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Bevacizumab

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Bevacizumab
Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceHumanized (frommouse)
TargetVEGF-A
Names
Pronunciation/ˌbɛvəˈsɪzjʊmæb/[1]
Trade namesAvastin, Zirabev, Mvasi, others[2]
Other namesbevacizumab-awwb,[3] bevacizumab-bvzr[4]
Clinical data
Drug classAnti–VEGF[5]
Main usesCancer,age-related macular degeneration[5][6]
Side effectsNose bleeds, headache, high blood pressure, rash[5]
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
use		intravenous,intravitreal
Defined daily dosenot established[8]
External links
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa607001
Legal
License data
Legal status
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability100% (IV only)
Eliminationhalf-life20 days (range: 11–50 days)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6638H10160N1720O2108S44
Molar mass149198.87 g·mol−1

Bevacizumab, sold under the brand nameAvastin, is a medication used to treat a number of types ofcancers and a specificeye disease.[5][6] For cancer it is given byslow injection into a vein and used forcolon cancer,lung cancer,glioblastoma, andrenal-cell carcinoma.[5][6] Forage-related macular degeneration it is given byinjection into the eye.[5]

Common side effects when used for cancer includenose bleeds, headache, high blood pressure, and rash.[5] Other severe side effects includegastrointestinal perforation, bleeding,allergic reactions,blood clots, and an increased risk of infection.[5] When used for eye disease side effects can includevision loss andretinal detachment.[5] Bevacizumab is amonoclonal antibody that functions as anangiogenesis inhibitor.[5] It works by slowing thegrowth of new blood vessels by inhibitingvascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), in other wordsanti–VEGF therapy.[5]

Bevacizumab was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004.[5] It is on theWorld Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] It is listed for its use in treating eye disease.[9] The wholesale cost in thedeveloping world is aboutUS$638.54 per vial.[10] This dose in the United Kingdom cost theNHS about £243 in 2015.[11]

Contents

Medical uses

Colorectal cancer

Bevacizumab was approved in the United States in February 2004, for use in metastaticcolorectal cancer when used with standard chemotherapy treatment (as first-line treatment) and with 5-fluorouracil-based therapy for second-line metastatic colorectal cancer.[citation needed]

It was approved by theEuropean Medicines Agency (EMA) in January 2005, for use incolorectal cancer.[12][13]

Bevacizumab has also been examined as an add on to other chemotherapy drugs in people with non-metastatic colon cancer. The data from two large randomized studies showed no benefit in preventing the cancer from returning and a potential to cause harm in this setting.[14]

Lung cancer

In 2006, the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved bevacizumab for use in first-line advanced nonsquamousnon-small cell lung cancer in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy. The approval was based on the pivotal study E4599 (conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group), which demonstrated a two-month improvement in overall survival in patients treated with bevacizumab (Sandler, et al. NEJM 2004). A preplanned analysis of histology in E4599 demonstrated a four-month median survival benefit with bevacizumab for people with adenocarcinoma (Sandler, et al. JTO 2010); adenocarcinoma represents approximately 85% of all non-squamous cell carcinomas of the lung.

A subsequent European clinical trial, AVAiL, was first reported in 2009 and confirmed the significant improvement in progression-free survival shown in E4599 (Reck, et al. Ann. Oncol. 2010). An overall survival benefit was not demonstrated in patients treated with bevacizumab; however, this may be due to the more limited use of bevacizumab as maintenance treatment in AVAiL versus E4599 (this differential effect is also apparent in the European vs US trials of bevacizumab in colorectal cancer: Tyagi and Grothey, Clin Colorectal Cancer, 2006). As an anti-angiogenic agent, there is no mechanistic rationale for stopping bevacizumab before disease progression. Stated another way, the survival benefits achieved with bevacizumab can only be expected when used in accordance with the clinical evidence: continued until disease progression or treatment-limiting side effects.

