NAME

Aspect - Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) for Perl

SYNOPSIS

use Aspect;# Run some code "Advice" before a particular functionbefore {    print "About to call create\n";} call 'Person::create';# Run Advice after several methods and hijack their return valuesafter {    print "Called getter/setter " . $_->sub_name . "\n";    $_->return_value(undef);} call qr/^Person::[gs]et_/;# Run Advice conditionally based on multiple factorsbefore {    print "Calling a get method in void context within Tester::run_tests";} wantvoid& ( call qr/^Person::get_/ & ! call 'Person::get_not_trapped' )& cflow 'Tester::run_tests';# Context-aware runtime hijacking of a method if certain condition is truearound {    if ( $_->self->customer_name eq 'Adam Kennedy' ) {        # Ensure I always have cash        $_->return_value('One meeeelion dollars');    } else {        # Take a dollar off everyone else        $_->proceed;        $_->return_value( $_->return_value - 1 );    }} call 'Bank::Account::balance';# Catch and handle unexpected exceptions in a function into a formal objectafter {    $_->exception(        Exception::Unexpected->new($_->exception)    );} throwing()& ! throwing('Exception::Expected')& ! throwing('Exception::Unexpected');# Run Advice only on the outmost of a recursive series of callsaround {  print "Starting recursive child search\n";  $_->proceed;  print "Finished recursive child search\n";} call 'Person::find_child' & highest;# Run Advice only during the current lexical scopeSCOPE: {    my $hook = before {        print "About to call create\n";    } call 'Person::create';    Person->create('Bob'); # Advice will run}Person->create('Tom'); # Advice won't run# Use a pre-packaged collection "Aspect" of Advice rules to change a classaspect Singleton => 'Foo::new';# Define debugger breakpoints with high precision and conditionalityaspect Breakpoint => call qr/^Foo::.+::Bar::when_/ & wantscalar & highest;

DESCRIPTION

What is Aspect-Oriented Programming?

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is a programming paradigm which aims to increase modularity by allowing the separation of "cross-cutting "concerns.

It includes programming methods and tools that support the modularization of concerns at the level of the source code, while "aspect-oriented software development" refers to a whole engineering discipline.

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) allows you to modularise code for issues that would otherwise be spread across many parts of a program and be problematic to both implement and maintain.

Logging exemplifies a crosscutting concern because a logging strategy necessarily affects every logged part of the system. Logging thereby "crosscuts" all logged classes and methods.

Typically, an aspect is scattered or tangled as code, making it harder to understand and maintain. It is scattered by virtue of the function (such as logging) being spread over a number of unrelated functions that might use its function, possibly in entirely unrelated systems

That means to change logging can require modifying all affected modules. Aspects become tangled not only with the mainline function of the systems in which they are expressed but also with each other. That means changing one concern entails understanding all the tangled concerns or having some means by which the effect of changes can be inferred.

Because Aspect-Oritented Programming moves this scattered code into a single module which is loaded as a single unit, another major benefit of this method is conditional compilation.

Features implemented via Aspects can be compiled and added to you program only in certain situations, and because of this Aspects are useful when debugging or testing large or complex programs.

Aspects can implement features necessary for correctness of programs such as reactivity or synchronisation, and can be used to add checking assertions to your or other people's modules.

They can cause code to emit useful side effects not considered by the original author of a module, without changing the original function of the module.

And, if necessary (although not recommended), they can do various types of "Monkey Patching", hijacking the functionality of some other module in an unexpected (by the original author) way so that the module acts differently when used in your program, when those changes might otherwise be dangerous or if encountered by other programs.

Aspects can be used to implement space or time optimisations. One popular use case of AOP is to add caching to a module or function that does not natively implement caching itself.

For more details on Aspect-Oriented Programming in general,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming andhttp://www.aosd.net.

About This Implementation

The PerlAspect module tries to closely follow the terminology of the basic Java AspectJ project wherever possible and reasonable (http://eclipse.org/aspectj).

However due to the dynamic nature of the Perl language, severalAspectJ features are useless for us: exception softening, mixin support, out-of-class method declarations, annotations, and others.

Currently the PerlAspect module is focused exclusively on subroutine matching and wrapping.

