• Introduction
• Compiler Usage
• Command-line switches
• List of warnings
• List of hints
• Verbosity levels
• Compile-time symbols
• Configuration files
• Search path handling
• Generated C code directory
• Compiler Selection
• Cross-compilation
• Cross-compilation for Windows
• Cross-compilation for Android
• Cross-compilation for iOS
• Cross-compilation for Nintendo Switch
• GPU Compilation
• DLL generation
• Additional compilation switches
• Additional Features
• LineDir option
• StackTrace option
• LineTrace option
• DynlibOverride
• Backend language options
• Nim documentation tools
• Nim idetools integration
• Nim for embedded systems
• nimAllocPagesViaMalloc
• nimPage256 / nimPage512 / nimPage1k
• nimMemAlignTiny
• Thread stack size
• Nim for realtime systems
• Signal handling in Nim
• Optimizing for Nim
• Optimizing string handling

"Look at you, hacker. A pathetic creature of meat and bone, panting and sweating as you run through my corridors. How can you challenge a perfect, immortal machine?"

Introduction

This document describes the usage of theNim compiler on the different supported platforms. It is not a definition of the Nim programming language (which is covered in themanual).

Nim is free software; it is licensed under theMIT License.

Compiler Usage

Command-line switches

All options that take aPATH orDIR argument are subject to path substitution:

• $nim: The global nim prefix path
• $lib: The stdlib path
• $home and~: The user's home path
• $config: The directory of the module currently being compiled
• $projectname: The project file's name without file extension
• $projectpath and$projectdir: The project file's path
• $nimcache: The nimcache path

Basic command-line switches are:

Usage:

nim command [options] [projectfile] [arguments]

Command:

Arguments: arguments are passed to the program being run (if --run option is selected)

Options:

Note, single letter options that take an argument require a colon. E.g. -p:PATH.

Advanced command-line switches are:

Runtime checks (see -x):

Advanced options:

List of warnings

Each warning can be activated individually with--warning:NAME:on|off or in apush pragma with{.warning[NAME]:on|off.}.

List of hints

Each hint can be activated individually with--hint:NAME:on|off or in apush pragma with{.hint[NAME]:on|off.}.

Verbosity levels

Compile-time symbols

Through the-d:x or--define:x switch you can define compile-time symbols for conditional compilation. The defined switches can be checked in source code with thewhen statement anddefined proc. The typical use of this switch is to enable builds in release mode (-d:release) where optimizations are enabled for better performance. Another common use is the-d:ssl switch to activate SSL sockets.

Additionally, you may pass a value along with the symbol:-d:x=y which may be used in conjunction with thecompile-time define pragmas to override symbols during build time.

Compile-time symbols are completelycase insensitive and underscores are ignored too.--define:FOO and--define:foo are identical.

Compile-time symbols starting with thenim prefix are reserved for the implementation and should not be used elsewhere.

Configuration files

Note: Theproject file name is the name of the.nim file that is passed as a command-line argument to the compiler.

Thenim executable processes configuration files in the following directories (in this order; later files overwrite previous settings):

1. $nim/config/nim.cfg,/etc/nim/nim.cfg (UNIX) or<Nim's installation directory>\config\nim.cfg (Windows). This file can be skipped with the--skipCfg command line option.
2. If environment variableXDG_CONFIG_HOME is defined,$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nim/nim.cfg or~/.config/nim/nim.cfg (POSIX) or%APPDATA%/nim/nim.cfg (Windows). This file can be skipped with the--skipUserCfg command line option.
3. $parentDir/nim.cfg where$parentDir stands for any parent directory of the project file's path. These files can be skipped with the--skipParentCfg command-line option.
4. $projectDir/nim.cfg where$projectDir stands for the project file's path. This file can be skipped with the--skipProjCfg command-line option.
5. A project can also have a project-specific configuration file named$project.nim.cfg that resides in the same directory as$project.nim. This file can be skipped with the--skipProjCfg command-line option.

Command-line settings have priority over configuration file settings.

The default build of a project is adebug build. To compile arelease build define therelease symbol:

nimc-d:releasemyproject.nim

To compile adangerous release build define thedanger symbol:

nimc-d:dangermyproject.nim

Search path handling

Nim has the concept of a global search path (PATH) that is queried to determine where to find imported modules or include files. If multiple files are found an ambiguity error is produced.

nimdump shows the contents of the PATH.

However before the PATH is used the current directory is checked for the file's existence. So if PATH contains$lib and$lib/bar and the directory structure looks like this:

$lib/x.nim$lib/bar/x.nimfoo/x.nimfoo/main.nimother.nim

Andmain importsx,foo/x is imported. Ifother importsx then both$lib/x.nim and$lib/bar/x.nim match but$lib/x.nim is used as it is the first match.

