importmatplotlib.pyplotaspltimportnumpyasnpbrowser_market_share={'browsers':['firefox','chrome','safari','edge','ie','opera'],'market_share':[8.61,69.55,8.36,4.12,2.76,2.43],'color':['#5A69AF','#579E65','#F9C784','#FC944A','#F24C00','#00B825']}classBubbleChart:def__init__(self,area,bubble_spacing=0):"""        Setup for bubble collapse.        Parameters        ----------        area : array-like            Area of the bubbles.        bubble_spacing : float, default: 0            Minimal spacing between bubbles after collapsing.        Notes        -----        If "area" is sorted, the results might look weird.        """area=np.asarray(area)r=np.sqrt(area/np.pi)self.bubble_spacing=bubble_spacingself.bubbles=np.ones((len(area),4))self.bubbles[:,2]=rself.bubbles[:,3]=areaself.maxstep=2*self.bubbles[:,2].max()+self.bubble_spacingself.step_dist=self.maxstep/2# calculate initial grid layout for bubbleslength=np.ceil(np.sqrt(len(self.bubbles)))grid=np.arange(length)*self.maxstepgx,gy=np.meshgrid(grid,grid)self.bubbles[:,0]=gx.flatten()[:len(self.bubbles)]self.bubbles[:,1]=gy.flatten()[:len(self.bubbles)]self.com=self.center_of_mass()defcenter_of_mass(self):returnnp.average(self.bubbles[:,:2],axis=0,weights=self.bubbles[:,3])defcenter_distance(self,bubble,bubbles):returnnp.hypot(bubble[0]-bubbles[:,0],bubble[1]-bubbles[:,1])defoutline_distance(self,bubble,bubbles):center_distance=self.center_distance(bubble,bubbles)returncenter_distance-bubble[2]- \bubbles[:,2]-self.bubble_spacingdefcheck_collisions(self,bubble,bubbles):distance=self.outline_distance(bubble,bubbles)returnlen(distance[distance<0])defcollides_with(self,bubble,bubbles):distance=self.outline_distance(bubble,bubbles)returnnp.argmin(distance,keepdims=True)defcollapse(self,n_iterations=50):"""        Move bubbles to the center of mass.        Parameters        ----------        n_iterations : int, default: 50            Number of moves to perform.        """for_iinrange(n_iterations):moves=0foriinrange(len(self.bubbles)):rest_bub=np.delete(self.bubbles,i,0)# try to move directly towards the center of mass# direction vector from bubble to the center of massdir_vec=self.com-self.bubbles[i,:2]# shorten direction vector to have length of 1dir_vec=dir_vec/np.sqrt(dir_vec.dot(dir_vec))# calculate new bubble positionnew_point=self.bubbles[i,:2]+dir_vec*self.step_distnew_bubble=np.append(new_point,self.bubbles[i,2:4])# check whether new bubble collides with other bubblesifnotself.check_collisions(new_bubble,rest_bub):self.bubbles[i,:]=new_bubbleself.com=self.center_of_mass()moves+=1else:# try to move around a bubble that you collide with# find colliding bubbleforcollidinginself.collides_with(new_bubble,rest_bub):# calculate direction vectordir_vec=rest_bub[colliding,:2]-self.bubbles[i,:2]dir_vec=dir_vec/np.sqrt(dir_vec.dot(dir_vec))# calculate orthogonal vectororth=np.array([dir_vec[1],-dir_vec[0]])# test which direction to gonew_point1=(self.bubbles[i,:2]+orth*self.step_dist)new_point2=(self.bubbles[i,:2]-orth*self.step_dist)dist1=self.center_distance(self.com,np.array([new_point1]))dist2=self.center_distance(self.com,np.array([new_point2]))new_point=new_point1ifdist1<dist2elsenew_point2new_bubble=np.append(new_point,self.bubbles[i,2:4])ifnotself.check_collisions(new_bubble,rest_bub):self.bubbles[i,:]=new_bubbleself.com=self.center_of_mass()ifmoves/len(self.bubbles)<0.1:self.step_dist=self.step_dist/2defplot(self,ax,labels,colors):"""        Draw the bubble plot.        Parameters        ----------        ax : matplotlib.axes.Axes        labels : list            Labels of the bubbles.        colors : list            Colors of the bubbles.        """foriinrange(len(self.bubbles)):circ=plt.Circle(self.bubbles[i,:2],self.bubbles[i,2],color=colors[i])ax.add_patch(circ)ax.text(*self.bubbles[i,:2],labels[i],horizontalalignment='center',verticalalignment='center')bubble_chart=BubbleChart(area=browser_market_share['market_share'],bubble_spacing=0.1)bubble_chart.collapse()fig,ax=plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(aspect="equal"))bubble_chart.plot(ax,browser_market_share['browsers'],browser_market_share['color'])ax.axis("off")ax.relim()ax.autoscale_view()ax.set_title('Browser market share')plt.show()

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