It allows you to select collections of subroutines and conditions using a flexible pointcut language, and modify their behavior in any way you want.

In this regard it provides a similar set of functionality to the venerableHook::LexWrap, but with much more precision and with much more control and maintainability as the complexity of the problems you are solving increases.

In addition, where the Java implementation of Aspect-Oriented Programming is limited to concepts expressable at compile time, the more fluid nature of Perl means that theAspect module can weave in aspect code at run-time. Pointcuts in Perl can also take advantage of run-time information and Perl-specific features like closures to implement more sophisticated pointcuts than are possible in Java.

This allows the Perl implementation of Aspect-Oriented Programming to be stateful and adaptive in a way that Java cannot (although the added power can come with a significant speed cost if not used carefully).

Terminology

One of the more opaque aspects (no pun intended) of Aspect-Oriented programming is that it has an entire unique set of terms that can be confusing for people learning to use theAspect module.

In this section, we will attempt to define all the major terms in a way that will hopefully make sense to Perl programmers.

What is an Aspect?

AnAspect is a modular unit of cross-cutting implementation, consisting of "Advice" on "Pointcuts" (we'll define those two shortly, don't worry if they don't make sense for now).

In Perl, this would typically mean a package or module containing declarations of where to inject code, the code to run at these points, and any variables or support functions needed by the injected functionality.

The most critical point here is that the Aspect represents a collection of many different injection points which collectively implement a single function or feature and which should be enabled on an all or nothing basis.

For example, you might implement the AspectMy::SecurityMonitor as a module which will inject hooks into a dozen different strategic places in your program to watch for valid-but-suspicious values and report these values to an external network server.

Aspects can often written to be highly reusable, and be released via the CPAN. When these generic aspects are written in the special namespaceAspect::Library they can be called using the following special shorthand.

use Aspect;# Load and enable the Aspect::Library::NYTProf aspect to constrain profiling# to only the object constructors for each class in your program.aspect NYTProf => call qr/^MyProgram\b.*::new$/;

What is a Pointcut?

AJoin Point is a well-defined location at a point in the execution of a program at which Perl can inject functionality, in effect joining two different bits of code together.

In the PerlAspect implementation, this consists only of the execution of named subroutines on the symbol table such asFoo::Bar::function_name.

In other languages, additional join points can exist such as the instantiation or destruction of an object or the static initialisation of a class.

APointcut is a well-defined set of join points, and any conditions that must be true when at these join points.

Example include "All public methods in classFoo::Bar" or "Any non-recursive call to the functionSome::recursive_search".

We will discuss each of the available pointcut types later in this document.

In addition to the default pointcut types it is possible to write your own specialised pointcut types, although this is challenging due to the complex API they follow to allow aggressive multi-pass optimisation.

SeeAspect::Pointcut for more information.

What is Advice?

Advice is code designed to run automatically at all of the join points in a particular pointcut. Advice comes in several types, instructing that the code be runbefore,after oraround (in place of) the different join points in the pointcut.

Advice code is introduced lexically to the target join points. That is, the new functionality is injected in place to the existing program rather the class being extended into some new version.

For example, functionFoo::expensive_calculation may not support caching because it is unsafe to do so in the general case. But you know that in the case of your program, the reasons it is unsafe in the general case don't apply.

So for your program you might use theAspect::Library::Memoise aspect to "Weave" Advice code into theFoo class which adds caching to the function by integrating it withMemoise.

Each of the different advice types needs to be used slightly differently, and are best employed for different types of jobs. We will discuss the use of each of the different advice types later in this document.

But in general, the more specific advice type you use, the more optimisation can be applied to your advice declaration, and the less impact the advice will have on the speed of your program.

In addition to the default pointcut types, it is (theoretically) possible to write your own specialised Advice types, although this would be extremely difficult and probably involve some form of XS programming.

For the brave, seeAspect::Advice and the source for the different advice classes for more information.

What is Weaving?

Weaving is the installation of advice code to the subs that match a pointcut, or might potentially match depending on certain run-time conditions.

In the PerlAspect module, weaving happens on the declaration of each advice block. Unweaving happens when a lexically-created advice variable goes out of scope.

