Epiregulin
Epiregulin (EPR) is aprotein that in humans is encoded by theEREGgene.[5][6]
Structure
Epiregulin consists of 46 amino acid residues. Itssecondary structure contains approximately 30 percent ofβ-sheet in the strand.[7] Some of the residues form loops and turns due to thehydrogen bonding.[7] The percentage of β-sheet in epiregulin depends on thedomain and the secondary structures that they occupy. The polymeric molecules of epiregulin has the formula weight of 5280.1 g/mol with a polypeptide(L), a polymer type.[7]
Structural motifs in most proteins have typical connections in anall β motif. Meaning that the polypeptide chains do not make a crossover connection or in so far as this type of connection has not been observed. Epiregulin is one of the proteins that occupies a typical connection in all β motif. Furthermore, as the structure of epiregulin forms a chain in an all β motif, it also formsβ hairpinstructural motif. A β hairpin is when the two adjacent anti-parallel β strands connected by a β-turn.
Function
Epiregulin is a member of theepidermal growth factor family. Epiregulin can function as a ligand ofepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as well as a ligand of most members of theERBB (v-erb-b2 oncogene homolog) family oftyrosine-kinase receptors.[6] The secondary structure at the C-terminus epiregulin is different from other epidermal growth factor family ligands because of the lack of hydrogen bonds. The structural difference at the C-terminus may provide an explanation for the reduced binding affinity of epiregulin to the ERBB receptors.[7]
References
- ^abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000124882 –Ensembl, May 2017
- ^abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029377 –Ensembl, May 2017
- ^"Human PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^"Mouse PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^Toyoda H, Komurasaki T, Uchida D, Morimoto S (August 1997)."Distribution of mRNA for human epiregulin, a differentially expressed member of the epidermal growth factor family".Biochem. J.326 (1):69–75.doi:10.1042/bj3260069.PMC 1218638.PMID 9337852.
- ^ab"Entrez Gene: epiregulin".
- ^abcdSato K, Nakamura T, Mizuguchi M, Miura K, Tada M, Aizawa T, Gomi T, Miyamoto K, Kawano K (October 2003). "Solution structure of epiregulin and the effect of its C-terminal domain for receptor binding affinity".FEBS Lett.553 (3):232–8.doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01005-6.PMID 14572630.S2CID 24761378.
Further reading
- Yamamoto T, Akisue T, Marui T, et al. (2004). "Expression of betacellulin, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and epiregulin in human malignant fibrous histiocytoma".Anticancer Res.24 (3b):2007–10.PMID 15274392.
- Li S, Takeuchi F, Wang JA, et al. (2008)."Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions involving epiregulin in tuberous sclerosis complex hamartomas".Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.105 (9):3539–44.Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.3539L.doi:10.1073/pnas.0712397105.PMC 2265180.PMID 18292222.
- Cho MC, Choi HS, Lee S, et al. (2008). "Epiregulin expression by Ets-1 and ERK signaling pathway in Ki-ras-transformed cells".Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.377 (3):832–7.doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.053.PMID 18948081.
- Lindvall C, Hou M, Komurasaki T, et al. (2003). "Molecular characterization of human telomerase reverse transcriptase-immortalized human fibroblasts by gene expression profiling: activation of the epiregulin gene".Cancer Res.63 (8):1743–7.PMID 12702554.
- Morita S, Shirakata Y, Shiraishi A, et al. (2007). "Human corneal epithelial cell proliferation by epiregulin and its cross-induction by other EGF family members".Mol. Vis.13:2119–28.PMID 18079685.
- Freimann S, Ben-Ami I, Dantes A, et al. (2004). "EGF-like factor epiregulin and amphiregulin expression is regulated by gonadotropins/cAMP in human ovarian follicular cells".Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.324 (2):829–34.doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.129.PMID 15474502.
- Ben-Ami I, Armon L, Freimann S, et al. (2009). "EGF-like growth factors as LH mediators in the human corpus luteum".Hum. Reprod.24 (1):176–84.doi:10.1093/humrep/den359.PMID 18835871.
- Shigeishi H, Higashikawa K, Hiraoka M, et al. (2008)."Expression of epiregulin, a novel epidermal growth factor ligand associated with prognosis in human oral squamous cell carcinomas".Oncol. Rep.19 (6):1557–64.doi:10.3892/or.19.6.1557.PMID 18497965.
- Taylor DS, Cheng X, Pawlowski JE, et al. (1999)."Epiregulin is a potent vascular smooth muscle cell-derived mitogen induced by angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and thrombin".Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.96 (4):1633–8.Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.1633T.doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1633.PMC 15542.PMID 9990076.
- Zhang J, Iwanaga K, Choi KC, et al. (2008)."Intratumoral epiregulin is a marker of advanced disease in non-small cell lung cancer patients and confers invasive properties on EGFR-mutant cells".Cancer Prev Res (Phila).1 (3):201–7.doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0014.PMC 3375599.PMID 19138957.
- Draper BK, Komurasaki T, Davidson MK, Nanney LB (2003). "Epiregulin is more potent than EGF or TGFalpha in promoting in vitro wound closure due to enhanced ERK/MAPK activation".J. Cell. Biochem.89 (6):1126–37.doi:10.1002/jcb.10584.PMID 12898511.S2CID 24643892.
- Révillion F, Lhotellier V, Hornez L, Bonneterre J, Peyrat JP (January 2008)."ErbB/HER ligands in human breast cancer, and relationships with their receptors, the bio-pathological features and prognosis".Ann. Oncol.19 (1):73–80.doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm431.PMID 17962208.
- Ben-Ami I, Freimann S, Armon L, et al. (2006)."PGE2 up-regulates EGF-like growth factor biosynthesis in human granulosa cells: new insights into the coordination between PGE2 and LH in ovulation".Mol. Hum. Reprod.12 (10):593–9.doi:10.1093/molehr/gal068.PMID 16888076.
- Takahashi M, Hayashi K, Yoshida K, et al. (2003). "Epiregulin as a major autocrine/paracrine factor released from ERK- and p38MAPK-activated vascular smooth muscle cells".Circulation.108 (20):2524–9.doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000096482.02567.8C.PMID 14581411.S2CID 8012969.
- Lasky-Su J, Neale BM, Franke B, et al. (2008)."Genome-wide association scan of quantitative traits for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies novel associations and confirms candidate gene associations".Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet.147B (8):1345–54.doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30867.PMID 18821565.S2CID 9493672.
- Gupta GP, Nguyen DX, Chiang AC, et al. (2007). "Mediators of vascular remodelling co-opted for sequential steps in lung metastasis".Nature.446 (7137):765–70.Bibcode:2007Natur.446..765G.doi:10.1038/nature05760.PMID 17429393.S2CID 4420038.
- Shirakata Y, Komurasaki T, Toyoda H, et al. (2000)."Epiregulin, a novel member of the epidermal growth factor family, is an autocrine growth factor in normal human keratinocytes".J. Biol. Chem.275 (8):5748–53.doi:10.1074/jbc.275.8.5748.PMID 10681561.
This article incorporates text from theUnited States National Library of Medicine, which is in thepublic domain.
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