured according to the desired proportions. The whole was introduced into a mortar and then crushed. The fine and coarse powder obtained was sieved with a mesh sieve of approximately 200 um. The grinding and sieving operations were repeated several times until complete transformation of the sieving residues into fine powder. The diagram below presented the traditional processes of making Gabou Hamni (Figure 4).
Table 1. Mean sensory scores for the aroma and color of the different types of Gabou obtained by differential heat treatments*
There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the averages that have the same letter in each colum Table 2. Proximate composition expressed in g/100g and energy value (Kcal/100g) of dried vegetative parts of onion and Gabou
There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the averages that have the same letter in each column. Table 3. Mineral element contents of different vegetative parts of the onion and Gabou
There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the averages that have the same letter in each column. Table 4. pH of dried vegetative parts of onion and Gabou
Research paper thumbnail of Ancient Maya: Civilization in a Tropical Rain Forest
Ancient Maya: Civilization in a Tropical Rain Forest
Research paper thumbnail of Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Assignments 7 and 8 focus on two early civilizations, those of Ancient Egypt and the Maya, each o... moreAssignments 7 and 8 focus on two early civilizations, those of Ancient Egypt and the Maya, each of which we examine in some detail. Assignment 7 discusses the origins of state-organized societies and the theoretical controversies surrounding their origins. This theoretical background is essential for understanding some of the factors which contributed to the rise and fall of pre-industrial civilizations. Then we analyze the rise, and workings of, one of the world’s earliest civilizations, along the banks of the Nile River.
Research paper thumbnail of The Emergence of Satellite Communities along the Beas Drainage: Preliminary Results from Lahoma Lal Tibba and Chak Purbane Syal
The Emergence of Satellite Communities along the Beas Drainage: Preliminary Results from Lahoma Lal Tibba and Chak Purbane Syal
Research paper thumbnail of Urbanism in the Indus Valley: environment and settlement on the Beas River
Urbanism in the Indus Valley: environment and settlement on the Beas River
… Ministry of Minorities, Culture, Sports, Tourism …, 2001
Research paper thumbnail of What Lay Beneath RWright, 265-290
Art/ifacts an Art Works in the ancient World, ed. Karen Sonik, 2021
Analysis provides insights into Puabi's signature funerary performance, including Textile manage... moreAnalysis provides insights into Puabi's signature funerary performance, including  Textile management - characteristics from early flax to state and local management of industry.
Research paper thumbnail of Beas Landscape and Settlement Survey: Harappan Sites at Dunyapur/Lodhran -Punjab, Pakistan
Ancient Pakistan, 0
This article reports the results of field work conducted between 1996 and 2001 in the Punjab prov... moreThis article reports the results of field work conducted between 1996 and 2001 in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Our methodology was based on scraping surfaces to identify remnant features in a region recently levelled for establishment of homesteads, crop farming, and animal husbandry. The article includes unpublished maps, surface records, diagnostic finds, and radiocarbon dates based on core samples. The research captures a short period when Harappans moved to parts of this region and engaged in unique forms of water management techniques. Follow up analyses and satellite imagery provide evidence for site modification and heritage loss.
Figure 1. The ancient Beas River and Harappan sites with Dunyapur Chaks circled.
Figure 2. Field map of Mai Manoori Bhir mud brick building and flat bench are shown in the northeast. Numbers shown on high and low berms on the north, west, and south refer to field flags. A road cuts through the site at mid-point and includes two smaller paths trending northerly. Numbered features include mud brick walls, sherd scatters, and a possible platform. A sherd scatter comprised of craft activity related materials was identified between the extreme southern berm and the ‘blowout.’ Blowouts are sandy depressions found in sand dune ecosystems; this one records shrub regeneration.
Figure 3. Well 1 at Mai Manoori Bhir other wells were traced using surface clearance methods. Baked brick traces of well construction were found throughout the areas where wells were traced (Fig. 4). All told, six wells were discovered at Mai Manoori Bhir, including the exposed well, which was recorded and measured.
Figure 4. Scatters of baked bricks define five other wells.