Unfortunately, due to the nature of the mechanismAspect uses to hook into function calls, unweaving can never be guarenteed to be round-trip clean.

While the pointcut matching logic and advice code will never be run for unwoven advice, it may be necessary to leave the underlying hooking artifact in place on the join point indefinitely (imposing a small performance penalty and preventing clean up of the relevant advice closure from memory).

Programs that repeatedly weave and unweave during execution will thus gradually slow down and leak memory, and so is discouraged despite being permitted.

If advice needs to be repeatedly enabled and disabled you should instead consider using thetrue pointcut and a variable in the aspect package or a closure to introduce a remote "on/off" switch for the aspect.

into the advice code.

package My::Aspect;my $switch = 1;before {    print "Calling Foo::bar\n";} call 'Foo::bar' & true { $switch };sub enable {    $switch = 1;}sub disable {    $switch = 0;}1;

Under the covers weaving is done using a mechanism that is very similar to the venerableHook::LexWrap, although in some areasAspect will try to make use of faster mechanisms if it knows these are safe.

Feature Summary

• Create permanent pointcuts, advice, and aspects at compile time or run-time.

• Flexible pointcut language: select subs to match using string equality, regexp, orCODE ref. Match currently running sub, a sub in the call flow, calls in particular void, scalar, or array contexts, or only the highest call in a set of recursive calls.

• Build pointcuts composed of a logical expression of other pointcuts, using conjunction, disjunction, and negation.

• In advice code, you can modify parameter list for matched sub, modify return value, throw or supress exceptions, decide whether or not to proceed to matched sub, access aCODE ref for matched sub, and access the context of any call flow pointcuts that were matched, if they exist.

• Add/remove advice and entire aspects lexically during run-time. The scope of advice and aspect objects, is the scope of their effect (This does, however, come with some caveats).

• A basic library of reusable aspects. A base class makes it easy to create your own reusable aspects. TheAspect::Library::Memoize aspect is an example of how to interface with AOP-like modules from CPAN.

Using Aspect.pm

TheAspect package allows you to create pointcuts, advice, and aspects in a simple declarative fashion. This declarative form is a simple facade on top of the Perl AOP framework, which you can also use directly if you need the increased level of control or you feel the declarative form is not clear enough.

For example, the following two examples are equivalent.

use Aspect;# Declarative advice creationbefore {    print "Calling " . $_->sub_name . "\n";} call 'Function::one'| call 'Function::two';# Longhand advice creationAspect::Advice::Before->new(    Aspect::Pointcut::Or->new(        Aspect::Pointcut::Call->new('Function::one'),        Aspect::Pointcut::Call->new('Function::two'),    ),    sub {        print "Calling " . $_->sub_name . "\n";    },);

You will be mostly working with this package (Aspect) and theAspect::Point package, which provides the methods for getting information about the call to the join point within advice code.

When youuse Aspect; you will import a family of around fifteen functions. These are all factories that allow you to create pointcuts, advice, and aspects.

Back Compatibility

The various APIs inAspect have changed a few times between older versions and the current implementation.

By default, none of these changes are available in the current version of theAspect module. They can, however, be accessed by providing one of two flags when loadingAspect.

# Support for pre-1.00 Aspect usageuse Aspect ':deprecated';

The:deprecated flag loads in all alternative and deprecated function and method names, and exports the deprecatedafter_returning,after_throwing advice constructors, and the deprecatedif_true alias for thetrue pointcut.

# Support for pre-2010 Aspect usage (both usages are equivalent)use Aspect ':legacy';use Aspect::Legacy;

The:legacy flag loads in all alternative and deprecated functions as per the:deprecated flag.

Instead of exporting all available functions and pointcut declarators it exportsonly the set of functions that were available inAspect 0.12.

Finally, it changes the behaviour of the exported version ofafter to add an implicit& returning to all pointcuts, as the original implementation did not trap exceptions.

FUNCTIONS

The following functions are exported by default (and are documented as such) but are also available directly in Aspect:: namespace as well if needed.