Another large European-based clinical trial with bevacizumab in lung cancer, AVAPERL, was reported in October 2011 (Barlesi, et al. ECCM 2011). First-line patients were treated with bevacizumab plus cisplatin/pemetrexed for four cycles, and then randomized to receive maintenance treatment with either bevacizumab/pemetrexed or bevacizumab alone until disease progression. Maintenance treatment with bevacizumab/pemetrexed demonstrated a 50% reduction in risk of progression vs bevacizumab alone (median PFS: 10.2 vs 6.6 months). Maintenance treatment with bevacizumab/pemetrexed did not confer a significant increase in overall survival vs bevacizumab alone on follow up analysis.[15]

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends bevacizumab as standard first-line treatment in combination with any platinum-based chemotherapy, followed by maintenance bevacizumab until disease progression.[medical citation needed] Higher doses are usually given with carboplatin-based chemotherapy, whereas the lower dose is usually given with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.[medical citation needed]

Breast cancer

In December 2010, the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) notified its intention to remove the breast cancer indication (approved in 2008) from bevacizumab, saying that it had not been shown to be safe and effective inbreast cancer patients.[16][17] The combined data from four different clinical trials showed that bevacizumab neither prolonged overall survival nor slowed disease progression sufficiently to outweigh the risk it presents to patients. This only prevented Genentech from marketing bevacizumab for breast cancer. Doctors are free to prescribe bevacizumab off label, although insurance companies are less likely to approve off-label treatments.[18][19] In June 2011, an FDA panel unanimously rejected an appeal by Roche. A panel of cancer experts ruled for a second time that Avastin should no longer be used in breast cancer patients, clearing the way for the U.S. government to remove its endorsement from the drug. The June 2011 meeting of the FDA's oncologic drug advisory committee was the last step in an appeal by the drug's maker. The committee concluded that breast cancer clinical studies of patients taking Avastin have shown no advantage in survival rates, no improvement in quality of life, and significant side effects.[20]

On October 11, 2011, the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that the agency was revoking the agency's approval of the breast cancer indication for bevacizumab after concluding that the drug had not been shown to be safe and effective for that use.[citation needed]

Renal cancers

In certain renal (kidney) cancers, bevacizumab improves the progression free survival time but not survival time. In 2009, the FDA approved bevacizumab for use in metastaticrenal cell cancer (a form ofkidney cancer).[21][22] following earlier reports of activity[23] EU approval was granted in 2007.[24]

Brain cancers

Recurrent glioblastoma, MRI during bevacizumab monotherapy a) Pretreatment, 8 weeks after treatment, and 20 weeks after treatment b) MMP activities in urine

Bevacizumab slows tumor growth but does not affect overall survival in people withglioblastoma multiforme.[25] The FDA grantedaccelerated approval for the treatment of recurrentglioblastoma multiforme in May 2009.[26][27] A 2018 Cochrane review deemed there to not be good evidence for its use in recurrences either.[25]

Eye disease

Many diseases of the eye, such asage-related macular degeneration (AMD) anddiabetic retinopathy, damage theretina and cause blindness when blood vessels around the retina grow abnormally and leak fluid, causing the layers of the retina to separate. This abnormal growth is caused by VEGF, so bevacizumab has been successfully used to inhibit VEGF and slow this growth.[medical citation needed]

Bevacizumab has recently[when?] been used by ophthalmologists in anoff-label use as anintravitreal agent in the treatment of proliferative (neovascular) eye diseases, particularly forchoroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) in AMD. Although not currently[when?] approved by the FDA for such use, the injection of 1.25–2.5 mg of bevacizumab into the vitreous cavity has been performed without significant intraocular toxicity.[28] Many retina specialists have noted impressive results in the setting of CNV, proliferativediabetic retinopathy,neovascular glaucoma, diabeticmacular edema,retinopathy of prematurity[29] and macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusions.[medical citation needed].