Generated C code directory

The generated files that Nim produces all go into a subdirectory callednimcache. Its full path is

• $XDG_CACHE_HOME/nim/$projectname(_r|_d) or~/.cache/nim/$projectname(_r|_d) on Posix
• $HOME\nimcache\$projectname(_r|_d) on Windows.

The_r suffix is used for release builds,_d is for debug builds.

This makes it easy to delete all generated files.

The--nimcachecompiler switch can be used to to change thenimcache directory.

However, the generated C code is not platform-independent. C code generated for Linux does not compile on Windows, for instance. The comment on top of the C file lists the OS, CPU, and CC the file has been compiled for.

Compiler Selection

To change the compiler from the default compiler (at the command line):

nimc--cc:llvm_gcc--compile_onlymyfile.nim

This uses the configuration defined inconfig\nim.cfg forllvm_gcc.

If nimcache already contains compiled code from a different compiler for the same project, add the-f flag to force all files to be recompiled.

The default compiler is defined at the top ofconfig\nim.cfg. Changing this setting affects the compiler used bykoch to (re)build Nim.

To use theCC environment variable, usenimc--cc:envmyfile.nim. To use theCXX environment variable, usenimcpp--cc:envmyfile.nim.--cc:env is available since Nim version 1.4.

Cross-compilation

To cross compile, use for example:

nimc--cpu:i386--os:linux--compileOnly--genScriptmyproject.nim

Then move the C code and the compile scriptcompile_myproject.sh to your Linux i386 machine and run the script.

Another way is to make Nim invoke a cross compiler toolchain:

nimc--cpu:arm--os:linuxmyproject.nim

For cross compilation, the compiler invokes a C compiler named like$cpu.$os.$cc (for examplearm.linux.gcc) with options defined in$cpu.$os.$cc.options.always. The configuration system is used to provide meaningful defaults. For example, for Linux on a 32-bit ARM CPU, your configuration file should contain something like:

arm.linux.gcc.path = "/usr/bin"arm.linux.gcc.exe = "arm-linux-gcc"arm.linux.gcc.linkerexe = "arm-linux-gcc"arm.linux.gcc.options.always = "-w -fmax-errors=3"

Cross-compilation for Windows

To cross-compile for Windows from Linux or macOS using the MinGW-w64 toolchain:

nimc-d:mingwmyproject.nim# `nim r` also works, running the binary via `wine` or `wine64`:nimr-d:mingw--eval:'import os; echo "a" / "b"'

Use--cpu:i386 or--cpu:amd64 to switch the CPU architecture.

The MinGW-w64 toolchain can be installed as follows:

aptinstallmingw-w64# Ubuntuyuminstallmingw32-gccyuminstallmingw64-gcc# CentOS - requires EPELbrewinstallmingw-w64# OSX

Cross-compilation for Android

There are two ways to compile for Android: terminal programs (Termux) and with the NDK (Android Native Development Kit).

The first one is to treat Android as a simple Linux and useTermux to connect and run the Nim compiler directly on android as if it was Linux. These programs are console-only programs that can't be distributed in the Play Store.

Use regularnimc inside termux to make Android terminal programs.

Normal Android apps are written in Java, to use Nim inside an Android app you need a small Java stub that calls out to a native library written in Nim using theNDK. You can also usenative-activity to have the Java stub be auto-generated for you.

Usenimc-c--cpu:arm--os:android-d:androidNDK--noMain:on to generate the C source files you need to include in your Android Studio project. Add the generated C files to CMake build script in your Android project. Then do the final compile with Android Studio which uses Gradle to call CMake to compile the project.

Because Nim is part of a library it can't have its own C-stylemain() so you would need to define your ownandroid_main and init the Java environment, or use a library like SDL2 or GLFM to do it. After the Android stuff is done, it's very important to callNimMain() in order to initialize Nim's garbage collector and to run the top level statements of your program.

procNimMain(){.importc.}procglfmMain*(display:ptrGLFMDisplay){.exportc.}=NimMain()# initialize garbage collector memory, types and stack

The nameNimMain can be influenced via the--nimMainPrefix:prefix switch. Use--nimMainPrefix:MyLib and the function to call is namedMyLibNimMain.

Cross-compilation for iOS

To cross-compile for iOS you need to be on a macOS computer and use XCode. Normal languages for iOS development are Swift and Objective C. Both of these use LLVM and can be compiled into object files linked together with C, C++ or Objective C code produced by Nim.

Usenimc-c--os:ios--noMain:on to generate C files and include them in your XCode project. Then you can use XCode to compile, link, package and sign everything.

Because Nim is part of a library it can't have its own C-stylemain() so you would need to definemain that callsautoreleasepool andUIApplicationMain to do it, or use a library like SDL2 or GLFM. After the iOS setup is done, it's very important to callNimMain() to initialize Nim's garbage collector and to run the top-level statements of your program.

procNimMain(){.importc.}procglfmMain*(display:ptrGLFMDisplay){.exportc.}=NimMain()# initialize garbage collector memory, types and stack

Note: XCode's "make clean" gets confused about the generated nim.c files, so you need to clean those files manually to do a clean build.