They are documented in order from the simplest and and most common pointcut declarator to the highest level declarator for enabling complete aspect classes.

call

my $single   = call 'Person::get_address';my $multiple = call qr/^Person::get_/;my $complex  = call sub { lc($_[0]) eq 'person::get_address' };my $object   = Aspect::Pointcut::Call->new('Person::get_address');

The most common pointcut iscall. All three of the examples will match the calling ofPerson::get_address() as defined in the symbol table at the time an advice is declared.

Thecall declarator takes a single parameter which is the pointcut spec, and can be provided in three different forms.

string

Select only the specific full resolved subroutine whose name is equal to the specification string.

For examplecall 'Person::get' will only match the plainget method and will not match the longerget_address method.

regexp

Select all subroutines whose name matches the regular expression.

The following will match all the subs defined on thePerson class, but not on thePerson::Address or any other child classes.

$p = call qr/^Person::\w+$/;

CODE

Select all subroutines where the supplied code returns true when passed a full resolved subroutine name as the only parameter.

The following will match all calls to subroutines whose names are a key in the hash%subs_to_match:

$p = call sub {    exists $subs_to_match{$_[0]};}

For more information on thecall pointcut seeAspect::Pointcut::Call.

cflow

before {   print "Called My::foo somewhere within My::bar\n";} call 'My::foo'& cflow 'My::bar';

Thecflow declarator is used to specify that the join point must be somewhere within the control flow of theMy::bar function. That is, at the timeMy::foo is being called somewhere up the call stack isMy::bar.

The parameters tocflow are identical to the parameters tocall.

Due to an idiosyncracy in the waycflow is implemented, they do not always parse properly well when joined with an operator. In general, you should use anycflow operator last in your pointcut specification, or use explicit braces for it.

# This works finemy $x = call 'My::foo' & cflow 'My::bar';# This will errormy $y = cflow 'My::bar' & call 'My::foo';# Use explicit braces if you can't have the flow lastmy $z = cflow('My::bar') & call 'My::foo';

For more information on thecflow pointcut, seeAspect::Pointcut::Cflow.

wantlist

my $pointcut = call 'Foo::bar' & wantlist;

Thewantlist pointcut traps a condition based on Perlwantarray context, when a function is called in list context. When used withcall, this pointcut can be used to trap list-context calls to one or more functions, while letting void or scalar context calls continue as normal.

For more information on thewantlist pointcut seeAspect::Pointcut::Wantarray.

wantscalar

my $pointcut = call 'Foo::bar' & wantscalar;

Thewantscalar pointcut traps a condition based on Perlwantarray context, when a function is called in scalar context. When used withcall, this pointcut can be used to trap scalar-context calls to one or more functions, while letting void or list context calls continue as normal.

For more information on thewantscalar pointcut seeAspect::Pointcut::Wantarray.

wantvoid

my $bug = call 'Foo::get_value' & wantvoid;

Thewantvoid pointcut traps a condition based on Perlwantarray context, when a function is called in void context. When used withcall, this pointcut can be used to trap void-context calls to one or more functions, while letting scalar or list context calls continue as normal.

This is particularly useful for methods which make no sense to call in void context, such as getters or other methods calculating and returning a useful result.

For more information on thewantvoid pointcut seeAspect::Pointcut::Wantarray.

highest

my $entry = call 'Foo::recurse' & highest;

Thehighest pointcut is used to trap the first time a particular function is encountered, while ignoring any subsequent recursive calls into the same pointcut.

It is unusual in that unlike all other types of pointcuts it is stateful, and so some detailed explaination is needed to understand how it will behave.

Pointcut declarators follow normal Perl precedence and shortcutting in the same way that a typical set offoo() and bar() might do for regular code.

When thehighest is evaluated for the first time it returns true and a counter is to track the depth of the call stack. This counter is bound to the join point itself, and will decrement back again once we exit the advice code.

If we encounter another function that is potentially contained in the same pointcut, thenhighest will always return false.

In this manner, you can trigger functionality to run only at the outermost call into a recursive series of functions, or you can negate the pointcut with! highest and look for recursive calls into a function when there shouldn't be any recursion.

In the current implementation, the semantics and behaviour of pointcuts containing multiple highest declarators is not defined (and the current implementation is also not amenable to supporting it).