Figure 5. GIS map of Mai Manoori Bhir Beas Landscape and Settlement Survey: Harappan Sites at Dunyapur/Lodhran — Punjab, Pakistan
Figure 7. A&B - Field and GIS maps compared from Chak 27M
Figure 9. Examples of burnt brick from kilns at Chak 27M Figure 8. Lithics and ceramics surface scatter at Chak 27M
Figure 10. Ceramics at Chak 27M
Figure 11. Zoomorphic Figurine at Chak 27M
Chak 21M had been destroyed a month before we arrived but remained undisturbed during later visits. Using the standard methods applied to other Beas settlements and Chak 27M, we divided the site into 10 x 10 m quadrats (Fig. 12). These quadrats were designed for intensive artifact collection, our standard method to insure 100% distribution of activity and collection areas. All materials were weighed, counted, and recorded. Of the 10,000 sherds weighed, counted and recorded, diagnostics were turned over to the Harappa curator while others were stored at Harappa. The remaining were left on the site. Traces of mudbrick walls were visible on the surface when scraped. On the north there were concentrations of sherds that ended at dune encroachment; on the west in Feature 2, there was production debris. On the east a modern ditch was bounded by dunes and sherd concentrations that extended out into a field over an area of a hectare. Also labelled on the map is a blowout, a depression or hollow formed by wind erosion on preexisting sand or stabilized due to dune vegetation.
Beas Landscape and Settlement Survey: Harappan Sites at Dunyapur/Lodhran — Punjab, Pakistan
Figure 15. GIS map Chak 18/19M
maximum diameter width (506 for example). Both are obviously very useful for storage. On figure 18, 502 is part of a dish on stand. Similar types are illustrated on figure 19. Ledge shouldered and other large and small jars are illustrated along with string cut and contiguous bases; while 517 is unusual and may be an early Ravi/Hakra small vessel. The small fragment with the plus/or X ‘sign’ may be a potter’s mark or other message. Object bearing number 520 is a base and body part of a perforated jar, a type found at most of the Dunyapur settlements. In our pottery yard database there are many entries for Chak 29M ceramics recorded as extremely large body sherds which are labeled as unidentifiable. The integration of cultural (here noted as Early/ Mature/Late Harappan) and natural stratigraphy provide a window into the onset and post-date of settlement. As discussed earlier, a cultural and non-cultural list is available online at (Harappa. com/beas/mapping project/slide3 Table 2 for the full list of cultural and non-cultural dates). Here, below I provide a table of non-cultural dates “Table 2 - Selected Radiocarbon dates from Dunyapur and other Beas sites,’ and focus on three dates from Chak 19M, Chak 21M, and Chak 27M and one from Crossing 6, the oldest date.
Figure 22. Dunyapur cores- Chak 27M
Figure 24. CORONA imagery showing linear features 2023
Figure 25. Reconstruction of the relict canal and Beas Survey sites 2023
Table 1. Chronology and periods based on Harappan excavations
Table 2. Chronology of Dunyapur Cores
Research paper thumbnail of Preserving the Cultural and National Heritages of Afghanistan: What has been and Needs to be Done
Preserving the Cultural and National Heritages of Afghanistan: What has been and Needs to be Done
Research paper thumbnail of Marking Landscapes
Marking Landscapes
University of Arizona Press eBooks, Sep 13, 2022
Research paper thumbnail of From Rojdi to Harappa and Beyond: Regional Variation in the Indus Civilization
From Rojdi to Harappa and Beyond: Regional Variation in the Indus Civilization
Research paper thumbnail of What Lay Beneath
What Lay Beneath
Art/ifacts and ArtWorks in the Ancient World, 2021
Research paper thumbnail of Archaeological Collections Project
The Archaeological Collections Project was conducted in accordance with the Principles of Archaeo... moreThe Archaeological Collections Project was conducted in accordance with the Principles of Archaeological Ethics outlined by the Society for American Archaeology Ethics Committee at its April 10, 1996 meeting. Specifically, the project focused on three ethical principles: 1) Stewardship-"…to work for the long-term conservation and protection of the archaeological record by practicing and promoting stewardship of the archaeological record."; 2) Public Education and Outreach-"[to] reach out to, and participate in cooperative efforts with others interested in the archaeological record with the aim of improving the preservation, protection, and interpretation of the record."; 3) Records and Preservation-"Archaeologists should work actively for the preservation of, and long term access to, archaeological collections, records, and reports." Archaeological Collections Project The Archaeological Collections Project (ACP) was a two-year undertaking initiated and directed by Professor Rita Wright with Dr. Jen Piro that began in May 2006 in order to seriously address the deteriorating condition of excavated materials stored in the Department of Anthropology. Drs. Bert Salwen and Howard Winters, faculty members in the department and now deceased, were well known archaeologists who researched the urban archaeology of New York City and the prehistory of New York State and Illinois, respectively. The collections were from field work they and their graduate students conducted including rescue operations, field schools and research projects. For anthropology majors at NYU, this hands-on project provided an introduction to archaeological methods and laboratory techniques, while exposing students to some ethical and legal responsibilities of researchers concerning the proper handling and ownership of artifacts.