The nameNimMain can be influenced via the--nimMainPrefix:prefix switch. Use--nimMainPrefix:MyLib and the function to call is namedMyLibNimMain.

Cross-compilation for Nintendo Switch

Simply add--os:nintendoswitch to your usualnimc ornimcpp command and set thepassC andpassL command line switches to something like:

nimc...--d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc--mm:orc--passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include"...--passL="-specs=$DEVKITPRO/libnx/switch.specs -L$DEVKITPRO/libnx/lib -lnx"

or setup anim.cfg file like so:

#nim.cfg--mm:orc--d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc--define:nimInheritHandles--passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include"--passL="-specs=$DEVKITPRO/libnx/switch.specs -L$DEVKITPRO/libnx/lib -lnx"

The devkitPro setup must be the same as the default with their new installerhere for Mac/Linux orhere for Windows.

For example, with the above-mentioned config:

nimc--os:nintendoswitchswitchhomebrew.nim

This will generate a file calledswitchhomebrew.elf which can then be turned into an nro file with theelf2nro tool in the devkitPro release. Examples can be found atthe nim-libnx github repo.

There are a few things that don't work because the devkitPro libraries don't support them. They are:

1. Waiting for a subprocess to finish. A subprocess can be started, but right now it can't be waited on, which sort of makes subprocesses a bit hard to use
2. Dynamic calls. Switch OS (Horizon) doesn't support dynamic libraries, so dlopen/dlclose are not available.
3. mqueue. Sadly there are no mqueue headers.
4. ucontext. No headers for these either. No coroutines for now :(
5. nl_types. No headers for this.
6. As mmap is not supported, the nimAllocPagesViaMalloc option has to be used.

GPU Compilation

Compiling for GPU computation can be achieved with--cc:nvcc for CUDA with nvcc, or with--cc:hipcc for AMD GPUs with HIP. Both compilers require building for C++ withnimcpp.

Here's a very simple CUDA kernel example using emit, which can be compiled withnimcpp--cc:nvcc--define:"useMalloc"hello_kernel.nim assuming you have the CUDA toolkit installed.

{.emit:"""__global__ void add(int a, int b) {  int c;  c = a + b;}""".}procmain()={.emit:"""  add<<<1,1>>>(2,7);  """.}main()

DLL generation

Note: The same rules apply tolib*.so shared object files on UNIX. For better readability only the DLL version is described here.

Nim supports the generation of DLLs. However, there must be only one instance of the GC per process/address space. This instance is contained innimrtl.dll. This means that every generated Nim DLL depends onnimrtl.dll. To generate the "nimrtl.dll" file, use the command:

nimc-d:releaselib/nimrtl.nim

To link againstnimrtl.dll use the command:

nimc-d:useNimRtlmyprog.nim

Additional compilation switches

The standard library supports a growing number ofuseX conditional defines affecting how some features are implemented. This section tries to give a complete list.

Additional Features

This section describes Nim's additional features that are not listed in the Nim manual. Some of the features here only make sense for the C code generator and are subject to change.

LineDir option

The--lineDir option can be turned on or off. If turned on the generated C code contains#line directives. This may be helpful for debugging with GDB.

StackTrace option

If the--stackTrace option is turned on, the generated C contains code to ensure that proper stack traces are given if the program crashes or some uncaught exception is raised.

LineTrace option

The--lineTrace option implies thestackTrace option. If turned on, the generated C contains code to ensure that proper stack traces with line number information are given if the program crashes or an uncaught exception is raised.

DynlibOverride

By default Nim'sdynlib pragma causes the compiler to generateGetProcAddress (or their Unix counterparts) calls to bind to a DLL. With thedynlibOverride command line switch this can be prevented and then via--passL the static library can be linked against. For instance, to link statically against Lua this command might work on Linux:

nimc--dynlibOverride:lua--passL:liblua.libprogram.nim

Backend language options

The typical compiler usage involves using thecompile orc command to transform a.nim file into one or more.c files which are then compiled with the platform's C compiler into a static binary. However, there are other commands to compile to C++, Objective-C, or JavaScript. More details can be read in theNim Backend Integration document.

Nim documentation tools

Nim provides thedoc command to generate HTML documentation from.nim source files. Only exported symbols will appear in the output. For more details seethe docgen documentation.

Nim idetools integration

Nim provides language integration with external IDEs through the idetools command. See the documentation ofidetools for further information.

Nim for embedded systems

While the default Nim configuration is targeted for optimal performance on modern PC hardware and operating systems with ample memory, it is very well possible to run Nim code and a good part of the Nim standard libraries on small embedded microprocessors with only a few kilobytes of memory.