For these reasons, the usage of multiple highest declarators such as in the following example is not support, and so the following will throw an exception.

before {    print "This advice will not compile\n";} wantscalar & (    (call 'My::foo' & highest)    |    (call 'My::bar' & highest));

This limitation may change in future releases. Feedback welcome.

For more information on thehighest pointcut seeAspect::Pointcut::Highest.

throwing

my $string = throwing qr/does not exist/;my $object = throwing 'Exception::Class';

Thethrowing pointcut is used with theafter to restrict the pointcut so advice code is only fired for a specific die message or a particular exception class (or subclass).

Thethrowing declarator takes a single parameter which is the pointcut spec, and can be provided in two different forms.

regexp

If a regular expression is passed tothrowing it will be matched against the exception if and only if the exception is a plain string.

Thus, the regexp form can be used to trap unstructured errors emitted bydie orcroak whileNOT trapping any formal exception objects of any kind.

string

If a string is passed tothrowing it will be treated as a class name and will be matched against the exception via anisa method call if and only if the exception is an object.

Thus, the string form can be used to trap and handle specific types of exceptions while allowing other types of exceptions or raw string errors to pass through.

For more information on thethrowing pointcut seeAspect::Pointcut::Throwing.

returning

after {    print "No exception\n";} call 'Foo::bar' & returning;

Thereturning pointcut is used withafter advice types to indicate the join point should only occur when a function is returningwithout throwing an exception.

true

# Intercept an adjustable random percentage of calls to a functionour $RATE = 0.01;before {    print "The few, the brave, the 1%\n";} call 'My::foo'& true {    rand() < $RATE};

Because of the lengths thatAspect goes to internally to optimise the selection and interception of calls, writing your own custom pointcuts can be very difficult.

When a custom or unusual pattern of interception is needed, often all that is desired is to extend a relatively normal pointcut with an extra caveat.

To allow for this scenario,Aspect provides thetrue pointcut.

This pointcut allows you to specify any arbitrary code to match on. This code will be executed at run-time if the join point matches all previous conditions.

The join point matches if the function or closure returns true, and does not match if the code returns false or nothing at all.

before

before {    # Don't call the function, return instead    $_->return_value(1);} call 'My::foo';

Thebefore advice declaration is used to defined advice code that will be run instead of the code originally at the join points, but continuing on to the real function if no action is taken to say otherwise.

When called in void context, as shown above,before will install the advice permanently into your program.

When called in scalar context, as shown below,before will return a guard object and enable the advice for as long as that guard object continues to remain in scope or otherwise avoid being destroyed.

SCOPE: {    my $guard = before {        print "Hello World!\n";    } call 'My::foo';    # This will print    My::foo(); }# This will NOT printMy::foo();

Because the end result of the code at the join points is irrelevant to this type of advice and the Aspect system does not need to hang around and maintain control during the join point, the underlying implementation is done in a way that is by far the fastest and with the least impact (essentially none) on the execution of your program.

You arestrongly encouraged to usebefore advice wherever possible for the current implementation, resorting to the other advice types when you truly need to be there are the end of the join point execution (or on both sides of it).

For more information, seeAspect::Advice::Before.

after

# Confuse a program by bizarely swapping return values and exceptionsafter {    if ( $_->exception ) {        $_->return_value($_->exception);    } else {        $_->exception($_->return_value);    }} call 'My::foo' & wantscalar;

Theafter declarator is used to create advice in which the advice code will be run after the join point has run, regardless of whether the function return correctly or throws an exception.

For more information, seeAspect::Advice::After.

around

# Trace execution time for a functionaround {    my @start   = Time::HiRes::gettimeofday();    $_->proceed;    my @stop    = Time::HiRes::gettimeofday();    my $elapsed = Time::HiRes::tv_interval( \@start, \@stop );    print "My::foo executed in $elapsed seconds\n";} call 'My::foo';

Thearound declarator is used to create the most general form of advice, and can be used to implement the most high level functionality.

It allows you to make changes to the calling parameters, to change the result of the function, to subvert or prevent the calling altogether, and to do so while storing extra lexical state of your own across the join point.