Research paper thumbnail of Review of Equity Issues for Women in Archaeology. S. Nelson, etal Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, Archaeology Division Monographs
Review of Equity Issues for Women in Archaeology. S. Nelson, etal Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, Archaeology Division Monographs
Journal of Field Archaeology, 1998
Research paper thumbnail of Preserving the Cultural and National Heritages of Afghanistan: What has been and Needs to be Done
Preserving the Cultural and National Heritages of Afghanistan: What has been and Needs to be Done
The Getty Conservation Institute, 2006
Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to the Archaeology of the Night
Archaeology of the Night: Life After Dark in the Ancient World, 2017
Research paper thumbnail of Review of Technology and Social Agency, Oxford: Blackwell
Review of Technology and Social Agency, Oxford: Blackwell
Technology and Culture, 2002
Research paper thumbnail of Comment,Trade, Women, Class and Society in Ancient Western Asia
Comment,Trade, Women, Class and Society in Ancient Western Asia
Research paper thumbnail of Ancient Jomon of Japan
Part I. Overview: 1. Introduction 2. Background to the study: overview of the Jomon Period Part I... morePart I. Overview: 1. Introduction 2. Background to the study: overview of the Jomon Period Part II. Subsistence and Settlement: 3. Subsistence strategies 4. Settlement archaeology Part III. Rituals, Crafts and Trade: 5. Mortuary and ceremonial practices 6. Crafts and exchange networks Part IV. Discussion and Conclusion: 7. Discussion and conclusion.
Research paper thumbnail of The Uruk Expansion: Cross-cultural Exchange in Early Mesopotamian Civilization [with Comments and Reply]
The Uruk Expansion: Cross-cultural Exchange in Early Mesopotamian Civilization [with Comments and Reply]
Current Anthropology, 1989
... ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПУБЛИКАЦИИ. Название публикации, THE URUK EXPANSION: CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE IN ... more... ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПУБЛИКАЦИИ. Название публикации, THE URUK EXPANSION: CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE IN EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION. Авторы, GuillermoAlgaze. Журнал, Current Anthropology. Издательство, Proquest Academic Research Library ...
Research paper thumbnail of Gendered Perspectives in the Classroom
Gendered Perspectives in the Classroom
Research paper thumbnail of The Ancient Indus. Urbanism, Economy and Society in South Asia
Gabou is a traditional onion-based spice commonly used in Niger. It is prepared in a handcrafted ... moreGabou is a traditional onion-based spice commonly used in Niger. It is prepared in a handcrafted way by roasting of dried onion. This study was conducted to determine the optimal roasting conditions. The traditional processes of Gabou manufacturing were identified through a survey and studied. Gabou were produced at different roasting temperatures and times in presence of the oil quantities in the laboratory. Then sensory analyses were conducted to select the Gabou of best sensory characteristics. The chemical composition of the selected Gabou and their raw materials was determined. The result of the investigation showed that flower stems, green leaves and onion bulbs were used in the production of Gabou. The optimal roasting conditions were obtained at 120°C for 8 min for bulbs Gabou, 120°C for 5 min for green leaves Gabou and 130°C for 11 min for flower stems Gabou in the presence of 1 ml, 2 ml and 0 ml palm oil per 30 g, respectively. Roasting conditions that led to the production of Gabou of good sensory characteristics did not have a significant negative influence (p<0.05) on proximate and mineral composition. On the contrary, they have significantly reduced the moisture content which contributes to the reduction of Gabou shelf life.
