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| Formula | C19H23N |
| Molar mass | 265.400 g·mol−1 |
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| Melting point | 210 °C (410 °F) |
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Diphenidine (1,2-DEP,DPD,DND) is adissociativeanesthetic that has been sold as adesigner drug.[2][3][4]Diphenidine was first synthesized in 1924 using aBruylants reaction similar to the one later employed in the discovery ofphencyclidine in 1956.[2] Following the 2013 UK ban onarylcyclohexylamines, diphenidine and the related compoundmethoxphenidine emerged on thegrey market.[2] Anecdotal reports indicate that high doses of diphenidine can produce "bizarre somatosensory phenomena and transient anterograde amnesia."[2]
Electrophysiological studies show that diphenidine reduces the amplitude of NMDA-mediatedfEPSPs to a similar extent as ketamine, although its antagonistic effect has a slower onset.[5] The drug's two enantiomers exhibit markedly different NMDA receptor affinities, with the (S)-enantiomer being approximately 40 times more potent than the (R)-enantiomer.[6]Since diphenidine's emergence in 2013, vendors have claimed it acts on thedopamine transporter, but supporting data only became available in 2016.[2] While diphenidine shows the highest affinity for the NMDA receptor, it also binds with submicromolar affinity to theσ1 receptor,σ2 receptor, and dopamine transporter.[7][8]
Diphenidine and other diarylethylamines have been studied in vitro for their potential in treating neurotoxic injury. These compounds act as antagonists at theNMDA receptor.[9][6][5][10][11] In dogs, diphenidine demonstrates greater antitussive potency thancodeine phosphate.[12][13]
Since 2014, diphenidine has been detected in combination with other research chemicals, particularly synthetic cannabinoids and stimulants, in Japaneseherbal incense blends.[14][15][16] The first reported seizure involved a Japanese product labeled as "fragrance powder," which contained both diphenidine andbenzylpiperazine[17] A herbal incense product called "AladdinSpacial[sic] Edition," sold inShizuoka Prefecture, was found to contain 289 mg/g of diphenidine and 55.5 mg/g of5F-AB-PINACA.[14] Another product,Herbal Incense. The Super Lemon, containingAB-CHMINACA,5F-AMB, and diphenidine, was linked to a fatal poisoning.[15] More recently, diphenidine was implicated in a fatal case involving the simultaneous use of threesubstituted cathinones, threebenzodiazepines, and alcohol, consumed through "bath salt" and "liquid aroma" products in Japan.[18]
In Canada,MT-45 and its analogues—including DPD—were added to Schedule I controlled substances in 2016.[19] Possession without proper authorization may result in a maximum penalty of seven years' imprisonment. That same year,Health Canada amended theFood and Drug Regulations to explicitly classify DPD as a restricted drug. Possession is limited to law enforcement agencies, individuals with exemption permits, or institutions with ministerial authorization.