For example, the code shown above tracks the time at which a single function is called and returned, and then uses the two pieces of information to track the execution time of the call.

Similar functionality to the above is used to implement the CPAN modulesAspect::Library::Timer and the more complexAspect::Library::ZoneTimer.

Within thearound advice code, the$_->proceed method is used to call the original function with whatever the current parameter context is, storing the result (whether return values or an exception) in the context as well.

Alternatively, you can use theoriginal method to get access to a reference to the original function and call it directly without using context parameters and without storing the function results.

around {    $_->original->('alternative param');    $_->return_value('fake result');} call 'My::foo';

The above example calls the original function directly with an alternative parameter in void context (regardless of the originalwantarray context) ignoring any return values. It then sets an entirely made up return value of it's own.

Although it is the most powerful advice type,around is also the slowest advice type with the highest memory cost per join point. Where possible, you should try to use a more specific advice type.

For more information, seeAspect::Advice::Around.

aspect

aspect Singleton => 'Foo::new';

Theaspect declarator is used to enable complete reusable aspects.

The first parameter toaspect identifies the aspect library class. If the parameter is a fully resolved class name (i.e. it contains double colons like Foo::Bar) the value it will be used directly. If it is a simpleIdentifier without colons then it will be interpreted asAspect::Library::Identifier.

If the aspect class is not loaded, it will be loaded for you and validated as being a subclass ofAspect::Library.

And further parameters will be passed on to the constructor for that class. See the documentation for each class for more information on the appropriate parameters for that class.

As with each individual advice type complete aspects can be defined globally by usingaspect in void context, or lexically via a guard object by callingaspect in scalar context.

# Break on the topmost call to function for a limited timeSCOPE: {    my $break = aspect Breakpoint => call 'My::foo' & highest;        do_something();}

For more information on writing reusable aspects, seeAspect::Library.

OPERATORS

&

Overloading of bitwise& for pointcut declarations allows a natural looking boolean "and" logic for pointcuts. When using the& operator the combined pointcut expression will match if all pointcut subexpressions match.

In the original Java AspectJ framework, the subexpressions are considered to be a union without an inherent order at all. In Perl you may treat them as ordered since they are ordered internally, but since all subexpressions run anyway you should probably not do anything that relies on this order. The optimiser may do interesting things with order in future, or we may move to an unordered implementation.

For more information, seeAspect::Pointcut::And.

|

Overloading of bitwise| for pointcut declarations allows a natural looking boolean "or" logic for pointcuts. When using the| operator the combined pointcut expression will match if either pointcut subexpressions match.

The subexpressions are ostensibly considered without any inherent order, and you should treat them that way when you can. However, they are internally ordered and shortcutting will be applied as per normal Perl expressions. So for speed reasons, you may with to put cheap pointcut declarators before expensive ones where you can.

The optimiser may do interesting things with order in future, or we may move to an unordered implementation. So as a general rule, avoid things that require order while using order to optimise where you can.

For more information, seeAspect::Pointcut::Or.

!

Overload of negation! for pointcut declarations allows a natural looking boolean "not" logic for pointcuts. When using the! operator the resulting pointcut expression will match if the single subexpression doesnot match.

For more information, seeAspect::Pointcut::Not.

METHODS

A range of different methods are available within each type of advice code.

The are summarised below, and described in more detail inAspect::Point.

type

Thetype method is a convenience provided in the situation advice code is used in more than one type of advice, and wants to know the advice declarator is was made form.

Returns"before","after" or"around".

pointcut

my $pointcut = $_->pointcut;

Thepointcut method provides access to the original join point specification (as a tree ofAspect::Pointcut objects) that the current join point matched against.

original

$_->original->( 1, 2, 3 );

In a pointcut, theoriginal method returns aCODE reference to the original function before it was hooked by theAspect weaving process.