Some reviews conclude that similar results are obtained using either bevacizumab or ranibizumab.[30][31] Others found a higher rate of adverse events[32][33] such as thromboembolism with bevacizumab or were unable to reach firm conclusions based on the limited data available.[34]

Ovarian cancer

In 2018, the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved bevacizumab in combination withchemotherapy for stage III or IV ofovarian cancer after initial surgical operation, followed by single-agent bevacizumab. The approval was based on a study of the addition of bevacizumab tocarboplatin andpaclitaxel.[35] Progression-free survival was increased to 18 months from 13 months.[35]

Administration

Bevacizumab is usually given intravenously every 14 days. In colon cancer, it is given in combination with the chemotherapy drug 5-FU (5-fluorouracil),leucovorin, andoxaliplatin oririnotecan.[medical citation needed] For treatment of eye diseases it is injected intravitreously.

Dosage

Thedefined daily dose is not established.[8]

Side effects

Bevacizumab inhibits the growth of blood vessels, which is part of the body's normal healing and maintenance. The body grows new blood vessels inwound healing, and ascollateral circulation around blocked oratherosclerotic blood vessels. One concern is that bevacizumab will interfere with these normal processes, and worsen conditions likecoronary artery disease orperipheral artery disease.[36]

The main side effects arehypertension and heightened risk ofbleeding.Bowel perforation has been reported.[37] Fatigue and infection are also common.[38]In advanced lung cancer, less than half of patients qualify for treatment.[39][40]Nasal septum perforation and renalthrombotic microangiopathy have been reported.[41] In December 2010, the FDA warned of the risk of developing perforations in the body, including in the nose, stomach, and intestines.

In 2013, Hoffmann-La Roche announced that the drug was associated with 52 cases ofnecrotizing fasciitis from 1997 to 2012, of which 17 patients died.[42] About 2/3 of cases involved patients withcolorectal cancer, or patients withgastrointestinal perforations orfistulas.

These effects are largely avoided inophthalmological use since the drug is introduced directly into the eye thus minimizing any effects on the rest of the body.[citation needed]

Neurological adverse events includereversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are also possible.[43]

Protein in the urine occurs in approximately 20% of people. This does not require permanent discontinuation of the drug. Nonetheless the presence ofnephrotic syndrome necessitates permanent discontinue of bevacizumab.[44]

Mechanism of action

Bevacizumab mechanism of action.[45]

Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanizedmonoclonal antibody that blocks angiogenesis by inhibitingvascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A).[46]

VEGF-A is a growth factor protein that stimulates angiogenesis in a variety of diseases, especially incancer. Bevacizumab was the first availableangiogenesis inhibitor in the United States.[47]

Chemistry

Bevacizumab was originally derived from a mouse monoclonal antibody generated from mice immunized with the 165-residue- form of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor. It was humanized by retaining thebinding region and replacing the rest with a human fulllight chain and a human truncated IgG1heavy chain, with some other substitutions. The resulting plasmid was transfected intoChinese hamster ovary cells which are grown inindustrial fermentation systems.[12]: 4 

History

Bevacizumab is arecombinant humanizedmonoclonal antibody and in 2004, it became the first clinically used angiogenesis inhibitor.[48] Its development was based on the discovery of humanvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that stimulated blood vessel growth, in the laboratory ofGenentech scientistNapoleone Ferrara.[49][50][51] Ferrara later demonstrated that antibodies against VEGF inhibit tumor growth in mice.[52] His work validated the hypothesis ofJudah Folkman, proposed in 1971, that stopping angiogenesis might be useful in controlling cancer growth.[51]

Approval

It received its first approval in the United States in 2004, for combination use with standardchemotherapy for metastaticcolon cancer.[44] It has since been approved for use in certain lung cancers, renal cancers, ovarian cancers, andglioblastoma multiforme of the brain.[medical citation needed]

In 2008, bevacizumab was approved forbreast cancer by the FDA, but the approval was revoked on 18 November 2011.[53][54][55] The approval for breast cancer was revoked because, although there was evidence that it slowed progression of metastatic breast cancer, there was no evidence that it extended life or improved quality of life, and it caused adverse effects including severe high blood pressure and hemorrhaging. In 2008, the FDA gave bevacizumab provisional approval for metastatic breast cancer, subject to further studies.