A good start is to use theany operating target together with themalloc memory allocator and thearc garbage collector. For example:

nimc--os:any--mm:arc-d:useMalloc[...]x.nim

• --mm:arc will enable the reference counting memory management instead of the default garbage collector. This enables Nim to use heap memory which is required for strings and seqs, for example.
• The--os:any target makes sure Nim does not depend on any specific operating system primitives. Your platform should support only some basic ANSI C librarystdlib andstdio functions which should be available on almost any platform.
• The-d:useMalloc option configures Nim to use only the standard C memory manage primitivesmalloc(),free(),realloc().

If your platform does not provide these functions it should be trivial to provide an implementation for them and link these to your program.

For targets with very restricted memory, it might be beneficial to pass some additional flags to both the Nim compiler and the C compiler and/or linker to optimize the build for size. For example, the following flags can be used when targeting a gcc compiler:

--opt:size -d:lto -d:strip

The--opt:size flag instructs Nim to optimize code generation for small size (with the help of the C compiler), the-d:lto flags enable link-time optimization in the compiler and linker, the-d:strip strips debug symbols.

Check theCross-compilation section for instructions on how to compile the program for your target.

nimAllocPagesViaMalloc

Nim's default allocator is based on TLSF, this algorithm was designed for embedded devices. This allocator gets blocks/pages of memory via a currently undocumentedosalloc API which usually uses POSIX'smmap call. On many environmentsmmap is not available but C'smalloc is. You can use thenimAllocPagesViaMalloc define to usemalloc instead ofmmap.nimAllocPagesViaMalloc is currently only supported with--mm:arc or--mm:orc. (Since version 1.6)

nimPage256 / nimPage512 / nimPage1k

Adjust the page size for Nim's GC allocator. This enables usingnimAllocPagesViaMalloc on devices with less RAM. The default page size requires too much RAM to work.

Recommended settings:

• < 32 kB of RAM usenimPage256
• < 512 kB of RAM usenimPage512
• < 2 MB of RAM usenimPage1k

Initial testing hasn't shown much difference between 512B or 1kB page sizes in terms of performance or latency. UsingnimPages256 will limit the total amount of allocatable RAM.

nimMemAlignTiny

SetsMemAlign to4 bytes which reduces the memory alignment to better match some embedded devices.

Thread stack size

Nim's thread API provides a simple wrapper around more advanced RTOS task features. Customizing the stack size and stack guard size can be done by setting-d:nimThreadStackSize=16384 or-d:nimThreadStackGuard=32.

Currently only Zephyr, NuttX and FreeRTOS support these configurations.

Nim for realtime systems

See the--mm:arc or--mm:orc memory management settings inMM for further information.

Signal handling in Nim

The Nim programming language has no concept of Posix's signal handling mechanisms. However, the standard library offers some rudimentary support for signal handling, in particular, segmentation faults are turned into fatal errors that produce a stack trace. This can be disabled with the-d:noSignalHandler switch.

Optimizing for Nim

Nim has no separate optimizer, but the C code that is produced is very efficient. Most C compilers have excellent optimizers, so usually it is not needed to optimize one's code. Nim has been designed to encourage efficient code: The most readable code in Nim is often the most efficient too.

However, sometimes one has to optimize. Do it in the following order:

1. switch off the embedded debugger (it isslow!)
2. turn on the optimizer and turn off runtime checks
3. profile your code to find where the bottlenecks are
4. try to find a better algorithm
5. do low-level optimizations

This section can only help you with the last item.

Optimizing string handling

String assignments are sometimes expensive in Nim: They are required to copy the whole string. However, the compiler is often smart enough to not copy strings. Due to the argument passing semantics, strings are never copied when passed to subroutines. The compiler does not copy strings that are a result of a procedure call, because the callee returns a new string anyway. Thus it is efficient to do:

vars=procA()# assignment will not copy the string; procA allocates a new# string already

However, it is not efficient to do:

vars=varA# assignment has to copy the whole string into a new buffer!

Forlet symbols a copy is not always necessary:

lets=varA# may only copy a pointer if it safe to do so

The compiler optimizes string case statements: A hashing scheme is used for them if several different string constants are used. So code like this is reasonably efficient:

casenormalize(k.key)of"name":c.name=vof"displayname":c.displayName=vof"version":c.version=vof"os":c.oses=split(v,{';'})of"cpu":c.cpus=split(v,{';'})of"authors":c.authors=split(v,{';'})of"description":c.description=vof"app":casenormalize(v)of"console":c.app=appConsoleof"gui":c.app=appGUIelse:quit(errorStr(p,"expected: console or gui"))of"license":c.license=UnixToNativePath(k.value)else:quit(errorStr(p,"unknown variable: "&k.key))