# Prints "Full::Function::name"before {    print $_->sub_name . "\n";} call 'Full::Function::name';

Thesub_name method returns a string with the full resolved function name at the join point the advice code is running at.

package_name

# Prints "Just::Package"before {    print $_->package_name . "\n";} call 'Just::Package::name';

Thepackage_name parameter is a convenience wrapper around thesub_name method. Wheresub_name will return the fully resolved function name, thepackage_name method will return just the namespace of the package of the join point.

short_name

# Prints "name"before {    print $_->short_name . "\n";} call 'Just::Package::name';

Theshort_name parameter is a convenience wrapper around thesub_name method. Wheresub_name will return the fully resolved function name, theshort_name method will return just the name of the function.

args

# Get the parameters as a listmy @list = $_->args;# Set the parameters$_->args( 1, 2, 3 );# Append a parameter$_->args( $_->args, 'more' );

Theargs method allows you to get or set the list of parameters to a function. It is the method equivalent of manipulating the@_ array.

self

after {    $_->self->save;} My::Foo::set;

Theself method is a convenience provided for when you are writing advice that will be working with object-oriented Perl code. It returns the first parameter to the method (which should be object), which you can then call methods on.

wantarray

# Return differently depending on the calling contextif ( $_->wantarray ) {    $_->return_value(5);} else {    $_->return_value(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);}

Thewantarray method returns the"wantarray" in perlfunc context of the call to the function for the current join point.

As with the core Perlwantarray function, returns true if the function is being called in list context, false if the function is being called in scalar context, orundef if the function is being called in void context.

exception

unless ( $_->exception ) {    $_->exception('Kaboom');}

Theexception method is used to get the current die message or exception object, or to set the die message or exception object.

return_value

# Add an extra value to the returned list$_->return_value( $_->return_value, 'thing' );# Return null (equivalent to "return;")$_->return_value;

Thereturn_value method is used to get or set the return value for the join point function, in a similar way to the normal Perlreturn keyword.

proceed

around {    my $before = time;    $_->proceed;    my $elapsed = time - $before;    print "Call to " . $_->sub_name . " took $elapsed seconds\n";} call 'My::function';

Available only inaround advice, theproceed method is used to run the join point function with the current join point context (parameters, scalar vs list call, etc) and store the result of the original call in the join point context (return values, exceptions etc).

LIBRARY

The mainAspect distribution ships with the following set of libraries. These are not necesarily recommended or the best on offer. The are shipped withAspect for convenience, because they have no additional CPAN dependencies.

Their purpose is summarised below, but see their own documentation for more information.

Aspect::Library::Singleton

Aspect::Library::Singleton can be used to convert an existing class to function as a singleton and return the same object for every constructor call.

Aspect::Library::Breakpoint

Aspect::Library::Breakpoint allows you to inject debugging breakpoints into a program using the full power and complexity of theAspect pointcuts.

Aspect::Library::Wormhole

Aspect::Library::Wormhole is a tool for passing objects down a call flow, without adding extra arguments to the frames between the source and the target, letting a function implicit context.

Aspect::Library::Listenable

Aspect::Library::Listenable assysts in the implementation of the "Listenable" design pattern. It lets you define a function as emitting events that can be registed for by subscribers, and then add/remove subscribers for these events over time.

When the functions that are listenable are called, registered subscribers will be notified. This lets you build a general event subscription system for your program. This could be as part of a plugin API or just for your own convenience.

INTERNALS

Due to the dynamic nature of Perl, there is no need for processing of source or byte code, as required in the Java and .NET worlds.

The implementation is conceptually very simple: when you create advice, its pointcut is matched to find every sub defined in the symbol table that might match against the pointcut (potentially subject to further runtime conditions).

Those that match, will get a special wrapper installed. The wrapper only executes if, during run-time, a compiled context test for the pointcut returns true.

The wrapper code creates an advice context, and gives it to the advice code.

Most of the complexity comes from the extensive optimisation that is used to reduce the impact of both weaving of the advice and the run-time costs of the wrappers added to your code.

Some pointcuts likecall are static and their full effect is known at weave time, so the compiled run-time function can be optimised away entirely.

Some pointcuts likecflow are dynamic, so they are not used to select the functions to hook, but impose a run-time cost to determine whether or not they match.

To make this process faster, when the advice is installed, the pointcut will not use itself directly for the compiled run-time function but will additionally generate a "curried" (optimised) version of itself.