The FDA's advisory panel had recommended against approval.[56] In July 2010, after new studies failed to show a significant benefit, the FDA's advisory panel recommended against the indication for advanced breast cancer. Genentech requested a hearing, which was granted in June 2011. The FDA ruled to withdraw the breast cancer indication in November 2011. FDA approval is required for Genentech to market a drug for that indication. Doctors may sometimes prescribe it for that indication, although insurance companies are less likely to pay for it.[54]

The drug remains approved for breast cancer use in other countries including Australia.[57] It has been funded by the English NHSCancer Drugs Fund but in January 2015 it was proposed to remove it from the approved list.[58]

Society and culture

Costs

In countries with national health care systems (such as the UK and Canada), many of those national health services have restricted bevacizumab on the basis of cost-benefit calculations; in the UK, for example, theNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence has taken the position that bevacizumab should not be funded by the NHS because it costs nearly £21,000 per patient but only minimal benefit in many cancers.[59] In 2006, the Scottish Medicines Consortium recommended against the NHS funding Avastin for first-line treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum, due to estimated costs of £24,000 to £93,000 perquality-adjusted life year (QALY).[60]

The addition of bevacizumab to standard treatment can prolong the lives of lung cancer patients by several months, at a cost of $100,000 a year in the United States.[61] Forcolorectal cancer, Robert J. Mayer wrote inThe New England Journal of Medicine that bevacizumab extended life by 4.7 months (20.3 months vs. 15.6 months) in the initial study, at a cost of $42,800 to $55,000.[62] Costs in other countries vary; in Canada it is reported to cost $40,000 CAD per year.[63]

In September 2018, claims fromBayer andNovartis Pharmaceuticals UK who argued that 12clinical commissioning groups were acting illegally in using bevacizumab to treat people with wet age-related macular degeneration were rejected by theHigh Court of Justice.[64]

Specialty drug

On September 16, 2014, Genentech reclassified bevacizumab as aspecialty drug which are only available through specialty pharmacies. "Specialty drugs usually fall under the FDA's Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program, established for compounds like the testosterone... that may have unusual side effects; or for drugs that are unusually expensive."[65] This has caused concern to hospitals as the price increased.[65] According toIMS Health, the average price charged by hospitals for bevacizumab is approximately $9000 compared to approximately $2300 when administered in a doctor's office. As a result of the new distribution arrangement, many hospitals will no longer be eligible for the 51% discount to average wholesale price that was mandated by the Affordable Healthcare Act under the old distribution arrangement.[66]

Use for macular degeneration

When bevacizumab is used in the treatment ofwet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), only tiny and relatively inexpensive doses (compared to amounts used in colon and other cancers) are required. Some investigators reported in 2010, that bevacizumab at a cost of around $42 a dose is as effective asranibizumab at a cost of over $1,593 a dose.[67][68]

As of April 2015[update], there was a fierce debate in the UK and other European countries concerning the choice of prescribing bevacizumab orranibizumab (Lucentis) for wet AMD.[69] In the UK, part of the tension was between on the one hand, both theEuropean Medicines Agency and theMedicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency which had approved Lucentis but not Avastin for wet AMD, and their interest in ensuring that doctors to do not use medicines off-label when there are other, approved medications for the same indication, and on the other hand,NICE in the UK, which sets treatment guidelines, and has been unable so far to appraise Avastin as a first-line treatment, in order to save money for theNational Health Service.[69] Novartis and Roche (which respectively have marketing rights and ownership rights for Avastin) had not conducted clinical trials to get approval for Avastin for wet AMD and had no intention of doing so.[69] Further, both companies lobbied against treatment guidelines that would make Avastin a first-line treatment, and when government-funded studies comparing the two drugs were published, they published papers emphasizing the risks of using Avastin for wet AMD.[69]