Figure 1. Diagram of traditional processes of making Gabou-Izé, Gabou Koirey, Gabou Feto-Feto and Gabou of whole bulb [he peels obtained by peeling the dried fleshy leaves were combined and then roasted. Consumers of Gabou Feto-Feto were essentially poor rural households. The unit operations of the production of these four types of Gabou were summarized in figure 1.
Figure 2. Diagram of traditional process of making onion green leaves Gabou (Gabou-Bi
According to the producers, the ranking in decreasing order of the taste of Gabou was: Gabou Izé, Gabou Koirey, Gabou For-Foro, Gabou-Bi and Gabou Feto-Feto. Whereas the ranking in descending order of the aroma of Gabou was: Gabou For-Foro, Gabou Izé, Gabou Koirey, Gabou-Bi, and Gabou Feto-Feto. The diagram below showed the traditional process of onion flower stems Gabou manufacturing. Figure 3. Diagram of traditional process of making flower stems Gabou (Gabou For-Foro)
Figure 4. Diagram of traditional process of making Gabou Hamni Gabou Hamni is the condiment form of Gabou. It is a powder formulated from 3 to 5 types of Gabou with roasted sesame. Gabou Hamni depends on the desired taste and aroma. The different types of Gabou were measured according to the desired proportions. The whole was introduced into a mortar and then crushed. The fine and coarse powder obtained was sieved with a mesh sieve of approximately 200 um. The grinding and sieving operations were repeated several times until complete transformation of the sieving residues into fine powder. The diagram below presented the traditional processes of making Gabou Hamni (Figure 4).
Table 1. Mean sensory scores for the aroma and color of the different types of Gabou obtained by differential heat treatments*
There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the averages that have the same letter in each colum Table 2. Proximate composition expressed in g/100g and energy value (Kcal/100g) of dried vegetative parts of onion and Gabou
There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the averages that have the same letter in each column. Table 3. Mineral element contents of different vegetative parts of the onion and Gabou
There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the averages that have the same letter in each column. Table 4. pH of dried vegetative parts of onion and Gabou
Research paper thumbnail of Ancient Maya: Civilization in a Tropical Rain Forest
Ancient Maya: Civilization in a Tropical Rain Forest
Research paper thumbnail of Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Assignments 7 and 8 focus on two early civilizations, those of Ancient Egypt and the Maya, each o... moreAssignments 7 and 8 focus on two early civilizations, those of Ancient Egypt and the Maya, each of which we examine in some detail. Assignment 7 discusses the origins of state-organized societies and the theoretical controversies surrounding their origins. This theoretical background is essential for understanding some of the factors which contributed to the rise and fall of pre-industrial civilizations. Then we analyze the rise, and workings of, one of the world’s earliest civilizations, along the banks of the Nile River.
Research paper thumbnail of The Emergence of Satellite Communities along the Beas Drainage: Preliminary Results from Lahoma Lal Tibba and Chak Purbane Syal
The Emergence of Satellite Communities along the Beas Drainage: Preliminary Results from Lahoma Lal Tibba and Chak Purbane Syal
Research paper thumbnail of Remote sensing-based evidence of Indus-era irrigation works in Punjab, Pakistan
Water History, 2023
This paper presents satellite remote sensing-based evidence for a newly discovered, Indusera (260... moreThis paper presents satellite remote sensing-based evidence for a newly discovered, Indusera (2600-1900 BC) irrigation canal system in Punjab, Pakistan. Although scholars have long speculated about the role that irrigation may have played in sustaining agricultural systems in the Indus region during the third and early second millennium BC, direct evidence for irrigation works is largely absent owing to intensive reworking of the floodplain due to both anthropogenic and geomorphic processes. Analysis of historical CORONA, Landsat, and other satellite imagery, enabled us to identify a relict irrigation canal in a small area of the floodplain, while results from regional archaeological survey by the Beas River Survey project provide dating evidence for the canal from several Indus-era sites situated along its course. Results provide direct evidence for the construction and management of large-scale irrigation works during the Indus period, and thereby contribute to ongoing debates regarding ancient agricultural sustainability in during periods of climate change, potential human and land use impacts on Holocene floodplain development, and the role of irrigation and agricultural intensification on emerging social complexity.