This curried version uses the fact that the run-time check will only be called if it matches thecall pointcut pattern, and so nocall pointcuts needed to be tested at run-time unless they are in deep and complex nested coolean logic. It also handles collapsing any boolean logic impacted by the safe removal of thecall pointcuts.

Further, where possible the pointcuts will be expressed as Perl source (including logic operators) and compiled into a single Perl expression. This not only massively reduces the number of functions to be called, but allows further optimisation of the pointcut by the opcode optimiser in perl itself.

If you use onlycall pointcuts (alone or in boolean combinations) the currying results in a null test (the pointcut is optimised away entirely) and so the need to make a run-time point test will be removed altogether from the generated advice hooks, reducing call overheads significantly.

If your pointcut does not have any static conditions (i.e.call) then the wrapper code will need to be installed into every function on the symbol table. This is highly discouraged and liable to result in hooks on unusual functions and unwanted side effects, potentially breaking your program.

LIMITATIONS

Inheritance Support

Support for inheritance is lacking. Consider the following two classes:

package Automobile;sub compute_mileage {    # ...}package Van;use base 'Automobile';

And the following two advice:

before {    print "Automobile!\n";} call 'Automobile::compute_mileage';before {    print "Van!\n";} call 'Van::compute_mileage';

Some join points one would expect to be matched by the call pointcuts above, do not:

$automobile = Automobile->new;$van = Van->new;$automobile->compute_mileage; # Automobile!$van->compute_mileage;        # Automobile!, should also print Van!

Van! will never be printed. This happens becauseAspect installs advice code on symbol table entries.Van::compute_mileage does not have one, so nothing happens. Until this is solved, you have to do the thinking about inheritance yourself.

Performance

You may find it very easy to shoot yourself in the foot with this module. Consider this advice:

# Do not do this!before {    print $_->sub_name;} cflow 'MyApp::Company::make_report';

The advice code will be installed onevery sub loaded. The advice code will only run when in the specified call flow, which is the correct behavior, but it will beinstalled on every sub in the system. This can be extremely slow because the run-time cost of checkingcflow will occur on every single function called in your program.

It happens because thecflow pointcut matchesall subs during weave-time. It matches the correct sub during run-time. The solution is to narrow the pointcut:

# Much betterbefore {    print $_->sub_name;} call qr/^MyApp::/& cflow 'MyApp::Company::make_report';

TO DO

There are a many things that could be added, if people have an interest in contributing to the project.

Documentation

* cookbook

* tutorial

* example of refactoring a useful CPAN module using aspects

Pointcuts

* New pointcuts: execution, cflowbelow, within, advice, calledby. Sure you can implement them today with Perl treachery, but it is too much work.

* We need a way to match subs with an attribute, attributes::get() will currently not work.

* isa() support for method pointcuts as Gaal Yahas suggested: match methods on class hierarchies without callbacks

* Perl join points: phasic- BEGIN/INIT/CHECK/END

Weaving

* The current optimation has gone as far as it can, next we need to look into XS acceleration and byte code manipulation with B:: modules.

* A debug flag to print out subs that were matched during weaving

* Warnings when over 1000 methods wrapped

* Allow finer control of advice execution order

* Centralised hooking in wrappers so that each successive advice won't need to wrap around the previous one.

* Allow lexical aspects to be safely removed completely, rather than being left in place and disabled as in the current implementation.

SUPPORT

Please report any bugs or feature requests through the web interface athttp://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Aspect.

INSTALLATION

Seeperlmodinstall for information and options on installing Perl modules.

AVAILABILITY

The latest version of this module is available from the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN). Visit <http://www.perl.com/CPAN/> to find a CPAN site near you. Or seehttp://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Aspect.

AUTHORS

Adam Kennedy <adamk@cpan.org>

Marcel Grünauer <marcel@cpan.org>

Ran Eilam <eilara@cpan.org>

SEE ALSO

You can find AOP examples in theexamples/ directory of the distribution.

Aspect::Library::Memoize

Aspect::Library::Profiler

Aspect::Library::Trace

COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2001 by Marcel Grünauer

Some parts copyright 2009 - 2013 Adam Kennedy.

Parts of the initial introduction courtesy Wikipedia.

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.