Breast cancer approval

On March 28, 2007, the European Commission approved bevacizumab in combination withpaclitaxel for the first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer.[70]

In 2008, the FDA approved bevacizumab for use inbreast cancer. A panel of outside advisers voted 5 to 4 against approval, but their recommendations were overruled. The panel expressed concern that data from the clinical trial did not show any increase in quality of life or prolonging of life for patients—two important benchmarks for late-stagecancer treatments. Theclinical trial did show that bevacizumab reduced tumor volumes and showed an increase inprogression free survival time. It was based on this data that the FDA chose to overrule the recommendation of the panel of advisers. This decision was lauded by patient advocacy groups and some oncologists. Other oncologists felt that granting approval for late-stage cancer therapies that did not prolong or increase the quality of life for patients would give license topharmaceutical companies to ignore these important benchmarks when developing new late-stage cancer therapies.[56]

In 2010, before the FDA announcement, TheNational Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) updated the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Breast Cancer to affirm the recommendation regarding the use of bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.[citation needed]

In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration removed bevacizumab indication for metastatic breast cancer after concluding that the drug has not been shown to be safe and effective. The specific indication that was withdrawn was for the use of bevacizumab in metastatic breast cancer, with paclitaxel for the treatment of people who have not received chemotherapy for metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer.[citation needed]

Counterfeit

On Tuesday, February 14, 2012, Roche and its U.S. biotech unit Genentech announced that counterfeit Avastin had been distributed in the United States.[71] The investigation is ongoing, but differences in the outer packaging make identification of the bogus drugs simple for medical providers. Roche analyzed three bogus vials of Avastin and found they containedsalt,starch,citrate,isopropanol,propanediol,t-butanol,benzoic acid, di-fluorinated benzene ring,acetone andphthalate moiety, but no active ingredients of the cancer drug. According to Roche, the levels of the chemicals were not consistent; whether the chemicals were at harmful concentrations could not therefore be determined. The counterfeit Avastin has been traced back to Egypt, and it entered legitimate supply chains via Europe to the United States.[72][73]

Biosimilars

See also:Biosimilars

In July 2014, twopharming companies, PlantForm and PharmaPraxis, announced plans to commercialize abiosimilar version of bevacizumab made using atobacco expression system in collaboration with theFraunhofer Center for Molecular Biology.[74]

In September 2017, the US FDA approved Amgen's biosimilar (generic name bevacizumab-awwb, product name Mvasi) for six cancer indications.[75]

In January 2018, Mvasi was approved for use in the European Union.[76]

In February 2019, Zirabev was approved for use in the European Union.[77]

In June 2020, theCommittee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of theEuropean Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended the approval of Aybintio.[78]

Research

A study released in April 2009, found that bevacizumab is not effective at preventing recurrences of non-metastatic colon cancer following surgery.[79]

Bevacizumab has been tested inovarian cancer where it has shown improvement in progression-free survival but not in overall survival.[80] andglioblastoma multiforme where it failed to improve overall survival.[81][82]

Bevacizumab has been investigated as a possible treatment ofpancreatic cancer, as an addition to chemotherapy, but studies have shown no improvement in survival.[83][84][85] It may also cause higher rates of high blood pressure, bleeding in the stomach and intestine, and intestinal perforations.[medical citation needed]

The drug has also undergone trials as an addition to established chemotherapy protocols and surgery in the treatment of pediatric osteosarcoma,[86] and other sarcomas, such as leiomyosarcoma.[87]

Bevacizumab has been studied as a treatment forcancers that grow from the nerve connecting the ear and the brain.[88]

As of 2012[update], clinical trials were underway to test an intra-arterial technique for delivering the drug directly to brain tumors, bypassing the blood–brain barrier.[89]

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