Fig.1 Map of the study area, showing the location of Indus-era archaeological sites in the Beas River region Remote sensing-based evidence of Indus-era irrigation works...
Fig. 2 CORONA imagery from 1972 shows that the Dunyapur ridge was largely undeveloped at that time. By 2013, irrigation-based agriculture had impacted the area significantly, obscuring archaeological features
Fig. 3 Site of Chak 27 M: A surface collection areas (grey boxes) and mapping by the Beas Survey team found some earthmoving already in the 1990s; B 1972 CORONA imagery reveals several large architec- tural features at the site; C 2018 WorldView-2 imagery reveals that the site has been flattened and largely destroyed by modern agriculture and development (Imagery © Maxar 2020) Remote sensing-based evidence of Indus-era irrigation works...
Fig.4 CORONA image reveals a linear feature that is likely the remains of a canal (indicated by arrows), with four Early to Mature Harappan archaeological sites along its course. (Imagery courtesy US Geological Survey and CORONA Atlas Project)
Fig. 5 Examples of meander patterns of the modern Sutlej and Ravi Rivers, as well as portion of the relict Beas channel, compared to the much lower sinuosity modern Mailsi canal as well as the likely relict canal identified in the Dunyapur dune field he rest of the Dunyapur dune field and elsewhere in the Indus floodplain. Reflectance data ire therefore consistent with interpretation of the feature as an artificial canal (Fig. 9). While it is plausible that the canal system postdates the archaeological sites adjacent 0 it, the near total absence of archaeological sites postdating the Indus period anywhere n the Dunyapur dune field strongly suggest the canal system is dated to the Early and Mature Indus period. Each of the four archaeological sites, recorded by both the Beas Sur- vey and the Punjab Archaeological Survey, date to the Early and Mature Harappan period, and are all located within one kilometer of the main relict canal, within areas that are fed oy what we interpret as relict offtakes and irrigation features, strengthening the interpreta- ion that the canal and the sites are contemporary. The full extent of the irrigation system is unknown, although subtle traces of it are evident in Landsat imagery extending ovet pproximately 30 km (Fig. 6), suggesting it was part of a much larger irrigation and water management network. Moreover, the canal would have been supplied by the waters of sither the Beas or Sutlej Rivers, and thus would require excavation of a canal a consider- ible distance upstream and downstream from the Dunyapur dune field. With likely sig- nificant changes in floodplain morphology over the past several millennia, it is difficult ‘oO reconstruct the probable course or overall size of the larger canal system. However, the location of the relict canal feature in the Dunyapur dune field vis-a-vis the position of both
Fig.6 Closeup of one portion of the linear feature detected on CORONA imagery (top), revealing numer- ous smaller linear features that are interpreted as canal offtakes or other irrigation features adjacent to the main canal (bottom). Inset area illustrated in Fig. 7
Fig. 7 One area along the linear feature in which 2018 WorldView-2 imagery reveals the survival of what was likely the main canal levee along with subtle traces of linear irrigation features (Imagery © Maxar 2020)
Fig.8 Relict canal as it appears on Landsat imagery from Sept. 20, 1992. A 7-5-1 band combination high- lighting SWIR wavelengths reveals the same linear feature visible in CORONA
Fig.9 Spectral profile derived from Landsat imagery shows the linear canal feature is distinct from local sediments, with high reflectance values in SWIR bands 5 and 7, likely due to mineralogical differences Remote sensing-based evidence of Indus-era irrigation works...
Fig. 10 Hypothetical reconstruction of the course of the relict canal identified in the Dunyapur dune field, with the canal system originating and ending in either the modern Sutlej River channel or the ancient Beas River. Dots indicate locations of Indus-era sites recorded by the Beas River Survey (Imagery basemap credit: ESRI and US Geological Survey)

Log In



or



orreset password

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

Need an account? Click here to sign up
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp